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Mathew DJ, Sivak JM. Lipid mediators in glaucoma: Unraveling their diverse roles and untapped therapeutic potential. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106815. [PMID: 38280539 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, and remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor that requires effective management. Emerging research underscores dual roles of bioactive lipid mediators in both IOP regulation, and the modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Bioactive lipids, encompassing eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids, have emerged as crucial players in these processes, orchestrating inflammation and diverse effects on aqueous humor dynamics and tissue remodeling. Perturbations in these lipid mediators contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glaucoma management primarily targets IOP reduction via pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, with prostaglandin analogues at the forefront. Intriguingly, additional lipid mediators offer promise in attenuating inflammation and providing neuroprotection. Here we explore these pathways to shed light on their intricate roles, and to unveil novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mathew
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - J M Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
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Liang Y, Kang X, Zhang H, Xu H, Wu X. Knockdown and inhibition of hippocampal GPR17 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:271. [PMID: 37990234 PMCID: PMC10662506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we reported that inhibition of GPR17 prevents amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced cognitive impairment in mice. However, the role of GPR17 on cognition is still largely unknown. METHODS Herein, we used a mouse model of cognitive impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to further investigate the role of GPR17 in cognition and its potential mechanism. The mice were pretreated with GPR17 shRNA lentivirus and cangrelor by microinjection into the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus. After 21 days, LPS (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered for 7 days. Animal behavioral tests as well as pathological and biochemical assays were performed to evaluate the cognitive function in mice. RESULTS LPS exposure resulted in a significant increase in GPR17 expression at both protein and mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Gene reduction and pharmacological blockade of GPR17 improved cognitive impairment in both the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. Knockdown and inhibition of GPR17 inhibited Aβ production, decreased the expression of NF-κB p65, increased CREB phosphorylation and elevated BDNF expression, suppressed the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibited Glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) activation, and increased Bcl-2, PSD-95, and SYN expression, reduced Bax expression as well as decreased caspase-3 activity and TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus of LPS-treated mice. Notably, knockdown and inhibition of GPR17 not only provided protective effects against cholinergic dysfunction but also facilitated the regulation of oxidative stress. In addition, cangrelor pretreatment can effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB/CREB/BDNF signaling in BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS. However, activation of hippocampal GPR17 with MDL-29951 induced cognitive impairment in normal mice. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that GPR17 may possess a neuroprotective effect against LPS-induced cognition deficits, and neuroinflammation by modulation of NF-κB/CREB/BDNF signaling in mice, indicating that GPR17 may be a promising new target for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xu Kang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Haiwang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Mueen RM, Al-Juaifari M, Abosaooda M, Qassam H, Hadi NR. Lung protective effect of Ticagrelor in endotoxemia. J Med Life 2023; 16:941-947. [PMID: 37675176 PMCID: PMC10478651 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of the lungs in sepsis by modulating inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Twenty-four adult male Swiss-albino mice, aged 8-12 weeks and weighing 20-30 g, were divided into four equal groups (n=6): sham (laparotomy only), CLP (laparotomy plus cecal ligation and puncture), vehicle (DMSO administered one hour before CLP), and Ticagrelor (50 mg/kg IP administered one hour before CLP). Tissue levels of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the lung were assessed using ELISA. F2 isoprostane levels were significantly higher in the sepsis group (p<0.05) compared to the sham group, while Ticagrelor significantly decreased the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared to the sepsis group. All mice in the sepsis group had considerable (p=0.05) lung tissue damage, but Ticagrelor considerably decreased lung tissue injury (p=0.05). Furthermore, Ticagrelor was found to reduce tissue cytokine levels of the lung (IL-1, TNF a, IL-6, F2 isoprostane, GPR 17, MIF) in male mice during CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis by modulation of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress cascade signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruaa Murtada Mueen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Maytham Al-Juaifari
- KMG Klinikum Güstrow, Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Spinal Surgery and Orthopedics, Güstrow, Germany
| | | | - Heider Qassam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Najah Rayish Hadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
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Marques CF, Marques MM, Justino GC. Leukotrienes vs. Montelukast—Activity, Metabolism, and Toxicity Hints for Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091039. [PMID: 36145259 PMCID: PMC9505853 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental distress is associated with a growing asthma incidence; no treatments are available but montelukast (MTK)—an antagonist of the cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor 1—is widely used in the management of symptoms among adults and children. Recently, new molecular targets have been identified and MTK has been proposed for repurposing in other therapeutic applications, with several ongoing clinical trials. The proposed applications include neuroinflammation control, which could be explored in some neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD and PD). However, this drug has been associated with an increasing number of reported neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Besides, and despite being on the market since 1998, MTK metabolism is still poorly understood and the mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric ADRs remain unknown. We review the role of MTK as a modulator of leukotriene pathways and systematize the current knowledge about MTK metabolism. Known toxic effects of MTK are discussed, and repurposing applications are presented comprehensively, with a focus on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo C. Justino
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bassani D, Pavan M, Federico S, Spalluto G, Sturlese M, Moro S. The Multifaceted Role of GPCRs in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A New Therapeutic Perspective? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4504. [PMID: 35562894 PMCID: PMC9106011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerating disease involving the motor neurons, which causes a progressive loss of movement ability, usually leading to death within 2 to 5 years from the diagnosis. Much effort has been put into research for an effective therapy for its eradication, but still, no cure is available. The only two drugs approved for this pathology, Riluzole and Edaravone, are onlyable to slow down the inevitable disease progression. As assessed in the literature, drug targets such as protein kinases have already been extensively examined as potential drug targets for ALS, with some molecules already in clinical trials. Here, we focus on the involvement of another very important and studied class of biological entities, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in the onset and progression of ALS. This workaimsto give an overview of what has been already discovered on the topic, providing useful information and insights that can be used by scientists all around the world who are putting efforts into the fight against this very important neurodegenerating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bassani
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (D.B.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Matteo Pavan
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (D.B.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (S.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (D.B.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (D.B.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
