1
|
Ikegame T, Hidaka Y, Nakachi Y, Murata Y, Watanabe R, Sugawara H, Asai T, Kiyota E, Saito T, Ikeda M, Sasaki T, Hashimoto M, Ishikawa T, Takebayashi M, Iwata N, Kakiuchi C, Kato T, Kasai K, Bundo M, Iwamoto K. Identification and functional characterization of the extremely long allele of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:119. [PMID: 33574244 PMCID: PMC7878853 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC6A4, which encodes the serotonin transporter, has a functional polymorphism called the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). The 5-HTTLPR consists of short (S) and long (L) alleles, each of which has 14 or 16 tandem repeats. In addition, the extralong (XL) and other rare alleles have been reported in 5-HTTLPR. Although they are more frequent in Asian and African than in other populations, the extent of variations and allele frequencies (AFs) were not addressed in a large population. Here, we report the AFs of the rare alleles in a large number of Japanese subjects (N = 2894) consisting of two cohorts. The first cohort (case-control study set, CCSS) consisted of 1366 subjects, including 485 controls and 881 patients with psychosis (bipolar disorder or schizophrenia). The second cohort (the Arao cohort study set, ACSS) consisted of 1528 elderly subjects. During genotyping, we identified 11 novel 5-HTTLPR alleles, including 3 XL alleles. One novel allele had the longest subunit ever reported, consisting of 28 tandem repeats. We named this XL28-A. An in vitro luciferase assay revealed that XL28-A has no transcriptional activity. XL28-A was found in two unrelated patients with bipolar disorder in the CCSS and one healthy subject in the ACSS who did not show depressive symptoms or a decline in cognitive function. Therefore, it is unlikely that XL28-A is associated with psychiatric disorders, despite its apparent functional deficit. Our results suggest that unraveling the complex genetic variations of 5-HTTLPR will be important for further understanding its role in psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tempei Ikegame
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hidaka
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yui Murata
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Risa Watanabe
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sugawara
- grid.414976.90000 0004 0546 3696Department of Psychiatry, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Asai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kiyota
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Saito
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ishikawa
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kakiuchi
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.474690.8Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN CBS, Wako, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInternational Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Bundo
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sah RK, Yang A, Bah FB, Adlat S, Bohio AA, Oo ZM, Wang C, Myint MZZ, Bahadar N, Zhang L, Feng X, Zheng Y. Transcriptome profiling of mouse brain and lung under Dip2a regulation using RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213702. [PMID: 31291246 PMCID: PMC6619597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disconnected interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) is highly expressed in nervous system and respiratory system of developing embryos. However, genes regulated by Dip2a in developing brain and lung have not been systematically studied. Transcriptome of brain and lung in embryonic 19.5 day (E19.5) were compared between wild type and Dip2a-/- mice. An average of 50 million reads per sample was mapped to the reference sequence. A total of 214 DEGs were detected in brain (82 up and 132 down) and 1900 DEGs in lung (1259 up and 641 down). GO enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs in both Brain and Lung were mainly enriched in biological processes ‘DNA-templated transcription and Transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter’, ‘multicellular organism development’, ‘cell differentiation’ and ‘apoptotic process’. In addition, COG classification showed that both were mostly involved in ‘Replication, Recombination, and Repair’, ‘Signal transduction and mechanism’, ‘Translation, Ribosomal structure and Biogenesis’ and ‘Transcription’. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that brain was mainly enriched in ‘Thyroid cancer’ pathway whereas lung in ‘Complement and Coagulation Cascades’ pathway. Transcription factor (TF) annotation analysis identified Zinc finger domain containing (ZF) proteins were mostly regulated in lung and brain. Interestingly, study identified genes Skor2, Gpr3711, Runx1, Erbb3, Frmd7, Fut10, Sox11, Hapln1, Tfap2c and Plxnb3 from brain that play important roles in neuronal cell maturation, differentiation, and survival; genes Hoxa5, Eya1, Errfi1, Sox11, Shh, Igf1, Ccbe1, Crh, Fgf9, Lama5, Pdgfra, Ptn, Rbp4 and Wnt7a from lung are important in lung development. Expression levels of the candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Genome wide transcriptional analysis using wild type and Dip2a knockout mice in brain and lung at embryonic day 19.5 (E19.5) provided a genetic basis of molecular function of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar Sah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Analn Yang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fatoumata Binta Bah
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Salah Adlat
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ameer Ali Bohio
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zin Mar Oo
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenhao Wang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - May Zun Zaw Myint
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Noor Bahadar
