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Goto A, Yamamoto S, Igari T, Matsumoto SI, Chisaki I, Iida K, Nakayama M, Oda A, Kakoi Y, Uchida A, Miyata K, Nishikawa M, Nagata T, Kusuhara H, Yokota T, Hirabayashi H. Quantitative Model Analysis and Simulation of Pharmacokinetics and Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma 1 RNA Knockdown Effect After Systemic Administration of Cholesterol-Conjugated DNA/RNA Heteroduplex Oligonucleotide Crossing Blood-Brain Barrier of Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:197-204. [PMID: 36273821 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-conjugated heteroduplex oligonucleotide (Chol-HDO) is a double-stranded complex; it comprises an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and its complementary strand with a cholesterol ligand. Chol-HDO is a powerful tool for achieving target RNA knockdown in the brains of mice after systemic injection. Here, a quantitative model analysis was conducted to characterize the relationship between the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma 1 (Malat1) RNA, of Chol-HDO, in a time-dependent manner. The established PK model could describe regional differences in the observed brain concentration-time profiles. Incorporating the PD model enabled the unique knockdown profiles in the brain to be explained in terms of the time delay after single dosing and enhancement following repeated dosing. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of PK exposure/persistency, target RNA turnover, and knockdown potency identified key factors for the efficient and sustained target RNA knockdown in the brain. The simulation of an adequate dosing regimen quantitatively supported the benefit of Chol-HDO in terms of achieving a suitable dosing interval. This was achieved via sufficient and sustained brain exposure and subsequent strong and sustained target RNA knockdown in the brain, even after systemic injection. The present study provides new insights into drug discoveries and development strategies for HDO in patients with neurogenic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The quantitative model analysis presented here characterized the PK/PD relationship of Chol-HDO, enabled its simulation under various conditions or assumptions, and identified key factors for efficient and sustained RNA knockdown, such as PK exposure and persistency. Chol-HDO appears to be an efficient drug delivery system for the systemic administration of desired drugs to brain targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Goto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Tomoko Igari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Matsumoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Ikumi Chisaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Koichi Iida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Miyu Nakayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Akira Oda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Yuuichi Kakoi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Akio Uchida
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Kenichi Miyata
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.G., S.Y., T.I., S.M., I.C., K.I., Mi.N., H.H.); Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.O., Y.K.); Asia New Chemical Entity Production Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan (A.U., K.M.); Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan (Ma.N.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Neurology and Neurologic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. (T.N., T.Y.)
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Quaranta DV, Weaver RR, Baumann KK, Fujimoto T, Williams LM, Kim HC, Logsdon AF, Omer M, Reed MJ, Banks WA, Erickson MA. Transport of the Proinflammatory Chemokines C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (MCP-1) and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (RANTES) across the Intact Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier Is Inhibited by Heparin and Eprodisate and Increased with Systemic Inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 384:205-223. [PMID: 36310035 PMCID: PMC9827507 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One important function of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to facilitate neuroimmune communication. The BBB fulfills this function, in part, through its ability to transport cytokines and chemokines. C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2) (MCP-1) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCL5) (RANTES) are proinflammatory chemokines that mediate neuroimmune responses to acute insults and aspects of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases; however, a blood-to-brain transport system has not been evaluated for either chemokine in vivo. Therefore, we determined whether CCL2 and CCL5 in blood can cross the intact BBB and enter the brain. Using CD-1 mice, we found that 125I-labeled CCL2 and CCL5 crossed the BBB and entered the brain parenchyma. We next aimed to identify the mechanisms of 125I-CCL2 and 125I-CCL5 transport in an in situ brain perfusion model. We found that both heparin and eprodisate inhibited brain uptake of 125I-CCL2 and 125I-CCL5 in situ, whereas antagonists of their receptors, CCR2 or CCR5, respectively, did not, suggesting that heparan sulfates at the endothelial surface mediate BBB transport. Finally, we showed that CCL2 and CCL5 transport across the BBB increased following a single injection of 0.3 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide. These data demonstrate that CCL2 and CCL5 in the brain can derive, in part, from the circulation, especially during systemic inflammation. Further, binding to the BBB-associated heparan sulfate is a mechanism by which both chemokines can cross the intact BBB, highlighting a novel therapeutic target for treating neuroinflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Our work demonstrates that C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) can cross the intact blood-brain barrier and that transport is robustly increased during inflammation. These data suggest that circulating CCL2 and CCL5 can contribute to brain levels of each chemokine. We further show that the transport of both chemokines is inhibited by heparin and eprodisate, suggesting that CCL2/CCL5-heparan sulfate interactions could be therapeutically targeted to limit accumulation of these chemokines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Quaranta
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Riley R Weaver
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Kristen K Baumann
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Takashi Fujimoto
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Lindsey M Williams
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Hyung Chan Kim
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Mohamed Omer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - May J Reed
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington (D.V.Q., R.R.W., K.K.B., T.F., L.M.W., H.C.K., A.F.L., M.O., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan (T.F.); and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (H.C.K., A.F.L., M.J.R., W.A.B., M.A.E.)