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Lin KN, Zhang K, Zhao W, Huang SY, Li H. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Promotes Cell Proliferation by Downregulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 17 Expression via PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 Signaling in SK-N-SH Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031513. [PMID: 35163437 PMCID: PMC8835821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) not only regulates neuronal function and development but also is neuroprotective in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. G-protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) expression in brain tissue serves as an indicator of brain damage. As whether IGF-1 regulates GPR17 expression remains unknown, the aim of this study is to investigate how IGF-1 regulates GPR17 expression in vitro. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were used. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was constructed to mediate the silencing of FoxO1, while adenoviral vectors were used for its overexpression. Verification of the relevant signaling cascade was performed using a FoxO1 inhibitor (AS1842856), a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002), and a GPR17 antagonist (cangrelor). Cell proliferation was analyzed using EdU staining; immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression and subcellular localization of FoxO1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to analyze the binding of FoxO1 to the GPR17 promoter in SK-N-SH cells. The expression of FoxO1, GPR17, and protein kinase B (also known as Akt) mRNA and protein as well as the levels of FoxO1 and Akt phosphorylation were investigated in this study. IGF-1 was found to downregulate FoxO1 and GPR17 expression in SK-N-SH cells while promoting cell viability and proliferation. Inhibition of FoxO1 and antagonism of GPR17 were found to play a role similar to that of IGF-1. Silencing of FoxO1 by lentivirus-mediated shRNA resulted in the downregulation of FoxO1 and GPR17 expression. The overexpression of FoxO1 via adenoviral vectors resulted in the upregulation of FoxO1 and GPR17 expression. Blocking of PI3K signaling by LY294002 inhibited the effect of IGF-1 on GPR17 suppression. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that IGF-1 promotes FoxO1 nuclear export and reduces FoxO1 binding to the GPR17 promoter in SK-N-SH cells. Here, we conclude that IGF-1 enhances cell viability and proliferation in SK-N-SH cells via the promotion of FoxO1 nuclear export and reduction of FoxO1 binding to the GPR17 promoter via PI3K/Akt signaling. Our findings suggest that the enhancement of IGF-1 signaling to antagonize GPR17 serves as a potential therapeutic strategy in the management of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Na Lin
- Center for Brain Science & Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Brain Science & Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (W.Z.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Liu W, Yang Y, Zeng Z, Tian Y, Wu Q, Zhou M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. G protein-coupled receptor 17 restricts rabies virus replication via BAK-mediated apoptosis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 265:109326. [PMID: 34979406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonotic disease that significantly affects human and animal health throughout the world. RABV causes acute encephalitis in mammals with a high fatality rate in developing countries. G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is a vital gene in the central nervous system (CNS) that plays important roles in demyelinating diseases and ischemia brain. However, it is still unclear whether GPR17 participates in the regulation of RABV infection. Here, we found that upregulation or activation of GPR17 can reduce the virus titer; conversely, the inactivation or silence of GPR17 led to increased RABV replication in N2a cells. The recombinant RABV expressing GPR17 (rRABV-GPR17) showed reduced replication capacity compared to the parent virus rRABV. Moreover, overexpression of GPR17 can attenuate RABV pathogenicity in mice. Further study demonstrated that GPR17 suppressed RABV replication via BAK-mediated apoptosis. Our findings uncover an unappreciated role of GPR17 in suppressing RABV infection, where GPR17 mediates cell apoptosis to limit RABV replication and may be an attractive candidate for new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Jin S, Wang X, Xiang X, Wu Y, Hu J, Li Y, Lin Dong Y, Tan Y, Wu X. Inhibition of GPR17 with cangrelor improves cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits induced by Aβ 1-42 through Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108335. [PMID: 34781121 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is thought to be associated with cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, current methods to combat Aβ neurotoxicity are still lacking. G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) has become a target for treating inflammation in brain diseases, but it is unclear whether it has a role in AD. Here, we investigated the effects of cangrelor, a GPR17 antagonist, on neurotoxicity and memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 in mice. The behavior results showed that cangrelor (2.0 or 4.0 μg/mouse, i.c.v.) treatment reversed the deficits in memory and learning ability induced by Aβ1-42 in mice. Importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that GPR17 expression in the hippocampus and frontal cortex is increased in response to Aβ1-42 exposures. We also found that cangrelor treatment reduced the activity of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and the levels of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Meanwhile, cangrelor treatment suppressed oxidative stress induced by Aβ1-42, as proved by reduced production of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and promoted the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Furthermore, cangrelor also suppressed Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammation, characterized by suppressed activation of microglia, decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as ameliorated synaptic deficits by promoting the upregulation of synaptic proteins, and increasing the number of Golgi-Cox stained dendritic spines. These results suggest that cangrelor may reverse Aβ1-42-induced cognition deficits via inhibiting oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiYu Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin Wang
- West Anhui Health Vocational College, Luan 237000, China
| | - XiaoTong Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YuMei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YueYue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yue Lin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - YueQiang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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Trost A, Motloch K, Koller A, Bruckner D, Runge C, Schroedl F, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Ladek AM, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Brunner SM, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108806. [PMID: 34715090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. This multifactorial, neurodegenerative group of diseases is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment and blindness. There is a huge unmet and urging need for the development of new and translatable strategies and treatment options to prevent this progressive loss of RGC. Accumulating evidence points towards a critical role of neuroinflammation, in particular microglial cells, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Leukotrienes are mediators of neuroinflammation and are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we tested the leukotriene receptors CysLT1R/GPR17-selective antagonist Montelukast (MTK) for its efficacy to modulate the reactive state of microglia in order to ameliorate RGCs loss in experimental glaucoma. Ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced unilaterally by injection of 8 μm magnetic microbead (MB) into the anterior chamber of female Brown Norway rats. The contralateral, untreated eye served as control. Successful induction of OHT was verified by daily IOP measurement using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Simultaneously to OHT induction, one group received daily MTK treatment and the control group vehicle solution by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed 13-15 days after MB injection. Retina and optic nerves (ON) of OHT and contralateral eyes were analyzed by immunofluorescence with specific markers for RGCs (Brn3a), microglial cells/macrophages (Iba1 and CD68), and cysteinyl leukotriene pathway receptors (CysLT1R and GPR17). Protein labeling was documented by confocal microscopy and analyzed with ImageJ plugins. Further, mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory and leukotriene pathway was analyzed in retinal tissue. MTK treatment resulted in a short-term IOP reduction at day 2, which dissipated by day 5 of OHT induction in MTK treated animals. Furthermore, MTK treatment resulted in a decreased activation of Iba1+ microglial cells in the retina and ON, and in a significantly increased RGC survival in OHT eyes. Within the retina, GPR17 and CysLT1R expression was demonstrated in single RCGs and in microglial cells respectively. Further, increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was detected in OHT induced retinas. In the ON, OHT induction increased the number of GPR17+ cells, showing a trend of reduction following MTK treatment. This study shows for the first time a significantly increased RGC survival in an acute OHT model following treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist MTK. These results strongly suggest a neuroprotective effect of MTK and a potential new therapeutic strategy for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anja-Maria Ladek
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pfluegl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Maria Brunner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Anton Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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10
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Li F, Xu D, Hou K, Gou X, Li Y. The role of P2Y12 receptor inhibition in ischemic stroke on microglia, platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 50:874-885. [PMID: 32248335 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
