1
|
Sugama S, Kakinuma Y. Noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial activation in stress response. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104943. [PMID: 33340593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
State of mind can influence susceptibility and progression of diseases and disorders not only in peripheral organs, but also in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the underlying mechanism how state of mind can affect susceptibility to various illnesses in the CNS is not fully understood. Among a number of candidates responsible for stress-induced neuroimmunomodulation, noradrenaline has recently been shown to play crucial roles in the major immune cells of the brain, microglia. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated that noradrenaline may be a key neurotransmitter in modulating microglial cells, thereby determining different cell conditions and responses ranging from resting to activation state depending on host stress level or whether the host is awake or asleep. For instance, microglia under resting conditions may have constructive roles in surveillance, such as debris clearance, synaptic monitoring, pruning, and remodeling. In contrast, once activated, microglia may become less efficient in surveillance activities, and instead implicated in detrimental roles such as cytokine or superoxide release. It is also likely that glial activation, both astrocytes and microglia, are negatively associated with the clearance of brain waste via the glymphatic system. In this review, we discuss the possible underlying mechanism as well as the roles of stress-induced microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghasemzadeh Z, Sardari M, Javadi P, Rezayof A. Expression analysis of hippocampal and amygdala CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in nicotine-induced reward under stress in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1741:146885. [PMID: 32417176 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that individuals are more sensitive to develop addiction and drug taking under stress state. The present study includes an expression analysis to identify the possible role of hippocampal and amygdala CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) activation in nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) under exposure to acute or sub-chronic stress. Using western-blot technique, CREB phosphorylation was shown to increase in the hippocampus and the amygdala following nicotine-induced CPP. The hippocampal level of BDNF was increased following nicotine administration and in the nicotine-treated animals exposed to acute stress. In animals exposed to acute stress, the amygdala ratios of the pCREB/CREB decreased, while pre-treatment of the animals with nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) decreased this ratio only in the hippocampus. Sub-chronic stress decreased the pCREB/CREB ratios in the hippocampus and the amygdala. Interestingly, sub-chronic stress-induced increase of nicotine reward only decreased the hippocampal pCREB/CREB ratio. The levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and the amygdala decreased under acute stress. Acute stress-induced increase of nicotine reward increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Moreover, the animals' exposure to the CPP apparatus without any drug administration increased the ratios of pCREB/tCREB and BDNF/β-actin in the targeted sites. In summary, the present study indicate that the alterations of the ratio of pCREB/CREB and also the level of BDNF in the hippocampus may be critical for enhancing nicotine reward under stress condition. The evidence from this study suggests the distinct roles of the hippocampus and the amygdala in mediating nicotine reward under stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Javadi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Hashimoto M, Ohata H, Takenaka Y, Kakinuma Y. Stress-induced microglial activation occurs through β-adrenergic receptor: noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:266. [PMID: 31847911 PMCID: PMC6916186 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The involvement of microglia in neuroinflammatory responses has been extensively demonstrated. Recent animal studies have shown that exposure to either acute or chronic stress induces robust microglial activation in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanism of brain microglial activation by acute stress. Methods We first looked at the spatial distribution of the noradrenaline (NA)-synthesizing enzyme, DBH (dopamine β-hydroxylase), in comparison with NA receptors—β1, β2, and β3 adrenergic receptors (β1-AR, β2-AR, and β3-AR)—after which we examined the effects of the β-blocker propranolol and α-blockers prazosin and yohimbine on stress-induced microglial activation. Finally, we compared stress-induced microglial activation between wild-type (WT) mice and double-knockout (DKO) mice lacking β1-AR and β2-AR. Results The results demonstrated that (1) microglial activation occurred in most studied brain regions, including the hippocampus (HC), thalamus (TM), and hypothalamus (HT); (2) within these three brain regions, the NA-synthesizing enzyme DBH was densely stained in the neuronal fibers; (3) β1-AR and β2-AR, but not β3-AR, are detected in the whole brain, and β1-AR and β2-AR are co-localized with microglial cells, as observed by laser scanning microscopy; (4) β-blocker treatment inhibited microglial activation in terms of morphology and count through the whole brain; α-blockers did not show such effect; (5) unlike WT mice, DKO mice exhibited substantial inhibition of stress-induced microglial activation in the brain. Conclusions We demonstrate that neurons/microglia may interact with NA via β1-AR and β2-AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-0057, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Ohata
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takenaka