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Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, Williams LM, Reed MJ, Baumann KK, Holden SJ, Raber J, Banks WA, Erickson MA. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:368-378. [PMID: 33328624 PMCID: PMC8793077 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019, can enter the brain. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 binds to cells via the S1 subunit of its spike protein. We show that intravenously injected radioiodinated S1 (I-S1) readily crossed the blood-brain barrier in male mice, was taken up by brain regions and entered the parenchymal brain space. I-S1 was also taken up by the lung, spleen, kidney and liver. Intranasally administered I-S1 also entered the brain, although at levels roughly ten times lower than after intravenous administration. APOE genotype and sex did not affect whole-brain I-S1 uptake but had variable effects on uptake by the olfactory bulb, liver, spleen and kidney. I-S1 uptake in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb was reduced by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Mechanistic studies indicated that I-S1 crosses the blood-brain barrier by adsorptive transcytosis and that murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is involved in brain and lung uptake, but not in kidney, liver or spleen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kim M. Hansen
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lindsey M. Williams
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - May J. Reed
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kristen K. Baumann
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Sarah J. Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neurosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine; Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA,Corresponding author: WAB, 1/810C, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 Phone: 206 764 2701,
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA USA,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
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HIV Infection and Related Mental Disorders. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020248. [PMID: 33671125 PMCID: PMC7922767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the more than thirty-year period of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic, many data have been accumulated indicating that HIV infection predisposes one to the development of mental pathologies. It has been proven that cognitive disorders in HIV-positive individuals are the result of the direct exposure of the virus to central nervous system (CNS) cells. The use of antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the number of cases of mental disorders among people infected with HIV. However, the incidence of moderate to mild cognitive impairment at all stages of HIV infection is still quite high. This review describes the most common forms of mental pathology that occur in people living with HIV and presents the current concepts on the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and its viral proteins on the cells of the CNS and the CNS’s functions. This review also provides the current state of knowledge on the impact of the antiretroviral therapy on the development of mental pathologies in people living with HIV, as well as current knowledge on the interactions between antiretroviral and psychotropic drugs that occur under their simultaneous administration.
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Modification of curcumin-loaded liposome with edible compounds to enhance ability of crossing blood brain barrier. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Finke JM, Banks WA. Modulators of IgG penetration through the blood-brain barrier: Implications for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2018; 25:131-146. [PMID: 28035915 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review serves to highlight approaches that may improve the access of antibody drugs to regions of the brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease. While previous antibody drugs have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer's disease, recent work demonstrates that Alzheimer's pathology can be modified if these drugs can penetrate the brain parenchyma with greater efficacy. Research in antibody blood-brain barrier drug delivery predominantly follows one of three distinct directions: (1) enhancing influx with reduced antibody size, addition of Trojan horse modules, or blood-brain barrier disruption; (2) modulating trancytotic equilibrium and/or kinetics of the neonatal Fc Receptor; and (3) manipulation of antibody glycan carbohydrate composition. In addition to these topics, recent studies are discussed that reveal a role of glycan sialic acid in suppressing antibody efflux from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Finke
- Division of Sciences and Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tan CW, Sam IC, Lee VS, Wong HV, Chan YF. VP1 residues around the five-fold axis of enterovirus A71 mediate heparan sulfate interaction. Virology 2016; 501:79-87. [PMID: 27875780 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic enterovirus that uses heparan sulfate as an attachment receptor. The molecular determinants of EV-A71-heparan sulfate interaction are unknown. With In silico heparin docking and mutagenesis of all possible lysine residues in VP1, we identified that K162, K242 and K244 are responsible for heparin interaction and inhibition. EV-A71 mutants with K242A and K244A rapidly acquired compensatory mutations, T100K or E98A, and Q145R-T237N respectively, which restored the heparin-binding phenotype. Both VP1-98 and VP1-145 modulates heparin binding. Heparin-binding phenotype was completely abolished with VP1-E98-E145, but was restored by an E98K or E145Q substitution. During cell culture adaptation, EV-A71 rapidly acquired K98 or Q/G145 to restore the heparin-binding phenotype. Together with next-generation sequencing analysis, our results implied that EV-A71 has high genetic plasticity by modulating positively-charged residues at the five-fold axis during in vitro heparin adaptation. Our finding has impact on EV-A71 vaccine production, evolutionary studies and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vannajan Sanghiran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Computational Simulation Modelling Laboratory (CSML), Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry and Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Hui Vern Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ability of the Encephalitic Arbovirus Semliki Forest Virus To Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier Is Determined by the Charge of the E2 Glycoprotein. J Virol 2015; 89:7536-49. [PMID: 25972559 PMCID: PMC4505677 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03645-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Semliki Forest virus (SFV) provides a well-characterized model system to study the pathogenesis of virus encephalitis. Several studies have used virus derived from the molecular clone SFV4. SFV4 virus does not have the same phenotype as the closely related L10 or the prototype virus from which its molecular clone was derived. In mice, L10 generates a high-titer plasma viremia, is efficiently neuroinvasive, and produces a fatal panencephalitis, whereas low-dose SFV4 produces a low-titer viremia, rarely enters the brain, and generally is avirulent. To determine the genetic differences responsible, the consensus sequence of L10 was determined and compared to that of SFV4. Of the 12 nucleotide differences, six were nonsynonymous; these were engineered into a new molecular clone, termed SFV6. The derived virus, SFV6, generated a high-titer viremia and was efficiently neuroinvasive and virulent. The phenotypic difference mapped to a single amino acid residue at position 162 in the E2 envelope glycoprotein (lysine in SFV4, glutamic acid in SFV6). Analysis of the L10 virus showed it contained different plaque phenotypes which differed in virulence. A lysine at E2 247 conferred a small-plaque avirulent phenotype and glutamic acid a large-plaque virulent phenotype. Viruses with a positively charged lysine at E2 162 or 247 were more reliant on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to enter cells and were selected for by passage in BHK-21 cells. Interestingly, viruses with the greatest reliance on binding to GAGs replicated to higher titers in the brain and more efficiently crossed an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB). IMPORTANCE Virus encephalitis is a major disease, and alphaviruses, as highlighted by the recent epidemic of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), are medically important pathogens. In addition, alphaviruses provide well-studied experimental systems with extensive literature, many tools, and easy genetic modification. In this study, we elucidate the genetic basis for the difference in phenotype between SFV4 and the virus stocks from which it was derived and correct this by engineering a new molecular clone. We then use this clone in one comprehensive study to demonstrate that positively charged amino acid residues on the surface of the E2 glycoprotein, mediated by binding to GAGs, determine selective advantage and plaque size in BHK-21 cells, level of viremia in mice, ability to cross an artificial BBB, efficiency of replication in the brain, and virulence. Together with studies on Sindbis virus (SINV), this study provides an important advance in understanding alphavirus, and probably other virus, encephalitis.
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Maguire CA, Ramirez SH, Merkel SF, Sena-Esteves M, Breakefield XO. Gene therapy for the nervous system: challenges and new strategies. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:817-39. [PMID: 25159276 PMCID: PMC4391389 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current clinical treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and glioblastoma do not halt disease progression and have significant treatment morbidities. Gene therapy has the potential to "permanently" correct disease by bringing in a normal gene to correct a mutant gene deficiency, knocking down mRNA of mutant alleles, and inducing cell-death in cancer cells using transgenes encoding apoptosis-inducing proteins. Promising results in clinical trials of eye disease (Leber's congenital aumorosis) and Parkinson's disease have shown that gene-based neurotherapeutics have great potential. The recent development of genome editing technology, such as zinc finger nucleases, TALENS, and CRISPR, has made the ultimate goal of gene correction a step closer. This review summarizes the challenges faced by gene-based neurotherapeutics and the current and recent strategies designed to overcome these barriers. We have chosen the following challenges to focus on in this review: (1) delivery vehicles (both virus and nonviral), (2) use of promoters for vector-mediated gene expression in CNS, and (3) delivery across the blood-brain barrier. The final section (4) focuses on promising pre-clinical/clinical studies of neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Maguire
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA,
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Connell BJ, Lortat-Jacob H. Human immunodeficiency virus and heparan sulfate: from attachment to entry inhibition. Front Immunol 2013; 4:385. [PMID: 24312095 PMCID: PMC3834540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By targeting cells that provide protection against infection, HIV-1 causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Infection starts when gp120, the viral envelope glycoprotein, binds to CD4 and to a chemokine receptor usually CCR5 or CXCR4. As many microorganisms, HIV-1 also interacts with heparan sulfate (HS), a complex group of cell surface associated anionic polysaccharides. It has been thought that this binding, occurring at a step prior to CD4 recognition, increases infectivity by pre-concentrating the virion particles at the cell surface. Early work, dating from before the identification of CCR5 and CXCR4, showed that a variety of HS mimetics bind to the gp120 V3 loop through electrostatic interactions, compete with cell surface associated HS to bind the virus and consequently, neutralize the infectivity of a number of T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 strains. However, progress made to better understand HIV-1 attachment and entry, coupled with the recent identification of additional gp120 regions mediating HS recognition, have considerably modified this view. Firstly, the V3 loop from CXCR4-using viruses is much more positively charged compared to those using CCR5. HS inhibition of cell attachment is thus restricted to CXCR4-using viruses (such as T-cell line-adapted HIV-1). Secondly, studies aiming at characterizing the gp120/HS complex revealed that HS binding was far more complex than previously thought: in addition to the V3 loop of CXCR4 tropic gp120, HS interacts with several other cryptic areas of the protein, which can be induced upon CD4 binding, and are conserved amongst CCR5 and CXCR4 viruses. In view of these data, this review will detail the present knowledge on HS binding to HIV-1, with regards to attachment and entry processes. It will discuss the perspective of targeting the gp120 co-receptor binding site with HS mimetic compounds, a strategy that recently gave rise to entry inhibitors that work in the low nanomolar range, independently of co-receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Connell