P2Y12 receptors on platelets have long been the main target of antiplatelet drugs. However, a growing number of studies have revealed that P2Y12 receptor activation on microglia and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) also aggravates ischemic stroke injury. The proliferation and migration of VSMCs in the vascular wall have important influence on the early lesion of atherosclerosis, which may lead to the origin of cerebral ischemic attack of atherosclerosis. Blockage of cellular P2Y12 receptors could inhibit microglial activation, block formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates, reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels and suppress migration and proliferation of VSMCs, implying that apart from anti-thrombotic effect, P2Y12 inhibitors have additional neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic therapeutic benefits against ischemic stroke. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in studies on P2Y12 receptors and emphatically introduce their significance in microglia, platelets and VSMCs after ischemic stroke, discussing how to exert the beneficial effects of P2Y12 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Luo Q, Liu R, Qu K, Liu G, Hang M, Chen G, Xu L, Jin Q, Guo D, Kang Q. Cangrelor ameliorates CLP-induced pulmonary injury in sepsis by inhibiting GPR17. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:70. [PMID: 34229761 PMCID: PMC8262027 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common complication of severe wound injury and infection, with a very high mortality rate. The P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, cangrelor, is an antagonist anti-platelet drug. METHODS In our study, we investigated the protective mechanisms of cangrelor in CLP-induced pulmonary injury in sepsis, using C57BL/6 mouse models. RESULTS TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) and Masson staining showed that apoptosis and fibrosis in lungs were alleviated by cangrelor treatment. Cangrelor significantly promoted surface expression of CD40L on platelets and inhibited CLP-induced neutrophils in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (p < 0.001). We also found that cangrelor decreased the inflammatory response in the CLP mouse model and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.05), and TNF-α (p < 0.001). Western blotting and RT-PCR showed that cangrelor inhibited the increased levels of G-protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) induced by CLP (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that cangrelor repressed the levels of GPR17, followed by a decrease in the inflammatory response and a rise of neutrophils in BALF, potentially reversing CLP-mediated pulmonary injury during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Qu
- Postgraduate Training Base in Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Hang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Mechanistic insight on the role of leukotriene receptors in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1240-1254. [PMID: 33818747 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are a class of inflammatory mediators produced by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) enzyme from arachidonic acid (AA). We discussed the various LT inhibitors and downstream pathway modulators, such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK), Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), 5'-Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Protein Kinase C (PKC), Nitric Oxide (NO), Bradykinin, Early Growth Response-1 (Egr-1), Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), which in turn regulate various metabolic and physiological processes involving I/R injury. A systematic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature and mechanistic interventions of the leukotriene receptor modulations in ischemic injury. In the pathophysiology of I/R injuries, LT has been found to play an important role. I/R injury affects most of the vital organs and is characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis leading to morbidity and mortality. sThis present review focuses on the various LT receptors, i.e., CysLT, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, involved in developing I/R injury in organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, heart, kidney, liver, and intestine.
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13
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Matei N, Camara J, Zhang JH. The Next Step in the Treatment of Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 11:582605. [PMID: 33551950 PMCID: PMC7862333 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.582605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many patients do not receive reperfusion therapy because of delayed presentation and/or severity and location of infarct, new reperfusion approaches are expanding the window of intervention. Novel application of neuroprotective agents in combination with the latest methods of reperfusion provide a path to improved stroke intervention outcomes. We examine why neuroprotective agents have failed to translate to the clinic and provide suggestions for new approaches. New developments in recanalization therapy in combination with therapeutics evaluated in parallel animal models of disease will allow for novel, intra-arterial deployment of therapeutic agents over a vastly expanded therapeutic time window and with greater likelihood success. Although the field of neuronal, endothelial, and glial protective therapies has seen numerous large trials, the application of therapies in the context of newly developed reperfusion strategies is still in its infancy. Given modern imaging developments, evaluation of the penumbra will likely play a larger role in the evolving management of stroke. Increasingly more patients will be screened with neuroimaging to identify patients with adequate collateral blood supply allowing for delayed rescue of the penumbra. These patients will be ideal candidates for therapies such as reperfusion dependent therapeutic agents that pair optimally with cutting-edge reperfusion techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael Matei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin Camara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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14
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Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zhou J. Heterogeneity and Proliferative and Differential Regulators of NG2-glia in Physiological and Pathological States. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6384-6406. [PMID: 31333083 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190717112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NG2-glia, also called Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells (OPCs), account for approximately 5%-10% of the cells in the developing and adult brain and constitute the fifth major cell population in the central nervous system. NG2-glia express receptors and ion channels involved in rapid modulation of neuronal activities and signaling with neuronal synapses, which have functional significance in both physiological and pathological states. NG2-glia participate in quick signaling with peripheral neurons via direct synaptic touches in the developing and mature central nervous system. These distinctive glia perform the unique function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes in the early developing brain, which is critical for axon myelin formation. In response to injury, NG2-glia can proliferate, migrate to the lesions, and differentiate into oligodendrocytes to form new myelin sheaths, which wrap around damaged axons and result in functional recovery. The capacity of NG2-glia to regulate their behavior and dynamics in response to neuronal activity and disease indicate their critical role in myelin preservation and remodeling in the physiological state and in repair in the pathological state. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the characteristics of NG2-glia, including their heterogeneity, the regulators of their proliferation, and the modulators of their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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15
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Barinov EF, Statinova EA, Sokhina VS, Faber TI. [Risks of progression of cerebrovascular pathology associated with the activity of the brain purinergic system]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:118-124. [PMID: 33244967 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120101118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Until now, there is no understanding of the relationship between risk factors and the progression of cerebrovascular pathology. The review presents facts that confirm the involvement of various subtypes of purine P2 receptors in neuron activation, growth and myelination of axons, migration and microglia phagocytosis, astrogliosis, regulation of vascular tone, thrombosis and angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and immune responses. The data suggest the possibility of the activation of purinergic system of the brain during the development of main risk factors for cerebrovascular pathology (age, arterial hypertension, diabetes), as a stereotypical mechanism that can affect the homeostasis of the ensemble "neuron-glia-capillary". Purinergic P2 receptors may be a potential target for the development of pharmacological methods to limit the progression of cerebrovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Barinov
- Gorky Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraina
| | - E A Statinova
- Gorky Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraina
| | - V S Sokhina
- Gorky Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraina
| | - T I Faber
- Gorky Donetsk National Medical University, Donetsk, Ukraina
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16
