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Liu Y, Zhang Z, He Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Ma W. Mitochondria protective and anti-apoptotic effects of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and its ligands on the treatment of asthma in vitro and vivo. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:11. [PMID: 38641850 PMCID: PMC11031857 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a prevalent respiratory inflammatory disease. Abnormal apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells is one of the major factors in the progression of asthma. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are highly expressed in bronchial epithelial cells, which act as a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore to regulate its opening and closing and apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and its ligands, agonist 4'-Chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864) and antagonist 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11,195), modulate the mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis in the treatment of asthma. METHODS In vitro study, Ro5-4864 and PK 11,195 were utilized to pretreat cells prior to the inflammatory injury induced by Lipopolysaccharide. The reactive oxygen species, the apoptosis of cell, the mitochondrial membrane potentials, the ultrastructures of the mitochondria and the expression levels of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and apoptosis-related proteins and genes were detected. In vivo study, mice were administrated intraperitoneally with Ro5-4864 and PK 11,195 before sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin. Serum IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines were detected, and lung tissues were underwent the histopathological examination. RESULTS The ligands of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor counteracted the effects of the increase of reactive oxygen species, the elevated extent of apoptosis, the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potentials and the disruption of mitochondrial ultrastructures induced by Lipopolysaccharide. The ligands also promoted the expression of anti-apoptosis-related proteins and genes and inhibited the expression of pro-apoptosis-related proteins and genes. Besides, the ligands reduced the levels of serum IgE and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines in asthmatic mice and attenuated the histopathological damage of lungs. CONCLUSION Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor serves as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma, with its ligands exerting mitochondrial protective and anti-apoptotic effects on bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurui Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengze Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuewen He
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruogen Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wuhua Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, 510405, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Witkin JM, Shafique H, Cerne R, Smith JL, Marini AM, Lipsky RH, Delery E. Mechanistic and therapeutic relationships of traumatic brain injury and γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA). Pharmacol Ther 2024; 256:108609. [PMID: 38369062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a highly prevalent medical condition for which no medications specific for the prophylaxis or treatment of the condition as a whole exist. The spectrum of symptoms includes coma, headache, seizures, cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety. Although it has been known for years that the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) is involved in TBI, no novel therapeutics based upon this mechanism have been introduced into clinical practice. We review the neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neurochemical, and neuropharmacological relationships of GABA neurotransmission to TBI with a view toward new potential GABA-based medicines. The long-standing idea that excitatory and inhibitory (GABA and others) balances are disrupted by TBI is supported by the experimental data but has failed to invent novel methods of restoring this balance. The slow progress in advancing new treatments is due to the complexity of the disorder that encompasses multiple dynamically interacting biological processes including hemodynamic and metabolic systems, neurodegeneration and neurogenesis, major disruptions in neural networks and axons, frank brain lesions, and a multitude of symptoms that have differential neuronal and neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms. Although the current and ongoing clinical studies include GABAergic drugs, no novel GABA compounds are being explored. It is suggested that filling the gap in understanding the roles played by specific GABAA receptor configurations within specific neuronal circuits could help define new therapeutic approaches. Further research into the temporal and spatial delivery of GABA modulators should also be useful. Along with GABA modulation, research into the sequencing of GABA and non-GABA treatments will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Lipsky
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Delery
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Mahemuti Y, Kadeer K, Su R, Abula A, Aili Y, Maimaiti A, Abulaiti S, Maimaitituerxun M, Miao T, Jiang S, Axier A, Aisha M, Wang Y, Cheng X. TSPO exacerbates acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing autophagy dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114542. [PMID: 37717810 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a double-edged sword, with a role in the regulation of the pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system (CNS) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein, with its expression level in the nervous system closely associated with the regulation of pathophysiological processes. In addition, the ligand of TSPO reduces neuroinflammation in brain diseases, but the potential role of TSPO in CIRI is largely undiscovered. On this basis, we investigated whether TSPO regulates neuroinflammatory response by affecting autophagy in microglia. In our study, increased expression of TSPO was detected in rat brain tissues with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in BV2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation or reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that autophagy was over-activated during CIRI by increased expression of autophagy activation related proteins with Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the expression of p62 was decreased. The degradation process of autophagy was inhibited, while the expression levels of LAMP-1 and Cathepsin-D were significantly reduced. Results of confocal laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that autophagy flux was disordered. In contrast, inhibition of TSPO prevented autophagy over-activation both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, suppression of TSPO alleviated nerve cell damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-6 in microglia cells. In summary, these results indicated that TSPO might affect CIRI by mediating autophagy dysfunction and thus might serve as a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusufu Mahemuti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, PR China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Riqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Abudureheman Abula
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Subinuer Abulaiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | | | - Tong Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Shihao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aximujiang Axier
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China.