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
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11
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Dohgu S, Banks WA. Brain pericytes increase the lipopolysaccharide-enhanced transcytosis of HIV-1 free virus across the in vitro blood-brain barrier: evidence for cytokine-mediated pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk. Fluids Barriers CNS 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23816186 PMCID: PMC3710206 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as both free virus and within infected immune cells. Previous work showed that activation of the innate immune system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances free virus transport both in vivo and across monolayer monocultures of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. Methods Here, we used monocultures and co-cultures of brain pericytes and brain endothelial cells to examine the crosstalk between these cell types in mediating the LPS-enhanced permeation of radioactively-labeled HIV-1 (I-HIV) across BMEC monolayers. Results We found that brain pericytes when co-cultured with BMEC monolayers magnified the LPS-enhanced transport of I-HIV without altering transendothelial electrical resistance, indicating that pericytes affected the transcytotic component of HIV-1 permeation. As LPS crosses the BBB poorly if at all, and since pericytes are on the abluminal side of the BBB, we postulated that luminal LPS acts indirectly on pericytes through abluminal secretions from BMECs. Consistent with this, we found that the pattern of secretion of cytokines by pericytes directly exposed to LPS was different than when the pericytes were exposed to the abluminal fluid from LPS-treated BMEC monolayers. Conclusion These results are evidence for a cellular crosstalk in which LPS acts at the luminal surface of the brain endothelial cell, inducing abluminal secretions that stimulate pericytes to release substances that enhance the permeability of the BMEC monolayer to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Pan W, Stone KP, Hsuchou H, Manda VK, Zhang Y, Kastin AJ. Cytokine signaling modulates blood-brain barrier function. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 17:3729-40. [PMID: 21834767 DOI: 10.2174/138161211798220918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a vast interface for cytokines to affect CNS function. The BBB is a target for therapeutic intervention. It is essential, therefore, to understand how cytokines interact with each other at the level of the BBB and how secondary signals modulate CNS functions beyond the BBB. The interactions between cytokines and lipids, however, have not been fully addressed at the level of the BBB. Here, we summarize current understanding of the localization of cytokine receptors and transporters in specific membrane microdomains, particularly lipid rafts, on the luminal (apical) surface of the microvascular endothelial cells composing the BBB. We then illustrate the clinical context of cytokine effects on the BBB by neuroendocrine regulation and amplification of inflammatory signals. Two unusual aspects discussed are signaling crosstalk by different classes of cytokines and genetic regulation of drug efflux transporters. We also introduce a novel area of focus on how cytokines may act through nuclear hormone receptors to modulate efflux transporters and other targets. A specific example discussed is the ATP-binding cassette transporter-1 (ABCA-1) that regulates lipid metabolism. Overall, cytokine signaling at the level of the BBB is a crucial feature of the dynamic regulation that can rapidly change BBB function and affect brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Dohgu S, Ryerse JS, Robinson SM, Banks WA. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 uses the mannose-6-phosphate receptor to cross the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39565. [PMID: 22761827 PMCID: PMC3382565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 circulates both as free virus and within immune cells, with the level of free virus being predictive of clinical course. Both forms of HIV-1 cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which infected immune cells cross the blood-brain barrier BBB. How HIV-1 as free virus crosses the BBB is less clear as brain endothelial cells are CD4 and galactosylceramide negative. Here, we found that HIV-1 can use the mannose-6 phosphate receptor (M6PR) to cross the BBB. Brain perfusion studies showed that HIV-1 crossed the BBB of all brain regions consistent with the uniform distribution of M6PR. Ultrastructural studies showed HIV-1 crossed by a transcytotic pathway consistent with transport by M6PR. An in vitro model of the BBB was used to show that transport of HIV-1 was inhibited by mannose, mannan, and mannose-6 phosphate and that enzymatic removal of high mannose oligosaccharide residues from HIV-1 reduced transport. Wheatgerm agglutinin and protamine sulfate, substances known to greatly increase transcytosis of HIV-1 across the BBB in vivo, were shown to be active in the in vitro model and to act through a mannose-dependent mechanism. Transport was also cAMP and calcium-dependent, the latter suggesting that the cation-dependent member of the M6PR family mediates HIV-1 transport across the BBB. We conclude that M6PR is an important receptor used by HIV-1 to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jan S. Ryerse