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Anan’ina T, Kisel A, Kudabaeva M, Chernysheva G, Smolyakova V, Usov K, Krutenkova E, Plotnikov M, Khodanovich M. Neurodegeneration, Myelin Loss and Glial Response in the Three-Vessel Global Ischemia Model in Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176246. [PMID: 32872364 PMCID: PMC7504277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Although myelin disruption is an integral part of ischemic brain injury, it is rarely the subject of research, particularly in animal models. This study assessed for the first time, myelin and oligodendrocyte loss in a three-vessel model of global cerebral ischemia (GCI), which causes hippocampal damage. In addition, we investigated the relationships between demyelination and changes in microglia and astrocytes, as well as oligodendrogenesis in the hippocampus; (2) Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 15) underwent complete interruption of cerebral blood flow for 7 min by ligation of the major arteries supplying the brain or sham-operation. At 10 and 30 days after the surgery, brain slices were stained for neurodegeneration with Fluoro-Jade C and immunohistochemically to assess myelin content (MBP+ percentage of total area), oligodendrocyte (CNP+ cells) and neuronal (NeuN+ cells) loss, neuroinflammation (Iba1+ cells), astrogliosis (GFAP+ cells) and oligodendrogenesis (NG2+ cells); (3) Results: 10 days after GCI significant myelin and oligodendrocyte loss was found only in the stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale. By the 30th day, demyelination in these hippocampal layers intensified and affected the substratum radiatum. In addition to myelin damage, activation and an increase in the number of microglia and astrocytes in the corresponding layers, a loss of the CA1 pyramidal neurons, and neurodegeneration in the neocortex and thalamus was observed. At a 10-day time point, we observed rod-shaped microglia in the substratum radiatum. Parallel with ongoing myelin loss on the 30th day after ischemia, we found significant oligodendrogenesis in demyelinated hippocampal layers; (4) Conclusions: Our study showed that GCI-simulating cardiac arrest in humans—causes not only the loss of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field, but also the myelin loss of adjacent layers of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Anan’ina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Alena Kisel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Marina Kudabaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Galina Chernysheva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Vera Smolyakova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Konstantin Usov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Krutenkova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
| | - Mark Plotnikov
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Blood Circulation, E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenina Ave., 634028 Tomsk, Russia; (G.C.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Marina Khodanovich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.A.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (K.U.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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A GPR17-cAMP-Lactate Signaling Axis in Oligodendrocytes Regulates Whole-Body Metabolism. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2984-2997.e4. [PMID: 30865888 PMCID: PMC6679936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CNS plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis, but whether oligodendrocytes are involved has been largely unexplored. Here, we show that signaling through GPR17, a G-protein-coupled receptor predominantly expressed in the oligodendrocyte lineage, regulates food intake by modulating hypothalamic neuronal activities. GPR17-null mice and mice with an oligodendrocyte-specific knockout of GPR17 have lean phenotypes on a high-fat diet, suggesting that GPR17 regulates body weight by way of oligodendrocytes. Downregulation of GPR17 results in activation of cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in oligodendrocytes and upregulated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), which promotes lactate production. Elevation of lactate activates AKT and STAT3 signaling in the hypothalamic neurons, leading to increased expression of Pomc and suppression of Agrp. Our findings uncover a critical role of oligodendrocytes in metabolic homeostasis, where GPR17 modulates the production of lactate, which, in turn, acts as a metabolic signal to regulate neuronal activity.
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18
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Abnormal Upregulation of GPR17 Receptor Contributes to Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in SOD1 G93A Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072395. [PMID: 32244295 PMCID: PMC7177925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons (MN). Importantly, MN degeneration is intimately linked to oligodendrocyte dysfunction and impaired capacity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to regenerate the myelin sheath enwrapping and protecting neuronal axons. Thus, improving OPC reparative abilities represents an innovative approach to counteract MN loss. A pivotal regulator of OPC maturation is the P2Y-like G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17), whose role in ALS has never been investigated. In other models of neurodegeneration, an abnormal increase of GPR17 has been invariably associated to myelin defects and its pharmacological manipulation succeeded in restoring endogenous remyelination. Here, we analyzed GPR17 alterations in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model and assessed in vitro whether this receptor could be targeted to correct oligodendrocyte alterations. Western-blot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that GPR17 protein levels are significantly increased in spinal cord of ALS mice at pre-symptomatic stage; this alteration is exacerbated at late symptomatic phases. Concomitantly, mature oligodendrocytes degenerate and are not successfully replaced. Moreover, OPCs isolated from spinal cord of SOD1G93A mice display defective differentiation compared to control cells, which is rescued by treatment with the GPR17 antagonist montelukast. These data open novel therapeutic perspectives for ALS management.
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19
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Lecca D, Raffaele S, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Regulation and signaling of the GPR17 receptor in oligodendroglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1957-1967. [PMID: 32086854 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, namely, the formation of new myelin sheaths around denuded axons, counteracts axonal degeneration and restores neuronal function. Considerable advances have been made in understanding this regenerative process that often fails in diseases like multiple sclerosis, leaving axons demyelinated and vulnerable to damage, thus contributing to disease progression. The identification of the membrane receptor GPR17 on a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which mediate remyelination in the adult central nervous system (CNS), has led to a huge amount of evidence that validated this receptor as a new attractive target for remyelinating therapies. Here, we summarize the role of GPR17 in OPC function, myelination and remyelination, describing its atypical pharmacology, its downstream signaling, and the genetic and epigenetic factors modulating its activity. We also highlight crucial insights into GPR17 pathophysiology coming from the demonstration that oligodendrocyte injury, associated with inflammation in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, is invariably characterized by abnormal and persistent GPR17 upregulation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a block of OPCs at immature premyelinating stages. Finally, we discuss the current literature in light of the potential exploitment of GPR17 as a therapeutic target to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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20
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Cardona-Gómez GP. Considering risk factors for the effectiveness of translational therapies in brain stroke. J Neurol Sci 2020; 408:116547. [PMID: 31683050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies on cerebral ischemia have been performed in animal models to propose different strategies of neuroprotection that mitigate either the early or late consequences of the disease. These therapies have been successful in reducing the volume of infarction, the proinflammatory cascade, and the amount of free radicals, as well as reversing markers of neurodegeneration, among other events. However, when those strategies are translated to clinical studies, their effectiveness is not reproduced. This review will focus on highlighting some of the main limitations of the animal models of stroke that lead to unsuccessful translational therapies and the common risk factors in humans that should be carefully considered in the experimental design of future studies to generate a more realistic spatiotemporal physiopathology and improve therapeutic efficacy in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Zhao B, Wang H, Li CX, Song SW, Fang SH, Wei EQ, Shi QJ. GPR17 mediates ischemia-like neuronal injury via microglial activation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2750-2762. [PMID: 30226562 PMCID: PMC6192776 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a G (i)-coupled dual receptor, linked to P2Y and CysLT receptors stimulated by uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes, respectively. Recent evidence has demonstrated that GPR17 inhibition ameliorates the progression of cerebral ischemic injury by regulating neuronal death and microglial activation. The present study aimed to assess the detailed regulatory roles of this receptor in oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced ischemia-like injury in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that OGD/R induced ischemic neuronal injury and microglial activation, including enhanced phagocytosis and increased inflammatory cytokine release in neuron‑glial mixed cultures of cortical cells. GPR17 upregulation during OGD/R was spatially and temporally correlated with neuronal injury and microglial activation. In addition, GPR17 knockdown inhibited OGD/R-induced responses in neuron-glial mixed cultures. GPR17 knockdown also attenuated cell injury induced by the agonist leukotriene D4 (LTD4) or uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) in neuron-glial mixed cultures. However, GPR17 knockdown did not affect OGD/R-induced ischemic neuronal injury in primary cultures of neurons. In primary astrocyte cultures, neither GPR17 nor OGD/R induced injury. By contrast, GPR17 knockdown ameliorated OGD/R-induced microglial activation, boosting phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine release in primary microglia cultures. Finally, the results demonstrated that the conditioned medium of microglia pretreated with OGD/R induced neuronal death, and the neuronal injury was significantly inhibited by GPR17 knockdown. These findings suggested that GPR17 may mediate ischemia-like neuronal injury and microglial activation in vitro; however, the protective effects on ischemic neuronal injury might depend upon microglial activation. Whether GPR17 regulates neuronal injury mediated by oligodendrocyte linkage remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - San-Hua Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Er-Qing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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22
