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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The DST gene in neurobiology. J Neurogenet 2023; 37:131-138. [PMID: 38465459 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2024.2319880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
DST is a gene whose alternative splicing yields epithelial, neuronal, and muscular isoforms. The autosomal recessive Dstdt (dystonia musculorum) spontaneous mouse mutation causes degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts as well as peripheral sensory nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and cranial nerve ganglia. In addition to Dstdt mutants, axonopathy and neurofilament accumulation in perikarya are features of two other murine lines with spontaneous Dst mutations, targeted Dst knockout mice, DstTg4 transgenic mice carrying two deleted Dst exons, DstGt mice with trapped actin-binding domain-containing isoforms, and conditional Schwann cell-specific Dst knockout mice. As a result of nerve damage, Dstdt mutants display dystonia and ataxia, as seen in several genetically modified models and their motor coordination deficits have been quantified along with the spontaneous Dst nonsense mutant, the conditional Schwann cell-specific Dst knockout, the conditional DstGt mutant, and the Dst-b isoform specific Dst mutant. Recent findings in humans have associated DST mutations of the Dst-b isoform with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies type 6 (HSAN-VI). These data should further encourage the development of genetic techniques to treat or prevent ataxic and dystonic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (EA7300), Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (EA7300), Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Kaelberer MM, Rupprecht LE, Liu WW, Weng P, Bohórquez DV. Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:337-353. [PMID: 32101483 PMCID: PMC7573801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091619-022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Guided by sight, scent, texture, and taste, animals ingest food. Once ingested, it is up to the gut to make sense of the food's nutritional value. Classic sensory systems rely on neuroepithelial circuits to convert stimuli into signals that guide behavior. However, sensation of the gut milieu was thought to be mediated only by the passive release of hormones until the discovery of synapses in enteroendocrine cells. These are gut sensory epithelial cells, and those that form synapses are referred to as neuropod cells. Neuropod cells provide the foundation for the gut to transduce sensory signals from the intestinal milieu to the brain through fast neurotransmission onto neurons, including those of the vagus nerve. These findings have sparked a new field of exploration in sensory neurobiology-that of gut-brain sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maya Kaelberer
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Winston W Liu
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Peter Weng
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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3
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Kaelberer MM, Rupprecht LE, Liu WW, Weng P, Bohórquez DV. Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020. [PMID: 32101483 DOI: 10.1146/annurev‐neuro‐091619‐022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Guided by sight, scent, texture, and taste, animals ingest food. Once ingested, it is up to the gut to make sense of the food's nutritional value. Classic sensory systems rely on neuroepithelial circuits to convert stimuli into signals that guide behavior. However, sensation of the gut milieu was thought to be mediated only by the passive release of hormones until the discovery of synapses in enteroendocrine cells. These are gut sensory epithelial cells, and those that form synapses are referred to as neuropod cells. Neuropod cells provide the foundation for the gut to transduce sensory signals from the intestinal milieu to the brain through fast neurotransmission onto neurons, including those of the vagus nerve. These findings have sparked a new field of exploration in sensory neurobiology-that of gut-brain sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maya Kaelberer
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA;
| | - Winston W Liu
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Peter Weng
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Gut-Brain Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Lynch-Godrei A, De Repentigny Y, Yaworski RA, Gagnon S, Butcher J, Manoogian J, Stintzi A, Kothary R. Characterization of gastrointestinal pathologies in the dystonia musculorum mouse model for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13773. [PMID: 31814231 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystonia musculorum (Dstdt ) is a murine disease caused by recessive mutations in the dystonin (Dst) gene. Loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, ataxia, and dystonic postures before death by postnatal day 18 (P18) is a hallmark feature. Recently we observed gas accumulation and discoloration in the small intestine and cecum in Dstdt mice by P15. The human disease resulting from dystonin loss-of-function, known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI), has also been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain. As neuronal dystonin isoforms are expressed in the GI tract, we hypothesized that dystonin loss-of-function in Dstdt-27J enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons resulted in neurodegeneration associated with the GI abnormalities. METHODS We characterized the nature of the GI abnormalities observed in Dstdt mice through histological analysis of the gut, assessing the ENS for signs of neurodegeneration, evaluation of GI motility and absorption, and by profiling the microbiome. KEY RESULTS Though gut histology, ENS viability, and GI absorption were normal, slowed GI motility, thinning of the colon mucous layer, and reduced microbial richness/evenness were apparent in Dstdt-27J mice by P15. Parasympathetic GI input showed signs of neurodegeneration, while sympathetic did not. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Dstdt-27J GI defects are not linked to ENS neurodegeneration, but are likely a result of an imbalance in autonomic control over the gut. Further characterization of HSAN-VI patient GI symptoms is necessary to determine potential treatments targeting symptom relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Yaworski
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Manoogian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kaelberer MM, Jordt SE. A Method to Target and Isolate Airway-innervating Sensory Neurons in Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27168016 DOI: 10.3791/53917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory nerves transduce thermal, mechanical, chemical, and noxious stimuli caused by both endogenous and environmental agents. The cell bodies of these afferent neurons are located within the sensory ganglia. Sensory ganglia innervate a specific organ or portion of the body. For instance, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are located in the vertebral column and extend processes throughout the body and limbs. The trigeminal ganglia are located in the skull and innervate the face, and upper airways. Vagal afferents of the nodose ganglia extend throughout the gut, heart, and lungs. The nodose neurons control a diverse array of functions such as: respiratory rate, airway irritation, and cough reflexes. Thus, to understand and manipulate their function, it is critical to identify and isolate airway specific neuronal sub-populations. In the mouse, the airways are exposed to a fluorescent tracer dye, Fast Blue, for retrograde tracing of airway-specific nodose neurons. The nodose ganglia are dissociated and fluorescence activated cell (FAC) sorting is used to collect dye positive cells. Next, high quality ribonucleic acid (RNA) is extracted from dye positive cells for next generation sequencing. Using this method airway specific neuronal gene expression is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maya Kaelberer