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sandra M. Robinson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center-Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chiodelli P, Urbinati C, Mitola S, Tanghetti E, Rusnati M. Sialic acid associated with αvβ3 integrin mediates HIV-1 Tat protein interaction and endothelial cell proangiogenic activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20456-66. [PMID: 22528484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (NeuAc) is a major anion on endothelial cells (ECs) that regulates different biological processes including angiogenesis. NeuAc is present in the oligosaccharidic portion of integrins, receptors that interact with extracellular matrix components and growth factors regulating cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Tat is a cationic polypeptide that, once released by HIV-1(+) cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix, promoting EC adhesion and proangiogenic activation by engaging α(v)β(3). By using two complementary approaches (NeuAc removal by neuraminidase or its masking by NeuAc-binding lectin from Maackia amurensis, MAA), we investigated the presence of NeuAc on endothelial α(v)β(3) and its role in Tat interaction, EC adhesion, and proangiogenic activation. α(v)β(3) immunoprecipitation with biotinylated MAA or Western blot analysis of neuraminidase-treated ECs demonstrated that NeuAc is associated with both the α(v) and the β(3) subunits. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that the masking of α(v)β(3)-associated NeuAc by MAA prevents Tat/α(v)β(3) interaction. MAA and neuraminidase prevent α(v)β(3)-dependent EC adhesion to Tat, the consequent FAK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and EC proliferation, migration, and regeneration in a wound-healing assay. Finally, MAA inhibits Tat-induced neovascularization in the ex vivo human artery ring sprouting assay. The inhibitions are specific because the NeuAc-unrelated lectin from Ulex europaeus is ineffective on Tat. Also, MAA and neuraminidase affect only weakly integrin-dependent EC adhesion and proangiogenic activation by fibronectin. In conclusion, NeuAc is associated with endothelial α(v)β(3) and mediates Tat-dependent EC adhesion and proangiogenic activation. These data point to the possibility to target integrin glycosylation for the treatment of angiogenesis/AIDS-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chiodelli
- Unit of General Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Dohgu S, Fleegal-DeMotta MA, Banks WA. Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced transcellular transport of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier is mediated by luminal microvessel IL-6 and GM-CSF. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:167. [PMID: 22129063 PMCID: PMC3260201 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of cytokines/chemokines contribute to increased neuroinvasion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Previous work showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is present in the plasma of patients with HIV-1, enhanced transcellular transport of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Here, we found that LPS (100 μg/mL, 4 hr) selectively increased interleukin (IL)-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release from BMECs. The enhancement of HIV-1 transport induced by luminal LPS was neutralized by treatment with luminal, but not with abluminal, antibodies to IL-6 and GM-CSF without affecting paracellular permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Luminal, but not abluminal, IL-6 or GM-CSF also increased HIV-1 transport. U0126 (MAPK kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) decreased the LPS-enhanced release of IL-6 and GM-CSF. These results show that p44/42 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways mediate the LPS-enhanced release of IL-6 and GM-CSF. These cytokines, in turn, act at the luminal surface of the BMEC to enhance the transcellular transport of HIV-1 independently of actions on paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kumar AM, Ownby RL, Waldrop-Valverde D, Fernandez B, Kumar M. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the CNS and decreased dopamine availability: relationship with neuropsychological performance. J Neurovirol 2010; 17:26-40. [PMID: 21165787 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with a wide range of neurological, cognitive, and behavioral problems. HIV-1 enters the brain soon after the initial infection and is distributed in varying concentrations in different regions with specific affinity to the subcortical regions, particularly the basal ganglia, causing neurodegeneration of dopaminergic regions and resulting in the decreased availability of dopamine (DA) in the CNS. Although there are numerous reports on HIV-1-associated neuropsychological (NP) impairment, there is a paucity of studies showing a direct relationship between the decreased availability of dopamine in different regions of postmortem brains of HIV-1-infected individuals and the level of performance in different NP functions during life. Dopamine is the key neurotransmitter in the brain and plays a regulatory role for motor and limbic functions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the decreased availability of dopamine found in the postmortem brain regions (fronto-cortical regions, basal ganglia, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra) of individuals with HIV/AIDS and the antemortem level of performance (assessed as T scores) in different NP functions. The relationship between HIV-1 RNA levels in different brain regions and the level of performance in different NP domains was also investigated. We found that although DA concentrations were 2-53% lower in the brain regions of HIV-1-infected, HAART-treated individuals, compared with HIV-negative controls, a 45% decrease in DA levels in the substantia nigra (SN) of HIV-1-infected individuals was significantly correlated with the low level of performance (T scores) in the speed of information processing, learning, memory, verbal fluency, and average T scores across domains. In case of homovanillic acid (HVA), the variable changes in different regions, including the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, caudate, and putamen (compared to that in the HIV-negative individuals), were significantly correlated with the level of performance (T scores) in motor functions, speed of information processing, and attention/working memory. HIVRNA levels in the frontal cortex, caudate, and GP were significantly inversely correlated with abstract/executive function, motor, learning, verbal fluency, and attention/working memory. No significant correlations were found between HIVRNA in other brain regions and NP performance. These findings suggest that the decreased availability of dopamine in the SN (the main site of DA synthesis in the CNS), and changes in the levels of HVA in different brain regions are, in part, related with the lower level of performance in some of the