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Zhan TW, Tian YX, Wang Q, Wu ZX, Zhang WP, Lu YB, Wu M. Cangrelor alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting GPR17-mediated inflammation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:261-269. [PMID: 30036769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and intractable lung disease. Macrophages play a critical role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Cangrelor, an anti-platelet agent, is also a non-selective Gprotein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) antagonist. GPR17 mediates microglial inflammation in the chronic phase of cerebral ischemia and regulates allergic pulmonary inflammation. In this study, we observed the effects of cangrelor on bleomycin (BLM)-induced macrophage cellular inflammation and BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice. We found that BLM significantly increased GPR17 expression, the mRNA synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β1 in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Knockdown of GPR17 attenuated the BLM-induced inflammatory responses. Cangrelor (2.5 μM-10 μM) significantly alleviated BLM-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in concentration-dependent manner. In BLM-induced fibrotic mouse lungs, GPR17 expression and GPR17-positive macrophages were increased. Cangrelor (2.5 mg/kg-10 mg/kg) alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in dose-dependent manner. Cangrelor not only reduced the number of GPR17-positive macrophages, but also decreased BLM-induced mRNA synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokine. As such, we concluded that cangrelor alleviates BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing GPR17-mediated inflammation. Cangrelor could be a potential therapeutic drug for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Wei Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yu-Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zi-Xiang Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yun-Bi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yu-Hang-Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jie-Fang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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23
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Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Coppolino GT, Parravicini C, Abbracchio MP. Pharmacological Properties and Biological Functions of the GPR17 Receptor, a Potential Target for Neuro-Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:169-192. [PMID: 28828731 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, cells heterologously expressing the "orphan" receptor GPR17 were shown to acquire responses to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, two families of signaling molecules accumulating in brain or heart as a result of hypoxic/traumatic injuries. In subsequent years, evidence of GPR17 key role in oligodendrogenesis and myelination has highlighted it as a "model receptor" for new therapies in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. The apparently contrasting evidence in the literature about the role of GPR17 in promoting or inhibiting myelination can be due to its transient expression in the intermediate stages of differentiation, exerting a pro-differentiating function in early oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and an inhibitory role in late stage maturing cells. Meanwhile, several papers extended the initial data on GPR17 pharmacology, highlighting a "promiscuous" behavior of this receptor; indeed, GPR17 is able to respond to other emergency signals like oxysterols or the pro-inflammatory cytokine SDF-1, underlying GPR17 ability to adapt its responses to changes of the surrounding extracellular milieu, including damage conditions. Here, we analyze the available literature on GPR17, in an attempt to summarize its emerging biological roles and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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24
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540737 PMCID: PMC5852120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A variety of brain disorders from “classical” demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, schizophrenia, depression, Down syndrome and autism, are shown myelination defects. Oligodendrocyte myelination is regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic, epigenetic and extrinsic factors. Gpr17 (G protein-coupled receptor 17) is a G protein-coupled receptor, and has been identified to be a regulator for oligodendrocyte development. Here, we demonstrate that the absence of Gpr17 enhances remyelination in vivo with a toxin-induced model whereby focal demyelinated lesions are generated in spinal cord white matter of adult mice by localized injection of LPC(L-a-lysophosphatidylcholine). The increased expression of the activated form of Erk1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2) in lesion areas suggested the potential role of Erk1/2 activity on the Gpr17-dependent modulation of myelination. The absence of Gpr17 enhances remyelination is correlate with the activated Erk1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2).Being a membrane receptor, Gpr17 represents an ideal druggable target to be exploited for innovative regenerative approaches to acute and chronic CNS diseases.
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25
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Zhao B, Shi QJ, Zhang ZZ, Wang SY, Wang X, Wang H. Protective effects of paeonol on subacute/chronic brain injury during cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3836-3846. [PMID: 29563983 PMCID: PMC5858057 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly complex pathological process that is divided into acute, subacute and chronic phases. Paeonol is a biologically active natural product with a variety of pharmacological effects, including those on neuronal activity. However, the effects of paeonol on subacute/chronic ischemic stroke have remained to be elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of paeonol against subacute and chronic cerebral ischemic injury and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham group (treated with saline), a model group [subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with saline] and a paeonol-treated group (MCAO + paeonol at 25 mg/kg). Behavioral impairment, infarct volume and ischemic/contralateral hemispheric ratios were assessed at 72 h and at 28 days after MCAO, respectively. Immunofluorescence was employed to determine the neuronal damage and glial responses after MCAO. Compared with the model group, paeonol treatment significantly attenuated behavioral impairment, ischemic infarct volume and moderate cerebral edema in the ischemic brain at 72 h, as well as brain atrophy at 28 days after reperfusion. Furthermore, paeonol treatment ameliorated neuronal damage in the ischemic core and boundary zone regions at 72 h after reperfusion and in the boundary zone at 28 days after reperfusion. In addition, paeonol treatment reduced the proliferation of astrocytes in the boundary zone, and inhibited microglial activation in the ischemic core and boundary zone regions at 72 h and 28 days after reperfusion. These results demonstrated the protective effects of paeonol against subacute/chronic cerebral ischemia, and the mechanism of action may include subacute/chronic microglial activation and astrocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Juan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China.,Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Pathophysiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
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26
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Olig2-Targeted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10560-10573. [PMID: 27733608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0898-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are known to result from acute or chronic injury to the myelin sheath and inadequate remyelination; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we performed genome occupancy analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-induced injury and found that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are critical factors in regulating oligodendrocyte survival. After injury to oligodendrocytes, Olig2 was significantly upregulated and transcriptionally targeted the Gpr17 locus. Gpr17 activation inhibited oligodendrocyte survival by reducing the intracellular cAMP level and inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Xaf1 The protein kinase A signaling pathway and the transcription factor c-Fos mediated the regulatory effects of Gpr17 in oligodendrocytes. We showed that Gpr17 inhibition elevated Epac1 expression and promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation. The loss of Gpr17, either globally or specifically in oligodendrocytes, led to an earlier onset of remyelination after myelin injury in mice. Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 with pranlukast promoted remyelination. Our findings indicate that Gpr17, an Olig2 transcriptional target, is activated after injury to oligodendrocytes and that targeted inhibition of Gpr17 promotes oligodendrocyte remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genome occupancy analysis of oligodendrocytes in response to lysolecithin-mediated demyelination injury revealed that Olig2 and its downstream target Gpr17 are part of regulatory circuitry critical for oligodendrocyte survival. Gpr17 inhibits oligodendrocyte survival through activation of Xaf1 and cell differentiation by reducing Epac1 expression. The loss of Gpr17 in mice led to precocious myelination and an earlier onset of remyelination after demyelination. Pharmacological inhibition of Gpr17 promoted remyelination, highlighting the potential for Gpr17-targeted therapeutic approaches in demyelination diseases.
