1
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Hou X, Chen TH, Koga S, Bredenberg JM, Faroqi AH, Delenclos M, Bu G, Wszolek ZK, Carr JA, Ross OA, McLean PJ, Murray ME, Dickson DW, Fiesel FC, Springer W. Alpha-synuclein-associated changes in PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitophagy are disease context dependent. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13175. [PMID: 37259617 PMCID: PMC10467041 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (αsyn) aggregates are pathological features of several neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments of the autophagic-lysosomal system can contribute to the deposition of αsyn, which in turn may interfere with health and function of these organelles in a potentially vicious cycle. Here we investigated a potential convergence of αsyn with the PINK1-PRKN-mediated mitochondrial autophagy pathway in cell models, αsyn transgenic mice, and human autopsy brain. PINK1 and PRKN identify and selectively label damaged mitochondria with phosphorylated ubiquitin (pS65-Ub) to mark them for degradation (mitophagy). We found that disease-causing multiplications of αsyn resulted in accumulation of the ubiquitin ligase PRKN in cells. This effect could be normalized by starvation-induced autophagy activation and by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated αsyn knockout. Upon acute mitochondrial damage, the increased levels of PRKN protein contributed to an enhanced pS65-Ub response. We further confirmed increased pS65-Ub-immunopositive signals in mouse brain with αsyn overexpression and in postmortem human disease brain. Of note, increased pS65-Ub was associated with neuronal Lewy body-type αsyn pathology, but not glial cytoplasmic inclusions of αsyn as seen in MSA. While our results add another layer of complexity to the crosstalk between αsyn and the PINK1-PRKN pathway, distinct mechanisms may underlie in cells and brain tissue despite similar outcomes. Notwithstanding, our finding suggests that pS65-Ub may be useful as a biomarker to discriminate different synucleinopathies and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for Lewy body disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Ayman H. Faroqi
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Pamela J. McLean
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Fabienne C. Fiesel
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Wolfdieter Springer
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
- Neuroscience PhD ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
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2
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Lebedeva O, Poberezhniy D, Novosadova E, Gerasimova T, Novosadova L, Arsenyeva E, Stepanenko E, Shimchenko D, Volovikov E, Anufrieva K, Illarioshkin S, Lagarkova M, Grivennikov I, Tarantul V, Nenasheva V. Overexpression of Parkin in the Neuronal Progenitor Cells from a Patient with Parkinson's Disease Shifts the Transcriptome Towards the Normal State. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3522-3533. [PMID: 36884134 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative pathology caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Juvenile PD is known to be strongly associated with mutations in the PARK2 gene encoding E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Despite numerous studies, molecular mechanisms that trigger PD remain largely unknown. Here, we compared the transcriptome of the neural progenitor (NP) cell line, derived from a PD patient with PARK2 mutation resulting in Parkin loss, with the transcriptome of the same NPs but expressing transgenic Parkin. We found that Parkin overexpression led to the substantial recovery of the transcriptome of NPs to a normal state indicating that alterations of transcription in PD-derived NPs were mainly caused by PARK2 mutations. Among genes significantly dysregulated in PD-derived NPs, 106 genes unambiguously restored their expression after reestablishing of the Parkin level. Based on the selected gene sets, we revealed the enriched Gene Ontology (GO) pathways including signaling, neurotransmitter transport and metabolism, response to stimulus, and apoptosis. Strikingly, dopamine receptor D4 that was previously associated with PD appears to be involved in the maximal number of GO-enriched pathways and therefore may be considered as a potential trigger of PD progression. Our findings may help in the screening for promising targets for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lebedeva
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Poberezhniy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biotechnology and Industrial Ecology, D.I. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
| | - Lyudmila Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Arsenyeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Stepanenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Shimchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Volovikov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Anufrieva
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria Lagarkova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Grivennikov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Tarantul
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Nenasheva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Kang D, Baek Y, Lee JS. Mechanisms of RNA and Protein Quality Control and Their Roles in Cellular Senescence and Age-Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244062. [PMID: 36552825 PMCID: PMC9777292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, is defined as irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to various stimuli. It plays both beneficial and detrimental roles in cellular homeostasis and diseases. Quality control (QC) is important for the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The QC machineries regulate the integrity of RNA and protein by repairing or degrading them, and are dysregulated during cellular senescence. QC dysfunction also contributes to multiple age-related diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative, muscle, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we describe the characters of cellular senescence, discuss the major mechanisms of RNA and protein QC in cellular senescence and aging, and comprehensively describe the involvement of these QC machineries in age-related diseases. There are many open questions regarding RNA and protein QC in cellular senescence and aging. We believe that a better understanding of these topics could propel the development of new strategies for addressing age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Kang
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Baek
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication (RCIC), College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-9832; Fax: +82-32-885-8302
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4
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Chisholm CG, Lum JS, Farrawell NE, Yerbury JJ. Ubiquitin homeostasis disruption, a common cause of proteostasis collapse in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2218-2220. [PMID: 35259837 PMCID: PMC9083156 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christen G. Chisholm
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy S. Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie E. Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J. Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Intersection between Redox Homeostasis and Autophagy: Valuable Insights into Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050694. [PMID: 33924878 PMCID: PMC8146521 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a main degradation pathway for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and redox homeostasis have recently been considered to play protective roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons can induce mitochondrial damage and protein aggregation, thereby resulting in neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is one of the major activation signals for the induction of autophagy. Upon activation, autophagy can remove ROS, damaged mitochondria, and aggregated proteins from the cells. Thus, autophagy can be an effective strategy to maintain redox homeostasis in the brain. However, the interaction between redox homeostasis and autophagy is not clearly elucidated. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the relationship between redox homeostasis and autophagy associated with neurodegenerative diseases and propose that autophagy induction through pharmacological intervention or genetic activation might be a promising strategy to treat these disorders.