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Cheung G, Lin YC, Papadopoulos V. Translocator protein in the rise and fall of central nervous system neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1210205. [PMID: 37416505 PMCID: PMC10322222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1210205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), a 18 kDa protein found in the outer mitochondrial membrane, has historically been associated with the transport of cholesterol in highly steroidogenic tissues though it is found in all cells throughout the mammalian body. TSPO has also been associated with molecular transport, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and energy metabolism. TSPO levels are typically low in the central nervous system (CNS), but a significant upregulation is observed in activated microglia during neuroinflammation. However, there are also a few specific regions that have been reported to have higher TSPO levels than the rest of the brain under normal conditions. These include the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the subventricular zone, the choroid plexus, and the cerebellum. These areas are also all associated with adult neurogenesis, yet there is no explanation of TSPO's function in these cells. Current studies have investigated the role of TSPO in microglia during neuron degeneration, but TSPO's role in the rest of the neuron lifecycle remains to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the known functions of TSPO and its potential role in the lifecycle of neurons within the CNS.
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The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO): a key multifunctional molecule in the nervous system. Biochem J 2022; 479:1455-1466. [PMID: 35819398 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), formerly known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is an evolutionary well-conserved protein located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO is involved in a variety of fundamental physiological functions and cellular processes. Its expression levels are regulated under many pathological conditions, therefore, TSPO has been proposed as a tool for diagnostic imaging and an attractive therapeutic drug target in the nervous system. Several synthetic TSPO ligands have thus been explored as agonists and antagonists for innovative treatments as neuroprotective and regenerative agents. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art knowledge of TSPO functions in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Particular emphasis is placed on its contribution to important physiological functions such as mitochondrial homeostasis, energy metabolism and steroidogenesis. We also report how it is involved in neuroinflammation, brain injury and diseases of the nervous system.
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Neurogenic Potential of the 18-kDa Mitochondrial Translocator Protein (TSPO) in Pluripotent P19 Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102784. [PMID: 34685764 PMCID: PMC8534396 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a key mitochondrial target by which different TSPO ligands exert neuroprotective effects. We assayed the neurogenic potential of TSPO to induce the neuronal differentiation of pluripotent P19 stem cells in vitro. We studied changes in cell morphology, cell proliferation, cell death, the cell cycle, mitochondrial functionality, and the levels of pluripotency and neurogenesis of P19 stem cells treated with the TSPO ligand, PK 11195, in comparison to differentiation induced by retinoid acid (RA) and undifferentiated P19 stem cells. We observed that PK 11195 was able to activate the differentiation of P19 stem cells by promoting the development of embryoid bodies. PK 11195 also induced changes in the cell cycle, decreased cell proliferation, and activated cell death. Mitochondrial metabolism was also enhanced by PK 11195, thus increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+, and ATP as well as the mitochondrial membrane potential. Markers of pluripotency and neurogenesis were also altered during the cell differentiation process, as PK 11195 induced the differentiation of P19 stem cells with a high predisposition toward a neuronal linage, compared to cell differentiation induced by RA. Thus, we suggest a relevant neurogenic potential of TSPO along with broad therapeutic implications.