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27
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Cysteinyl Leukotrienes as Potential Pharmacological Targets for Cerebral Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3454212. [PMID: 28607533 PMCID: PMC5451784 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3454212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid mediators widely known for their actions in asthma and in allergic rhinitis. Accumulating data highlights their involvement in a broader range of inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. The reported elevated levels of CysLTs in acute and chronic brain lesions, the association between the genetic polymorphisms in the LTs biosynthesis pathways and the risk of cerebral pathological events, and the evidence from animal models link also CysLTs and brain diseases. This review will give an overview of how far research has gone into the evaluation of the role of CysLTs in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy) in order to understand the underlying mechanism by which they might be central in the disease progression.
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28
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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29
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Song FE, Huang JL, Lin SH, Wang S, Ma GF, Tong XP. Roles of NG2-glia in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:547-553. [PMID: 28317272 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a widely distributed class of glial cells, termed NG2-glia, engages in rapid signaling with surrounding neurons through direct synaptic contacts in the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS). This unique glial cell group has a typical function of proliferating and differentiating into oligodendrocytes during early development of the brain, which is crucial to axon myelin formation. Therefore, NG2-glia are also called oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that NG2-glia expressing receptors and ion channels demonstrate functional significance for rapid signaling with neuronal synapses and modulation of neuronal activities in both physiological and pathological conditions. Although it is well known that NG2-glia play an important role in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, little is known about how NG2-glia or OPCs impact neurons and brain function following ischemic injury. This review summarizes recent progress on the roles of NG2-glia in ischemic stroke and illustrates new approaches for targeting NG2-glia in the brain to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Er Song
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Lv Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Research-Based Learning training program (RBL2015-29), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Han Lin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Research-Based Learning training program (RBL2015-29), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Research-Based Learning training program (RBL2015-29), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Fen Ma
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Tong
- Discipline of Neuroscience and Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Marucci G, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Santinelli C, Spinaci A, Thomas A, Volpini R, Buccioni M. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR17: Overview and Update. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2567-2574. [PMID: 27863043 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The GPR17 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that seems to respond to two unrelated families of endogenous ligands: nucleotide sugars (UDP, UDP-galactose, and UDP-glucose) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTD4 , LTC4 , and LTE4 ), with significant affinity at micromolar and nanomolar concentrations, respectively. This receptor has a broad distribution at the level of the central nervous system (CNS) and is found in neurons and in a subset of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Unfortunately, disparate results emerging from different laboratories have resulted in a lack of clarity with regard to the role of GPR17-targeting ligands in OPC differentiation and in myelination. GPR17 is also highly expressed in organs typically undergoing ischemic damage and has various roles in specific phases of adaptations that follow a stroke. Under such conditions, GPR17 plays a crucial role; in fact, its inhibition decreases the progression of ischemic damage. This review summarizes some important features of this receptor that could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases and for repairing traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Claudia Santinelli
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Ajiroghene Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
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31
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Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:943-951. [PMID: 27542570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are a group of the inflammatory lipid molecules well known as mediators of inflammatory signaling in the allergic diseases. Although they are traditionally known for their role in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and others, recent advances in the field of biomedical research highlighted the role of these inflammatory mediators in a broader range of diseases such as in the inflammation associated with the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, vascular inflammation (atherosclerotic), and in cancer. Among the CNS diseases, they, along with their synthesis precursor enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and their receptors, have been shown to be associated with brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, epilepsy, and others. However, a lot more remains elusive as the research in these areas is emerging and only a little has been discovered. Herein, through this review, we first provided a general up-to-date information on the synthesis pathway and the receptors for the molecules. Next, we summarized the current findings on their role in the brain disorders, with an insight given to the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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33
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CNS remyelination as a novel reparative approach to neurodegenerative diseases: The roles of purinergic signaling and the P2Y-like receptor GPR17. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:82-93. [PMID: 26453964 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS. They enwrap axons, thus permitting fast impulse transmission and exerting trophic actions on neurons. Demyelination accompanied by neurological deficit is a rather frequent condition that is not only associated with multiple sclerosis but has been also recognized in several other neurodegenerative diseases, including brain trauma and stroke, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, alterations of myelin function have been also reported in neuropsychiatric diseases, like depression and autism. Highly relevant for therapeutic purposes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) still persist in the adult brain and spinal cord. These cells are normally rather quiescent, but under specific circumstances, they can be stimulated to undergo differentiation and generate mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Thus, approaches aimed at restoring myelin integrity and at fostering a correct oligodendrocyte function are now viewed as novel therapeutic opportunities for both neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes express purinergic receptors. For some of these receptors, expression is restricted at specific differentiation stages, suggesting key roles in OPCs maturation and myelination. Some of these receptors are altered under demyelinating conditions, suggesting that their dysregulation may contribute to disease development and could represent adequate new targets for remyelinating therapies. Here, we shall describe the current literature available on all these receptors, with special emphasis on the P2Y-like GPR17 receptor, that represents one of the most studied receptor subtypes in these cells. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Key Words
- 2′-Deoxy-N(6)-methyladenosine 3′,5'-bisphosphate ammonium salt (MRS2179)
- 3-(2-carboxy-4,6-dichloro-indol-3-yl)propionic acid (MDL29,951)
- 3-[4-[2-[ [6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid (CGS21680)
- 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (SCH58261)
- ADP
- ATP
- Adenosine
- Brilliant blue G (BBG)
- Leukotriene D4 (LTD(4))
- Montelukast
- N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA)
- Oligodendrocytes
- Oxidized ATP (oxATP)
- Purinergic receptors
- Rapamycin
- Remyelination
- UDP
- UDP-Glucose