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6
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Interaction between Parkin and α-Synuclein in PARK2-Mediated Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020283. [PMID: 33572534 PMCID: PMC7911026 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and α-synuclein are two key proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurotoxic alterations of α-synuclein that lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and fibrils contribute to PD through synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, defective endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi function, and nuclear dysfunction. In half of the cases, the recessively inherited early-onset PD is caused by loss of function mutations in the PARK2 gene that encodes the E3-ubiquitin ligase, parkin. Parkin is involved in the clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. PARK2-related PD is generally thought not to be associated with Lewy body formation although it is a neuropathological hallmark of PD. In this review article, we provide an overview of post-mortem neuropathological examinations of PARK2 patients and present the current knowledge of a functional interaction between parkin and α-synuclein in the regulation of protein aggregates including Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we describe prevailing hypotheses about the formation of intracellular micro-aggregates (synuclein inclusions) that might be more likely than Lewy bodies to occur in PARK2-related PD. This information may inform future studies aiming to unveil primary signaling processes involved in PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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7
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Quinn PMJ, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF, Alves CH. PINK1/PARKIN signalling in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:189. [PMID: 33168089 PMCID: PMC7654589 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PARKIN) genes are associated with familial forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PINK1, a protein kinase, and PARKIN, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, control the specific elimination of dysfunctional or superfluous mitochondria, thus fine-tuning mitochondrial network and preserving energy metabolism. PINK1 regulates PARKIN translocation in impaired mitochondria and drives their removal via selective autophagy, a process known as mitophagy. As knowledge obtained using different PINK1 and PARKIN transgenic animal models is being gathered, growing evidence supports the contribution of mitophagy impairment to several human pathologies, including PD and Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). Therefore, therapeutic interventions aiming to modulate PINK1/PARKIN signalling might have the potential to treat these diseases. In this review, we will start by discussing how the interplay of PINK1 and PARKIN signalling helps mediate mitochondrial physiology. We will continue by debating the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as well as eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, and the causative factors leading to PINK1/PARKIN-mediated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Finally, we will discuss PINK1/PARKIN gene augmentation possibilities with a particular focus on AD, PD and glaucoma.
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8
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Interaction of α-synuclein and Parkin in iron toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells: implications in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Biochem J 2020; 477:1109-1122. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of accumulated α-synuclein plays a key role in the neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study has demonstrated that iron in varying concentrations (up to 400 µM) causes an increase in α-synuclein content in SH-SY5Y cells associated with mitochondrial depolarization, decreased cellular ATP content and loss of cell viability during incubation up to 96 h. Knocking-down α-synuclein expression prevents cytotoxic actions of iron, which can also be prevented by cyclosporine A (a blocker of mitochondrial permeability transition pore). These results indicate that iron cytotoxicity is mediated by α-synuclein acting on mitochondria. Likewise siRNA mediated knock-down of Parkin causes an accumulation of α-synuclein accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death during 48 h incubation under basal conditions, but these changes are not further aggravated by co-incubation with iron (400 µM). We have also analyzed mitochondrial dysfunction and cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells under double knock-down (α-synuclein and Parkin concurrently) conditions during incubation for 48 h with or without iron. Our results tend to suggest that iron inactivates Parkin in SH-SY5Y cells and thereby inhibits the proteasomal degradation of α-synuclein, and the accumulated α-synuclein causes mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These results have implications in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD and also familial type with Parkin mutations.
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9
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Padmanabhan S, Polinski NK, Menalled LB, Baptista MAS, Fiske BK. The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research Strategy to Advance Therapeutic Development of PINK1 and Parkin. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080296. [PMID: 31344817 PMCID: PMC6723155 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been investigated since the 1980s and is gaining attention with recent advances in PD genetics research. Mutations in PRKN and PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1 (PINK1) are well-established causes of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Genetic and biochemical studies have revealed that PINK1 and Parkin proteins function together in the same biological pathway to govern mitochondrial quality control. These proteins have also been implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity and other mitochondrial functions. Additionally, structural studies on Parkin have delineated an activation mechanism and have identified druggable regions that are currently being explored by academic and industry groups. To de-risk therapeutic development for these genetic targets, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has deployed a strategic funding and enabling framework that brings together the research community to discuss important breakthroughs and challenges in research on PINK1-Parkin biology, supports collaborative initiatives to further our understanding within this field and develops high-quality research tools and assays that are widely available to all researchers. The Foundation's efforts are leading to significant advances in understanding of the underlying biology of these genes, proteins and pathways and in the development of Parkinson's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA.
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Liliana B Menalled
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | - Brian K Fiske
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
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10
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Amido-bridged nucleic acid (AmNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotides targeting α-synuclein as a novel therapy for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7567. [PMID: 31110191 PMCID: PMC6527855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. A characteristic pathological feature of PD is cytoplasmic accumulation of α-synuclein (SNCA) protein. Multiplication of the SNCA gene in familial PD and pathological accumulation of SNCA protein during progression of sporadic PD suggest that increased SNCA protein levels increase the risk of PD. Thus, reducing SNCA expression levels could delay PD onset or modify the disease course. For efficient knock down, we designed and synthesized an amido-bridged nucleic acids (AmNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that targeted SNCA with improved stability and cellular uptake in vivo. AmNA-ASO efficiently downregulated SNCA at both the mRNA and protein level in vitro and in vivo. Notably, AmNA-ASO was efficiently delivered into the mouse brain by intracerebroventricular injection without the aid of additional chemicals. Furthermore, administration of AmNA-ASO ameliorated neurological defects in PD model mice expressing human wild type SNCA. Taken together, these findings suggest that AmNA-ASO is a promising therapeutic strategy for SNCA-associated pathology in PD.
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11
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Neuropilin-1-mediated pruning of corticospinal tract fibers is required for motor recovery after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:67. [PMID: 30683854 PMCID: PMC6347615 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), reorganization of the corticospinal tract (CST) contributes to spontaneous motor recovery. Axotomized CST fibers form collaterals and make synapses with interneurons, followed by pruning of excess fibers. Although axonal pruning is involved in refinement of neural circuits, its molecular mechanisms and functional roles remain poorly understood. To address these questions, we performed dorsal hemisections of mouse thoracic spinal cord. We observed that Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) mRNA was upregulated in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the motor cortex 14 days after SCI, when the pruning occurred. Nrp1 knockdown using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector encoding Nrp1 shRNA in the hindlimb motor area impaired the pruning of collaterals after SCI. Nrp1 knockout by injecting AAV vector encoding Cre recombinase into Nrp1 floxed mice also suppressed axonal pruning. Propriospinal neurons, interneurons that connect CST and motoneurons, expressed Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), the ligand of Nrp1. Furthermore, the genetic deletion of Nrp1 specifically in the hindlimb motor area suppressed the recovery of skilled movement at 21 and 28 days after SCI. The present findings demonstrate that the pruning of collaterals mediated by Nrp1 is required for motor recovery after SCI, and suggest that refinement of the neuronal network facilitates motor recovery.