NP functions in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh M Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, (D-21), P.O. Box 016960, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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He H, Li Y, Jia XR, Du J, Ying X, Lu WL, Lou JN, Wei Y. PEGylated Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-based dual-targeting carrier for treating brain tumors. Biomaterials 2010; 32:478-87. [PMID: 20934215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A dual-targeting drug carrier (PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf) based on the PEGylated fourth generation (G = 4.0) PAMAM dendrimer with transferrin (Tf) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on the periphery and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded in the interior was synthesized and its BBB penetration and tumor targeting properties were explored. DLS and TEM measurements revealed the size of PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf was in the range of 14-20 nm. It reduced the cytotoxicity of DOX to the normal cells greatly, while efficiently inhibited the growth rate of the C6 glioma cells. The assay of transport across the BBB showed that PAMAM-PEG-WGA-Tf delivered 13.5% of DOX in a period of 2 h, demonstrating an enhanced transport ratio as compared to the ratio of 8% for PAMAM-PEG-WGA, 7% for PAMAM-PEG-Tf and 5% for free DOX in the same period of time. The accumulation of DOX in the tumor site was increased due to the targeting effects of both Tf and WGA, leading to the complete breakage of the avascular C6 glioma spheroids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Kumar AM, Fernandez JB, Singer EJ, Commins D, Waldrop-Valverde D, Ownby RL, Kumar M. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system leads to decreased dopamine in different regions of postmortem human brains. J Neurovirol 2010; 15:257-74. [PMID: 19499455 DOI: 10.1080/13550280902973952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) shortly after infection and becomes localized in varying concentrations in different brain regions, the most vulnerable is the basal ganglia (BG). It is hypothesized that HIV-1-mediated neuropathogenesis involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the loss of dopaminergic terminals in the BG, leading to deficits in the central dopaminergic activity, resulting in progressive impairment of neurocognitive and motor functions. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), although the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) has decreased, the neurocognitive and neuropsychological deficits continue to persist after HAART. In this study, We investigated the impact of HIV-1 on dopaminergic activity with respect to concentrations of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in different regions of postmortem human brains of HIV-1-negative and HIV-1+ individuals and their relationship to neurocognitive impairment. We found that in HIV-1+ as well as HIV-negative cases, dopamine and HVA concentrations in ranged widely in different brain regions. In HIV-negative brain regions, the highest concentration of DA was found in putamen, caudate, substantia nigra, and the basal ganglia. In HIV-1+ cases, there was a significant decrease in DA levels in caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra compared to that in HIV-negative cases. In HIV-1+ cases, a strong correlation was found between DA levels in substantia nigra and other brain regions. Concentration of HVA in HIV-negative cases was also highest in the regions containing high dopamine levels. However, no significant decrease in regional HVA levels was found in HIV-1+ cases. HIV-1 RNA load (nondetectable [ND] to log10 6.9 copies/g tissue) also ranged widely in the same brain regions of HIV-1+ cases. Interestingly, the brain regions having the highest HIV-1 RNA had the maximum decrease in DA levels. Age, gender, ethnicity, and postmortem interval were not correlated with decrease in DA levels. Profile of DA, HVA, and HIV-1 RNA levels in the brain regions of HIV-1+ individuals treated with HAART was similar to those not treated with HAART. A majority of HIV-1+ individuals had variable degrees of neurocognitive impairments, but no specific relationship was found between the regional DA content and severity of neurocognitive deficits. These findings suggest widespread deficits in dopamine in different brain regions of HIV-1-infected cases, and that these deficits may be the results of HIV-1-induced neurodegeneration in the subcortical regions of human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh M Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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Cyclosporin A induces hyperpermeability of the blood-brain barrier by inhibiting autocrine adrenomedullin-mediated up-regulation of endothelial barrier function. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:5-9. [PMID: 20553921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A, a potent immunosuppressant, can often produce neurotoxicity in patients, although its penetration into the brain is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain pericytes and astrocytes, which are periendothelial accessory structures of the BBB, can be involved in cyclosporin A-induced BBB disruption. However, the mechanism by which cyclosporin A causes BBB dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we show that in rodent brain endothelial cells, cyclosporin A decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) by inhibiting intracellular signal transduction downstream of adrenomedullin, an autocrine regulator of BBB function. Cyclosporin A stimulated adrenomedullin release from brain endothelial cells, but did not affect binding of adrenomedullin to its receptors. This cyclosporin A-induced decrease in TEER was attenuated by exogenous addition of adrenomedullin. Cyclosporin A dose-dependently decreased the total cAMP concentration in brain endothelial cells. A combination of cyclosporin A (1microM) with an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SQ22536; 10microM), or a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H89; 1microM), markedly increased sodium fluorescein permeability in brain endothelial cells, whereas each drug alone had no effect. Thus, these data suggest that cyclosporin A inhibits the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP/PKA signaling pathway activated by adrenomedullin, leading to impairment of brain endothelial barrier function.
