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Botticelli L, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Bonifazi A, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. The neuromedin U system: Pharmacological implications for the treatment of obesity and binge eating behavior. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106875. [PMID: 37517560 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a bioactive peptide produced in the gut and in the brain, with a role in multiple physiological processes. NMU acts by binding and activating two G protein coupled receptors (GPCR), the NMU receptor 1 (NMU-R1), which is predominantly expressed in the periphery, and the NMU receptor 2 (NMU-R2), mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). In the brain, NMU and NMU-R2 are consistently present in the hypothalamus, commonly recognized as the main "feeding center". Considering its distribution pattern, NMU revealed to be an important neuropeptide involved in the regulation of food intake, with a powerful anorexigenic ability. This has been observed through direct administration of NMU and by studies using genetically modified animals, which revealed an obesity phenotype when the NMU gene is deleted. Thus, the development of NMU analogs or NMU-R2 agonists might represent a promising pharmacological strategy to treat obese individuals. Furthermore, NMU has been demonstrated to influence the non-homeostatic aspect of food intake, playing a potential role in binge eating behavior. This review aims to discuss and summarize the current literature linking the NMU system with obesity and binge eating behavior, focusing on the influence of NMU on food intake and the neuronal mechanisms underlying its anti-obesity properties. Pharmacological strategies to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of NMU will also be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, Camerino 62032, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, Camerino 62032, Italy.
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Chronic Leptin Deficiency Improves Tolerance of Physiological Damage and Host-Pathogen Cooperation during Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0024222. [PMID: 35924898 PMCID: PMC9476980 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat infections, hosts employ a combination of antagonistic and cooperative defense strategies. The former refers to pathogen killing mediated by resistance mechanisms, while the latter refers to physiological defense mechanisms that promote host health during infection independent of pathogen killing, leading to an apparent cooperation between the host and the pathogen. Previous work has shown that Leptin, a pleiotropic hormone that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy metabolism, is indispensable for resistance mechanisms, while a role for Leptin signaling in cooperative host-pathogen interactions remains unknown. Using a mouse model of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yptb) infection, an emerging pathogen that causes fever, diarrhea, and mesenteric lymphadenitis in humans, we found that the physiological effects of chronic Leptin-signaling deficiency conferred protection from Yptb infection due to increased host-pathogen cooperation rather than greater resistance defenses. The protection against Yptb infection was independent of differences in food consumption, lipolysis, or fat mass. Instead, we found that the chronic absence of Leptin signaling protects from a shift to lipid utilization during infection that contributes to Yptb lethality. Furthermore, we found that the survival advantage conferred by Leptin deficiency was associated with increased liver and kidney damage. Our work reveals an additional level of complexity for the role of Leptin in infection defense and demonstrates that in some contexts, in addition to tolerating the pathogen, tolerating organ damage is more beneficial for survival than preventing the damage.
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Shewale SA, Deshbhratar SM, Ravikumar A, Bhargava SY. Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the tadpole brain: Response to different energy states. Neuropeptides 2021; 88:102152. [PMID: 33932859 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide known to play a key role in energy homeostasis across the vertebrate phyla. In the current study, we have investigated the response of the CART immunoreactive system to varying energy states in the brain of a tadpole model. The pro-metamorphic tadpoles of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis were fasted, or intracranially injected with glucose or 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG; an antagonist to glucose inducing glucoprivation) and the response of the CART containing system in various neuroanatomical areas was studied using immunohistochemistry. Glucose administration increased the CART immunoreactivity in the entopeduncular neurons (EN), preoptic area (POA), ventral hypothalamus (vHy) and the Edinger Westphal nucleus (EW) while CART positive cells decrease in response to fasting and glucoprivation. A substantial decrease in CART was noted in the EW nucleus of tadpoles injected with 2DG. These regions might contain the glucose-sensing neurons and regulate food intake in anurans. Therefore, we speculate that the function of central CART and its antagonistic action with NPY in food and feeding circuitry of anurans is evolutionary conserved and might be responsible for glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil A Shewale
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India; Department of Zoology, Bhavan's Hazarimal Somani College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400 007, India
| | - Shantaj M Deshbhratar
- Department of Zoology, Bhavan's Hazarimal Somani College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400 007, India
| | - Ameeta Ravikumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shobha Y Bhargava
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India.