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7
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Frison M, Faccenda D, Abeti R, Rigon M, Strobbe D, England-Rendon BS, Cash D, Barnes K, Sadeghian M, Sajic M, Wells LA, Xia D, Giunti P, Smith K, Mortiboys H, Turkheimer FE, Campanella M. The translocator protein (TSPO) is prodromal to mitophagy loss in neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2721-2739. [PMID: 33664474 PMCID: PMC8505241 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria characterise Parkinson's Disease (PD). Uncovering etiological molecules, which harm the homeostasis of mitochondria in response to pathological cues, is therefore pivotal to inform early diagnosis and therapy in the condition, especially in its idiopathic forms. This study proposes the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) to be one of those. Both in vitro and in vivo data show that neurotoxins, which phenotypically mimic PD, increase TSPO to enhance cellular redox-stress, susceptibility to dopamine-induced cell death, and repression of ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. TSPO amplifies the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling, forming positive feedback, which represses the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the controlled production of lysosomes. Finally, genetic variances in the transcriptome confirm that TSPO is required to alter the autophagy-lysosomal pathway during neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Frison
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danilo Faccenda
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosella Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Rigon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Strobbe
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Britannie S England-Rendon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Camberwell, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Barnes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Sadeghian
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Sajic
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Wells
- Imanova Limited, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Camberwell, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom.
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy.
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Cai L, Zeng H, Tan X, Wu X, Qian C, Chen G. The Role of the Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2021; 12:671098. [PMID: 34149601 PMCID: PMC8209292 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.671098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is an important type of stroke with the highest rates of mortality and disability. Recent evidence indicates that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in both early brain injury and delayed neural deterioration after aSAH, contributing to unfavorable outcomes. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a peripheral biomarker that conveys information about the inflammatory burden in terms of both innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes relevant studies that associate the NLR with aSAH to evaluate whether the NLR can predict outcomes and serve as an effective biomarker for clinical management. We found that increased NLR is valuable in predicting the clinical outcome of aSAH patients and is related to the risk of complications such as delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) or rebleeding. Combined with other indicators, the NLR provides improved accuracy for predicting prognosis to stratify patients into different risk categories. The underlying pathophysiology is highlighted to identify new potential targets for neuroprotection and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Cai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Qian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Barron AM, Higuchi M, Hattori S, Kito S, Suhara T, Ji B. Regulation of Anxiety and Depression by Mitochondrial Translocator Protein-Mediated Steroidogenesis: the Role of Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:550-563. [PMID: 32989676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies have implicated the translocator protein (TSPO) in the regulation of complex behaviors including anxiety and depression, effects thought to be mediated by increased synthesis of neuroactive steroid hormones. However, TSPO function in the brain remains to be corroborated in vivo via genetic studies. To address this, we developed global TSPO knockout (TSPO-KO) and neuronal TSPO transgenic (TSPO-Tg) mouse models to investigate TSPO function in the regulation of anxiety- and depression-related behaviors using elevated plus maze and forced swim test paradigms. Neuroactive steroid hormones were measured in the brain by mass spectrometry. In vivo TSPO ligand pharmacokinetics was investigated using competitive PET with 18F-FE-DAA1106. Genetic TSPO deficiency increased anxiety-related behavior and impaired brain steroidogenesis but did not affect depressive behaviors. Using the TSPO-KO model, we then demonstrated the specificity of Ac-5216, also known as XBD-173 or Emapunil, as an anxiolytic targeting TSPO at doses optimized by competitive PET for high cortical occupancy. Neuronal TSPO overexpression decreased depressive behaviors, an effect that was dependent on steroidogenesis, and partially reversed anxiogenic behavior in TSPO-KO mice. These findings demonstrate that TSPO is critical for brain steroidogenesis and modulates anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. However, we demonstrate that key differences in the contribution of neuronal TSPO to the modulation of these complex behaviors, illustrating the tissue- and cell-specific importance of TSPO. The TSPO-KO and TSPO-Tg mice provide the tools and rationale for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting TSPO in the brain for treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Barron
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Kito