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12
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O'Shea DJ, Kalanithi P, Ferenczi EA, Hsueh B, Chandrasekaran C, Goo W, Diester I, Ramakrishnan C, Kaufman MT, Ryu SI, Yeom KW, Deisseroth K, Shenoy KV. Development of an optogenetic toolkit for neural circuit dissection in squirrel monkeys. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6775. [PMID: 29712920 PMCID: PMC5928036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic tools have opened a rich experimental landscape for understanding neural function and disease. Here, we present the first validation of eight optogenetic constructs driven by recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and a WGA-Cre based dual injection strategy for projection targeting in a widely-used New World primate model, the common squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. We observed opsin expression around the local injection site and in axonal projections to downstream regions, as well as transduction to thalamic neurons, resembling expression patterns observed in macaques. Optical stimulation drove strong, reliable excitatory responses in local neural populations for two depolarizing opsins in anesthetized monkeys. Finally, we observed continued, healthy opsin expression for at least one year. These data suggest that optogenetic tools can be readily applied in squirrel monkeys, an important first step in enabling precise, targeted manipulation of neural circuits in these highly trainable, cognitively sophisticated animals. In conjunction with similar approaches in macaques and marmosets, optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits in squirrel monkeys will provide functional, comparative insights into neural circuits which subserve dextrous motor control as well as other adaptive behaviors across the primate lineage. Additionally, development of these tools in squirrel monkeys, a well-established model system for several human neurological diseases, can aid in identifying novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Kalanithi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Werapong Goo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ilka Diester
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otophysiologie, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Matthew T Kaufman
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Non-human primate models of PD to test novel therapies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:291-324. [PMID: 28391443 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models of Parkinson disease show many similarities with the human disease. They are very useful to test novel pharmacotherapies as reviewed here. The various NHP models of this disease are described with their characteristics including the macaque, the marmoset, and the squirrel monkey models. Lesion-induced and genetic models are described. There is no drug to slow, delay, stop, or cure Parkinson disease; available treatments are symptomatic. The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-Dopa) still remains the gold standard symptomatic treatment of Parkinson. However, involuntary movements termed L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias appear in most patients after chronic treatment and may become disabling. Dyskinesias are very difficult to manage and there is only amantadine approved providing only a modest benefit. In this respect, NHP models have been useful to seek new drug targets, since they reproduce motor complications observed in parkinsonian patients. Therapies to treat motor symptoms in NHP models are reviewed with a discussion of their translational value to humans. Disease-modifying treatments tested in NHP are reviewed as well as surgical treatments. Many biochemical changes in the brain of post-mortem Parkinson disease patients with dyskinesias are reviewed and compare well with those observed in NHP models. Non-motor symptoms can be categorized into psychiatric, autonomic, and sensory symptoms. These symptoms are present in most parkinsonian patients and are already installed many years before the pre-motor phase of the disease. The translational usefulness of NHP models of Parkinson is discussed for non-motor symptoms.
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Valdés P, Schneider BL. Gene Therapy: A Promising Approach for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease? Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:123. [PMID: 28066194 PMCID: PMC5168434 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of effective systems for gene delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), gene therapy has become a therapeutic option for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Gene therapies that are the most advanced in the clinic have been designed to more effectively compensate for the lack of dopamine signaling in the basal ganglia and rescue the cardinal motor symptoms of PD. However, it remains essential to devise novel therapies to prevent neurodegeneration and disease progression. Since gene therapy has been initially proposed for the delivery of neurotrophins to support the survival and function of dopaminergic neurons, our understanding of PD etiology has changed dramatically. Genes implicated in familial forms of the disease and genetic risk factors associated with sporadic PD have been identified. The spreading of the α-synuclein pathology, as well as perturbations of the lysosomal and mitochondrial activities, appear to play critical roles in the pathogenesis. These findings provide novel targets for gene therapy against PD, but at the same time underline the complexity of this chronic disease. Here we review and discuss the successes and limitations of gene therapy approaches, which have been proposed to provide neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valdés
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Fischer DL, Gombash SE, Kemp CJ, Manfredsson FP, Polinski NK, Duffy MF, Sortwell CE. Viral Vector-Based Modeling of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1382:367-82. [PMID: 26611600 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3271-9_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy methods are increasingly used to model Parkinson's disease (PD) in animals in an effort to test experimental therapeutics within a more relevant context to disease pathophysiology and neuropathology. We have detailed several criteria that are critical or advantageous to accurately modeling PD in a murine model or in a nonhuman primate. Using these criteria, we then evaluate approaches made to model PD using viral vectors to date, including both adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses. Lastly, we comment on the consideration of aging as a critical factor for modeling PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luke Fischer
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- MD/PhD Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sara E Gombash
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Science, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Megan F Duffy
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Ave., NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.