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Perea C, Vázquez-Ágredos A, Ruiz-Leyva L, Morón I, Zúñiga JM, Cendán CM. Caloric Restriction in Group-Housed Mice: Littermate and Sex Influence on Behavioral and Hormonal Data. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639187. [PMID: 33937370 PMCID: PMC8081842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the research done on aging, oxidative stress, anxiety, and cognitive and social behavior in rodents has focused on caloric restriction (CR). This often involves several days of single housing, which can cause numerous logistical problems, as well as cognitive and social dysfunctions. Previous results in our laboratory showed the viability of long-term CR in grouped rats. Our research has studied the possibility of CR in grouped female and male littermates and unrelated CB6F1/J (C57BL/6J × BALBc/J hybrid strain) mice, measuring: (i) possible differences in body mass proportions between mice in ad libitum and CR conditions (at 70% of ad libitum), (ii) aggressive behavior, using the number of pushes and chasing behavior time as an indicator and social behavior using the time under the feeder as indicator, and (iii) difference in serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations (stress biomarker), under ad libitum and CR conditions. Results showed the impossibility of implementing CR in unrelated male mice. In all other groups, CR was possible, with a less aggressive behavior (measured only with the number of pushes) observed in the unrelated female mice under CR conditions. In that sense, the ACTH levels measured on the last day of CR showed no difference in stress levels. These results indicate that implementantion of long-term CR in mice can be optimized technically and also related to their well-being by grouping animals, in particular, related mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perea
- Center of Scientific Instrumentation, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez-Ágredos
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leandro Ruiz-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Center of Investigation of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Fadó R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Casals N. The return of malonyl-CoA to the brain: Cognition and other stories. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101071. [PMID: 33186641 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients, hormones and the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) tightly regulate the intracellular levels of the metabolic intermediary malonyl-CoA, which is a precursor of fatty acid synthesis and a negative regulator of fatty acid oxidation. In the brain, the involvement of malonyl-CoA in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis has been known for decades. However, recent data uncover a new role in cognition and brain development. The sensing of malonyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) proteins regulates a variety of functions, such as the fate of neuronal stem cell precursors, the motility of lysosomes in developing axons, the trafficking of glutamate receptors to the neuron surface (necessary for proper synaptic function) and the metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons. We discuss the relevance of those recent findings evidencing how nutrients and metabolic disorders impact cognition. We also enumerate all nutritional and hormonal conditions that are known to regulate malonyl-CoA levels in the brain, reflect on protein malonylation as a new post-translational modification, and give a reasoned vision of the opportunities and challenges that future research in the field could address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Anachuna KK, Moke GE, Iyare C, Katchy N, Ben-Azu B, Adeniyi B, Nwogueze BC, Iyare E. Prenatal and early postnatal food restrictions cause changes in brain oxidative status and orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones in the offspring of rats: prevention by quercetin and kaempferol. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 1:39-52. [PMID: 34909641 PMCID: PMC8663934 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain oxidative signaling pathways have been identified as important targets for alleviating food deprivation-induced changes in metabolic gate-ways. Previous studies have shown that prenatal and early postnatal malnutrition alters leptin and ghrelin signaling via oxidative pathways. Thus, it has been hypothesized that agents with antioxidant properties might be beneficial for the mitigation of prenatal and early postnatal food scarcity-induced oxidative damage. Quercetin and kaempferol are natural bioflavonoids with proven antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluated their effects on prenatal maternal food consumption, maternal and pup weights, biomarkers of orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones and oxidative stress in rats. Rats were allotted into different treatment groups (n = 6) in three different experiments (prenatal, postnatal food-deprivations or both). Prenatal-food restriction (PrNFR) was induced by 50% of ad libitum accessible diet during pregnancy till parturition and postnatal-food restriction (PsNFR) was simulated by litter-enlargement to 16 pups per mother from postnatal day (PND) 2. Rats in each experiment were concurrently treated with vehicle (10 mL/kg), quercetin (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) or kaempferol (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively. A third experimental group consisted of both protocols. Quercetin and kaempferol dose-dependently increased the body weights of pups exposed to PrNFR, PsNFR and PrNFR-PsNFR at PNDs 1–22 respectively. Both compounds increased maternal body weights but attenuated maternal food-intake at prenatal days 7 and 14 due by PrNFR. Quercetin and kaempferol reduced brain malondialdehyde concentrations and increased glutathione levels in PrNFR, PsNFR and PrNFR-PsNFR-exposed offspring of rats. Importantly, quercetin and kaempferol significantly (p < 0.05) prevented PrNFR-, PsNFR- or PrNFR-PsNFR-induced alterations in leptin and ghrelin levels. Cumulatively, quercetin and kaempferol increased pup and maternal weights and attenuated maternal food-intake of rats submitted to PrNFR, PsNFR and PrNFR-PsNFR respectively, likely via nutrigenomic modulations of orexigenic/anorexigenic hormones and inhibition of brain oxidative stress. PrNFR and PsNFR reduce maternal and fetal weights. Quercetine and kaempferol increase PrNFR and PsNFR-induced weight loss. Quercetine and kaempferol attenuate PrNFR and PsNFR-induced ghrelin alteration. Quercetine and kaempferol attenuate PrNFR and PsNFR-induced leptin alteration. Quercetine and kaempferol reduced PrNFR and PsNFR-induced brain oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- BMI, body mass index