- Research, Development and Support Center, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-0024, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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Lan N, Liu Y, Juan Z, Zhang R, Ma B, Xie K, Sun L, Feng H, Sun M, Liu J. The TSPO-specific Ligand PK11195 Protects Against LPS-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting Cellular Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:615543. [PMID: 33708121 PMCID: PMC7941270 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.615543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a common postoperative neurological complication. Neuroinflammation is a major cause that leads to PND. Autophagy, an intracellular process of lysosomal degradation, plays an important role in the development and maintenance of nervous system. PK11195 is a classic translocator protein (TSPO) ligand, which can improve the cognitive function of rats. In this study, we evaluate the protective effect of PK11195 on the learning and memory of rats. A rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive dysfunction was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Morris Water Maze (MWM), Western blot, qRT-PCR, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the role of TSPO-specific ligand PK11195 in LPS-activated mitochondrial autophagy in rat hippocampus. We found that PK11195 ameliorated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment, as indicated by decreased escape latencies, swimming distances and increased target quadrant platform crossing times and swimming times during MWM tests. TSPO, ATG7, ATG5, LC3B and p62 protein and mRNA expression increased in the hippocampus of PND model rats. The hippocampal microglia of PND model rats also have severe mitochondrial damage, and a large number of autophagosomes and phagocytic vesicles can be seen. PK11195 pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of TSPO, ATG7, ATG5, LC3B and p62 protein and mRNA, as well as mitochondrial damage. These findings suggested that PK11195 may alleviate the damage of LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction of rats by inhibiting microglia activation and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Lan
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaodong Juan
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Baoyu Ma
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Zhang H, Ma L, Guo WZ, Jiao LB, Zhao HY, Ma YQ, Hao XM. TSPO ligand etifoxine attenuates LPS-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:178-184. [PMID: 33075418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), once known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, was reported to be related with several physiological functions. Etifoxine is a clinically available anxiolytic drug, and has recently shown neuroprotective effects as a TSPO ligand. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of etifoxine on LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. C57/BL6 male mice were injected with etifoxine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) three days before lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 μg/kg, i.p.) administration. Etifoxine pretreatment alleviated hippocampal inflammation, increased brain levels of progesterone, allopregnanolone and attenuated cognitive dysfunction in LPS-injected mice. While LPS increased expression of caspase-3 and decreased p-Akt/Akt, etifoxine returned caspase-3 and p-Akt/Akt to control levels. Finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor that blocked allopregnanolone production, partially reversed the effects of etifoxine. We concluded that etifoxine exerted neuroprotective effects in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and the neuroprotection may be related with increase of neurosteroids synthesis and decrease of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Air Force Medical Center of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lin-Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shouda E.E.N.T Hospital, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ya-Qun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xue-Mei Hao
- Operating Room, 7th Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
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12
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Chen Y, Wu RJ, Guan SF, Pan YY, Wang QB, Tang D, Zhu T, Chen JS. Translocator protein 18 kDa: a potential therapeutic biomarker for post traumatic stress disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:695-707. [PMID: 32172519 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is widely regarded as a stress-related and trauma disorder. The symptoms of PTSD are characterized as a spectrum of vulnerabilities after the exposure to an extremely traumatic stressor. Considering as one of complex mental disorders, little progress has been made toward its diagnostic biomarkers, despite the involvement of PTSD has been studied. Many studies into the underlying neurobiology of PTSD implicated the dysfunction of neurosteroids biosynthesis and neuorinflammatory processes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been considered as one of the promising therapeutic biomarkers for neurological stress disorders (like PTSD, depression, anxiety, et al) without the benzodiazepine-like side effects. This protein participates in the formation of neurosteroids and modulation of neuroinflammation. The review outlines current knowledge involving the role of TSPO in the neuropathology of PTSD and the anti-PTSD-like effects of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Medical Supplies Center of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Jia Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Feng Guan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Bo Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhou J, Zhang X, Peng J, Xie Y, Du F, Guo K, Feng Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Jiang Y. TSPO ligand Ro5-4864 modulates microglia/macrophages polarization after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134977. [PMID: 32387718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is closely related to microglia/macrophages-induced