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16
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Choong CJ, Mochizuki H. Gene therapy targeting mitochondrial pathway in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:193-207. [PMID: 27638713 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a relative selective localization of pathology to substantia nigra and well-defined motor symptoms caused by dopaminergic degeneration that makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Parallel progress in viral vector systems enables the delivery of therapeutic genes directly into brain with reasonable safety along with sustained transgene expression. To date, gene therapy for PD that has reached clinical trial evaluation is mainly based on symptomatic approach that involves enzyme replacement strategy and restorative approach that depends on the addition of neurotrophic factors. Mitochondrial dysregulation, such as reduced complex I activity, increased mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ROS-mediated mitochondrial DNA damage, bioenergetic failure, and perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Many of mutated genes linked to familial forms of PD affect these mitochondrial features. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in preclinical development of gene therapy targeting the mitochondrial pathway as disease modifying approach for PD. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic efficacy of candidate genes, including Parkin, PINK1, alpha synuclein, PGC-1 alpha, and anti-apoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jing Choong
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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17
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Hasegawa K, Yasuda T, Shiraishi C, Fujiwara K, Przedborski S, Mochizuki H, Yoshikawa K. Promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis by necdin protects neurons against mitochondrial insults. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10943. [PMID: 26971449 PMCID: PMC4793078 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely heavily on mitochondria for their function and survival. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. PGC-1α is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Here we identify necdin as a potent PGC-1α stabilizer that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α in mammalian neurons. Expression of genes encoding mitochondria-specific proteins decreases significantly in necdin-null cortical neurons, where mitochondrial function and expression of the PGC-1α protein are reduced. Necdin strongly stabilizes PGC-1α by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Forced expression of necdin enhances mitochondrial function in primary cortical neurons and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to prevent mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor-induced degeneration. Moreover, overexpression of necdin in the substantia nigra in vivo of adult mice protects dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in experimental Parkinson's disease. These data reveal that necdin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through stabilization of endogenous PGC-1α to exert neuroprotection against mitochondrial insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toru Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazushiro Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Neurology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Regulation of Neuronal Development, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Stieg DC, Cooper KF. Parkin New Cargos: a New ROS Independent Role for Parkin in Regulating Cell Division. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES (APEX, N.C.) 2016; 2:315-324. [PMID: 28920079 DOI: 10.20455/ros.2016.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression requires the destruction of key cell cycle regulators by the multi-subunit E3 ligase called the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C). As the cell progresses through the cell cycle, the APC/C is sequentially activated by two highly conserved co-activators called Cdc20 and Cdh1. Importantly, APC/CCdc20 is required to degrade substrates in G2/M whereas APCCdh1 drives the cells into G1. Recently, Parkin, a monomeric E3 ligase that is required for ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy following mitochondrial stress, was shown to both bind and be activated by Cdc20 or Cdh1 during the cell cycle. This mitotic role for Parkin does not require an activating phosphorylation by its usual kinase partner PINK. Rather, mitotic Parkin activity requires phosphorylation on a different serine by the polo-like kinase Plk1. Interestingly, although ParkinCdc20 and ParkinCdh1 activity is independent of the APC/C, it mediates degradation of an overlapping subset of substrates. However, unlike the APC/C, Parkin is not necessary for cell cycle progression. Despite this, loss of Parkin activity accelerates genome instability and tumor growth in xenograft models. These findings provide a mechanism behind the previously described, but poorly understood, tumor suppressor role for Parkin. Taken together, studies suggest that the APC/C and Parkin have similar and unique roles to play in cell division, possibly being dependent upon the different subcellular address of these two ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Stieg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08055, USA
| | - Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08055, USA
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Van Rompuy AS, Oliveras-Salvá M, Van der Perren A, Corti O, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V. Nigral overexpression of alpha-synuclein in the absence of parkin enhances alpha-synuclein phosphorylation but does not modulate dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:23. [PMID: 26099628 PMCID: PMC4477319 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein is a key protein in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, probably through a loss-of-function mechanism. However, the molecular mechanism by which loss of parkin function leads to the development of the disease and the role of alpha-synuclein in parkin-associated Parkinson's disease is still not elucidated. Conflicting results were reported about the effect of the absence of parkin on alpha-synuclein-mediated neurotoxicity using a transgenic approach. In this study, we investigated the effect of loss of parkin on alpha-synuclein neuropathology and toxicity in adult rodent brain using viral vectors. Therefore, we overexpressed human wild type alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra of parkin knockout and wild type mice using two different doses of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. RESULTS No difference was observed in nigral dopaminergic cell loss between the parkin knockout mice and wild type mice up to 16 weeks after viral vector injection. However, the level of alpha-synuclein phosphorylated at serine residue 129 in the substantia nigra was significantly increased in the parkin knockout mice compared to the wild type mice while the total expression level of alpha-synuclein was similar in both groups. The increased alpha-synuclein phosphorylation was confirmed in a parkin knockdown cell line. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a functional relationship between parkin and alpha-synuclein phosphorylation in rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Van Rompuy
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Marusela Oliveras-Salvá
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Olga Corti
- Inserm, U 975, CRICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France. .,UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium. .,Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
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20
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Protein phosphatase 2A is involved in the tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation regulated by α-synuclein. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:428-37. [PMID: 25567480 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Previous studies have shown that α-Syn regulates dopamine synthesis by binding to and inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In neurons, protein phosphatases (PPs) play a prominent role in directing signaling toward survival or degeneration. This study was to re-evaluate whether α-Syn could regulate the tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation by protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) in dopaminergic MN9D cells and cortex neurons. Our data demonstrated for the first time that α-Syn stimulates PP2A activity and reduces phosphorylation of TH through regulating the methylation of PP2A in dopaminergic MN9D cells and primary cortex neurons. Increased PP2A activity and reduced phosphorylation of PP2A at Y307 (inactive form of PP2A) were observed in α-Syn overexpression dopaminergic cells (Syn) and primary cortex neurons, and the TH phosphorylation relieved by enhancing PP2A methylation in Syn group could be abated by using PP inhibitors, okadaic acid (OKA). OKA could reduce the cell damage and cell apoptosis induced by α-Syn. Thus our findings may provide an insight into the complicated pathogenesis of PD as well as some clues to the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting at PP2A.
