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Ahmad F, Sudesh R, Ahmed AT, Haque S. Roles of HOTAIR Long Non-coding RNA in Gliomas and Other CNS Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:23. [PMID: 38366205 PMCID: PMC10873238 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which is increasingly being perceived as a tremendous molecular mediator of brain pathophysiology at multiple levels. Epigenetic regulation of target gene expression carried out by HOTAIR is thorough modulation of chromatin modifiers; histone methyltransferase polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). Incidentally, HOTAIR was the first lncRNA shown to elicit sponging of specific microRNA (miRNA or miR) species in a trans-acting manner. It has been extensively studied in various cancers, including gliomas and is regarded as a prominent pro-tumorigenic and pro-oncogenic lncRNA. Indeed, the expression of HOTAIR may serve as glioma grade predictor and prognostic biomarker. The objective of this timely review is not only to outline the multifaceted pathogenic roles of HOTAIR in the development and pathophysiology of gliomas and brain cancers, but also to delineate the research findings implicating it as a critical regulator of overall brain pathophysiology. While the major focus is on neuro-oncology, wherein HOTAIR represents a particularly potent underlying pathogenic player and a suitable therapeutic target, mechanisms underlying the regulatory actions of HOTAIR in neurodegeneration, traumatic, hypoxic and ischemic brain injuries, and neuropsychiatric disorders are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Ravi Sudesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - A Toufeeq Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 13306, United Arab Emirates
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Cho HE, Lee S, Seo JH, Kang SW, Choi WA, Cho SR. In Vivo Reprogramming Using Yamanaka Factors in the CNS: A Scoping Review. Cells 2024; 13:343. [PMID: 38391956 PMCID: PMC10886652 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders, pose significant challenges in medicine. These conditions, characterized by progressive neuronal loss, have remained largely incurable, exacting a heavy toll on individuals and society. In recent years, in vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has emerged as a promising approach for central nervous system regeneration. This technique involves introducing transcription factors, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into adult cells to induce their conversion into neurons. This review summarizes the current state of in vivo reprogramming research in the central nervous system, focusing on the use of Yamanaka factors. In vivo reprogramming using Yamanaka factors has shown promising results in several animal models of central nervous system diseases. Studies have demonstrated that this approach can promote the generation of new neurons, improve functional outcomes, and reduce scar formation. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before this approach can be translated into clinical practice. These challenges include optimizing the efficiency of reprogramming, understanding the cell of origin for each transcription factor, and developing methods for reprogramming in non-subventricular zone areas. Further research is needed to overcome the remaining challenges, but this approach has the potential to revolutionize the way we treat central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Eol Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Siwoo Lee
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woong Kang
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ah Choi
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Rehabilitation Institute of Neuromuscular Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea; (H.E.C.); (S.-W.K.)
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Verkhratsky A, Butt A, Li B, Illes P, Zorec R, Semyanov A, Tang Y, Sofroniew MV. Astrocytes in human central nervous system diseases: a frontier for new therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:396. [PMID: 37828019 PMCID: PMC10570367 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are a broad class of neural parenchymal cells primarily dedicated to homoeostasis and defence of the central nervous system (CNS). Astroglia contribute to the pathophysiology of all neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in ways that can be either beneficial or detrimental to disorder outcome. Pathophysiological changes in astroglia can be primary or secondary and can result in gain or loss of functions. Astroglia respond to external, non-cell autonomous signals associated with any form of CNS pathology by undergoing complex and variable changes in their structure, molecular expression, and function. In addition, internally driven, cell autonomous changes of astroglial innate properties can lead to CNS pathologies. Astroglial pathophysiology is complex, with different pathophysiological cell states and cell phenotypes that are context-specific and vary with disorder, disorder-stage, comorbidities, age, and sex. Here, we classify astroglial pathophysiology into (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astroglial atrophy with loss of function, (iii) astroglial degeneration and death, and (iv) astrocytopathies characterised by aberrant forms that drive disease. We review astroglial pathophysiology across the spectrum of human CNS diseases and disorders, including neurotrauma, stroke, neuroinfection, autoimmune attack and epilepsy, as well as neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Characterising cellular and molecular mechanisms of astroglial pathophysiology represents a new frontier to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arthur Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Baoman Li
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Zorec
- Celica Biomedical, Lab Cell Engineering, Technology Park, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Department of Physiology, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, 314033, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling/School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education/Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Bai Y, Yao HH. Circular RNAs: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives in CNS Diseases. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:879-889. [PMID: 37815742 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of regulatory non-coding RNAs characterized by the presence of covalently closed ends. A growing body of evidence suggests that circRNAs play important roles in physiology and pathology. In particular, accumulating data on circRNA functions in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases and their correlations indicate that circRNAs are critical contributors to the onset and development of brain disorders. In this review, we focus on the regulatory and functional roles of circRNAs in CNS diseases, highlighting their diagnostic and therapeutic potential, with the aim of providing new insights into CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong-Hong Yao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Morrill K, Chen F, Karlsson E. Comparative neurogenetics of dog behavior complements efforts towards human neuropsychiatric genetics. Hum Genet 2023; 142:1231-1246. [PMID: 37578529 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic dogs display a wide array of heritable behaviors that have intermediate genetic complexity thanks to a long history of human-influenced selection. Comparative genetics in dogs could address the scarcity of non-human neurogenetic systems relevant to human neuropsychiatric disorders, which are characterized by mental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms and involve vastly complex genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Our review describes the diverse behavioral "phenome" of domestic dogs, past and ongoing sources of behavioral selection, and the state of canine behavioral genetics. We highlight two naturally disordered behavioral domains that illustrate how dogs may prove useful as a comparative, forward neurogenetic system: canine age-related cognitive dysfunction, which can be examined more rapidly given the attenuated lifespan of dogs, and compulsive disorders, which may have genetic roots in purpose-bred behaviors. Growing community science initiatives aimed at the companion dog population will be well suited to investigating such complex behavioral phenotypes and offer a comparative resource that parallels human genomic initiatives in scale and dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Morrill
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Frances Chen
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elinor Karlsson
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Qian Z, Qin J, Lai Y, Zhang C, Zhang X. Large-Scale Integration of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Reveals Astrocyte Diversity and Transcriptomic Modules across Six Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:692. [PMID: 37189441 PMCID: PMC10135484 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of astrocytes in response to environmental factors contributes to many neurological diseases by impacting neuroinflammation responses, glutamate and ion homeostasis, and cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism, which calls for comprehensive and high-resolution analysis. However, single-cell transcriptome analyses of astrocytes have been hampered by the sparseness of human brain specimens. Here, we demonstrate how large-scale integration of multi-omics data, including single-cell and spatial transcriptomic and proteomic data, overcomes these limitations. We created a single-cell transcriptomic dataset of human brains by integration, consensus annotation, and analyzing 302 publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, highlighting the power to resolve previously unidentifiable astrocyte subpopulations. The resulting dataset includes nearly one million cells that span a wide variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy (Epi), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We profiled the astrocytes at three levels, subtype compositions, regulatory modules, and cell-cell communications, and comprehensively depicted the heterogeneity of pathological astrocytes. We constructed seven transcriptomic modules that are involved in the onset and progress of disease development, such as the M2 ECM and M4 stress modules. We validated that the M2 ECM module could furnish potential markers for AD early diagnosis at both the transcriptome and protein levels. In order to accomplish a high-resolution, local identification of astrocyte subtypes, we also carried out a spatial transcriptome analysis of mouse brains using the integrated dataset as a reference. We found that astrocyte subtypes are regionally heterogeneous. We identified dynamic cell-cell interactions in different disorders and found that astrocytes participate in key signaling pathways, such as NRG3-ERBB4, in epilepsy. Our work supports the utility of large-scale integration of single-cell transcriptomic data, which offers new insights into underlying multiple CNS disease mechanisms where astrocytes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jinglin Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yiwen Lai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiannian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Bai Y, Ren H, Bian L, Zhou Y, Wang X, Xiong Z, Liu Z, Han B, Yao H. Regulation of Glial Function by Noncoding RNA in Central Nervous System Disease. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:440-452. [PMID: 36161582 PMCID: PMC10043107 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that play critical roles in different diseases. NcRNAs include microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs. They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Mounting evidence indicates that ncRNAs play key roles in CNS diseases. Further elucidating the mechanisms of ncRNA underlying the process of regulating glial function that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liang Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhongli Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic, inflammatory, granulomatous disease characterized by great variability in organ involvement, clinical course, and severity. While pulmonary manifestations are almost universal, the central and peripheral nervous systems can also be affected. Neurosarcoidosis occurs in ∼5-15% of cases and is among the manifestations with the highest morbidity and mortality. It is known that sarcoidosis has genetic underpinnings and while multiple studies aimed at identifying associations to sarcoidosis susceptibility and prognosis, very few studies have focused on neurosarcoidosis. This review summarizes the genetic studies to date, compares and contrasts those findings with other genetic effects in sarcoidosis, and offers ideas for moving the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hardin
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13(th), Research Tower, Suite 2202, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bryan Dawkins
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13(th), Research Tower, Suite 2202, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathan Pezant