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (LQZ); (XCF); (YWZ)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panjwani N, Wilson MD, Addis L, Crosbie J, Wirrell E, Auvin S, Caraballo RH, Kinali M, McCormick D, Oren C, Taylor J, Trounce J, Clarke T, Akman CI, Kugler SL, Mandelbaum DE, McGoldrick P, Wolf SM, Arnold P, Schachar R, Pal DK, Strug LJ. A microRNA-328 binding site in PAX6 is associated with centrotemporal spikes of rolandic epilepsy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:512-22. [PMID: 27386500 PMCID: PMC4931716 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Rolandic epilepsy is a common genetic focal epilepsy of childhood characterized by centrotemporal sharp waves on electroencephalogram. In previous genome‐wide analysis, we had reported linkage of centrotemporal sharp waves to chromosome 11p13, and fine mapping with 44 SNPs identified the ELP4‐PAX6 locus in two independent US and Canadian case–control samples. Here, we aimed to find a causative variant for centrotemporal sharp waves using a larger sample and higher resolution genotyping array. Methods We fine‐mapped the ELP4‐PAX6 locus in 186 individuals from rolandic epilepsy families and 1000 population controls of European origin using the Illumina HumanCoreExome‐12 v1.0 BeadChip. Controls were matched to cases on ethnicity using principal component analysis. We used generalized estimating equations to assess association, followed up with a bioinformatics survey and literature search to evaluate functional significance. Results Homozygosity at the T allele of SNP rs662702 in the 3′ untranslated region of PAX6 conferred increased risk of CTS: Odds ratio = 12.29 (95% CI: 3.20–47.22), P = 2.6 × 10−4 and is seen in 3.9% of cases but only 0.3% of controls. Interpretation The minor T allele of SNP rs662702 disrupts regulation by microRNA‐328, which is known to result in increased PAX6 expression in vitro. This study provides, for the first time, evidence of a noncoding genomic variant contributing to the etiology of a common human epilepsy via a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naim Panjwani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Laura Addis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London SE5 9RX United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company Erl Wood, Surrey GU20 6PH United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Department of Psychiatry The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Elaine Wirrell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota 55905
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique/Inserm 1141 Hôpital Robert Debré AP-HP, 48 boulevard Sérurier Paris 75019 France
| | - Roberto H Caraballo
- Department of Neurology Hospital de Pediatría "Prof Dr Juan P Garrahan" Combate de los Pozos 1881 C1245AAM Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Maria Kinali
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital London SW10 9NH United Kingdom
| | | | - Caroline Oren
- Northwick Park Hospital Middlesex HA1 3UJ United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Taylor
- Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals Enfield, Greater London EN2 8JL United Kingdom
| | - John Trounce
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals Brighton BN1 6AG United Kingdom
| | - Tara Clarke
- Department of Epidemiology Columbia University New York New York 10027
| | - Cigdem I Akman
- Neurological Institute Columbia University Medical Centre New York, New York 10032
| | - Steven L Kugler
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David E Mandelbaum
- Hasbro Children's Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island 02903
| | | | | | - Paul Arnold
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Department of Psychiatry The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education University of Calgary Calgary Alberta T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program Research Institute The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Department of Psychiatry The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London SE5 9RX United Kingdom; King's College Hospital London SE5 9RS United Kingdom; Evelina London Children's Hospita lLondon SE1 7EH United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada; Division of Biostatistics Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5T 3M7 Canada; The Centre for Applied Genomics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen T, Wang C, Sha S, Zhou L, Chen L, Chen L. Simvastatin Enhances Spatial Memory and Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal CA1 via Upregulation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
The incidence of sexually dimorphic gene expression varies greatly between tissues in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115792. [PMID: 25548914 PMCID: PMC4280129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually dimorphic expression of genes across 26 somatic rat tissues was using Affymetrix RAE-230 genechips. We considered probesets to be sexually dimorphically expressed (SDE) if they were measurably expressed above background in at least one sex, there was at least a two-fold difference in expression (dimorphism) between the sexes, and the differences were statistically significant after correcting for false discovery. 14.5% of expressed probesets were SDE in at least one tissue, with higher expression nearly twice as prevalent in males compared to females. Most were SDE in a single tissue. Surprisingly, nearly half of the probesets that were (SDE) in multiple tissues were oppositely sex biased in different tissues, and most SDE probesets were also expressed without sex bias in other tissues. Two genes were widely SDE: Xist (female-only) and Eif2s3y (male-only). The frequency of SDE probesets varied widely between tissues, and was highest in the duodenum (6.2%), whilst less than 0.05% in over half of the surveyed tissues. The occurrence of SDE probesets was not strongly correlated between tissues. Within individual tissues, however, relational networks of SDE genes were identified. In the liver, networks relating to differential metabolism between the sexes were seen. The estrogen receptor was implicated in differential gene expression in the duodenum. To conclude, sexually dimorphic gene expression is common, but highly tissue-dependent. Sexually dimorphic gene expression may provide insights into mechanisms underlying phenotypic sex differences. Online data are provided as a resource for further analyses (GEO reference GSE63362).