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Kraft-Terry SD, Stothert AR, Buch S, Gendelman HE. HIV-1 neuroimmunity in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:542-8. [PMID: 20044002 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) can affect up to 50% of infected people during the disease course. While antiretroviral therapies have substantively increased the quality of life and reduced HIV-1-associated dementia, less severe minor cognitive and motor deficits continue. Trafficking of HIV-1 into the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral immune activation, dysregulated glial immunity, and diminished homeostatic responses are the disease-linked pathobiologic events. Monocyte-macrophage passage into the CNS remains an underlying force for disease severity. Monocyte phenotypes may change at an early stage of cell maturation and immune activation of hematopoietic stem cells. Activated monocytes are pulled into the brain in response to chemokines made as a result of glial inflammatory processes, which in turn, cause secondary functional deficits in neurons. Current therapeutic approaches are focused on adjunctive and brain-penetrating antiretroviral therapies. These may attenuate virus-associated neuroinflammatory activities thereby decreasing the severity and frequency of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Kraft-Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Banks WA. Mouse models of neurological disorders: a view from the blood-brain barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:881-8. [PMID: 19879356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of disease models that involve an aspect of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation have increased tremendously. The main factors contributing to this expansion have been an increased number of diseases in which the BBB is known to be involved, an increase in the known functions of the BBB, and an increase in the number of models and tools with which those diverse functions can be studied. In many cases, the BBB may be a target of disease; current thinking would include hypertensive encephalopathy and perhaps stroke in this category. Another category are those diseases in which special attributes of the BBB may predispose to disease; for example, the ability of a pathogen to cross the BBB often depends on the pathogen's ability to invoke transcytotic pathways in the brain endothelial or choroid plexus cell. Of special interest are those diseases in which the BBB may be the primary seat of disease or play a major role in the onset or progression of the disease. An increasing number of diseases are so categorized in which BBB dysfunction or dysregulation plays a major role; this review highlights such roles for the BBB including those proposed for Alzheimer's disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- GRECC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center-St. Louis and Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, 915 N. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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Crublet E, Andrieu JP, Vivès RR, Lortat-Jacob H. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 features four heparan sulfate binding domains, including the co-receptor binding site. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15193-200. [PMID: 18378683 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoprotein surface unit, gp120, binds to cell-associated heparan sulfate (HS). Virus infectivity is increased by such interaction, and a variety of soluble polyanions efficiently neutralize immunodeficiency virus-1 in vitro. This interaction has been mainly attributed to the gp120 V3 loop. However, although evidence suggested that this particular domain does not fully recapitulate the binding activity of the protein, the ability of HS to bind to other regions of gp120 has not been completely addressed, and the exact localizations of the polysaccharide binding sites are not known. To investigate in more detail the structural basis of the HS-gp120 interaction, we used a mapping strategy and compared the heparin binding activity of wild type and mutant gp120 using surface plasmon resonance-based binding assays. Four heparin binding domains (1-4) were identified in the V2 and V3 loops, in the C-terminal domain, and within the CD4-induced bridging sheet. Interestingly, three of them were found in domains of the protein that undergo structural changes upon binding to CD4 and are involved in co-receptor recognition. In particular, Arg(419), Lys(421), and Lys(432), which directly interact with the co-receptor, are targeted by heparin. This study provides a complete account of the gp120 residues involved in heparin binding and identified several binding surfaces that constitute potential target for viral entry inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Crublet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, CNRS-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Université Joseph Fourier, UMR 5075, 41 rue Horowitz, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
The importance of HIV cognitive impairment, including HIV associated dementia (HAD) and minor cognitive/motor disorder, has continued in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Despite the relative efficacy of HAART in controlling HIV disease, there is no treatment which specifically targets the cause of HAD nor promotes neuronal protection from the effects of the virus. Much work has been done to elucidate the complex signalling pathways, effects of virus and viral proteins, and dysregulation of endogenous targets which lead to HIV associated neurotoxicity, but the concise mechanism remains elusive. It is widely accepted that the majority of viral replication in the brain occurs in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) and microglia, and immune activation of these cells, along with astrocytic cells, may be the most important cause of neurotoxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Additional complications arise when co-factors such as drug use, age related neuropathology, and other viruses are present. Further exploration of the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration may reveal targets for prophylactic neuroprotective or other CNS-specific drugs. Given the variable success of the current HAART drugs against virus in the CNS, such therapies would greatly benefit the HIV infected population as they live longer and more productive lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hult
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced transcellular transport of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Exp Neurol 2008; 210:740-9. [PMID: 18295207 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation in the late stage of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection could increase neuroinvasion of infected monocytes and cell-free virus, causing an aggravation of neurological disorders in AIDS patients. We previously showed that the peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced the uptake across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the HIV-1 viral protein gp120. Brain microvessel endothelial cells are targets of LPS. Here, we investigated whether the direct interaction between LPS and the BBB also affected HIV-1 transport using primary mouse brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs). LPS produced a dose (1-100 microg/mL)- and time (0.5-4 h)-dependent increase in HIV-1 transport and a decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Whereas indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) did not affect the LPS-induced changes in HIV-1 transport or TEER, pentoxifylline (TNF-alpha inhibitor) attenuated the decrease in TEER induced by LPS, but not the LPS-induced increase in HIV-1 transport. LPS also increased the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK but not that of JNK. U0126 (p44/42 MAPK inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) did not inhibit the LPS-induced increase in HIV-1 transport although U0126 attenuated the reduction in TEER. SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) inhibited the LPS-induced increase in HIV-1 transport without affecting TEER. Thus, LPS-enhanced HIV-1 transport is independent of changes in TEER and so is attributed to increased transcellular trafficking of HIV-1 across the BBB. These results show that LPS increases HIV-1 transcellular transport across the BBB by a pathway that is mediated by p38 MAPK phosphorylation in BMECs.