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13(th), Research Tower, Suite 2202, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13(th), Research Tower, Suite 2202, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney Montgomery
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13(th), Research Tower, Suite 2202, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Yaron Y, Ofen Glassner V, Mory A, Zunz Henig N, Kurolap A, Bar Shira A, Brabbing Goldstein D, Marom D, Ben Sira L, Baris Feldman H, Malinger G, Krajden Haratz K, Reches A. Exome sequencing as first-tier test for fetuses with severe central nervous system structural anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022; 60:59-67. [PMID: 35229910 PMCID: PMC9328397 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatally detected central nervous system (CNS) anomalies present a diagnostic challenge. In this study, we compared the diagnostic yield of exome sequencing (ES) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in fetuses with a major CNS anomaly. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 114 cases referred for genetic evaluation following termination of pregnancy (TOP) due to a major CNS anomaly detected on prenatal ultrasound. All fetuses were first analyzed by CMA. All CMA-negative cases were offered ES. CMA-positive cases were reanalyzed using ES to assess its ability to detect copy-number variants (CNVs). RESULTS CMA identified a pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) CNV in 11/114 (10%) cases. Eighty-six CMA-negative cases were analyzed using ES, which detected P/LP sequence variants in 38/86 (44%). Among recurrent cases (i.e. cases with a previously affected pregnancy), the incidence of P/LP sequence variants was non-significantly higher compared with non-recurrent ones (12/19 (63%) vs 26/67 (39%); P = 0.06). Among the 38 cases with an ES diagnosis, 20 (53%) were inherited and carried a significant risk of recurrence. Reanalysis of 10 CMA-positive cases by ES demonstrated that the bioinformatics pipeline used for sequence variant analysis also detected all P/LP CNVs, as well as three previously known non-causative CNVs. CONCLUSIONS In our study, ES provided a high diagnostic yield (> 50%) in fetuses with severe CNS structural anomalies, which may have been partly due to the highly selected case series that included post-TOP cases from a specialist referral center. These data suggest that ES may be considered as a first-tier test for the prenatal diagnosis of major fetal CNS anomalies, detecting both P/LP sequence variants and CNVs. This is of particular importance given the time constraints of an ongoing pregnancy and the risk of recurrence in future pregnancies. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yaron
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - V. Ofen Glassner
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. Mory
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - N. Zunz Henig
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. Kurolap
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. Bar Shira
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - D. Brabbing Goldstein
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Division of Obstetric Ultrasound, Lis Maternity HospitalTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - D. Marom
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - L. Ben Sira
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Radiology DepartmentTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - H. Baris Feldman
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - G. Malinger
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Division of Obstetric Ultrasound, Lis Maternity HospitalTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - K. Krajden Haratz
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Division of Obstetric Ultrasound, Lis Maternity HospitalTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
| | - A. Reches
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis UnitGenetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Division of Obstetric Ultrasound, Lis Maternity HospitalTel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
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Burda JE, O'Shea TM, Ao Y, Suresh KB, Wang S, Bernstein AM, Chandra A, Deverasetty S, Kawaguchi R, Kim JH, McCallum S, Rogers A, Wahane S, Sofroniew MV. Divergent transcriptional regulation of astrocyte reactivity across disorders. Nature 2022; 606:557-564. [PMID: 35614216 PMCID: PMC10027402 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes respond to injury and disease in the central nervous system with reactive changes that influence the outcome of the disorder1-4. These changes include differentially expressed genes (DEGs) whose contextual diversity and regulation are poorly understood. Here we combined biological and informatic analyses, including RNA sequencing, protein detection, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and conditional gene deletion, to predict transcriptional regulators that differentially control more than 12,000 DEGs that are potentially associated with astrocyte reactivity across diverse central nervous system disorders in mice and humans. DEGs associated with astrocyte reactivity exhibited pronounced heterogeneity across disorders. Transcriptional regulators also exhibited disorder-specific differences, but a core group of 61 transcriptional regulators was identified as common across multiple disorders in both species. We show experimentally that DEG diversity is determined by combinatorial, context-specific interactions between transcriptional regulators. Notably, the same reactivity transcriptional regulators can regulate markedly different DEG cohorts in different disorders; changes in the access of transcriptional regulators to DNA-binding motifs differ markedly across disorders; and DEG changes can crucially require multiple reactivity transcriptional regulators. We show that, by modulating reactivity, transcriptional regulators can substantially alter disorder outcome, implicating them as therapeutic targets. We provide searchable resources of disorder-related reactive astrocyte DEGs and their predicted transcriptional regulators. Our findings show that transcriptional changes associated with astrocyte reactivity are highly heterogeneous and are customized from vast numbers of potential DEGs through context-specific combinatorial transcriptional-regulator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Burda
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy M O'Shea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keshav B Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shinong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashu Chandra
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandeep Deverasetty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae H Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah McCallum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Rogers
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shalaka Wahane
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Cheng Y, Zhong DP, Ren L, Yang H, Tian CF. Unusual manifestations of young woman with MODY5 based on 17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:77. [PMID: 35346144 PMCID: PMC8962578 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) is a rare subtype of MODYs. It is caused by mutations of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox b gene (HNF1B). 17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome usually results in MODY5 because of the deletion of HNF1B. These patients often have other clinical manifestations besides diabetes. Refractory hypomagnesemia was a clue for further examination in this patient. But she lacked structural abnormalities of the genitourinary system and neurodevelopmental disorders that are common manifestations in patients with 17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome. Some atypical patients deserved attention. CASE PRESENTATION A 21-year-old young woman was admitted to our hospital for severe malnutrition and gastrointestinal symptoms. At age 20, she was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and was administered oral antidiabetic drugs. Soon afterward, the patient discontinued the medication on her own accord and then went to the hospital again due to diabetic ketoacidosis. After insulin treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis was cured and blood glucose was controlled satisfactorily. But intractable nausea, vomiting, and persistent weight loss were stubborn. Further examination revealed that the patient had hypokalemia and hard rectification hypomagnesemia. Genetic testing revealed about 1.85 Mb heterozygous fragment deletion on chromosome 17 and deletion of exons 1-9 of HNF1B heterozygosity missing was approved. Finally, the patient was diagnosed MODY5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The 17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome is characterized by MODY5, structural or functional abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract, and neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders. This patient did not have any structural abnormalities of the genitourinary system and neuropsychiatric disorders, which is rare. She had experienced a period of misdiagnosis before being diagnosed with 17q12 recurrent deletion syndrome, and hypomagnesemia was an important clue for her diagnosis. Therefore, diabetic physicians should be alert to a special type of diabetes if patients have unexplained signs and symptoms. The absence of well-known features of HNF1B disease does not exclude MODY5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLAJinniu DistrictSichuan Province, No. 270 Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, 610083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da-Peng Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLAJinniu DistrictSichuan Province, No. 270 Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, 610083, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLAJinniu DistrictSichuan Province, No. 270 Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, 610083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLAJinniu DistrictSichuan Province, No. 270 Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, 610083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Fu Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLAJinniu DistrictSichuan Province, No. 270 Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, 610083, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kibret BG, Ishiguro H, Horiuchi Y, Onaivi ES. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Targeting of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors in CNS Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:975. [PMID: 35055161 PMCID: PMC8778243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is ubiquitous in most human tissues, and involved in the regulation of mental health. Consequently, its dysregulation is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Together, the ECS and the expanded endocannabinoidome (eCBome) are composed of genes coding for CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R, CB2R), endocannabinoids (eCBs), and the metabolic enzyme machinery for their synthesis and catabolism. The activation of CB1R is associated with adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS), which has limited the therapeutic use of drugs that bind this receptor. The discovery of the functional neuronal CB2R raised new possibilities for the potential and safe targeting of the ECS for the treatment of CNS disorders. Previous studies were not able to detect CB2R mRNA transcripts in brain tissue and suggested that CB2Rs were absent in the brain and were considered peripheral receptors. Studies done on the role of CB2Rs as a potential therapeutic target for treating different disorders revealed the important putative role of CB2Rs in certain CNS disorders, which requires further clinical validation. This review addresses recent advances on the role of CB2Rs in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including, but not limited to, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD) and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Geresu Kibret
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
| | - Hiroki Ishiguro
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Ethics, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan;
| | - Yasue Horiuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan;
| | - Emmanuel S. Onaivi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA
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13