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21
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. The most significant risk factor for the development of these disorders is aging, which is associated with a progressive decline in UPS activity and the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. To date, no therapies have been developed that can specifically up-regulate this system. RECENT ADVANCES In the neurodegenerative brain, dysfunction of the UPS has been associated with the deposition of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and widespread disruption of the proteostasis network. Recent research has identified further evidence of impairment in substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could contribute to the loss of cellular proteostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Novel strategies for activation of the UPS by genetic manipulation and treatment with synthetic compounds have also recently been identified. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss the specific roles of the UPS in the healthy central nervous system and establish how dysfunctional components can contribute to neurotoxicity in the context of disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of the UPS components that are specifically or preferentially involved in neurodegenerative disease will be critical in the development of targeted therapies which aim at limiting the accumulation of misfolded proteins without gross disturbance of this major proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McKinnon
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology , London, United Kingdom
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22
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Sui YT, Bullock KM, Erickson MA, Zhang J, Banks WA. Alpha synuclein is transported into and out of the brain by the blood-brain barrier. Peptides 2014; 62:197-202. [PMID: 25278492 PMCID: PMC4378645 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), a small protein with multiple physiological and pathological functions, is one of the dominant proteins found in Lewy Bodies, a pathological hallmark of Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). More recently, α-Syn has been found in body fluids, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and is likely produced by both peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Exchange of α-Syn between the brain and peripheral tissues could have important pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. However, little is known about the ability of α-Syn to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we found that radioactively labeled α-Syn crossed the BBB in both the brain-to-blood and the blood-to-brain directions at rates consistent with saturable mechanisms. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), but not p-glycoprotein, may be involved in α-Syn efflux and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation could increase α-Syn uptake by the brain by disrupting the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Sui
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Ave, HMC Box 359635, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 9th Ave, HMC Box 359635, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - W A Banks
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Room 810 Bldg 1, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, United States; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States.
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23
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Long-term overexpression of human wild-type and T240R mutant Parkin in rat substantia nigra induces progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:159-74. [PMID: 24423640 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene are the most common cause of early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD). The pathogenic mechanisms of how parkin mutations lead to the development of PD are not fully understood. Studies of cell cultures and of Drosophila have suggested a dominant negative effect for the clinical parkin mutant T240R. Conversely, the neuroprotective capacity of parkin has been widely reported; this suggests that the parkin protein may have a potential therapeutic role in PD. Here, we aimed to develop a novel genetic rodent model of PD by overexpression of T240R-parkin and human wild-type parkin as a control in the dopaminergic neurons of adult rats using adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV2/8). Surprisingly, we found that overexpression not only of T240R-parkin but also of human wild-type parkin induced progressive and dose-dependent dopaminergic cell death in rats, starting from 8 weeks after injection. This degeneration was specific for parkin because similar overexpressionof enhanced green fluorescent protein did not lead to nigral degeneration. Our results warrant caution to the development of therapeutic strategies for PD based on overexpression of parkin or enhancing parkin activity because this might be deleterious for dopaminergic neurons in the long-term.
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24
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Douglas MR. Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: state-of-the-art treatments for neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:695-705. [PMID: 23739006 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological and surgical treatments offer symptomatic benefits to patients with Parkinson's disease; however, as the condition progresses, patients experience gradual worsening in symptom control, with the development of a range of disabling complications. In addition, none of the currently available therapies have convincingly shown disease-modifying effects - either in slowing or reversing the disease. These problems have led to extensive research into the possible use of gene therapy as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. Several treatments have reached human clinical trial stages, providing important information on the risks and benefits of this novel therapeutic approach, and the tantalizing promise of improved control of this currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Douglas
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized primarily by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and diminution of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Though dopamine replacement therapies such as levodopa can improve the symptoms of PD, the benefits may be overshadowed by side effects and the onset of symptoms not responsive to dopaminergic treatments (e.g., autonomic symptoms, gait and balance problems, and cognitive impairment). Furthermore, no therapies have proven to slow the neurodegenerative process. Novel approaches to address these difficult problems, and others, are being sought. Over the last decade, several innovative gene therapies for PD have entered human clinical trials in an effort to address both symptomatic and potential disease-modifying effects. Though the results of these trials have been mixed, the therapies have generally been safe and well-tolerated, suggesting gene therapy may be a viable treatment for PD in the future. This article will review past and current clinical trials of gene therapies for PD. In addition, novel preclinical approaches to gene therapy for PD will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J. Allen
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Andrew Feigin
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
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26
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Transgene expression in target-defined neuron populations mediated by retrograde infection with adeno-associated viral vectors. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15195-206. [PMID: 24048849 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1618-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tools enabling the manipulation of well defined neuronal subpopulations are critical for probing complex neuronal networks. Cre recombinase (Cre) mouse driver lines in combination with the Cre-dependent expression of proteins using viral vectors--in particular, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs)--have emerged as a widely used platform for achieving transgene expression in specified neural populations. However, the ability of rAAVs to further specify neuronal subsets on the basis of their anatomical connectivity has been reported as limited or inconsistent. Here, we systematically tested a variety of widely used neurotropic rAAVs for their ability to mediate retrograde gene transduction in the mouse brain. We tested pseudotyped rAAVs of several common serotypes (rAAV 2/1, 2/5, and 2/9) as well as constructs both with and without Cre-dependent expression switches. Many of the rAAVs tested--in particular, though not exclusively, Cre-dependent vectors--showed a robust capacity for retrograde infection and transgene expression. Retrograde expression was successful over distances as large as 6 mm and in multiple neuron types, including olfactory projection neurons, neocortical pyramidal cells projecting to distinct targets, and corticofugal and modulatory projection neurons. Retrograde infection using transgenes such as ChR2 allowed for optical control or optically assisted electrophysiological identification of neurons defined genetically as well as by their projection target. These results establish a widely accessible tool for achieving combinatorial specificity and stable, long-term transgene expression to isolate precisely defined neuron populations in the intact animal.