neuroinflammation. Translocator protein (TSPO) is a hall marker of activated microglia/macrophages, and the TSPO ligands have been proved to be beneficial for controlling neuroinflammation. Ro5-4864, one of the TSPO ligands, has been reported to be able to regulate inflammation in neurological diseases. Here, we investigated the effects of Ro5-4864 on microglia/macrophages polarization in a SAH mice model, which was induced by endovascular perforation. Ro5-4864 was administered intraperitoneally dissolved in DMSO-saline. Post-SAH assessments included neurological tests, SAH grade, western blotting, ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that brain injury was accompanied by the accumulation of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the increase of iNOS protein levels. Finally, we found that Ro5-4864 improved neurological function, increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, and influenced phenotypes of M2 microglia/macrophages after SAH. Together, these data reveal a protective role of TSPO ligand Ro5-4864 in inflammatory processes of SAH as well as a potential alternative for SAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; (Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province), Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yuke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Fengling Du
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Kecheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, 64600, China; Department of Newborn Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China; Laboratory of Nervous System Diseases and Brain Functions, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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14
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Bader S, Wolf L, Milenkovic VM, Gruber M, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R, Wetzel CH. Differential effects of TSPO ligands on mitochondrial function in mouse microglia cells. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:65-76. [PMID: 30954920 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), initially characterized as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein, implicated in cholesterol transport thereby affecting steroid hormone biosynthesis, as well as in general mitochondrial function related to bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ homeostasis. TSPO is highly expressed in steroidogenic tissues such as adrenal glands, but shows low expression in the central nervous system. During various disease states such as inflammation, neurodegeneration or cancer, the expression of mitochondrial TSPO in affected tissues is upregulated. The expression of TSPO can be traced for diagnostic purpose by high affinity radio-ligands. Moreover, the function of TSPO is modulated by synthetic as well as endogenous ligands with agonistic or antagonistic properties. Thus, TSPO ligands serve functions as both important biomarkers and putative therapeutic agents. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the effects of TSPO ligands on mouse BV-2 microglia cells, which express significant levels of TSPO, and analyzed the effect of XBD173, PK11195, and Ro5-4864, as well as the inflammatory reagent Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on neurosteroid synthesis and on basic mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential and Ca2+ homeostasis. Specific TSPO-dependent effects were separated from off-target effects by comparing lentiviral TSPO knockdown with shRNA scramble-controls and wild-type BV-2 cells. Our data demonstrate ligand-specific effects on different cellular functions in a TSPO-dependent or independent manner, providing evidence for both specific TSPO-mediated, as well as off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian H Wetzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, 93953 Regensburg, Germany.
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15
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Gui Y, Marks JD, Das S, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Characterization of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression in post-mortem normal and Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:151-164. [PMID: 31276244 PMCID: PMC6904423 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a widely used target for microglial PET imaging radioligands, but its expression in post-mortem normal and diseased human brain is not well described. We aimed at characterizing the TSPO expression in human control (CTRL) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Specifically, we sought to: (1) define the cell type(s) expressing TSPO; (2) compare tspo mRNA and TSPO levels between AD and CTRL brains; (3) correlate TSPO levels with quantitative neuropathological measures of reactive glia and AD neuropathological changes; and (4) investigate the effects of the TSPO rs6971 SNP on tspo mRNA and TSPO levels, glial responses and AD neuropathological changes. We performed quantitative immunohistochemistry and Western blot in post-mortem brain samples from CTRL and AD subjects, as well as analysis of publicly available mouse and human brain RNA-Seq datasets. We found that: (1) TSPO is expressed not just in microglia, but also in astrocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; (2) there is substantial overlap of tspo mRNA and TSPO levels between AD and CTRL subjects and in TSPO levels between temporal neocortex and white matter in both groups; (3) TSPO cortical burden does not correlate with the burden of activated microglia or reactive astrocytes, Aβ plaques or neurofibrillary tangles, or the cortical thickness; (4) the TSPO rs6971 SNP does not significantly impact tspo mRNA or TSPO levels, the magnitude of glial responses, the cortical thickness, or the burden of AD neuropathological changes. These results could inform ongoing efforts toward the development of reactive glia-specific PET radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Gui
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jordan D Marks
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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16