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan F, Li L, Liu W, Yang M, Ma X, Sun H. Astrocytes and neurons in locus coeruleus mediate restraint water immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal damage through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2018; 675:95-102. [PMID: 29580882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS) is considered to be a compound stress model that includes psychological and physical stimulation and may cause gastric mucosal damage. Studies have shown that locus coeruleus (LC) is involved in the gastrointestinal function, but whether it is involved in RWIS-induced gastric mucosal damage has not yet been reported. Here, we investigated the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), c-Fos, and phosphorylation extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in the LC after RWIS using immunocytochemical staining and western blotting in order to explore whether the ERK1/2 signaling pathway interacts with the neuron-astrocyte network in the LC during RWIS and whether it is involved in causing RWIS-induced gastric mucosal damage. Expression of c-Fos, GFAP, and p-ERK1/2 increased significantly following RWIS and peaked at 3 h after RWIS. After intracerebroventricular injection of c-Fos antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) and astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate (L-AA), the gastric mucosal damage and the activation of neurons and astrocytes in the LC significantly decreased. Intracerebroventricular injection of ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 suppressed gastric mucosal damage as well as the RWIS-induced activation of neurons and astrocytes in the LC. Activation of LC neurons and astrocytes induced by RWIS through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may play a critical role in RWIS-induced gastric mucosa damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangcheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Mengzhu Yang
- Qingdao No.31 Middle School, Qingdao, 266041, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Central Laboratory, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Haiji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, School of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borges G, Berrocoso E, Mico JA, Neto F. ERK1/2: Function, signaling and implication in pain and pain-related anxio-depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 60:77-92. [PMID: 25708652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing knowledge regarding pain modulation, the understanding of the mechanisms behind a complex and pathologic chronic pain condition is still insufficient. These knowledge gaps might result in ineffective therapeutic approaches to relieve painful sensations. As a result, severe untreated chronic pain frequently triggers the onset of new disorders such as depression and/or anxiety, and therefore, both the diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain become seriously compromised, prompting a self-perpetuating cycle of symptomatology. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are molecules strongly implicated in the somatic component of pain at the spinal cord level and have been emerging as mediators of the emotional-affective component as well. Although these molecules might represent good biomarkers, their use as pharmacological targets is still open to discussion as paradoxical information has been obtained. Here we review the current scientific literature regarding ERK1/2 signaling in the modulation of pain, depression and anxiety, including the emotional-affective spheres of the pain experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Borges
- Neuropsycopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience (Pharmacology and Psychiatry), University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (CIM-FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Nervoso, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Mico
- Neuropsycopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience (Pharmacology and Psychiatry), University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fani Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Centro de Investigação Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (CIM-FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Nervoso, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamada K, Narimatsu Y, Ono Y, Sasaguri KI, Onozuka M, Kawata T, Yamamoto T. Chewing suppresses the stress-induced increase in the number of pERK-immunoreactive cells in the periaqueductal grey. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:43-8. [PMID: 25980997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of chewing under immobilization stress on the periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter using phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) as a marker of responding cells. Immobilization stress increased pERK-immunoreactive cells in the PAG. Among four subdivisions of the PAG, the increase of immunoreactive cells was remarkable in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions. However, increase of pERK-immunoreactive cells by the immobilization stress was not so evident in the dorsomedial and lateral subdivisions. The chewing under immobilization stress prevented the stress-induced increase of pERK-immunoreactive cells in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions with statistical significances (p<0.05). Again, chewing effects on pERK-immunoreactive cells were not visible in the dorsomedial and lateral subdivisions. These results suggest that the chewing alleviates the PAG (dorsolateral and ventrolateral subdivisions) responses to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamada
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Brain Functions and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yuri Narimatsu
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Sasaguri
- Department of Oral Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- Nittai Jyusei Medical College for Judo Therapeutics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshitsugu Kawata
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Brain Functions and Neuroscience, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Keshavarzy F, Bonnet C, Bezhadi G, Cespuglio R. Expression patterns of c-Fos early gene and phosphorylated ERK in the rat brain following 1-h immobilization stress: concomitant changes induced in association with stress-related sleep rebound. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1793-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
8
|