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Lee GS, Kwak G, Bae JH, Han JP, Nam SH, Lee JH, Song S, Kim GD, Park TS, Choi YK, Choi BO, Yeom SC. Morc2a p.S87L mutant mice develop peripheral and central neuropathies associated with neuronal DNA damage and apoptosis. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm049123. [PMID: 34695197 PMCID: PMC8560500 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microrchidia (MORC)-family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene is related to DNA repair, adipogenesis and epigenetic silencing via the human silencing hub (HUSH) complex. MORC2 missense mutation is known to cause peripheral neuropathy of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 Z (CMT2Z). However, there have been reports of peripheral and central neuropathy in patients, and the disease has been co-categorized with developmental delay, impaired growth, dysmorphic facies and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN). The etiology of MORC2 mutation-mediated neuropathy remains uncertain. Here, we established and analyzed Morc2a p.S87L mutant mice. Morc2a p.S87L mice displayed the clinical symptoms expected in human CMT2Z patients, such as axonal neuropathy and skeletal muscle weakness. Notably, we observed severe central neuropathy with cerebella ataxia, cognition disorder and motor neuron degeneration in the spinal cord, and this seemed to be evidence of DIGFAN. Morc2a p.S87L mice exhibited an accumulation of DNA damage in neuronal cells, followed by p53/cytochrome c/caspase 9/caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. This study presents a new mouse model of CMT2Z and DIGFAN with a Morc2a p.S87L mutation. We suggest that neuronal apoptosis is a possible target for therapeutic approach in MORC2 missense mutation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Seong Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Geon Kwak
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonr-ro, Gangnam, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonr-ro, Gangnam, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Bae
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Jeong Pil Han
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonr-ro, Gangnam, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyeon Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Sumin Song
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Gap-Don Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
| | - Yang Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Nueungdong-ro, Gwangjin, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonr-ro, Gangnam, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwonr-ro, Gangnam, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samgsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Su Cheong Yeom
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, South Korea
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanank, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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14
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Winek K, Soreq H, Meisel A. Regulators of cholinergic signaling in disorders of the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1425-1438. [PMID: 33638173 PMCID: PMC8518971 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling is crucial in cognitive processes, and degenerating cholinergic projections are a pathological hallmark in dementia. Use of cholinesterase inhibitors is currently the main treatment option to alleviate symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and has been postulated as a therapeutic strategy in acute brain damage (stroke and traumatic brain injury). However, the benefits of this treatment are still not clear. Importantly, cholinergic receptors are expressed both by neurons and by astrocytes and microglia, and binding of acetylcholine to the α7 nicotinic receptor in glial cells results in anti-inflammatory response. Similarly, the brain fine-tunes the peripheral immune response over the cholinergic anti-inflammatory axis. All of these processes are of importance for the outcome of acute and chronic neurological disease. Here, we summarize the main findings about the role of cholinergic signaling in brain disorders and provide insights into the complexity of molecular regulators of cholinergic responses, such as microRNAs and transfer RNA fragments, both of which may fine-tune the orchestra of cholinergic mRNAs. The available data suggest that these small noncoding RNA regulators may include promising biomarkers for predicting disease course and assessing treatment responses and might also serve as drug targets to attenuate signaling cascades during overwhelming inflammation and to ameliorate regenerative capacities of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Winek
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology with Experimental NeurologyCenter for Stroke Research BerlinNeuroCure Clinical Research CenterCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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15
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Kamte YS, Chandwani MN, Michaels AC, O’Donnell LA. Neural Stem Cells: What Happens When They Go Viral? Viruses 2021; 13:v13081468. [PMID: 34452333 PMCID: PMC8402908 DOI: 10.3390/v13081468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that infect the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with developmental abnormalities as well as neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Many of these viruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) demonstrate tropism for neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are the multipotent progenitor cells of the brain that have the ability to form neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Viral infections often alter the function of NSCs, with profound impacts on the growth and repair of the brain. There are a wide spectrum of effects on NSCs, which differ by the type of virus, the model system, the cell types studied, and the age of the host. Thus, it is a challenge to predict and define the consequences of interactions between viruses and NSCs. The purpose of this review is to dissect the mechanisms by which viruses can affect survival, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs. This review also sheds light on the contribution of key antiviral cytokines in the impairment of NSC activity during a viral infection, revealing a complex interplay between NSCs, viruses, and the immune system.
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16
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Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized by the appearance on magnetic resonance imaging of punctate and curvilinear gadolinium enhancement in the pons and cerebellum, and is exquisitely responsive to steroid treatment. The etiology of CLIPPERS remains unclear, although its pathogenesis reflects immune-mediated processes. The accurate diagnosis of this disease is very important for both its management and prognosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 43-year-old woman presented with clinical and radiological features suggestive of CLIPPERS. Whole-exome sequencing of the patient's DNA revealed 76 mutations. DIAGNOSES The patient was clinically diagnosed with CLIPPERS. INTERVENTIONS Hormone therapy was administered intravenously upon hospitalization and then gradually reduced to an oral dose. OUTCOMES The clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations of the patient improved rapidly. This patient was followed up for more than 1 year, and there has been no recurrence or aggravation. LESSONS A gene variation library of CLIPPERS syndrome was established, which lays the foundation for the further accumulation of data, and will allow the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Jingqi Feng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Jingxin Liu
- Department of Imaging Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
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17
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Niborski LL, Paces-Fessy M, Ricci P, Bourgeois A, Magalhães P, Kuzma-Kuzniarska M, Lesaulnier C, Reczko M, Declercq E, Zürbig P, Doucet A, Umbhauer M, Cereghini S. Hnf1b haploinsufficiency differentially affects developmental target genes in a new renal cysts and diabetes mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047498. [PMID: 33737325 PMCID: PMC8126479 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in HNF1B cause the complex syndrome renal cysts and diabetes (RCAD), characterized by developmental abnormalities of the kidneys, genital tracts and pancreas, and a variety of renal, pancreas and liver dysfunctions. The pathogenesis underlying this syndrome remains unclear as mice with heterozygous null mutations have no phenotype, while constitutive/conditional Hnf1b ablation leads to more severe phenotypes. We generated a novel mouse model carrying an identified human mutation at the intron-2 splice donor site. Unlike heterozygous mice previously characterized, mice heterozygous for the splicing mutation exhibited decreased HNF1B protein levels and bilateral renal cysts from embryonic day 15, originated from glomeruli, early proximal tubules (PTs) and intermediate nephron segments, concurrently with delayed PT differentiation, hydronephrosis and rare genital tract anomalies. Consistently, mRNA sequencing showed that most downregulated genes in embryonic kidneys were primarily expressed in early PTs and the loop of Henle and involved in ion/drug transport, organic acid and lipid metabolic processes, while the expression of previously identified targets upon Hnf1b ablation, including cystic disease genes, was weakly or not affected. Postnatal analyses revealed renal abnormalities, ranging from glomerular cysts to hydronephrosis and, rarely, multicystic dysplasia. Urinary proteomics uncovered a particular profile predictive of progressive decline in kidney function and fibrosis, and displayed common features with a recently reported urine proteome in an RCAD pediatric cohort. Altogether, our results show that reduced HNF1B levels lead to developmental disease phenotypes associated with the deregulation of a subset of HNF1B targets. They further suggest that this model represents a unique clinical/pathological viable model of the RCAD disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Polarity
- Central Nervous System Diseases/genetics
- Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology
- Cilia/pathology
- Dental Enamel/abnormalities
- Dental Enamel/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian/pathology
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Developmental
- Haploinsufficiency/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/genetics
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Hydronephrosis/complications
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/genetics
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Kidney Tubules/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation/genetics
- Nephrons/pathology
- RNA Splicing/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia L. Niborski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Paces-Fessy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierbruno Ricci
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Bourgeois
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pedro Magalhães
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, 30659 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Kuzma-Kuzniarska
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Celine Lesaulnier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Martin Reczko
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Science, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Edwige Declercq
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Doucet
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Descartes, UMRS 1138, CNRS, ERL 8228, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Umbhauer
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, IBPS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
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18
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Quilichini E, Fabre M, Nord C, Dirami T, Le Marec A, Cereghini S, Pasek RC, Gannon M, Ahlgren U, Haumaitre C. Insights into the etiology and physiopathology of MODY5/HNF1B pancreatic phenotype with a mouse model of the human disease. J Pathol 2021; 254:31-45. [PMID: 33527355 PMCID: PMC8251562 DOI: 10.1002/path.5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) is due to heterozygous mutations or deletion of HNF1B. No mouse models are currently available to recapitulate the human MODY5 disease. Here, we investigate the pancreatic phenotype of a unique MODY5 mouse model generated by heterozygous insertion of a human HNF1B splicing mutation at the intron-2 splice donor site in the mouse genome. This Hnf1bsp2/+ model generated with targeted mutation of Hnf1b mimicking the c.544+1G>T (T) mutation identified in humans, results in alternative transcripts and a 38% decrease of native Hnf1b transcript levels. As a clinical feature of MODY5 patients, the hypomorphic mouse model Hnf1bsp2/+ displays glucose intolerance. Whereas Hnf1bsp2/+ isolated islets showed no altered insulin secretion, we found a 65% decrease in pancreatic insulin content associated with a 30% decrease in total large islet volume and a 20% decrease in total β-cell volume. These defects were associated with a 30% decrease in expression of the pro-endocrine gene Neurog3 that we previously identified as a direct target of Hnf1b, showing a developmental etiology. As another clinical feature of MODY5 patients, the Hnf1bsp2/+ pancreases display exocrine dysfunction with hypoplasia. We observed chronic pancreatitis with loss of acinar cells, acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, and lipomatosis, with upregulation of signaling pathways and impaired acinar cell regeneration. This was associated with ductal cell deficiency characterized by shortened primary cilia. Importantly, the Hnf1bsp2/+ mouse model reproduces the pancreatic features of the human MODY5/HNF1B disease, providing a unique in vivo tool for molecular studies of the endocrine and exocrine defects and to advance basic and translational research. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Quilichini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