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CysLT 2 receptor mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial inflammation and consequent neurotoxicity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1624:433-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shi QJ, Wang H, Liu ZX, Fang SH, Song XM, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Sa XY, Ying HZ, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2R antagonist, dose- and time-dependently attenuates brain injury and inhibits microglial inflammation after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2015; 291:53-69. [PMID: 25681271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses by activating their receptors, CysLT1R and CysLT2R. We have reported that CysLT2R is involved in neuronal injury, astrocytosis, and microgliosis, and that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the selective CysLT2R antagonist HAMI 3379 protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. In the present study, we clarified features of the protective effect of intraperitoneally-injected HAMI 3379 in rats. We found that HAMI 3379 attenuated the acute brain injury 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with effective doses of 0.1-0.4 mg/kg and a therapeutic window of ∼1h. It attenuated the neurological deficits, and reduced infarct volume, brain edema, and neuronal loss and degeneration 24 and 72h after MCAO. RNA interference with i.c.v. injection of CysLT2R short hairpin RNA (shRNA) attenuated the acute injury as well. Also, HAMI 3379 inhibited release of the cytokines IL-1β, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) into the serum and cerebrospinal fluid 24h after MCAO. Moreover, HAMI 3379 ameliorated the microglial activation and neutrophil accumulation in the ischemic regions, but did not affect astrocyte proliferation 72h after MCAO. In comparison, the CysLT1R antagonist pranlukast did not affect microglial activation and IFN-γ release, but inhibited astrocyte proliferation and reduced serum IL-4. Thus, we conclude that HAMI 3379 has a protective effect on acute and subacute ischemic brain injury, and attenuates microglia-related inflammation. CysLT2R antagonist(s) alone or in combination with CysLT1R antagonists may be a novel class of therapeutic agents in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q J Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Z X Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - S H Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X M Song
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Y B Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - W P Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Y Sa
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - H Z Ying
- Experimental Animal Center, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, 182 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - E Q Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Wang PF, Zhou Y, Fang H, Lin S, Wang YC, Liu Y, Xia J, Eslick GD, Yang QW. Treatment of acute cerebral ischemia using animal models: a meta-analysis. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:47-58. [PMID: 28123790 PMCID: PMC4936615 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous potential treatments assessed for acute cerebral ischemia using animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of these treatments in terms of infarct size and neurobehavioral change. This meta-analysis was conducted to determine if any of these treatments provide a superior benefit so that they might be used on humans. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using several electronic databases for controlled animal studies using only nonsurgical interventions for acute cerebral ischemia. A random-effects model was used. RESULTS After an extensive literature search, 145 studies were included in the analysis. These studies included 1408 treated animals and 1362 control animals. Treatments that had the most significant effect on neurobehavioral scales included insulin, various antagonists, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ACEA1021, calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist YM872, and antiviral agents. Treatments providing the greatest effect on infarct size included statins, sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist (fingolimod), alcohol, angiotensin, and leukotrienes. Treatments offering the greatest reduction in brain water content included various agonists, including sphingosine-1-phosphate agonist fingolimod, statins, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Treatment groups with more than one study all had high heterogeneity (I2 > 80%), however, using meta-regression we determined several sources of heterogeneity including sample size of the treatment and control groups, the occlusion time, but not the year when the study was conducted. CONCLUSIONS Some treatments stand out when compared to others for acute cerebral ischemia in animals. Greater replication of treatment studies is required before any treatments are selected for future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Development and Regeneration Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Histoembryology and Neurobiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Systematic Review Solutions, China
| | - Guy D Eslick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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GPR17 gene disruption does not alter food intake or glucose homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1845-9. [PMID: 25624481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424968112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) was recently reported to be a Foxo1 target in agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons. Intracerebroventricular injection of GPR17 agonists induced food intake, whereas administration of an antagonist to the receptor reduced feeding. These data lead to the conclusion that pharmacological modulation of GPR17 has therapeutic potential to treat obesity. Here we report that mice deficient in Gpr17 (Gpr17(-/-)) have similar food intake and body weight compared with their wild-type littermates. Gpr17(-/-) mice have normal hypothalamic Agrp mRNA expression, AGRP plasma levels, and metabolic rate. GPR17 deficiency in mice did not affect glucose homeostasis or prevent fat-induced insulin resistance. These data do not support a role for GPR17 in the control of food intake, body weight, or glycemic control.
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Cosentino S, Castiglioni L, Colazzo F, Nobili E, Tremoli E, Rosa P, Abbracchio MP, Sironi L, Pesce M. Expression of dual nucleotides/cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor GPR17 in early trafficking of cardiac stromal cells after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1785-96. [PMID: 24909956 PMCID: PMC4196654 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a Gi-coupled dual receptor activated by uracil-nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. These mediators are massively released into hypoxic tissues. In the normal heart, GPR17 expression has been reported. By contrast, its role in myocardial ischaemia has not yet been assessed. In the present report, the expression of GPR17 was investigated in mice before and at early stages after myocardial infarction by using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Before induction of ischaemia, results indicated the presence of the receptor in a population of stromal cells expressing the stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). At early stages after ligation of the coronary artery, the receptor was expressed in Sca-1+ cells, and cells stained with Isolectin-B4 and anti-CD45 antibody. GPR17+ cells also expressed mesenchymal marker CD44. GPR17 function was investigated in vitro in a Sca-1+/CD31− cell line derived from normal hearts. These experiments showed a migratory function of the receptor by treatment with UDP-glucose and leukotriene LTD4, two GPR17 pharmacological agonists. The GPR17 function was finally assessed in vivo by treating infarcted mice with Cangrelor, a pharmacological receptor antagonist, which, at least in part, inhibited early recruitment of GPR17+ and CD45+ cells. These findings suggest a regulation of heart-resident mesenchymal cells and blood-borne cellular species recruitment following myocardial infarction, orchestrated by GPR17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cosentino
- Laboratorio di Biologia e Biochimica dell'Aterotrombosi, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Gelosa P, Lecca D, Fumagalli M, Wypych D, Pignieri A, Cimino M, Verderio C, Enerbäck M, Nikookhesal E, Tremoli E, Abbracchio MP, Sironi L. Microglia is a key player in the reduction of stroke damage promoted by the new antithrombotic agent ticagrelor. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:979-88. [PMID: 24643079 PMCID: PMC4050242 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ADP-responsive P2Y12 receptor is expressed on both platelets and microglia. Clinical data show that ticagrelor, a direct-acting, reversibly binding P2Y12-receptor antagonist, reduces total cardiovascular events, including stroke. In our present study, we investigated the expression of P2Y12 receptors and the effects of ticagrelor on brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats were treated per os with ticagrelor 3 mg/kg or vehicle at 10 minutes, 22, and 36 hours after MCAo and killed after 48 hours. Immunofluorescence analysis showed an ischemia-related modulation of the P2Y12 receptor, which is constitutively expressed in Iba1(+) resting microglia. After MCAo, activated microglia was mainly concentrated around the lesion, with fewer cells present inside the ischemic core. Ticagrelor significantly attenuated the evolution of ischemic damage-evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2, 24, and 48 hours after MCAo-, the number of infiltrating cells expressing the microglia/monocyte marker ED-1, the cerebral expression of proinflammatory mediators (interleukin 1 (IL-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) and the associated neurologic impairment. In transgenic fluorescent reporter CX3CR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice, 72 hours after MCAo, ticagrelor markedly reduced GFP(+) microglia and both early and late infiltrating blood-borne cells. Finally, in primary cultured microglia, ticagrelor fully inhibited ADP-induced chemotaxis (P<0.01). Our results show that ticagrelor is protective against ischemia-induced cerebral injury and this effect is mediated, at least partly, by inhibition of P2Y12-mediated microglia activation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gelosa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorota Wypych
- 1] Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy [2] Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alice Pignieri