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center;
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Kist R, Watson M, Crosier M, Robinson M, Fuchs J, Reichelt J, Peters H. The formation of endoderm-derived taste sensory organs requires a Pax9-dependent expansion of embryonic taste bud progenitor cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004709. [PMID: 25299669 PMCID: PMC4191947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, taste buds develop in different regions of the oral cavity. Small epithelial protrusions form fungiform papillae on the ectoderm-derived dorsum of the tongue and contain one or few taste buds, while taste buds in the soft palate develop without distinct papilla structures. In contrast, the endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located at the back of the tongue contain a large number of taste buds. These taste buds cluster in deep epithelial trenches, which are generated by intercalating a period of epithelial growth between initial placode formation and conversion of epithelial cells into sensory cells. How epithelial trench formation is genetically regulated during development is largely unknown. Here we show that Pax9 acts upstream of Pax1 and Sox9 in the expanding taste progenitor field of the mouse circumvallate papilla. While a reduced number of taste buds develop in a growth-retarded circumvallate papilla of Pax1 mutant mice, its development arrests completely in Pax9-deficient mice. In addition, the Pax9 mutant circumvallate papilla trenches lack expression of K8 and Prox1 in the taste bud progenitor cells, and gradually differentiate into an epidermal-like epithelium. We also demonstrate that taste placodes of the soft palate develop through a Pax9-dependent induction. Unexpectedly, Pax9 is dispensable for patterning, morphogenesis and maintenance of taste buds that develop in ectoderm-derived fungiform papillae. Collectively, our data reveal an endoderm-specific developmental program for the formation of taste buds and their associated papilla structures. In this pathway, Pax9 is essential to generate a pool of taste bud progenitors and to maintain their competence towards prosensory cell fate induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Watson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Crosier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fuchs
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abstract
P2X and P2Y nucleotide receptors are described on sensory neurons and their peripheral and central terminals in dorsal root, nodose, trigeminal, petrosal, retinal and enteric ganglia. Peripheral terminals are activated by ATP released from local cells by mechanical deformation, hypoxia or various local agents in the carotid body, lung, gut, bladder, inner ear, eye, nasal organ, taste buds, skin, muscle and joints mediating reflex responses and nociception. Purinergic receptors on fibres in the dorsal spinal cord and brain stem are involved in reflex control of visceral and cardiovascular activity, as well as relaying nociceptive impulses to pain centres. Purinergic mechanisms are enhanced in inflammatory conditions and may be involved in migraine, pain, diseases of the special senses, bladder and gut, and the possibility that they are also implicated in arthritis, respiratory disorders and some central nervous system disorders is discussed. Finally, the development and evolution of purinergic sensory mechanisms are considered.
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Ichikawa H, Terayama R, Yamaai T, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Sugimoto T. The number of nociceptors in the trigeminal ganglion but not proprioceptors in the mesencephalic trigeminal tract nucleus is reduced in dystonin deficient dystonia musculorum mice. Brain Res 2008; 1226:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ichikawa H, Terayama R, Yamaai T, Yan Z, Sugimoto T. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory ganglia; co-expression with other neurochemical substances. Brain Res 2007; 1155:93-9. [PMID: 17512913 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was performed on the rat vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory ganglia. In the jugular, petrosal and nodose ganglia, 56.1+/-5.5%, 52.4+/-9.4% and 80.0+/-3.0% of sensory neurons, respectively, were immunoreactive for BDNF. These neurons were small- to medium-sized and observed throughout the ganglia. In the solitary tract nucleus, the neuropil showed BDNF immunoreactivity. A double immunofluorescence method demonstrated that BDNF-immunoreactive neurons were also immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), P2X3 receptor, the capsaicin receptor (VR1) or vanilloid receptor 1-like receptor (VRL-1) in the jugular (CGRP, 43.5%; P2X3 receptor, 51.1%; VR1, 71.7%; VRL-1, 0.5%), petrosal (CGRP, 33.2%; P2X3 receptor, 58.4%; VR1, 54.2%; VRL-1, 23.3%) and nodose ganglia (CGRP, 1.8%; P2X3 receptor, 49.1%; VR1, 70.7%; VRL-1, 11.5%). The co-expression with tyrosine hydroxylase was also detected in the petrosal (2.9%) and nodose ganglia (2.2%). However, BDNF-immunoreactive neurons were devoid of parvalbumin in these ganglia. The present findings suggest that BDNF-containing vagal and glossopharyngeal sensory neurons have nociceptive and chemoreceptive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ichikawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Abstract
This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neurscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Ichikawa H, Terayama R, Yamaai T, De Repentigny Y, Kothary R, Sugimoto T. Dystonin deficiency reduces taste buds and fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue. Brain Res 2006; 1129:142-6. [PMID: 17156752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The anterior part of the tongue was examined in wild type and dystonia musculorum mice to assess the effect of dystonin loss on fungiform papillae. In the mutant mouse, the density of fungiform papillae and their taste buds was severely decreased when compared to wild type littermates (papilla, 67% reduction; taste bud, 77% reduction). The mutation also reduced the size of these papillae (17% reduction) and taste buds (29% reduction). In addition, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the dystonin mutation reduced the number of PGP 9.5 and calbindin D28k-containing nerve fibers in fungiform papillae. These data together suggest that dystonin is required for the innervation and development of fungiform papillae and taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ichikawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
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