- BPS, balano-preputal separation
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Food restriction
- Ghrelin
- KFAM, Kaempferol
- Kaempferol
- Leptin
- Oxidative stress
- PND, postnatal day
- PrNFR, Prenatal-food restriction
- PsNFR, postnatal-food restriction
- QCET, Quercetin
- Quercetin
- VO, vaginal opening
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kelechi Anachuna
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.,Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Goodies Emuesiri Moke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Cordilia Iyare
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - Nkiru Katchy
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwatife Adeniyi
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew Chukwuebuka Nwogueze
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Eghosa Iyare
- Reproductive and Developmental Programming Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
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Sonoda S, Yoshimura M, Ueno H, Nishimura H, Nishimura K, Tanaka K, Motojima Y, Saito R, Maruyama T, Hashimoto H, Okada Y, Tanaka Y, Ueta Y. Expression of the genes encoding hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with variable hyperglycemia and hyperphagia. Neuropeptides 2019; 75:34-40. [PMID: 30928158 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Sonoda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ueno
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishimura
- Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nishimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Motojima
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Regulatory Physiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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Chu SC, Chen PN, Chen JR, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Role of hypothalamic leptin-LepRb signaling in NPY-CART-mediated appetite suppression in amphetamine-treated rats. Horm Behav 2018; 98:173-182. [PMID: 29307696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose tissue hormone which plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. Amphetamine (AMPH) is a drug of appetite suppressant, which exerts its effect by decreasing the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and increasing that of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). This study investigated whether leptin, the leptin receptor (LepRb) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) were involved in NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. Rats were given AMPH daily for four days, and changes in the levels of blood leptin and hypothalamic NPY, CART, LepRb, Janus kinases 2 (JAK2), and STAT3 were assessed and compared. During the AMPH treatment, blood leptin levels and hypothalamic NPY expression decreased, with the largest reduction observed on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of hypothalamic CART, LepRb, JAK2, and STAT3 increased, with the maximum response on Day 2. Furthermore, the binding activity of pSTAT3/DNA increased and was expressed in similar pattern to that of CART, LepRb, and JAK2. An intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense 60min prior to AMPH treatment increased the levels of leptin, as well as the expression in LepRb, JAK2, and CART, whereas an infusion of STAT3 antisense decreased these levels and the expression of these parameters. The results suggest that blood leptin and hypothalamic LepRb-JAK2-STAT3 signaling involved in NPY-CART-regulated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. The findings may aid understanding the role of leptin-LepRb during the treatment of anorectic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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Appetite responses to high-fat meals or diets of varying fatty acid composition: a comprehensive review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:1154-1165. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yan Y, Tian L, Xiang X, Ding W, Song G, Xu J. Chronic gastric electrical stimulation leads to weight loss via modulating multiple tissue neuropeptide Y, orexin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and oxytocin in obese rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016. [PMID: 26199984 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1069391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has great potential for the treatment of obesity. We investigated the impact of chronic GES on the alteration of adipose tissue and the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin (OX), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and oxytocin (OXT), and their receptors in several tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Most of the experiments included three groups of diet-induced obesity rats: (1) sham-GES (SGES); (2) GL-6mA (GES with 6 mA, 4 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off at lesser curvature); and (3) SGES-PF (SGES rats receiving pair feeding to match the consumption of GL-6mA rats). Chronic GES was applied for 2 h every day for 4 weeks. During treatment with GES, food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. The alteration of epididymal fat weight, gastric emptying, and expression of peptides and their receptors in several tissues were determined. RESULTS GL-6mA was more potent than SGES-PF in decreasing body weight gain, epididymal fat tissue weight, adipocyte size and gastric emptying. Chronic GES significantly altered NPY, OX, α-MSH and OXT and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach. CONCLUSIONS Chronic GES effectively leads to weight loss by reducing food intake, fat tissue weight and gastric emptying. NPY, α-MSH, orexin and OXT, and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach appear to be involved in the anti-obesity effects of chronic GES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yan
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lugao Tian
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuelian Xiang
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Ding
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gengqing Song
- b 2 Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Junying Xu
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