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27
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Kubo SI, Hatano T, Takanashi M, Hattori N. Can parkin be a target for future treatment of Parkinson's disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1133-44. [PMID: 23930597 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting an increasing number of people worldwide with the ageing society. Although the etiology of PD remains largely unknown, it is now clear that genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, several causative genes have been identified in mendelian forms of PD. Growing evidence indicates that their gene products play important roles in oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which are also implicated in idiopathic PD, suggesting that these gene products share a common pathway to nigral degeneration in both familial and idiopathic PD. However, treatment options are currently limited. AREAS COVERED Recently, a possible role of parkin, a gene product of PARK2-liked PD, in neuroprotection has been suggested. To this regard, several investigations have focused on the possible contribution of parkin in neurotoxic insults. In this article, the role of parkin in the pathogenesis of PD and the potential of parkin as a therapeutic target in PD will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic options to better manage patients with PD. The data discussed in this article provide rationale for parkin as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Kubo
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan +81 3 5684 0476 ; +81 3 3813 7440 ;
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28
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Coune PG, Schneider BL, Aebischer P. Parkinson's disease: gene therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a009431. [PMID: 22474617 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the recent development of effective gene delivery systems, gene therapy for the central nervous system is finding novel applications. Here, we review existing viral vectors and discuss gene therapy strategies that have been proposed for Parkinson's disease. To date, most of the clinical trials were based on viral vectors to deliver therapeutic transgenes to neurons within the basal ganglia. Initial trials used genes to relieve the major motor symptoms caused by nigrostriatal degeneration. Although these new genetic approaches still need to prove more effective than existing symptomatic treatments, there is a need for disease-modifying strategies. The investigation of the genetic factors implicated in Parkinson's disease is providing precious insights in disease pathology that, combined with innovative gene delivery systems, will hopefully offer novel opportunities for gene therapy interventions to slow down, or even halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe G Coune
- Neurodegenerative Studies Laboratory, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences. EMBO J 2012; 31:3038-62. [PMID: 22735187 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are critically dependent on mitochondrial integrity based on specific morphological, biochemical, and physiological features. They are characterized by high rates of metabolic activity and need to respond promptly to activity-dependent fluctuations in bioenergetic demand. The dimensions and polarity of neurons require efficient transport of mitochondria to hot spots of energy consumption, such as presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Moreover, the postmitotic state of neurons in combination with their exposure to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal stress factors call for a high fidelity of mitochondrial quality control systems. Consequently, it is not surprising that mitochondrial alterations can promote neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In particular, mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), based on the observation that mitochondrial toxins can cause parkinsonism in humans and animal models. Substantial progress towards understanding the role of mitochondria in the disease process has been made by the identification and characterization of genes causing familial variants of PD. Studies on the function and dysfunction of these genes revealed that various aspects of mitochondrial biology appear to be affected in PD, comprising mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics, dynamics, transport, and quality control.
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Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:757305. [PMID: 22619738 PMCID: PMC3353142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/757305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological and surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease offer symptomatic improvements to those suffering from this incurable degenerative neurological disorder, but none of these has convincingly shown effects on disease progression. Novel approaches based on gene therapy have several potential advantages over conventional treatment modalities. These could be used to provide more consistent dopamine supplementation, potentially providing superior symptomatic relief with fewer side effects. More radically, gene therapy could be used to correct the imbalances in basal ganglia circuitry associated with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, or to preserve or restore dopaminergic neurons lost during the disease process itself. The latter neuroprotective approach is the most exciting, as it could theoretically be disease modifying rather than simply symptom alleviating. Gene therapy agents using these approaches are currently making the transition from the laboratory to the bedside. This paper summarises the theoretical approaches to gene therapy for Parkinson's disease and the findings of clinical trials in this rapidly changing field.
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31
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Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transduction in mesencephalic slice culture. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Parkin-Mediated Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Chronic MPTP-Minipump Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:686-97. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182269ecd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Masamizu Y, Okada T, Kawasaki K, Ishibashi H, Yuasa S, Takeda S, Hasegawa I, Nakahara K. Local and retrograde gene transfer into primate neuronal pathways via adeno-associated virus serotype 8 and 9. Neuroscience 2011; 193:249-58. [PMID: 21782903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral vector-mediated gene transfer has become increasingly valuable for primate brain research, in particular for application of genetic methods (e.g. optogenetics) to study neuronal circuit functions. Neuronal cell tropisms and infection patterns are viable options for obtaining viral vector-mediated transgene delivery that is selective for particular neuronal pathways. For example, several types of viral vectors can infect axon terminals (retrograde infections), which enables targeted transgene delivery to neurons that directly project to a particular viral injection region. Although recent studies in rodents have demonstrated that adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) and 9 (AAV9) efficiently transduce neurons, the tropisms and infection patterns remain poorly understood in primate brains. Here, we constructed recombinant AAV8 or AAV9, which expressed an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene driven by a ubiquitous promoter (AAV8-EGFP and AAV9-EGFP, respectively), and stereotaxically injected it into several brain regions in marmosets and macaque monkeys. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed almost exclusive colocalization of EGFP fluorescence via AAV9-mediated gene transfer with a neuron-specific marker, indicating endogenous neuronal tropism of AAV9, which was consistent with our previous results utilizing AAV8. Injections of either AAV8-EGFP or AAV9-EGFP into the marmoset striatum resulted in EGFP expression in local striatal neurons as a result of local infection, as well as expression in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra via retrograde transport along nigrostriatal axonal projections. Retrograde infections were also observed in the frontal cortex and thalamus, which are known to have direct projections to the striatum. These local and retrograde gene transfers were further demonstrated in the geniculocortical pathway of the marmoset visual system. These findings indicate promising capabilities of AAV8 and AAV9 to deliver molecular tools into a range of primate neural systems in pathway-specific manners through their neuronal tropisms and infection patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Masamizu
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Abstract
The structure and function of the mitochondrial network is regulated by mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, transport and degradation. A well-maintained balance of these processes (mitochondrial dynamics) is essential for neuronal signaling, plasticity and transmitter release. Core proteins of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery play important roles in the regulation of apoptosis, and mutations or abnormal expression of these factors are associated with inherited and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie the development of neuropathology. The recessive Parkinsonism-linked genes PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin maintain mitochondrial integrity by regulating diverse aspects of mitochondrial function, including membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, cristae structure, respiratory activity, and mtDNA integrity. In addition, Parkin is crucial for autophagy-dependent clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. In the absence of PINK1 or Parkin, cells often develop fragmented mitochondria. Whereas excessive fission may cause apoptosis, coordinated induction of fission and autophagy is believed to facilitate the removal of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy, and has been observed in some types of cells. Compensatory mechanisms may also occur in mice lacking PINK1 that, in contrast to cells and Drosophila, have only mild mitochondrial dysfunction and lack dopaminergic neuron loss. A better understanding of the relationship between the specific changes in mitochondrial dynamics/turnover and cell death will be instrumental to identify potentially neuroprotective pathways steering PINK1-deficient cells towards survival. Such pathways may be manipulated in the future by specific drugs to treat PD and perhaps other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Büeler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is the major proteolytic quality control system in cells. In this review we discuss the impact of a deregulation of this pathway on neuronal function and its causal relationship to the intracellular deposition of ubiquitin protein conjugates in pathological inclusion bodies in all the major chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We describe the intricate nature of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and discuss the paradox of protein aggregation, i.e. its potential toxic/protective effect in neurodegeneration. The relations between some of the dysfunctional components of the pathway and neurodegeneration are presented. We highlight possible ubiquitin/proteasome pathway-targeting therapeutic approaches, such as activating the proteasome, enhancing ubiquitination and promoting SUMOylation that might be important to slow/treat the progression of neurodegeneration. Finally, a model time line is presented for neurodegeneration starting at the initial injurious events up to protein aggregation and cell death, with potential time points for therapeutic intervention.