Morgado C, Silva L, Pereira-Terra P, Tavares I. Changes in serotoninergic and noradrenergic descending pain pathways during painful diabetic neuropathy: the preventive action of IGF1. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:275-84. [PMID: 21515376 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) induces neuronal hyperactivity at the spinal cord and periaqueductal gray (PAG), a key area in descending nociceptive modulation. Since the PAG uses relay stations at serotoninergic and noradrenergic brainstem areas, we determined the serotonin and noradrenaline levels at the spinal cord of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and at those brainstem areas (serotoninergic rostroventromedial medulla and noradrenergic A(5) and A(7) cell groups). Since, during diabetes, the levels of insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) decrease, reducing its neurotrophic effect in the brain, we also studied the effects of IGF1 treatment. One week after diabetes induction, subcutaneous injections of IGF1 (2.5mg/kg) were performed during 3 weeks. Body weights, glycemia, and mechanical nociception were weekly evaluated until the end of the study, the time when the animals were subjected to a modified formalin test to study chemical allodynia. Serotonin and noradrenaline levels were quantified by ELISA at the spinal cord, whereas at the brainstem, the quantification was performed by immunohistochemistry against, respectively, tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). STZ-diabetic rats exhibited mechanical hyperalgesia and chemical allodynia, along with higher spinal levels of serotonin and noradrenaline and higher numbers of neurons expressing TpH at the RVM and TH at the A(5) noradrenergic cell group. Treatment with IGF1 prevented the behavioral signs of PDN and reversed the neuronal hyperactivity at the spinal cord and ventrolateral PAG and the neurochemical changes at the spinal cord and at the brainstem. Based on the facilitatory role of serotoninergic and noradrenergic descending modulation during chronic pain, the increased serotonin and noradrenaline innervation of the dorsal horn in STZ-diabetic rats may probably account for enhanced pain during PDN. The benefits of IGF1 in PDN are probably due to blockade of the increased peripheral input to the somatosensory system, but direct central actions cannot be discarded. The value of IGF1 in PDN treatment deserves further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Morgado
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, IBMC, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200–319 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu CX, Sun H, Liu Q, Guo H, Gong JP. LPS induces HMGB1 relocation and release by activating the NF-κB-CBP signal transduction pathway in the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW264.7. J Surg Res 2011; 175:88-100. [PMID: 21571302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is an important late inflammatory mediator in sepsis. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate HMGB1 release from cells and their downstream signal transduction pathways may lead to the ability to develop anti-HMGB1 therapies to treat inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS+ ethylpyruvate (EP) and examined the resulting HMGB1 expression and release. We also studied the expression of related signal transduction factors (NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and CBP). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Gene expression of HMGB1 mRNA in RAW264.7 cell showed no significant change at 0-18 h after stimulation with LPS, but increased significantly at 24, 36, and 48 h. HMGB1 mRNA expression in the LPS+EP group was significantly lower than in LPS alone. HMGB1 was distributed mainly in the nucleus; the cytoplasmic level was low before LPS stimulation. After stimulation with LPS, cytoplasmic HMGB1 increased gradually and plateaued at a high level at 12-48 h. Nuclear HMGB1 decreased gradually at 12-24 h, then increased, maintaining a comparatively high level at 36-48 h. EP prevented this pattern significantly. LPS induced p38 MAPK activation and NF-κB signal pathways first, followed by CBP activation. Activated CBP acetylated HMGB1 was stored in a crino-lysosome and secreted activated NF-κB resulted in increased transcription and synthesis of HMGB1, but the expression of up-regulated HMGB1 mRNA was delayed. Extracellular HMGB1 originated from early synthetic reserves present in the nucleus. New HMGB1 protein was synthesized in the nucleus and transferred into the cytoplasm, causing an increase in HMGB1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm. EP inhibits HMGB1 mRNA up-regulation and release from LPS- stimulated macrophages. The molecular function of EP is to attenuate the activation p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and CBP signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chongqing Medical University, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in descending pain modulatory system. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2010; 2011:468061. [PMID: 21637376 PMCID: PMC3101953 DOI: 10.1155/2011/468061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The descending pain modulatory system is thought to undergo plastic changes following peripheral tissue injury and exerts bidirectional (facilitatory and inhibitory) influence on spinal nociceptive transmission. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) superfamily consists of four main members: the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), the p38 MAPKs, and the ERK5. MAPKs not only regulate cell proliferation and survival but also play important roles in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that noxious stimuli activate MAPKs in several brain regions that are components of descending pain modulatory system. They are involved in pain perception and pain-related emotional responses. In addition, psychophysical stress also activates MAPKs in these brain structures. Greater appreciation of the convergence of mechanisms between noxious stimuli- and psychological stress-induced neuroplasticity is likely to lead to the identification of novel targets for a variety of pain syndromes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Fujita M, Kitani H, Hashimoto M. Cold stress induced morphological microglial activation and increased IL-1β expression in astroglial cells in rat brain. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:29-36. [PMID: 21115202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible impact of cold stress on the immune functions of the brain. Wistar rats were exposed to 4°C for 2h prior to analysis of immunohistochemical analysis of OX-42 and IL-1β, which are markers of microglia and inflammation, respectively. Exposure to cold stress induced morphological microglial activation in as early as 30 min, and the activation lasted up to 2h following the stress. In addition, increased IL-1β-immunoreactivity was detected in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. However, IL-1β was not co-localized with microglia, and was predominantly expressed in astroglia. The present study provides the first evidence that cold stress contributes to neuro-immunomodulation in the brain through microglial activation and expression of IL-1β in astroglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Briand LA, Blendy JA. Molecular and genetic substrates linking stress and addiction. Brain Res 2009; 1314:219-34. [PMID: 19900417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is one of the top three health concerns in the United States in terms of economic and health care costs. Despite this, there are very few effective treatment options available. Therefore, understanding the causes and molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from casual drug use to compulsive drug addiction could aid in the development of treatment options. Studies in humans and animal models indicate that stress can lead to both vulnerability to develop addiction, and increased drug taking and relapse in addicted individuals. Exposure to stress or drugs of abuse results in long-term adaptations in the brain that are likely to involve persistent alterations in gene expression or activation of transcription factors, such as the cAMP Response Element Binding (CREB) protein. The signaling pathways controlled by CREB have been strongly implicated in drug addiction and stress. Many potential CREB target genes have been identified based on the presence of a CRE element in promoter DNA sequences. These include, but are not limited to CRF, BDNF, and dynorphin. These genes have been associated with initiation or reinstatement of drug reward and are altered in one direction or the other following stress. While many reviews have examined the interactions between stress and addiction, the goal of this review was to focus on specific molecules that play key roles in both stress and addiction and are therefore posed to mediate the interaction between the two. Focus on these molecules could provide us with new targets for pharmacological treatments for addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Briand
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, TRL, 125 South 31(st) Street, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
He H, Ping F. The SIE, SRE, CRE, and FAP-1 four intracellular signal pathways between stimulus and the expression of c-fos promoter. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:764-8. [PMID: 19199340 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
c-fos gene has a close relationship with the osteoblasts. Mechanical signal effect on osteoblasts would change the expression level of c-fos. Authors introduce the signal pathways of four cis-response elements on the promoter of c-fos, that is, CRE (cAMP responsive element), FAP-1 (Fbs-AP-1 site), SRE (serum response element), and SIE (sis-inducible element), as the regulatory mechanism for c-fos gene expression following various stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL, Palkovits M. Catecholaminergic systems in stress: structural and molecular genetic approaches. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:535-606. [PMID: 19342614 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first provide a short overview of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of sympatho-adrenomedullary, sympatho-neural, and brain catecholaminergic systems. Important processes of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, release, secretion, uptake, reuptake, degradation, and transporters in acutely or chronically stressed organisms are described. We emphasize the structural variability of catecholamine systems and the molecular genetics of enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines and transporters. Characterization of enzyme gene promoters, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, transcription factors, gene expression and protein translation, as well as different phases of stress-activated transcription and quantitative determination of mRNA levels in stressed organisms are discussed. Data from catecholamine enzyme gene knockout mice are shown. Interaction of catecholaminergic systems with other neurotransmitter and hormonal systems are discussed. We describe the effects of homotypic and heterotypic stressors, adaptation and maladaptation of the organism, and the specificity of stressors (physical, emotional, metabolic, etc.) on activation of catecholaminergic systems at all levels from plasma catecholamines to gene expression of catecholamine enzymes. We also discuss cross-adaptation and the effect of novel heterotypic stressors on organisms adapted to long-term monotypic stressors. The extra-adrenal nonneuronal adrenergic system is described. Stress-related central neuronal regulatory circuits and central organization of responses to various stressors are presented with selected examples of regulatory molecular mechanisms. Data summarized here indicate that catecholaminergic systems are activated in different ways following exposure to distinct stressful stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kwon MS, Seo YJ, Shim EJ, Choi SS, Lee JY, Suh HW. The effect of single or repeated restraint stress on several signal molecules in paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus and locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 2006; 142:1281-92. [PMID: 16938401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of single or repeated restraint stress on several signal molecules in the hypothalamus was studied in ICR mice. Single restraint stress was induced for 30, 60, and 120 min. A repeated restraint stress was induced for 2 h daily during four consecutive days, and then induced in the same time course on the fifth day. In the immunoblot assay, we observed that the signal molecules c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular cell-regulated protein kinase (pERK), phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (pCaMKII) and