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Cimino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Claudia Verderio
- Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, Milan and IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Tremoli
- 1] Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy [2] Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- 1] Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy [2] Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Guo Z, Cao G, Yang H, Zhou H, Li L, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1295-306. [PMID: 24801159 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SMXZF is a combination of Rb1, Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) derived from Sheng-mai San, a widely used Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases. The present study explores the inhibitory effects and signaling pathways of SMXZF on autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion insult by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr with subsequent 24 hr reperfusion. Three doses of SMXZF (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after ischemia for 1 hr. An autophagic inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 300 μg/kg), was administered i.p. 20 min before ischemia as a positive drug. We found that SMXZF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and the neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Similar to the positive control, SMXZF at 18 mg/kg also significantly inhibited autophagosome formation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting demonstrated that SMXZF could significantly decrease the expression levels of beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. SMXZF also remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its phosphorylation induced by 24 hr reperfusion. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimal administration time of SMXZF was at the early period of reperfusion. This study reveals that SMXZF displays neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly associated with autophagy inactivation through AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Butt AM, Fern RF, Matute C. Neurotransmitter signaling in white matter. Glia 2014; 62:1762-79. [PMID: 24753049 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
White matter (WM) tracts are bundles of myelinated axons that provide for rapid communication throughout the CNS and integration in grey matter (GM). The main cells in myelinated tracts are oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, with small populations of microglia and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The prominence of neurotransmitter signaling in WM, which largely exclude neuronal cell bodies, indicates it must have physiological functions other than neuron-to-neuron communication. A surprising aspect is the diversity of neurotransmitter signaling in WM, with evidence for glutamatergic, purinergic (ATP and adenosine), GABAergic, glycinergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic signaling, acting via a wide range of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Both axons and glia are potential sources of neurotransmitters and may express the respective receptors. The physiological functions of neurotransmitter signaling in WM are subject to debate, but glutamate and ATP-mediated signaling have been shown to evoke Ca(2+) signals in glia and modulate axonal conduction. Experimental findings support a model of neurotransmitters being released from axons during action potential propagation acting on glial receptors to regulate the homeostatic functions of astrocytes and myelination by oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes also release neurotransmitters, which act on axonal receptors to strengthen action potential propagation, maintaining signaling along potentially long axon tracts. The co-existence of multiple neurotransmitters in WM tracts suggests they may have diverse functions that are important for information processing. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter signaling phenomena described in WM most likely apply to myelinated axons of the cerebral cortex and GM areas, where they are doubtless important for higher cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Melani A, Corti F, Cellai L, Giuliana Vannucchi M, Pedata F. Low doses of the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 are protective in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1551:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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siRNA Treatment: "A Sword-in-the-Stone" for Acute Brain Injuries. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:435-56. [PMID: 24705212 PMCID: PMC3924829 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) a little over a decade ago, it has been highly sought after for its potential as a therapeutic agent for many diseases. In this review, we discuss the promising possibility of siRNA to be used as a drug to treat acute brain injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. First, we will give a brief and basic overview of the principle of RNA interference as an effective mechanism to decrease specific protein expression. Then, we will review recent in vivo studies describing siRNA research experiments/treatment options for acute brain diseases. Lastly, we will discuss the future of siRNA as a clinical therapeutic strategy against brain diseases and injuries, while addressing the current obstacles to effective brain delivery.
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Li Z, Li W, Li Q, Tang M. Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine regulate microglial motility and their role in cerebral ischemia. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Shi QJ, Zhang LH, Chen L, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. HAMI 3379, a CysLT2 Receptor Antagonist, Attenuates Ischemia-Like Neuronal Injury by Inhibiting Microglial Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:328-41. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Valous NA, Lahrmann B, Zhou W, Veltkamp R, Grabe N. Multistage histopathological image segmentation of Iba1-stained murine microglias in a focal ischemia model: Methodological workflow and expert validation. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 213:250-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ström JO, Strid T, Hammarström S. Disruption of the alox5ap gene ameliorates focal ischemic stroke: possible consequence of impaired leukotriene biosynthesis. BMC Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23194405 PMCID: PMC3557197 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators, which in a number of studies have been found to be associated with ischemic stroke pathology: gene variants affecting leukotriene synthesis, including the FLAP (ALOX5AP) gene, have in human studies shown correlation to stroke incidence, and animal studies have demonstrated protective properties of various leukotriene-disrupting drugs. However, no study has hitherto described a significant effect of a genetic manipulation of the leukotriene system on ischemic stroke. Therefore, we decided to compare the damage from focal cerebral ischemia between wild type and FLAP knockout mice. Damage was evaluated by infarct staining and a functional test after middle cerebral artery occlusion in 20 wild type and 20 knockout male mice. Results Mortality-adjusted median infarct size was 18.4 (3.2-76.7) mm3 in the knockout group, compared to 72.0 (16.7-174.0) mm3 in the wild type group (p < 0.0005). There was also a tendency of improved functional score in the knockout group (p = 0.068). Analysis of bone marrow cells confirmed that knockout animals had lost their ability to form leukotrienes. Conclusions Since the local inflammatory reaction after ischemic stroke is known to contribute to the brain tissue damage, the group difference seen in the current study could be a consequence of a milder inflammatory reaction in the knockout group. Our results add evidence to the notion that leukotrienes are important in ischemic stroke, and that blocked leukotriene production ameliorates cerebral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Shi QJ, Xiao L, Zhao B, Zhang XY, Wang XR, Xu DM, Yu SY, Fang SH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Sa XY, Wei EQ. Intracerebroventricular injection of HAMI 3379, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 antagonist, protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1484:57-67. [PMID: 23000196 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses by activating their receptors, CysLT(1)R and CysLT(2)R. We recently reported that CysLT(2)R is involved in neuronal injury, astrocytosis and microgliosis after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Here, we determined whether HAMI 3379, a selective CysLT(2)R antagonist, protects against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. We induced transient focal cerebral ischemia by 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 24h of reperfusion. HAMI 3379 (1, 10 or 100 ng) was injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) 30 min before MCAO, and the CysLT(1)R antagonist pranlukast (0.1mg/kg, i.p.) was used as a positive control. HAMI 3379 at 10 and 100 ng (but not at 1 ng) attenuated the neurological deficits, and reduced infarct volume, brain edema, IgG exudation, neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss. This protective effect was similar to that of pranlukast. Thus, HAMI 3339 at 10-100 ng i.c.v. is neuroprotective against acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. These findings suggest therapeutic potential for CysLT(2)R antagonists in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Juan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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