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36
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Zhu Y, Duan C, Lü L, Gao H, Zhao C, Yu S, Uéda K, Chan P, Yang H. α-Synuclein overexpression impairs mitochondrial function by associating with adenylate translocator. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:732-41. [PMID: 21310263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), a protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), is known to accumulate in mitochondria, disrupt mitochondrial function. However, the molecular mechanisms that link these pathological responses have not been investigated. In rats overexpressing α-syn in the substantia nigra (SN) through adeno-associated virus (AAV) transduction, about 50% of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons were lost after 24 weeks. Overexpression of α-syn was also associated with morphological deformation of mitochondria and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Both co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy demonstrated that mitochondrial α-syn associated with adenylate translocator (ANT), a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The depolarization of ΔΨm was partially reversed in vitro by bongkrekic acid (BKA), an inhibitor of ANT, suggesting that the molecular association between α-syn and ANT facilitated ΔΨm depolarization. Concomitant with α-syn accumulation in mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial morphology, ΔΨm depolarization, and loss of TH-positive neurons, there was a decrease in apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) within the mitochondrial matrix, suggesting possible translocation to the cytosol. Our findings suggest that overexpression of α-syn may cause mitochondrial defects in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra through an association with adenylate translocator and activation of mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways. Disruption of normal mitochondrial function may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangang Zhu
- Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China
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37
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Wu B, Liu Q, Duan C, Li Y, Yu S, Chan P, Uéda K, Yang H. Phosphorylation of α-synuclein upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity in MN9D cells. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:32-5. [PMID: 19683335 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein is considered an important event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease but its function remains elusive. In this study we provide evidence that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was unaffected by overexpression of wild-type and phospho-mimic mutant α-synuclein (S129D) in dopaminergic MN9D cells. However, α-synuclein overexpression evidently inhibited TH phosphorylation at Ser40 and dopamine synthesis, while α-synuclein (S129D) mutant enhanced TH phosphorylation and dopamine synthesis. This phospho-mimic mutant prevented wild-type α-synuclein cytotoxicity to MN9D cells, which might be due to aggregation of mutant α-synuclein in the cytoplasm and nuclei. These results demonstrated that phosphorylation at Ser129 was involved in the regulation of TH activity, as well as in eliminating the neurotoxicity of wild-type α-synuclein overexpression in MN9D cells.
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38
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Berry AL, Foltynie T. Gene therapy: a viable therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease? J Neurol 2010; 258:179-88. [PMID: 20963433 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy represents a potentially useful additional technique to ameliorate the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the motor complications of its treatment. The neurodegenerative process itself, as well as the non-motor symptoms of PD, both remain less amenable to most of the current gene therapy approaches. This review presents an overview of the four gene therapies in phase I/II clinical trials, outlines some of the challenges they face, and proposes additional alternative strategies that might improve the clinical prospects of gene therapy for PD. In so doing, we hope to highlight the issue of the current absence of effective treatment for non-motor symptoms of PD and the potential of further candidate targets for gene therapy intervention that might improve upon this, for both specific individuals with genetic forms of PD as well as "sporadic" PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Berry
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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39
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Striatal overexpression of DeltaFosB reproduces chronic levodopa-induced involuntary movements. J Neurosci 2010; 30:7335-43. [PMID: 20505100 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0252-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease leads to the development of disabling involuntary movements named dyskinesias that are related to adaptive changes in striatal signaling pathways. The chronic transcription factor DeltaFosB, which is overexpressed in striatal neurons after chronic dopaminergic drug exposure, is suspected to mediate these adaptive changes. Here, we sought to demonstrate the ability of DeltaFosB to lead directly to the abnormal motor responses associated with chronic dopaminergic therapy. Using rAAV (recombinant adenoassociated virus) viral vectors, high levels of DeltaFosB expression were induced in the striatum of dopamine-denervated rats naive of chronic drug administration. Transgenic DeltaFosB overexpression reproduced the entire spectrum of altered motor behaviors in response to acute levodopa tests, including different types of abnormal involuntary movements and hypersensitivity of rotational responses that are typically associated with chronic levodopa treatment. JunD, the usual protein partner of DeltaFosB binding to AP-1 (activator protein-1) sites of genes, remained unchanged in rats with high DeltaFosB expression induced by viral vectors. These findings demonstrate that the increase of striatal DeltaFosB in the evolution of chronically treated Parkinson's disease may be a trigger for the development of abnormal responsiveness to dopamine and the emergence of involuntary movements.