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Bear JS, Byrnes AP, Griffin DE. Heparin-binding and patterns of virulence for two recombinant strains of Sindbis virus. Virology 2005; 347:183-90. [PMID: 16380143 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
E2 is an important determinant of Sindbis virus neurovirulence. Increased heparan sulfate (HS) binding is associated with rapid clearance of viremia and usually with decreased virulence. However, substitution of histidine for arginine at E2-157 (R157H) or glutamate for lysine at E2-159 (K159E) produces viruses with decreases in heparin-Sepharose binding and increases in viremia but different levels of binding to HS-expressing cells and virulence phenotypes in newborn CD-1 mice (Byrnes, A.P., Griffin, D.E., 2000. Large-plaque mutants of Sindbis virus show reduced binding to heparan sulfate, heightened viremia and slower clearance from the circulation. J. Virol. 74, 644-651). To identify mechanisms of virulence, R157H and K159E were studied in newborn CD-1 and BALB/c mice. Subcutaneous inoculation of R157H caused 100% and K159E 60% mortality in 2-day-old CD-1 mice. R157H caused 25% and K159E no mortality in 2-day-old BALB/c mice. R157H and K159E replicated similarly at the site of inoculation with the same level of viremia, but clearance was slower in CD-1 than BALB/c mice. R157H replicated better than K159E in the central nervous system (CNS) after subcutaneous and intracerebral inoculation and in undifferentiated neurons. These studies show a genetic restriction of replication in newborn BALB/c mice, and that amino acid substitutions affecting binding to proteoglycans may differ in importance for CNS infection and viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steven Bear
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Rm. E5132, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kramer-Hämmerle S, Rothenaigner I, Wolff H, Bell JE, Brack-Werner R. Cells of the central nervous system as targets and reservoirs of the human immunodeficiency virus. Virus Res 2005; 111:194-213. [PMID: 15885841 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) has not eliminated HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system (CNS) or the occurrence of HIV-associated neurological problems. Thus, the neurobiology of HIV-1 is still an important issue. Here, we review key features of HIV-1-cell interactions in the CNS and their contributions to persistence and pathogenicity of HIV-1 in the CNS. HIV-1 invades the brain very soon after systemic infection. Various mechanisms have been proposed for HIV-1 entry into the CNS. The most favored hypothesis is the migration of infected cells across the blood-brain barrier ("Trojan horse" hypothesis). Virus production in the CNS is not apparent before the onset of AIDS, indicating that HIV-1 replication in the CNS is successfully controlled in pre-AIDS. Brain macrophages and microglia cells are the chief producers of HIV-1 in brains of individuals with AIDS. HIV-1 enters these cells by the CD4 receptor and mainly the CCR5 coreceptor. Various in vivo and cell culture studies indicate that cells of neuroectodermal origin, particularly astrocytes, may also be infected by HIV-1. These cells restrict virus production and serve as reservoirs for HIV-1. A limited number of studies suggest restricted infection of oligodendrocytes and neurons, although infection of these cells is still controversial. Entry of HIV-1 into neuroectodermal cells is independent of the CD4 receptor, and a number of different cell-surface molecules have been implicated as alternate receptors of HIV-1. HIV-1-associated injury of the CNS is believed to be caused by numerous soluble factors released by glial cells as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. These include both viral and cellular factors. Some of these factors can directly induce neuronal injury and death by interacting with receptors on neuronal membranes (neurotoxic factors). Others can activate uninfected cells to produce inflammatory and neurotoxic factors and/or promote infiltration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes, thus amplifying the deleterious effects of HIV-1 infection. CNS responses to HIV-1 infection also include mechanisms that enhance neuronal survival and strengthen crucial neuronal support functions. Future challenges will be to develop strategies to prevent HIV-1 spread in the brain, bolster intrinsic defense mechanisms of the brain and to elucidate the impact of long-term persistence of HIV-1 on CNS functions in individuals without AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kramer-Hämmerle
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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