Collapse
|
6
|
Miki A, Kanamori A, Nakamura M, Matsumoto Y, Mizokami J, Negi A. The expression of syntaphilin is down-regulated in the optic nerve after axonal injury. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:38-47. [PMID: 25447562 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of mitochondrial function is an important pathogenic factor in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies in which retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is the fundamental pathology. Syntaphilin was recently discovered as a docking protein that affects mitochondrial mobility. However, no reports have investigated the involvement of syntaphilin in the visual system. We investigated the expression of syntaphilin in the rat retina, optic nerve and brain. The expression of syntaphilin exhibited varying patterns in the visual system. Syntaphilin was expressed in retinal ganglion cells in the retina, in the cell bodies of neurons in the superior colliculus and was abundant in the astrocytes of rat optic nerves (similar to the findings that syntaphilin is expressed in human optic nerves). After optic nerve transection, which caused RGC death and axonal degeneration, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to assess changes in gene expression in the rat retina and optic nerve. Syntaphilin gene and protein expression in the optic nerve was downregulated 3 and 7 days after optic nerve transection. Our study suggests that syntaphilin expression in astrocytes at the optic nerve might be involved in axonal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiyasu Kanamori
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Matsumoto
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junji Mizokami
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Negi
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
AP2α transcriptional activity is essential for retinoid-induced neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:148-60. [PMID: 24275093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pre-activation of the retinoid signaling pathway by all-trans retinoic acid facilitates neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Using protein/DNA based screening assays, we identified activator protein 2α as an important downstream target of all-trans retinoic acid. Although all-trans retinoic acid treatment significantly increased activator protein 2α transcriptional activity, it did not affect its expression. Inhibition of activator protein 2α with dominant-negative mutants reduced ATRA-induced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neurons and reversed its associated functional recovery of memory impairment in the cell-based treatment of a hypoxic-ischemic brain damage rat model. Dominant-negative mutants of activator protein 2α inhibited the expression of neuronal markers which were induced by retinoic acid receptor β activation. All-trans retinoic acid treatment increased phosphorylation of activator protein 2α and resulted in its nuclear translocation. This was blocked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of retinoic acid receptor β. Furthermore, we found that retinoic acid receptor β directly interacted with activator protein 2α. In summary, the regulation of all-trans retinoic acid on activator protein 2α transcriptional activity was mediated by activation of retinoic acid receptor β and subsequent phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of activator protein 2α. Our results strongly suggest that activator protein 2α transcriptional activity is essential for all-trans retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cai J, Zheng T, Zhang L, Tian Y, Yang MH, Du J. Effects of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri lucidi on the transcription factors in hypothalamus of aged rats. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 17:758-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Grünewald E, Tew KD, Porteous DJ, Thomson PA. Developmental expression of orphan G protein-coupled receptor 50 in the mouse brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:459-72. [PMID: 22860215 DOI: 10.1021/cn300008p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders have a complex etiology resulting from interactions between multiple genetic risk factors and stressful life events. Orphan G protein-coupled receptor 50 (GPR50) has been identified as a genetic risk factor for bipolar disorder and major depression in women, and there is additional genetic and functional evidence linking GPR50 to neurite outgrowth, lipid metabolism, and adaptive thermogenesis and torpor. However, in the absence of a ligand, a specific function has not been identified. Adult GPR50 expression has previously been reported in brain regions controlling the HPA axis, but its developmental expression is unknown. In this study, we performed extensive expression analysis of GPR50 and three protein interactors using rt-PCR and immunohistochemistry in the developing and adult mouse brain. Gpr50 is expressed at embryonic day 13 (E13), peaks at E18, and is predominantly expressed by neurons. Additionally we identified novel regions of Gpr50 expression, including brain stem nuclei involved in neurotransmitter signaling: the locus coeruleus, substantia nigra, and raphe nuclei, as well as nuclei involved in metabolic homeostasis. Gpr50 colocalizes with yeast-two-hybrid interactors Nogo-A, Abca2, and Cdh8 in the hypothalamus, amygdala, cortex, and selected brain stem nuclei at E18 and in the adult. With this study, we identify a link between GPR50 and neurotransmitter signaling and strengthen a likely role in stress response and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Grünewald