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Qiu ZK, Liu X, Tang D, Zhang Z, Fan QH, Pan YY, Chen YY, Huang MY, Zhu T, Wang YL, Cheng XF, Chen JS. Cytoprotective effects of paeoniflorin are associated with translocator protein 18 kDa. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:19-23. [PMID: 30075369 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is one of the important active components in peony that are known to produce the neuroprotective effects. However, the involved cytoprotective factors on brain astrocytes are remain unclear. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) and its downstream neurosteroids biosynthesis play a significant role in cytoprotection. Based on these, the role of TSPO and neurosteroids biosynthesis in the cytoprotective effects of PF is evaluated. The astrocyte cells were cultured and AC-5216 (TSPO ligand) was selected as the positive control drug. The cytoprotective effects of PF and the levels of neurosteroids were quantified by water-soluble tetrazolium assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The cytoprotective activities of PF were relevant to neurosteroids (e.g. progsterone and allopregnanolone) biosynthesis, while these effects were totally blocked by PK11195, trilostane and finasteride, respectively. In summary, the cytoprotective effects of PF maybe mediated by TSPO and neurosteroids biosynthesis. The findings may provide the new insights into the cytoprotective effects of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qing-Hong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Mei-Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yu-Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Cheng
- Tuina and Pain Management Department, Shenzhen LongGang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital), Shenzhen 518172, PR China.
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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17
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Koumine Attenuates Neuroglia Activation and Inflammatory Response to Neuropathic Pain. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9347696. [PMID: 29770147 PMCID: PMC5889871 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9347696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of studies, the currently available drugs largely fail to control neuropathic pain. Koumine—an alkaloidal constituent derived from the medicinal plant Gelsemium elegans Benth.—has been shown to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of koumine. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of koumine were explored by using chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) neuropathic pain model in vivo and LPS-induced injury in microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were used to assess the modulator effect of koumine on microglia and astrocyte activation after CCI surgery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to examine the modulator effect of koumine on microglial M1 polarization. We found that single or repeated treatment of koumine can significantly reduce neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Moreover, koumine showed inhibitory effects on CCI-evoked microglia and astrocyte activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the spinal cord in rat CCI models. In BV2 cells, koumine significantly inhibited microglia M1 polarization. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of koumine was inhibited by a TSPO antagonist PK11195. These findings suggest that the analgesic effects of koumine on CCI-induced neuropathic pain may result from the inhibition of microglia activation and M1 polarization as well as the activation of astrocytes while sparing the anti-inflammatory responses to neuropathic pain.
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18
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McNeela AM, Bernick C, Hines RM, Hines DJ. TSPO regulation in reactive gliotic diseases. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:978-988. [PMID: 29315754 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body. This high metabolic demand is apparent in that 60% of the brain is comprised of mitochondria-enriched cells. A disruption of the brain's ability to meet this immense metabolic demand is central to the pathogenesis of a multitude of neurological disorders, which range from depression to Alzheimer's disease. Central to these pathologies are glial signaling and energy metabolism cascades regulating apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, diseases causing inflammation and disruption of metabolism can be correlated with glial reactivity. Acutely, reactive gliosis provides a mechanism for limiting the progression of a disease. Following chronic activation, the ability of reactive gliosis to limit disease progression decreases and, in some cases, transitions into a harmful state. The necessity for a noninvasive biomarker of disease in the brain has linked reactive gliosis with an upregulation of translocator protein (TSPO). TSPO is an 18kDa protein that is both a therapeutic target for multiple acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases and the leading biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Although a central function of TSPO is not well known, the protein was named for its ability to translocate cholesterol. Increased TSPO expression is an indicator of disrupted metabolic activity and increased reactive oxygen production. The changes in TSPO expression levels both temporally and spatially relate to the pathogenesis of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, and depression. Therefore, research into the basic function and potential therapeutics targeting TSPO will have broad implications for many diseases of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M McNeela
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Charles Bernick
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Rochelle M Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Dustin J Hines
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
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