| | - Mélanie Fabre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
| | | | - Thassadite Dirami
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUMR7622‐IBPSParisFrance
| | - Axelle Le Marec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUMR7622‐IBPSParisFrance
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUMR7622‐IBPSParisFrance
| | - Raymond C Pasek
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Centre for Molecular MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Cécile Haumaitre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS)ParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéUMR7622‐IBPSParisFrance
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19
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Ihezie SA, Mathew IE, McBride DW, Dienel A, Blackburn SL, Thankamani Pandit PK. Epigenetics in blood-brain barrier disruption. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 33823899 PMCID: PMC8025355 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vessels of the central nervous system (CNS) have unique barrier properties. The endothelial cells (ECs) which comprise the CNS vessels contribute to the barrier via strong tight junctions, specific transporters, and limited endocytosis which combine to protect the brain from toxins and maintains brain homeostasis. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage is a serious secondary injury in various CNS disorders like stroke, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, there are no drugs or therapeutics available to treat specifically BBB damage after a brain injury. Growing knowledge in the field of epigenetics can enhance the understanding of gene level of the BBB and has great potential for the development of novel therapeutic strategies or targets to repair a disrupted BBB. In this brief review, we summarize the epigenetic mechanisms or regulators that have a protective or disruptive role for components of BBB, along with the promising approaches to regain the integrity of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ihezie
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Iny Elizebeth Mathew
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Devin W McBride
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ari Dienel
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Spiros L Blackburn
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peeyush Kumar Thankamani Pandit
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 7.147, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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20
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Ahmed A, Wang M, Bergant G, Maroofian R, Zhao R, Alfadhel M, Nashabat M, AlRifai MT, Eyaid W, Alswaid A, Beetz C, Qin Y, Zhu T, Tian Q, Xia L, Wu H, Shen L, Dong S, Yang X, Liu C, Ma L, Zhang Q, Khan R, Shah AA, Guo J, Tang B, Leonardis L, Writzl K, Peterlin B, Guo H, Malik S, Xia K, Hu Z. Biallelic loss-of-function variants in NEMF cause central nervous system impairment and axonal polyneuropathy. Hum Genet 2021; 140:579-592. [PMID: 33048237 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to detect the causative gene in five unrelated families with recessive inheritance pattern neurological disorders involving the central nervous system, and the potential function of the NEMF gene in the central nervous system. Exome sequencing (ES) was applied to all families and linkage analysis was performed on family 1. A minigene assay was used to validate the splicing effect of the relevant discovered variants. Immunofluorescence (IF) experiment was performed to investigate the role of the causative gene in neuron development. The large consanguineous family confirms the phenotype-causative relationship with homozygous frameshift variant (NM_004713.6:c.2618del) as revealed by ES. Linkage analysis of the family showed a significant single-point LOD of 4.5 locus. Through collaboration in GeneMatcher, four additional unrelated families' likely pathogenic NEMF variants for a spectrum of central neurological disorders, two homozygous splice-site variants (NM_004713.6:c.574+1G>T and NM_004713.6:c.807-2A>C) and a homozygous frameshift variant (NM_004713.6: c.1234_1235insC) were subsequently identified and segregated with all affected individuals. We further revealed that knockdown (KD) of Nemf leads to impairment of axonal outgrowth and synapse development in cultured mouse primary cortical neurons. Our study demonstrates that disease-causing biallelic NEMF variants result in central nervous system impairment and other variable features. NEMF is an important player in mammalian neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque Ahmed
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gaber Bergant
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rongjuan Zhao
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Nashabat
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Talal AlRifai
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Eyaid
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Yan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cenying Liu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linya Ma
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Abid Ali Shah
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lea Leonardis
- Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karin Writzl
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sajid Malik
- Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligences Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precisional Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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21
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Huang L, Wan J, Wu Y, Tian Y, Yao Y, Yao S, Ji X, Wang S, Su Z, Xu H. Challenges in adeno-associated virus-based treatment of central nervous system diseases through systemic injection. Life Sci 2021; 270:119142. [PMID: 33524419 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, an excellent gene therapy vector, has been widely used in the treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), early attempts at AAV-based CNS diseases treatment were mainly performed through intracranial injections. Subsequently, systemic injections of AAV9, the first AAV that was shown to have BBB-crossing ability in newborn and adult mice, were assessed in clinical trials for multiple CNS diseases. However, the development of systemic AAV injections to treat CNS diseases is still associated with many challenges, such as the efficiency of AAV in crossing the BBB, the peripheral toxicity caused by the expression of AAV-delivered genes, and the immune barrier against AAV in the blood. In this review, we will introduce the biology of the AAV vector and the advantages of systemic AAV injections to treat CNS diseases. Most importantly, we will introduce the challenges associated with systemic injection of therapeutic AAV in treating CNS diseases and suggest feasible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Yinqiu Wu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yizheng Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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22
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Abstract
Nanoparticles have been used to deliver siRNA to tissues and cells to silence specific genes in diverse organisms. Research and clinical application of nanoparticles like liposomes for drug delivery requires targeting them to specific anatomic regions or cell types, while avoiding off-target effects or clearance by the liver, kidney, or the immune system. Delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) presents additional challenges to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to specific cell types like neurons, astrocytes, or glia. Here, we describe the generation of three different liposomal siRNA delivery vehicles to the CNS using the thin film hydration method. Utilizing cationic or anionic liposomes protects the siRNA from serum nucleases and proteases en route. To deliver the siRNA specifically to the CNS, the liposomes are complexed to a peptide that acts as a neuronal address by binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs). When injected intravenously or instilled intranasally, these liposome-siRNA-peptide complexes (LSPCs) or peptide addressed liposome-encapsulated therapeutic siRNA (PALETS) resist serum degradation, effectively cross the BBB, and deliver siRNA to AchR-expressing cells to suppress protein expression in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Zabel
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Luke Mollnow
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Heather Bender
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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23
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Kuwabara-Ohmura Y, Iizuka K, Liu Y, Takao K, Nonomura K, Kato T, Mizuno M, Hosomichi K, Tajima A, Miyazaki T, Horikawa Y, Yabe D. A case of MODY5-like manifestations without mutations or deletions in coding and minimal promoter regions of the HNF1B gene. Endocr J 2020; 67:981-988. [PMID: 32461507 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tail hypoplasia is a common manifestation of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 5 that can cause reno-genito-urinary malformations such as renal cysts and bicornuate uterus. A 69-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for consultation on her relatively high HbA1c value. At age 20, she was diagnosed with uterus bicornis. At age 68, she was diagnosed with pancreas tail hypoplasia, renal cysts and non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) in addition to right hydronephrosis due to multiple ureteral bladder carcinomas. She received total right nephrectomy, ureterectomy and partial cystectomy for multiple ureteral bladder carcinomas [non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade (G1), pTa, LV10, u-rtx, RM0, and pN0 (0/8)]. She also received distal pancreatomy for pancreatic NET [NET G1]. She then was referred to our department at age 69 due to increase in her HbA1c value from 6.2 to 7.2%; 75 g oral glucose tolerance test revealed impaired glucose tolerance. Her clinical characteristics (uterus bicornis, pancreas hypoplasia, and renal cysts) closely resembled the phenotype of MODY5, in which mutations in the HNF1B gene have been reported. Our genetic testing failed to detect any mutation or microdeletion in the coding or minimal promoter regions of the HNF1B gene. Although there remains a possibility that genetic mutations in introns and regulatory regions of the HNF1B gene might cause the MODY5-like manifestations in this patient, these results might suggest involvement of genes other than HNF1B in the pathogenesis of our patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kuwabara-Ohmura
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Ken Takao
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kenta Nonomura
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masami Mizuno
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Horikawa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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24
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Coutinho MF, Santos JI, S. Mendonça L, Matos L, Prata MJ, S. Jurado A, Pedroso de Lima MC, Alves S. Lysosomal Storage Disease-Associated Neuropathy: Targeting Stable Nucleic Acid Lipid Particle (SNALP)-Formulated siRNAs to the Brain as a Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165732. [PMID: 32785133 PMCID: PMC7461213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than two thirds of Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs) present central nervous system involvement. Nevertheless, only one of the currently approved therapies has an impact on neuropathology. Therefore, alternative approaches are under development, either addressing the underlying enzymatic defect or its downstream consequences. Also under study is the possibility to block substrate accumulation upstream, by promoting a decrease of its synthesis. This concept is known as substrate reduction therapy and may be triggered by several molecules, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). siRNAs promote RNA interference, a naturally occurring sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism, and may target virtually any gene of interest, inhibiting its expression. Still, naked siRNAs have limited cellular uptake, low biological stability, and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Thus, their translation into clinics requires proper delivery methods. One promising platform is a special class of liposomes called stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs), which are characterized by high cargo encapsulation efficiency and may be engineered to promote targeted delivery to specific receptors. Here, we review the concept of SNALPs, presenting a series of examples on their efficacy as siRNA nanodelivery systems. By doing so, we hope to unveil the therapeutic potential of these nanosystems for targeted brain delivery of siRNAs in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-(223)-401-113
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Liliana S. Mendonça
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.S.M.); (M.C.P.d.L.)