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Medicine Centre, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH2 4XU, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - David J. Porteous
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Medicine Centre, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH2 4XU, United Kingdom
| | - Pippa A. Thomson
- Medical Genetics Section, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Medicine Centre, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH2 4XU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rossello XS, Igbavboa U, Weisman GA, Sun GY, Wood WG. AP-2β regulates amyloid beta-protein stimulation of apolipoprotein E transcription in astrocytes. Brain Res 2012; 1444:87-95. [PMID: 22325097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two key players involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). Aβ increases apoE protein levels in astrocytes which is associated with cholesterol trafficking, neuroinflammatory responses and Aβ clearance. The mechanism for the increase in apoE protein abundance is not understood. Based on different lines of evidence, we propose that the beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR), cAMP and the transcription factor activator protein-2 (AP-2) are contributors to the Aβ-induced increase in apoE abundance. This hypothesis was tested in mouse primary astrocytes and in cells transfected with an apoE promoter fragment with binding sites for AP-2. Aβ(42) induced a time-dependent increase in apoE mRNA and protein levels which were significantly inhibited by βAR antagonists. A novel finding was that Aβ incubation significantly reduced AP-2α levels and significantly increased AP-2β levels in the nuclear fraction. The impact of Aβ-induced translocation of AP-2 into the nucleus was demonstrated in cells expressing AP-2 and incubated with Aβ(42). AP-2 expressing cells had enhanced activation of the apoE promoter region containing AP-2 binding sites in contrast to AP-2 deficient cells. The transcriptional upregulation of apoE expression by Aβ(42) may be a neuroprotective response to Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, consistent with apoE's role in cytoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena S Rossello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VAMC, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chatterjee SS, Uppendahl LD, Chowdhury MA, Ip PL, Siegal ML. The female-specific doublesex isoform regulates pleiotropic transcription factors to pattern genital development in Drosophila. Development 2011; 138:1099-109. [PMID: 21343364 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory networks driving morphogenesis of animal genitalia must integrate sexual identity and positional information. Although the genetic hierarchy that controls somatic sexual identity in the fly Drosophila melanogaster is well understood, there are very few cases in which the mechanism by which it controls tissue-specific gene activity is known. In flies, the sex-determination hierarchy terminates in the doublesex (dsx) gene, which produces sex-specific transcription factors via alternative splicing of its transcripts. To identify sex-specifically expressed genes downstream of dsx that drive the sexually dimorphic development of the genitalia, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of dissected genital imaginal discs of each sex at three time points during early morphogenesis. Using a stringent statistical threshold, we identified 23 genes that have sex-differential transcript levels at all three time points, of which 13 encode transcription factors, a significant enrichment. We focus here on three sex-specifically expressed transcription factors encoded by lozenge (lz), Drop (Dr) and AP-2. We show that, in female genital discs, Dsx activates lz and represses Dr and AP-2. We further show that the regulation of Dr by Dsx mediates the previously identified expression of the fibroblast growth factor Branchless in male genital discs. The phenotypes we observe upon loss of lz or Dr function in genital discs explain the presence or absence of particular structures in dsx mutant flies and thereby clarify previously puzzling observations. Our time course of expression data also lays the foundation for elucidating the regulatory networks downstream of the sex-specifically deployed transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujash S Chatterjee
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gotti S, Martini M, Pradotto M, Viglietti-Panzica C, Panzica G. Rapid changes on nitrinergic system in female mouse hippocampus during the ovarian cycle. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
13
|
Transcription factor AP2 beta involved in severe female alcoholism. Brain Res 2009; 1305 Suppl:S20-6. [PMID: 19778525 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to alcoholism and antisocial behavior exhibits an evident link to monoaminergic neurotransmission. The serotonin system in particular, which is associated with regulation of mood and behavior, has an influence on personality characters that are firmly connected to risk of developing alcoholism and antisocial behavior, such as impulsiveness, and aggression. The transcription factor TFAP2b has repeatedly been shown to be involved in monoaminergic transmission, likely due to a regulatory effect on genes that are fundamental to this system, e.g. monoamine oxidase type A, and the serotonin transporter. Recent research has identified a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding TFAP2B that regulates its level of