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40
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Branco DM, Arduino DM, Esteves AR, Silva DFF, Cardoso SM, Oliveira CR. Cross-talk between mitochondria and proteasome in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:17. [PMID: 20577640 PMCID: PMC2890153 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, characterized by the selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and the presence of intracellular insoluble proteinaceous inclusions, known as Lewy Bodies. Although PD etiopathogenesis remains elusive, the leading hypothesis for the death of specific groups of neurons establishes that mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS), and oxidative stress are major events that act synergistically causing this devastating disease. In this review we will focus on mitochondrial impairment and its implications on proteasomal function and alpha-synuclein aggregation. We will address the role of mitochondria and proteasome cross-talk in the neuronal loss that leads to PD and discuss how this knowledge might further improve patient therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Martins Branco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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41
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Namba T, Yabe T, Gonda Y, Ichikawa N, Sanagi T, Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Mochizuki H, Kohsaka S, Uchino S. Pigment epithelium-derived factor up-regulation induced by memantine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, is involved in increased proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells. Neuroscience 2010; 167:372-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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42
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Yasuda T, Mochizuki H. The regulatory role of α-synuclein and parkin in neuronal cell apoptosis; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1312-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Xun Z, Kaufman TC, Clemmer DE. Stable isotope labeling and label-free proteomics of Drosophila parkin null mutants. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:4500-10. [PMID: 19705877 DOI: 10.1021/pr9006238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and formation of intracytoplasmic Lewy bodies (LBs). Loss-of-function mutations in parkin which encodes an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase contribute to a predominant cause of a familial form of PD termed autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP). Drosophila parkin null mutants display muscle degeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction, providing an animal model to study Parkin-associated molecular pathways in PD. To define protein alterations involved in Parkin pathogenesis, we performed quantitative proteomic analyses of Drosophila parkin null mutants and age-matched controls utilizing both global internal standard technology (GIST) and extracted ion chromatogram peak area (XICPA) label-free approaches. A total of 375 proteins were quantified with a minimum of two peptide identifications from the combination of the XICPA and GIST measurements applied to two independent biological replicates. Sixteen proteins exhibited significant alteration. Seven of the dysregulated proteins are involved in energy metabolism, of which six were down-regulated. All five proteins involved in transporter activity exhibited higher levels, of which larval serum protein 1alpha, larval serum protein 1beta, larval serum protein 1gamma, and fat body protein 1 showed >10-fold up-regulation and substantially higher level of fat body protein 1 was confirmed by Western blot analysis. These findings suggest that abnormalities in energy metabolism and protein transporter activity pathways may be associated with the pathogenesis of Parkin-associated AR-JP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin Xun
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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44
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Martin I, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. The impact of genetic research on our understanding of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:21-41. [PMID: 20696313 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, genetics was thought to play a minor role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Over the last decade, a number of genes that definitively cause PD have been identified, which has led to the generation of disease models based on pathogenic gene variants that recapitulate many features of the disease. These genetic studies have provided novel insight into potential mechanisms underlying the aetiology of PD. This chapter will provide a profile of the genes conclusively linked to PD and will outline the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis implicated by genetic studies. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system function are disease mechanisms that are particularly well supported by genetic studies and are therefore the focus of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Martin
- NeuroRegeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Ulusoy A, Decressac M, Kirik D, Björklund A. Viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein as a progressive model of Parkinson’s disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 184:89-111. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Comparative transduction efficiency of AAV vector serotypes 1-6 in the substantia nigra and striatum of the primate brain. Mol Ther 2009; 18:588-93. [PMID: 20010918 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) are promising candidates for neural cell transduction in vivo because they are nonpathogenic and achieve long-term transduction in the central nervous system. AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) is the most widely used AAV vector in clinical trials based largely on its ability to transduce neural cells in the rodent and primate brain. Prior work in rodents suggests that other serotypes might be more efficient; however, a systematic evaluation of vector transduction efficiency has not yet been performed in the primate brain. In this study, AAV viral vectors of serotypes 1-6 with an enhanced green-fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene were generated at comparable titers, and injected in equal amounts into the brains of Chlorocebus sabaeus. Vector injections were placed in the substantia nigra (SN) and the caudate nucleus (CD). One month after injection, immunohistochemistry for GFP was performed and the total number of GFP+ cells was calculated using unbiased stereology. AAV5 was the most efficient vector, not only transducing significantly more cells than any other serotype, but also transducing both NeuN+ and glial-fibrillary-acidic protein positive (GFAP+) cells. These results suggest that AAV5 is a more effective vector than AAV2 at delivering potentially therapeutic transgenes to the nigrostriatal system of the primate brain.
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47
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Versatile somatic gene transfer for modeling neurodegenerative diseases. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:329-42. [PMID: 19669852 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing variety of technical approaches allow control over the expression of selected genes in living organisms. The ability to deliver functional exogenous genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases has opened pathological processes to experimental analysis and targeted therapeutic development in rodent and primate preclinical models. Biological adaptability, economic animal use, and reduced model development costs complement improved control over spatial and temporal gene expression compared with conventional transgenic models. A review of viral vector studies, typically adeno-associated virus or lentivirus, for expression of three proteins that are central to major neurodegenerative diseases, will illustrate how this approach has powered new advances and opportunities in CNS disease research.
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48
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Cookson MR. alpha-Synuclein and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:9. [PMID: 19193223 PMCID: PMC2646729 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small protein that has special relevance for understanding Parkinson disease and related disorders. Not only is α-synuclein found in Lewy bodies characteristic of Parkinson disease, but also mutations in the gene for α-synuclein can cause an inherited form of Parkinson disease and expression of normal α-synuclein can increase the risk of developing Parkinson disease in sporadic, or non-familial, cases. Both sporadic and familial Parkinson disease are characterized by substantial loss of several groups of neurons, including the dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra that are the target of most current symptomatic therapies. Therefore, it is predicted that α-synuclein, especially in its mutant forms or under conditions where its expression levels are increased, is a toxic protein in the sense that it is associated with an increased rate of neuronal cell death. This review will discuss the experimental contexts in which α-synuclein has been demonstrated to be toxic. I will also outline what is known about the mechanisms by which α-synuclein triggers neuronal damage, and identify some of the current gaps in our knowledge about this subject. Finally, the therapeutic implications of toxicity of α-synuclein will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Building 35, Room 1A116, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20982-3707, USA.
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49
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Yasuda T, Nihira T, Ren YR, Cao XQ, Wada K, Setsuie R, Kabuta T, Wada K, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Mochizuki H. Effects of UCH-L1 on α-synuclein over-expression mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 2009; 108:932-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Mochizuki H. [The studies of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2009; 49:9-16. [PMID: 19227890 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.49.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Various clinical trials of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) are finally underway. The vehicle used mainly for gene delivery to the human brain is recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector, which is nonpathogenic and non-self-amplifying. At present, the gene therapy approach is not the best way for the treatment of PD patients, but we believe that the further progress is anticipated toward making this strategy a therapeutic option for PD in the future. This article will review currently ongoing clinical trials of PD gene therapy and then introduce our studies about the gene therapy for PD.
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