phosphorylated cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (pCREB) in the hypothalamus were increased by single restraint, and the increased c-Fos and pERK levels were attenuated by repeated restraint stress. However, pCaMKII and pCREB levels were increased by both single and repeated restraint stress. We also observed in the immunohistochemistry study that immunoreactivities (IR) of these signal molecules were changed in paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate nuclei (ArcN) of the hypothalamus in accordance with immunoblot results. Furthermore, in confocal immunofluorescence, the pCaMKII and pCREB up-regulated by repeated restraint stress were co-localized within many neurons of PVN and ArcN. In addition, we found that c-Fos and pCaMKII IR in locus coeruleus (LC) were increased by single restraint, and were attenuated by repeated restraint stress. However, the pERK and pCREB IR were increased by both single and repeated restraint stress. The confocal study revealed that pERK and pCREB up-regulated by repeated restraint stress were co-localized within many neurons of LC. Our results suggest that single and repeated restraint stress differentially triggers the induction and phosphorylation of several signal molecules in the PVN, ArcN, and LC. In addition, single and repeated stress stimuli elicited the brain-region specific changes of signal molecules examined. Furthermore, the upstream signal molecule activating CREB may be also brain-region specific, especially in repeated stress stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M-S Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, and Institute of Natural Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Okchundong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-702, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sabban EL, Liu X, Serova L, Gueorguiev V, Kvetnansky R. Stress triggered changes in gene expression in adrenal medulla: transcriptional responses to acute and chronic stress. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 26:845-56. [PMID: 16691439 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Stress elicits activation of several transcription factors involved in the regulation of catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme gene expression depending on its duration or repetition. However, the dynamic of the conversion of transient transcriptional activation with acute stress to sustained changes in transcription in response to repeated exposure to stress in adrenomedullary catecholaminergic systems is not clear. 2. Here, we analyzed changes in levels of phospho-CREB (P-CREB), phospho-ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2) and Fra-2 by Western Blot analysis in adrenal medulla of Sprague Dawley male rats exposed to single or repeated immobilization stress (IMO). For single stress, rats were immobilized for 5 min, 30 min, or 2 h and sacrificed immediately afterwards. In the repeated stress conditions, animals were immobilized for 2 h daily on each consecutive day prior to the final day (day 2 for 2x IMO, day 6 for 6x IMO) in which the rats were immobilized for a session lasting 5 min, 30 min or 2 h. There were two control groups, an absolute control (AC) not exposed to stress, and a handled control (HC) gently handled daily for 6 days. 3. Phosphorylation of CREB was rapid and elevated at the earliest time examined, even with single stress. However, with a second daily episode of stress the increase in P-CREB was observed for at least the entire duration of the stress. In contrast, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was only significant after brief exposure to a single IMO. The elevation of Fra-2 protein level was slower, but was significant after 2 h of a single IMO. With repeated IMO, there were marked elevations of Fra-2 throughout the 2 h IMO, which were especially pronounced at the end of the immobilization. 4. The transient nature of the phosphorylation of CREB may be responsible for the short-lived induction of transcription of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes after brief exposure to a single immobilization stress. The sustained phosphorylation of CREB throughout the repeated stress coupled with induction of Fra-2 may mediate the longer lasting responses to repeated stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hebert MA, Serova LI, Sabban EL. Single and repeated immobilization stress differentially trigger induction and phosphorylation of several transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the rat locus coeruleus. J Neurochem 2005; 95:484-98. [PMID: 16190871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a critical stress-responsive location that mediates many of the responses to stress. We used immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry to investigate changes in induction and phosphorylation of several transcription factors and kinases in the LC that may mediate the stress-triggered induction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) transcription. Rats were exposed to single or repeated immobilization stress (IMO) for brief (5 min), intermediate (30 min) or sustained (2 h) duration. Single IMO elicited rapid induction of c-Fos and phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) without changing the expression of early growth response (Egr)1, Fos-related antigen (Fra)-2 or phosphorylated activating transcription factor-2. Repeated IMO triggered increased phosphorylation and levels of CREB along with transient induction of c-Fos and increased Fra-2 expression. Several mitogen-activated protein kinases were activated by repeated IMO, shown by increased phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2/3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). ERK1 was the major isoform expressed, and ERK2 the predominant isoform phosphorylated. Repeated IMO elicited hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2 selectively in TH immunoreactive neurons, with substantial nuclear localization. These distinct alterations in transcriptional pathways following repeated compared with single stress may be involved in mediating long-lasting neuronal remodeling and are implicated in the mechanisms by which acute beneficial responses to stress are converted into prolonged adaptive or maladaptive responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meleik A Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|