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Prata
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S—Institute of Research and Innovation in Health/IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amália S. Jurado
- University of Coimbra, CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Maria C. Pedroso de Lima
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (L.S.M.); (M.C.P.d.L.)
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA I.P), Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (J.I.S.); (L.M.); (S.A.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
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25
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Montilla A, Mata GP, Matute C, Domercq M. Contribution of P2X4 Receptors to CNS Function and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155562. [PMID: 32756482 PMCID: PMC7432758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The release and extracellular action of ATP are a widespread mechanism for cell-to-cell communication in living organisms through activation of P2X and P2Y receptors expressed at the cell surface of most tissues, including the nervous system. Among ionototropic receptors, P2X4 receptors have emerged in the last decade as a potential target for CNS disorders such as epilepsy, ischemia, chronic pain, anxiety, multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of P2X4 receptor in each pathology ranges from beneficial to detrimental, although the mechanisms are still mostly unknown. P2X4 is expressed at low levels in CNS cells including neurons and glial cells. In normal conditions, P2X4 activation contributes to synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, one of the genes present in the transcriptional program of myeloid cell activation is P2X4. Microglial P2X4 upregulation, the P2X4+ state of microglia, seems to be common in most acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases associated with inflammation. In this review, we summarize knowledge about the role of P2X4 receptors in the CNS physiology and discuss potential pitfalls and open questions about the therapeutic potential of blocking or potentiation of P2X4 for different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Domercq
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(94)-6015681; Fax: +34-(94)-6015055
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26
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Miwa S, Watabe AM, Shimada Y, Higuchi T, Kobayashi H, Fukuda T, Kato F, Ida H, Ohashi T. Efficient engraftment of genetically modified cells is necessary to ameliorate central nervous system involvement of murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II by hematopoietic stem cell targeted gene therapy. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:262-273. [PMID: 32631737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by a deficiency of the iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) that catabolizes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Abnormal accumulations of GAGs in somatic cells lead to various manifestations including central nervous system (CNS) disease. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are the currently available therapy for MPS II, but both therapies fail to improve CNS manifestations. We previously showed that hematopoietic stem cell targeted gene therapy (HSC-GT) with lethal irradiation improved CNS involvement in a murine model of MPS II which lacks the gene coding for IDS. However, the strong preconditioning, with lethal irradiation, would cause a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, we tested milder preconditioning procedures with either low dose irradiation or low dose irradiation plus an anti c-kit monoclonal antibody (ACK2) to assess CNS effects in mice with MPS II after HSC-GT. Mice from all the HSC-GT groups displayed super-physiological levels of IDS enzyme activity and robust reduction of abnormally accumulated GAGs to the wild type mice levels in peripheral organs. However, only the mice treated with lethal irradiation showed significant cognitive function improvement as well as IDS elevation and GAG reduction in the brain. These results suggest that an efficient engraftment of genetically modified cells for HSC-GT requires strong preconditioning to ameliorate CNS involvement in cases with MPS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Miwa
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako M Watabe
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohta Shimada
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Higuchi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Division of Neuroscience, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ida
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toya Ohashi
- Division of Gene Therapy, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tao T, Yang Y, Hu Z. A novel HNF1B mutation p.R177Q in autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease and maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5: A pedigree-based case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21438. [PMID: 32756155 PMCID: PMC7402722 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-beta (HNF1B) gene result in a very variable presentation, including maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), renal cysts, renal dysplasia, and autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD), which is characterized by tubular damage, renal fibrosis, and progressive renal dysfunction. PATIENT CONCERNS A 22-year-old man came to the hospital presenting with hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia and elevated serum creatinine. His urine protein was within the normal range. The ultrasound examination revealed shrunken kidneys with renal cysts. The patient's mother was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus when she was 25 years old. Her laboratory results showed elevated serum creatinine. Her ultrasonography revealed shrunken kidneys with renal cysts and hydronephrosis without kidney stones. The next-generation sequencing revealed that the proband and his mother held the same heterozygous missense mutation (c.530G>A, NM_000458, p.R177Q) in the HNF1B gene. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that the mutation was likely pathogenic. DIAGNOSIS The patient and his mother were diagnosed as ADTKD and MODY5 due to HNF1B mutation. INTERVENTION The proband was administered metformin at a dose of 500 mg/day. OUTCOMES The patient had well-controlled blood glucose levels and a stable renal function at his 12-month follow-up. LESSONS We should take into account the diagnoses of ADTKD and MODY5 if patients present with early onset diabetes and multiple renal cysts or evidence of renal tubulointerstitial dysplasia, especially those with negative proteinuria results. Genetic testing helps detect the HNF1B gene mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Aftercare
- Central Nervous System Diseases/complications
- Central Nervous System Diseases/drug therapy
- Central Nervous System Diseases/genetics
- Dental Enamel/abnormalities
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta/genetics
- Heterozygote
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/etiology
- Hyperuricemia/etiology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Kidney/diagnostic imaging
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/complications
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/drug therapy
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/genetics
- Kidney Diseases, Cystic/pathology
- Male
- Metformin/administration & dosage
- Metformin/therapeutic use
- Mutation, Missense
- Nephritis, Interstitial/complications
- Nephritis, Interstitial/genetics
- Nephritis, Interstitial/pathology
- Pedigree
- Ultrasonography/methods
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Silva MC, Haggarty SJ. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived models and drug screening in CNS precision medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1471:18-56. [PMID: 30875083 PMCID: PMC8193821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective therapeutics for neurological disorders has historically been challenging partly because of lack of accurate model systems in which to investigate disease etiology and test new therapeutics at the preclinical stage. Human stem cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon differentiation, have the ability to recapitulate aspects of disease pathophysiology and are increasingly recognized as robust scalable systems for drug discovery. We review advances in deriving cellular models of human central nervous system (CNS) disorders using iPSCs along with strategies for investigating disease-relevant phenotypes, translatable biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Given their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and leads, we focus on phenotype-based, small-molecule screens employing human stem cell-derived models. Integrated efforts to assemble patient iPSC-derived cell models with deeply annotated clinicopathological data, along with molecular and drug-response signatures, may aid in the stratification of patients, diagnostics, and clinical trial success, shifting translational science and precision medicine approaches. A number of remaining challenges, including the optimization of cost-effective, large-scale culture of iPSC-derived cell types, incorporation of aging into neuronal models, as well as robustness and automation of phenotypic assays to support quantitative drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism testing workflows, are covered. Continued advancement of the field is expected to help fully humanize the process of CNS drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
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Coy S, Rashid R, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Santagata S. An update on the CNS manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:643-665. [PMID: 31161239 PMCID: PMC7038792 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) is a tumor predisposition syndrome characterized by the development of distinctive nervous system lesions. NF2 results from loss-of-function alterations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22, with resultant dysfunction of its protein product merlin. NF2 is most commonly associated with the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas; however, patients also have a predisposition to development of other tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, and peripheral, spinal, and cranial nerve schwannomas. Patients may also develop other characteristic manifestations such as ocular lesions, neuropathies, meningioangiomatosis, and glial hamartia. NF2 has a highly variable clinical course, with some patients exhibiting a severe phenotype and development of multiple tumors at an early age, while others may be nearly asymptomatic throughout their lifetime. Despite the high morbidity associated with NF2 in severe cases, management of NF2-associated lesions primarily consists of surgical resection and treatment of symptoms, and there are currently no FDA-approved systemic therapies that address the underlying biology of the syndrome. Refinements to the diagnostic criteria of NF2 have been proposed over time due to increasing understanding of clinical and molecular data. Large-population studies have demonstrated that some features such as the development of gliomas and neurofibromas, currently included as diagnostic criteria, may require further clarification and modification. Meanwhile, burgeoning insights into the molecular biology of NF2 have shed light on the etiology and highly variable severity of the disease and suggested numerous putative molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review the clinicopathologic features of NF2, current understanding of the molecular biology of NF2, particularly with regard to central nervous system lesions, ongoing therapeutic studies, and avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Coy
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, BTM8002P, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, BTM8002P, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, BTM8002P, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
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Damm-Ganamet KL, Rives ML, Wickenden AD, McAllister HM, Mirzadegan T. A computational approach yields selective inhibitors of human excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2). J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4359-4366. [PMID: 32079674 PMCID: PMC7105306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.011190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) represent a protein family that is an emerging drug target with great therapeutic potential for managing central nervous system disorders characterized by dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. As such, it is of significant interest to discover selective modulators of EAAT2 function. Here, we applied computational methods to identify specific EAAT2 inhibitors. Utilizing a homology model of human EAAT2, we identified a binding pocket at the interface of the transport and trimerization domain. We next conducted a high-throughput virtual screen against this site and identified a selective class of EAAT2 inhibitors that were tested in glutamate uptake and whole-cell electrophysiology assays. These compounds represent potentially useful pharmacological tools suitable for further exploration of the therapeutic potential of EAAT2 and may provide molecular insights into mechanisms of allosteric modulation for glutamate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Damm-Ganamet
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121.