expression. In the present study we have compared a sample of female alcoholics (n=107), sentenced to institutional care for their severe addiction, contrasted against a control sample of adolescent females (n=875). The results showed that parental alcohol misuse was significantly more common among the alcoholic females, and also that parental alcohol misuse was associated with a reduction in age of alcohol debut. We also addressed the question of whether a functional TFAP2b polymorphism was associated with alcoholism. Results showed that the high-functioning allele was significantly more common among the female alcoholics, compared to the non-alcoholic controls. Furthermore, the results also indicated that psychosocial factors, in terms of parental alcohol misuse, depression or psychiatric disorder, had an influence on the association. It was observed that the genetic association was restricted to the subset of cases that had not experienced these negative psychosocial factors.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sica M, Martini M, Viglietti-Panzica C, Panzica G. Estrous cycle influences the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus and limbic system of female mice. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:78. [PMID: 19604366 PMCID: PMC2717099 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of male and female sexual behavior in rodents, and the expression of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is influenced by testosterone in the male rat, and by estrogens in the female. We have here quantitatively investigated the distribution of nNOS immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the limbic hypothalamic region of intact female mice sacrificed during different phases of estrous cycle. RESULTS Changes were observed in the medial preoptic area (MPA) (significantly higher number in estrus) and in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) (significantly higher number in proestrus). In the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMHvl) and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) no significant changes have been observed. In addition, by comparing males and females, we observed a stable sex dimorphism (males have a higher number of nNOS-ir cells in comparison to almost all the different phases of the estrous cycle) in the VMHvl and in the BST (when considering only the less intensely stained elements). In the MPA and in the Arc sex differences were detected only comparing some phases of the cycle. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that, in mice, the expression of nNOS in some hypothalamic regions involved in the control of reproduction and characterized by a large number of estrogen receptors is under the control of gonadal hormones and may vary according to the rapid variations of hormonal levels that take place during the estrous cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sica
- University of Torino, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, , C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariangela Martini
- University of Torino, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, , C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Viglietti-Panzica
- University of Torino, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, , C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy (INN), Torino, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- University of Torino, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, , C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy (INN), Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sica M, Martini M, Viglietti-Panzica C, Panzica G. Estrous cycle influences the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus and limbic system of female mice. BMC Neurosci 2009. [PMID: 19604366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-78-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide plays an important role in the regulation of male and female sexual behavior in rodents, and the expression of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is influenced by testosterone in the male rat, and by estrogens in the female. We have here quantitatively investigated the distribution of nNOS immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the limbic hypothalamic region of intact female mice sacrificed during different phases of estrous cycle. RESULTS Changes were observed in the medial preoptic area (MPA) (significantly higher number in estrus) and in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) (significantly higher number in proestrus). In the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus (VMHvl) and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) no significant changes have been observed. In addition, by comparing males and females, we observed a stable sex dimorphism (males have a higher number of nNOS-ir cells in comparison to almost all the different phases of the estrous cycle) in the VMHvl and in the BST (when considering only the less intensely stained elements). In the MPA and in the Arc sex differences were detected only comparing some phases of the cycle. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that, in mice, the expression of nNOS in some hypothalamic regions involved in the control of reproduction and characterized by a large number of estrogen receptors is under the control of gonadal hormones and may vary according to the rapid variations of hormonal levels that take place during the estrous cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sica
- University of Torino, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|