| | - Marie-Laure Rives
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Alan D Wickenden
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Heather M McAllister
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Taraneh Mirzadegan
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121
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31
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Conejos-Sánchez I, Gallon E, Niño-Pariente A, Smith JA, De la Fuente AG, Di Canio L, Pluchino S, Franklin RJM, Vicent MJ. Polyornithine-based polyplexes to boost effective gene silencing in CNS disorders. Nanoscale 2020; 12:6285-6299. [PMID: 31840717 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06187h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gene silencing therapies have successfully suppressed the translation of target proteins, a strategy that holds great promise for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Advances in the current knowledge on multimolecular delivery vehicles are concentrated on overcoming the difficulties in delivery of small interfering (si)RNA to target tissues, which include anatomical accessibility, slow diffusion, safety concerns, and the requirement for specific cell uptake within the unique environment of the CNS. The present work addressed these challenges through the implementation of polyornithine derivatives in the construction of polyplexes used as non-viral siRNA delivery vectors. Physicochemical and biological characterization revealed biodegradability and biocompatibility of our polyornithine-based system and the ability to silence gene expression in primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) effectively. In summary, the well-defined properties and neurological compatibility of this polypeptide-based platform highlight its potential utility in the treatment of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Conejos-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe. Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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Nissen K, Klem L, Jeppesen R, Axelsen TM, Christiansen SH, Gøtzsche CR, Pinborg L, Jespersen B, Klemp K, Woldbye D. [Gene therapy for central nervous system disorders]. Ugeskr Laeger 2020; 182:V09190535. [PMID: 32052730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gene therapy has resurged as a potential treatment for an increasing number of medical diseases including those affecting the central nervous system (CNS), which is discussed in this review. Clinical trials have revealed promising results particularly in gene therapy for Parkinson's disease with upregulation of dopamine synthesis or downregulation of huntingtin synthesis in Huntington's disease. Gene therapy for spinal motor atrophy has received FDA approval this year. The biggest success is seen in ophthalmology, where gene therapy has been FDA/EU-approved for retinitis pigmentosa, sparking further hope of use for other CNS diseases in a near future.
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Bellizzi A, Ahye N, Jalagadugula G, Wollebo HS. A Broad Application of CRISPR Cas9 in Infectious Diseases of Central Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:578-594. [PMID: 31512166 PMCID: PMC6898781 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced diseases or neurological complications are huge socio-economic burden to human health globally. The complexity of viral-mediated CNS pathology is exacerbated by reemergence of new pathogenic neurotropic viruses of high public relevance. Although the central nervous system is considered as an immune privileged organ and is mainly protected by barrier system, there are a vast majority of neurotropic viruses capable of gaining access and cause diseases. Despite continued growth of the patient population and a number of treatment strategies, there is no successful viral specific therapy available for viral induced CNS diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a clear alternative treatment strategy that can effectively target neurotropic viruses of DNA or RNA genome. To address this need, rapidly growing gene editing technology based on CRISPR/Cas9, provides unprecedented control over viral genome editing and will be an effective, highly specific and versatile tool for targeting CNS viral infection. In this review, we discuss the application of this system to control CNS viral infection and associated neurological disorders and future prospects. Graphical Abstract CRISPR/Cas9 technology as agent control over CNS viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bellizzi
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Room 756 MERB, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nicholas Ahye
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Room 756 MERB, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Gauthami Jalagadugula
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Room 756 MERB, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Room 756 MERB, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Lakstygal AM, de Abreu MS, Lifanov DA, Wappler-Guzzetta EA, Serikuly N, Alpsyshov ET, Wang D, Wang M, Tang Z, Yan D, Demin KA, Volgin AD, Amstislavskaya TG, Wang J, Song C, Alekseeva P, Kalueff AV. Zebrafish models of diabetes-related CNS pathogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:48-58. [PMID: 30476525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder that affects multiple organ systems. DM also affects brain processes, contributing to various CNS disorders, including depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease. Despite active research in humans, rodent models and in-vitro systems, the pathogenetic link between DM and brain disorders remains poorly understood. Novel translational models and new model organisms are therefore essential to more fully study the impact of DM on CNS. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful novel model species to study metabolic and CNS disorders. Here, we discuss how DM alters brain functions and behavior in zebrafish, and summarize their translational relevance to studying DM-related CNS pathogenesis in humans. We recognize the growing utility of zebrafish models in translational DM research, as they continue to improve our understanding of different brain pathologies associated with DM, and may foster the discovery of drugs that prevent or treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Lakstygal
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Dmitry A Lifanov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia; School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - DongMei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - MengYao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - ZhiChong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - DongNi Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey D Volgin
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - JiaJia Wang
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Polina Alekseeva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia; ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, LA, USA.
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are recently identified small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and significantly influence the essential cellular processes associated with CNS repair after trauma and neuropathological conditions including stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. A number of specific miRNAs are implicated in regulating the development and propagation of CNS injury, as well as its subsequent regeneration. The review focuses on the functions of the miRNAs and their role in brain recovery following CNS damage. The article introduces a brief description of miRNA biogenesis and mechanisms of miRNA-induced gene suppression, followed by an overview of miRNAs involved in the processes associated with CNS repair, including neuroprotection, neuronal plasticity and axonal regeneration, vascular reorganization, neuroinflammation, and endogenous stem cell activation. Specific emphasis is placed on the role of multifunctional miRNA miR-155, as it appears to be involved in multiple neurorestorative processes during different CNS pathologies. In association with our own studies on miR-155, I introduce a new and unexplored approach to cerebral regeneration: regulation of brain tissue repair through a direct modulation of specific miRNA activity. The review concludes with discussion on the challenges and the future potential of miRNA-based therapeutic approaches to CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Roitbak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1101 Yale Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87106-3834, USA.
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Tamura S, Kawamoto K, Miyoshi H, Suzuki T, Katagiri T, Kasami T, Nemoto H, Miyakoshi S, Kobayashi H, Shibasaki Y, Masuko M, Takeuchi K, Ohshima K, Sone H, Takizawa J. Cladribine treatment for Erdheim-Chester disease involving the central nervous system and concomitant polycythemia vera: A case report. J Clin Exp Hematop 2018; 58:161-165. [PMID: 30305475 PMCID: PMC6407475 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.18015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD), a rare form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, is
characterized by the infiltration of foamy CD68+ and CD1a-
histiocytes into multiple organ systems. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement has
recently been reported to be a poor prognostic factor when treating ECD with interferon
alpha. We report the case of a 66-year-old Japanese patient with ECD involving the CNS who
harbored the BRAF V600E mutation and also concomitantly developed
polycythemia vera with the JAK2 V617F mutation. We confirmed
2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (cladribine) therapy to be effective for the patient in this
case.
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Roehlen N, Hilger H, Stock F, Gläser B, Guhl J, Schmitt-Graeff A, Seufert J, Laubner K. 17q12 Deletion Syndrome as a Rare Cause for Diabetes Mellitus Type MODY5. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3601-3610. [PMID: 30032214 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) is caused by mutations of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox β gene (HNF1B). Although clinical characteristics and therapeutic management of MODY5 are increasingly better defined, adequate consideration of the frequent association of MODY5 with 17q12 deletion syndrome is often missing. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We report two cases of patients with 17q12 deletion syndrome who presented to our clinic. Furthermore, we reviewed the existing literature to improve systematic diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. A PubMed search using the terms 17q12 deletion syndrome, diabetes mellitus type MODY5, and/or HNF1B was performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Three hundred sixty-one cases of postnatal 17q12 deletion syndrome were assessed, and details on clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic management were reviewed and compared with the two cases at our clinic. Furthermore, data on pathogenic mechanisms and their clinical implications were evaluated. CONCLUSION The 17q12 deletion syndrome usually comprises MODY5, structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys, and neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders. A complete deletion of HNF1B can be found in about 50% of patients with MODY5. A wide variety of additional clinical features, including genital and brain malformations, has been reported. Because HNF1B deletions are virtually always part of a 17q12 deletion syndrome and common genetic analyses for evaluation of MODY5 are unable to detect the deletion of a 1.4-Mb chromosomal region, initial attention to the syndromal features at the stage of diagnosis is of considerable importance for establishing correct diagnosis, subsequent therapy, and interdisciplinary patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Roehlen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Hilger
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Stock
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgitta Gläser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Guhl
- General Practice and Family Medicine, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Annette Schmitt-Graeff
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Seufert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Laubner
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Verma AK, Waghmare TS, Jachak GR, Philkhana SC, Reddy DS, Basu A. Nitrosporeusine analogue ameliorates Chandipura virus induced inflammatory response in CNS via NFκb inactivation in microglia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006648. [PMID: 30001342 PMCID: PMC6063446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chandipura Virus (CHPV), a negative-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, has been previously reported to bring neuronal apoptosis by activating several factors leading to neurodegeneration. Following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues gets activated and starts secreting chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. In the present study, we have systemically examined the effect of CHPV on microglia and the activation of cellular signalling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon CHPV infection. Protein and mRNA expression profiles of chemokine genes revealed that CHPV infection strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. CHPV infection triggered the activation of signalling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases, including p38, JNK 1 and 2, and nuclear factor κB (NF-kappaB). CHPV-induced expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was achieved by the activation of p38 and NF-kappaB pathways. Considering the important role of inflammation in neurodegeneration, we have targeted NF-kappaB using a newly synthesised natural product nitrosporeusine analogue and showed incapability of microglial supernatant of inducing apoptosis in neurons after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trushnal S. Waghmare
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Haas DW, Bradford Y, Verma A, Verma SS, Eron JJ, Gulick RM, Riddler S, Sax PE, Daar ES, Morse GD, Acosta EP, Ritchie MD. Brain neurotransmitter transporter/receptor genomics and efavirenz central nervous system adverse events. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2018; 28:179-187. [PMID: 29847509 PMCID: PMC6010221 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We characterized associations between central nervous system (CNS) adverse events and brain neurotransmitter transporter/receptor genomics among participants randomized to efavirenz-containing regimens in AIDS Clinical Trials Group studies in the USA. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Four clinical trials randomly assigned treatment-naive participants to efavirenz-containing regimens. Genome-wide genotype and PrediXcan were used to infer gene expression levels in tissues including 10 brain regions. Multivariable regression models stratified by race/ethnicity were adjusted for CYP2B6/CYP2A6 genotypes that predict plasma efavirenz exposure, age, and sex. Combined analyses also adjusted for genetic ancestry. RESULTS Analyses included 167 cases with grade 2 or greater efavirenz-consistent CNS adverse events within 48 weeks of study entry, and 653 efavirenz-tolerant controls. CYP2B6/CYP2A6 genotype level was independently associated with CNS adverse events (odds ratio: 1.07; P=0.044). Predicted expression of six genes postulated to mediate efavirenz CNS side effects (SLC6A2, SLC6A3, PGR, HTR2A, HTR2B, HTR6) were not associated with CNS adverse events after correcting for multiple testing, the lowest P value being for PGR in hippocampus (P=0.012), nor were polymorphisms in these genes or AR and HTR2C, the lowest P value being for rs12393326 in HTR2C (P=6.7×10(-4)). As a positive control, baseline plasma bilirubin concentration was associated with predicted liver UGT1A1 expression level (P=1.9×10(-27)). CONCLUSION Efavirenz-related CNS adverse events were not associated with predicted neurotransmitter transporter/receptor gene expression levels in brain or with polymorphisms in these genes. Variable susceptibility to efavirenz-related CNS adverse events may not be explained by brain neurotransmitter transporter/receptor genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Haas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shefali S. Verma
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Roy M. Gulick
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Paul E. Sax
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Teramura
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Many neurogenetic conditions are inherited and therefore diagnosis of a patient will have implications for the patient's relatives and can raise ethical issues. Predictive genetic testing offers asymptomatic relatives the opportunity to determine their risk status for a neurogenetic condition, and professional guidelines emphasize patients' autonomy and informed, voluntary decision making. Beneficence and nonmaleficence both need to be considered when making decisions about disclosure and nondisclosure of genetic information and test results. There can be disclosure concerns and challenges in determining whose autonomy to prioritize when a patient makes a genetic testing decision that can reveal the genetic status of a relative (e.g., testing an adult child when the at-risk parent has not been tested). Ethical issues are prominent when genetic testing for neurogenetic conditions is requested prenatally, on minors, adoptees, adult children at 25% risk, and for individuals with psychiatric issues or cognitive impairment. Neurogenetic conditions can result in cognitive decline which can affect decisional capacity and lead to ethical challenges with decision making, informed consent, and determining the patient's ability to comprehend test results. The ethical implications of genetic testing and emerging issues, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing, disclosure of secondary findings from genomic sequencing, and use of apolipoprotein E testing in clinical and research settings, are also discussed. Resources for information about genetic testing practice guidelines, insurance laws, and directories of genetics clinics are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Uhlmann
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Winn SR, Scherer T, Thöny B, Ying M, Martinez A, Weber S, Raber J, Harding CO. Blood phenylalanine reduction corrects CNS dopamine and serotonin deficiencies and partially improves behavioral performance in adult phenylketonuric mice. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:6-20. [PMID: 29331172 PMCID: PMC5786171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) deficiencies of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric dysfunction in human phenylketonuria (PKU). In this study, we confirmed the occurrence of brain dopamine and serotonin deficiencies in association with severe behavioral alterations and cognitive impairments in hyperphenylalaninemic C57BL/6-Pahenu2/enu2 mice, a model of human PKU. Phenylalanine-reducing treatments, including either dietary phenylalanine restriction or liver-directed gene therapy, initiated during adulthood were associated with increased brain monoamine content along with improvements in nesting behavior but without a change in the severe cognitive deficits exhibited by these mice. At euthanasia, there was in Pahenu2/enu2 brain a significant reduction in the protein abundance and maximally stimulated activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate limiting enzymes catalyzing neuronal dopamine and serotonin synthesis respectively, in comparison to levels seen in wild type brain. Phenylalanine-reducing treatments initiated during adulthood did not affect brain TH or TPH2 content or maximal activity. Despite this apparent fixed deficit in striatal TH and TPH2 activities, initiation of phenylalanine-reducing treatments yielded substantial correction of brain monoamine neurotransmitter content, suggesting that phenylalanine-mediated competitive inhibition of already constitutively reduced TH and TPH2 activities is the primary cause of brain monoamine deficiency in Pahenu2 mouse brain. We propose that CNS monoamine deficiency may be the cause of the partially reversible adverse behavioral effects associated with chronic HPA in Pahenu2 mice, but that phenylalanine-reducing treatments initiated during adulthood are unable to correct the neuropathology and attendant cognitive deficits that develop during juvenile life in late-treated Pahenu2/enu2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Winn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailstop L-103, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tanja Scherer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Steinweissstrasse 75, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thöny
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Steinweissstrasse 75, Zurich CH-8032, Switzerland
| | - Ming Ying
- Department of Biomedicine, KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine, KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sydney Weber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailstop L-103, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Mańka-Gaca I, Łabuz-Roszak B, Machowska-Majchrzak A. [Genetically determined abnormal electrical activity of the brain and the heart]. Wiad Lek 2018; 71:413-416. [PMID: 29786595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations leading to disorders within ion (mainly potassium and sodium) channels, have different degrees of expression in the brain and in the heart, which can cause simultaneous occurrence of disorders in both organs. This is manifested by the occurrence of epileptic seizures and cardiac electrical disturbances, further exacerbated by stimulation of autonomic structures within the central nervous system. In all patients with unclear paroxysmal disorders, and in those with unexplained sudden cardiac death, consideration should be given to the possibility of occurrence of genetically determined disorders in the ion channels. This article concerns the most common genetically determined epilepsy syndromes and genetically determined cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Łabuz-Roszak
- Katedra I Zakład Podstawowych Nauk Medycznych, Wydział Zdrowia Publicznego W Bytomiu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny W Katowicach, Bytom, Polska
| | - Agnieszka Machowska-Majchrzak
- Katedra I Klinika Neurologii, Wydział Lekarski Z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym W Zabrzu, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Zabrze, Polska
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Charif M, Nasca A, Thompson K, Gerber S, Makowski C, Mazaheri N, Bris C, Goudenège D, Legati A, Maroofian R, Shariati G, Lamantea E, Hopton S, Ardissone A, Moroni I, Giannotta M, Siegel C, Strom TM, Prokisch H, Vignal-Clermont C, Derrien S, Zanlonghi X, Kaplan J, Hamel CP, Leruez S, Procaccio V, Bonneau D, Reynier P, White FE, Hardy SA, Barbosa IA, Simpson MA, Vara R, Perdomo Trujillo Y, Galehdari H, Deshpande C, Haack TB, Rozet JM, Taylor RW, Ghezzi D, Amati-Bonneau P, Lenaers G. Neurologic Phenotypes Associated With Mutations in RTN4IP1 (OPA10) in Children and Young Adults. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75:105-113. [PMID: 29181510 PMCID: PMC5833489 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance Neurologic disorders with isolated symptoms or complex syndromes are relatively frequent among mitochondrial inherited diseases. Recessive RTN4IP1 gene mutations have been shown to cause isolated and syndromic optic neuropathies. Objective To define the spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in RTN4IP1 encoding a mitochondrial quinone oxidoreductase. Design, Setting, and Participants This study involved 12 individuals from 11 families with severe central nervous system diseases and optic atrophy. Targeted and whole-exome sequencing were performed-at Hospital Angers (France), Institute of Neurology Milan (Italy), Imagine Institute Paris (France), Helmoltz Zentrum of Munich (Germany), and Beijing Genomics Institute (China)-to clarify the molecular diagnosis of patients. Each patient's neurologic, ophthalmologic, magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical features were investigated. This study was conducted from May 1, 2014, to June 30, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Recessive mutations in RTN4IP1 were identified. Clinical presentations ranged from isolated optic atrophy to severe encephalopathies. Results Of the 12 individuals in the study, 6 (50%) were male and 6 (50%) were female. They ranged in age from 5 months to 32 years. Of the 11 families, 6 (5 of whom were consanguineous) had a member or members who presented isolated optic atrophy with the already reported p.Arg103His or the novel p.Ile362Phe, p.Met43Ile, and p.Tyr51Cys amino acid changes. The 5 other families had a member or members who presented severe neurologic syndromes with a common core of symptoms, including optic atrophy, seizure, intellectual disability, growth retardation, and elevated lactate levels. Additional clinical features of those affected were deafness, abnormalities on magnetic resonance images of the brain, stridor, and abnormal electroencephalographic patterns, all of which eventually led to death before age 3 years. In these patients, novel and very rare homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations were identified that led to the absence of the protein and complex I disassembly as well as mild mitochondrial network fragmentation. Conclusions and Relevance A broad clinical spectrum of neurologic features, ranging from isolated optic atrophy to severe early-onset encephalopathies, is associated with RTN4IP1 biallelic mutations and should prompt RTN4IP1 screening in both syndromic neurologic presentations and nonsyndromic recessive optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majida Charif
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Alessia Nasca
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Sylvie Gerber
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Christine Makowski
- Department of Paediatrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Neda Mazaheri
- Department of Genetics, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Céline Bris
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - David Goudenège
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Andrea Legati
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Reza Maroofian
- University of Exeter Medical School, Research, Innovation, Learning and Development, Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter, England
| | - Gholamreza Shariati
- Department of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur, University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sila Hopton
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Child Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Moroni
- Child Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Melania Giannotta
- Child Neurology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corinna Siegel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M. Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Catherine Vignal-Clermont
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Service Explorations Neuro-Ophtalmologiques, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Derrien
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Service Explorations Neuro-Ophtalmologiques, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Josseline Kaplan
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Christian P. Hamel
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephanie Leruez
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Frances E. White
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Steven A. Hardy
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Inês A. Barbosa
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, England
| | - Michael A. Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, England
| | - Roshni Vara
- Department of Paediatric Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, England
| | - Yaumara Perdomo Trujillo
- Centre de Référence Pour Les Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hamind Galehdari
- Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory, Kianpars, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology, INSERM UMR1163, Institute of Genetic Diseases, Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Amati-Bonneau
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- MitoLab Team, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6015–INSERM U1083, Institut MitoVasc, Angers University and Hospital, Angers, France
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Stamm S, Gruber SB, Rabchevsky AG, Emeson RB. The activity of the serotonin receptor 2C is regulated by alternative splicing. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1079-1091. [PMID: 28664341 PMCID: PMC5873585 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system-specific serotonin receptor 2C (5HT2C) controls key physiological functions, such as food intake, anxiety, and motoneuron activity. Its deregulation is involved in depression, suicidal behavior, and spasticity, making it the target for antipsychotic drugs, appetite controlling substances, and possibly anti-spasm agents. Through alternative pre-mRNA splicing and RNA editing, the 5HT2C gene generates at least 33 mRNA isoforms encoding 25 proteins. The 5HT2C is a G-protein coupled receptor that signals through phospholipase C, influencing the expression of immediate/early genes like c-fos. Most 5HT2C isoforms show constitutive activity, i.e., signal without ligand binding. The constitutive activity of 5HT2C is decreased by pre-mRNA editing as well as alternative pre-mRNA splicing, which generates a truncated isoform that switches off 5HT2C receptor activity through heterodimerization; showing that RNA processing regulates the constitutive activity of the 5HT2C system. RNA processing events influencing the constitutive activity target exon Vb that forms a stable double stranded RNA structure with its downstream intron. This structure can be targeted by small molecules and oligonucleotides that change exon Vb alternative splicing and influence 5HT2C signaling in mouse models, leading to a reduction in food intake. Thus, the 5HT2C system is a candidate for RNA therapy in multiple models of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stamm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Samuel B Gruber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexander G Rabchevsky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ronald B Emeson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Takahashi Y. [Molecular Pathogenesis of Polyglutamine Diseases]. Brain Nerve 2017; 69:901-912. [PMID: 28819074 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases result from gain-of-function mutations. The expanded polyglutamine tracts lead to conformational changes in proteins, resulting in their aggregation. The intermediates including monomers or oligomers, are more toxic than the aggregates to neurons. At the molecular level, protein misfolding, transcriptional dysregulation, deranged calcium homeostasis, impaired cytoskeleton/axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction, and RNA toxicity contribute to disease progression. Understanding the underlying pathogenesis facilitates development of therapy for polyglutamine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
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47
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu F. A case of a novel mutation in HNF1β-related maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 with diabetic kidney disease complication in a Chinese family. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1243-1246. [PMID: 28502589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Precise diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has proven valuable for understanding mechanism of diabetes and selecting optimal therapy. A proband and her mother with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) were studied to investigate potential genes responsible for diabetes and different severity of DKD between the parent and offspring. METHODS The family with suspected MODY underwent mutational analyses by the whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate pathogenic variants were validated by Sanger sequencing and tested for co-segregation. The clinical parameters of subjects were collected from medical records. RESULTS A novel missense heterozygous mutation in exon 4 of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1β), c.1007A > G (p.H336R), was identified in both the proband and her mother. Moreover, comparing the family's WES results, we found that the proband had acquired a KCNQ1 gene mutation from her father and acquired ACE and SORBS1 gene mutations from her mother. These three genes are known susceptibility genes of DKD and may impose additional effects contributing to DKD severity. CONCLUSIONS A novel mutation in HNF1β-MODY was identified in a Chinese family complicated with DKD, and the additional effect of pathogenic variants in susceptibility genes was speculated to contribute to DKD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingwang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Groh J, Martini R. Neuroinflammation as modifier of genetically caused neurological disorders of the central nervous system: Understanding pathogenesis and chances for treatment. Glia 2017; 65:1407-1422. [PMID: 28568966 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically caused neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are usually orphan diseases with poor or even fatal clinical outcome and few or no treatments that will improve longevity or at least quality of life. Neuroinflammation is common to many of these disorders, despite the fact that a plethora of distinct mutations and molecular changes underlie the disorders. In this article, data from corresponding animal models are analyzed to define the roles of innate and adaptive inflammation as modifiers and amplifiers of disease. We describe both common and distinct patterns of neuroinflammation in genetically mediated CNS disorders and discuss the contrasting mechanisms that lead to adverse versus neuroprotective effects. Moreover, we identify the juxtaparanode as a neuroanatomical compartment commonly associated with inflammatory cells and ongoing axonopathic changes, in models of diverse diseases. The identification of key immunological effector pathways that amplify neuropathic features should lead to realistic possibilities for translatable therapeutic interventions using existing immunomodulators. Moreover, evidence emerges that neuroinflammation is not only able to modify primary neural damage-related symptoms but also may lead to unexpected clinical outcomes such as neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Würzburg, D-97080, Germany
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Tedeschi A, Omura T, Costigan M. CNS repair and axon regeneration: Using genetic variation to determine mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2017; 287:409-422. [PMID: 27163547 PMCID: PMC5097896 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of genetic diversity in biological investigation has been recognized since the pioneering studies of Gregor Johann Mendel and Charles Darwin. Research in this area has been greatly informed recently by the publication of genomes from multiple species. Genes regulate and create every part and process in a living organism, react with the environment to create each living form and morph and mutate to determine the history and future of each species. The regenerative capacity of neurons differs profoundly between animal lineages and within the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. Here, we discuss research that suggests that genetic background contributes to the ability of injured axons to regenerate in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), by controlling the regulation of specific signaling cascades. We detail the methods used to identify these pathways, which include among others Activin signaling and other TGF-β superfamily members. We discuss the potential of altering these pathways in patients with CNS damage and outline strategies to promote regeneration and repair by combinatorial manipulation of neuron-intrinsic and extrinsic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tedeschi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Takao Omura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Michael Costigan
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center and Anesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lindsay SL, Barnett SC. Are nestin-positive mesenchymal stromal cells a better source of cells for CNS repair? Neurochem Int 2016; 106:101-107. [PMID: 27498150 PMCID: PMC5455984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a great deal of research within the stem cell field which has led to the definition and classification of a range of stem cells from a plethora of tissues and organs. Stem cells, by classification, are considered to be pluri- or multipotent and have both self-renewal and multi-differentiation capabilities. Presently there is a great deal of interest in stem cells isolated from both embryonic and adult tissues in the hope they hold the therapeutic key to restoring or treating damaged cells in a number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review we will discuss the role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from human olfactory mucosa, with particular emphasis on their potential role as a candidate for transplant mediated repair in the CNS. Since nestin expression defines the entire population of olfactory mucosal derived MSCs, we will compare these cells to a population of neural crest derived nestin positive population of bone marrow-MSCs. Human olfactory mucosa is a new source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Some bone marrow MSCs are nestin-positive, neural crest derived and regulate hematopoietic stem cell activation. Human olfactory mucosa contains a population of nestin-positive MSCs that secrete CXCL12 and may have promote CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glial Cell Biology Group, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Room B329, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Glial Cell Biology Group, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Room B329, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
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