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Shamas S, Khan SUH, Khan MY, Shabbir N, Zubair H, Shafqat S, Wahab F, Shahab M. Fasting induced kisspeptin signaling suppression is regulated by glutamate mediated cues in adult male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Neuropeptides 2015; 52:39-45. [PMID: 26138506 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin signaling is suppressed by short term fasting. It has been reported that hypothalamic Kiss1 and Kiss1r mRNA expression decreased after 48h of fasting in male rhesus monkey. But the mechanism involved in the reduction of kisspeptin signaling after 48h of fasting is unknown. Recent studies have suggested the role of afferent excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the regulation of kisspeptin neurons. Therefore, this study was designed to observe the changes in the glutamate and GABA signaling during fed and 48h fasting states by performing immunofluorescence to examine the interaction of kisspeptin neurons with NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors and by performing SYBR green qRT-PCR to measure and quantify the levels of Kiss1, Kiss1r, NR1 and GAD67 mRNA in the POA and MBH of adult male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during 48h of fasting (n=2) and fed ad libitum (n=2). Plasma testosterone (p<0.05) and blood glucose levels were significantly (p<0.001) decreased after short term fasting. Our results clearly showed that expression of hypothalamic Kiss1, Kiss1r and NR1 mRNA was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in adult male rhesus monkeys which were fasted for 48h as compared to those which were fed ad libitum. There was no clear difference in the GAD67 mRNA contents between the two groups. Number of kisspeptin neurons and the interactions of kisspeptin neurons with NR1 were significantly (p<0.05) reduced after 48h fasting. These observations suggest that decreased kisspeptin signaling during fasting may occur due to reduction in glutamatergic inputs to kisspeptin neurons. Our results also suggest that fasting induced suppression of kisspeptin signaling is not mediated through GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Shamas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeed-Ul-Hassan Khan
- Department of Pathology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf Khan
- Department of Pathology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Shabbir
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hira Zubair
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Shafqat
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Wahab
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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12
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Carrillo B, Collado P, Díaz F, Chowen JA, Pinos H. Exposure to increased levels of estradiol during development can have long-term effects on the response to undernutrition in female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:414-422. [PMID: 25763920 DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Undernutrition during development alters the expression of peptides that control energy expenditure and feeding behavior. Estrogens can also modulate these peptides. Here, we analyze whether the early postnatal administration of estradiol modulates the effects of undernutrition on neuroendocrine parameters in adult female Wistar rats. METHODS Control rats were fed a control diet. Undernourished pups were submitted to a restricted diet with half of the undernourished rats receiving 0.4 mg/kg s.c. of estradiol benzoate (EB) from postnatal day (P) 6 until P13. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine expression in the hypothalamus of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, and adiponectin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total and acylated ghrelin levels were measured in plasma by radioimmunoassay. Insulin and leptin were measured by mulitplex immunoassays. RESULTS Undernourishment decreased body weight, fat mass, plasma leptin and insulin levels, and hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels. An increase in orexigenic signals AgRP and NPY mRNA levels, and in plasma adiponectin levels were found in undernourished animals. Early postnatal treatment with EB to undernourished female rats reversed the effects of undernutrition on adult hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels. In addition, neonatal EB treatment to undernourished females significantly decreased adult plasma testosterone, estradiol, and acylated ghrelin levels. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that increased estradiol during a critical period of development has the capacity to modulate the alterations that undernutrition produces on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carrillo
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - P Collado
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - F Díaz
- b Departamento de Endocrinología , Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - J A Chowen
- b Departamento de Endocrinología , Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - H Pinos
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
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13
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Chen J, Deng J, Zhang Y, Yang J, He Y, Fu W, Xing P, Wan HT. Lipid-lowering effects of Danhong injection on hyperlipidemia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:437-442. [PMID: 24751362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danhong injection (DHI), a Chinese medical product extracted from Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Labiatae, Danshen in Chinese) and Flos Carthami (Carthamus tinctorius L., Compositae, Honghua in Chinese), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-fibrinolytic properties and is used extensively for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease in clinic. This study aimed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of DHI on hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC) and DHI-treated at doses of 1.0mL/kg and 2.0mL/kg. The effects of DHI on serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were evaluated and insulin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) in liver were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with the MC group, rats treated with DHI had significantly reduced TG, TC, LDL-C and arteriosclerosis index (AI). Expression of FAS and HMGR mRNA was significantly reduced, whereas the CPT1 and PPAR-α were significantly increased. CONCLUSION DHI treatment was accompanied by significantly increased lipolysis in the liver and decreased fatty acid synthesis. The insights gained from this study will improve both understanding of the mechanisms involved in the effect of DHI on hyperlipidemia and the pharmacological rationale for the use of DHI in diseases caused by lipid metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China.
| | - Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation for New Drugs, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, PR China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Wei Fu
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi׳an 710075, PR China
| | - Panke Xing
- Buchang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi׳an 710075, PR China
| | - Hai tong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China.
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14
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Dunn IC, Wilson PW, Smulders TV, Sandilands V, D'Eath RB, Boswell T. Hypothalamic agouti-related protein expression is affected by both acute and chronic experience of food restriction and re-feeding in chickens. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:920-8. [PMID: 23957836 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The central melanocortin system is conserved across vertebrates. However, in birds, little is known about how energy balance influences orexigenic agouti-related protein (AGRP) and anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) expression, despite the fact that commercial food restriction is critical to the efficient production of poultry meat. To enable contrasts to be made, in broiler-breeder chickens, between levels of food restriction, between birds with the same body weight but different feeding experience, and between birds moved from restricted feeding to ad lib. feeding for different periods, five groups of hens were established between 6 and 12 weeks of age with different combinations of food restriction and release from restriction. AGRP and neuropeptide Y expression in the basal hypothalamus was significantly increased by chronic restriction but only AGRP mRNA levels reflected recent feeding experience: hens at the same body weight that had recently been on ad lib. feeding showed lower expression than restricted birds. AGRP expression also distinguished between hens released from restriction to ad lib. feeding for different periods. By contrast, POMC and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA levels were not different. These results showed that AGRP mRNA not only reflected differences between a bird's weight and its potential weight or set point, but also discriminated between differing feeding histories of birds at the same body weight. Therefore, AGRP expression potentially provides an integrated measure of food intake experience and an objective tool to assess a bird's perception of satiety in feeding regimes for improved poultry welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Dunn
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
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15
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Tang Z, Sun C, Yan A, Wu S, Qin C, Zhang Y, Li W. Genes involved in fatty acid metabolism: molecular characterization and hypothalamic mRNA response to energy status and neuropeptide Y treatment in the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 376:114-24. [PMID: 23806557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As in mammals, fatty acid (FA) metabolism plays diverse and vital roles in regulating food intake in fish. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the effect of FA metabolism on food intake is linked to changes in the level of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the hypothalamus of the rainbow trout. In mammals, the evidence suggests that FA metabolism regulates feeding via hypothalamic NPY. NPY is therefore considered an important factor that mediates the modulation of food intake by FA metabolism in vertebrates. The stimulatory effect of NPY on food intake is well known. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of NPY on FA metabolism in the hypothalamus has not been examined. In this study, we cloned the cDNA of four key enzymes involved in FA metabolism and assessed the effect of energy status and NPY on their mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of grouper. The full-length cDNAs of UCP2 and CPT1a and the partial coding sequence (CDS) of ACC1 and FAS were isolated from the grouper hypothalamus. These genes are expressed in the hypothalamus and during the organogenetic stage of embryogenesis. A feeding rhythm study showed that the hypothalamic expression level of NPY and CPT1a was highly correlated with feeding rhythm. Long-term fasting was found to significantly induce the hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY, CPT1a and UCP2. An in vitro study demonstrated that NPY strongly stimulated CPT1a and UCP2 mRNA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that these four genes related to FA metabolism may play a role in regulating food intake in grouper and, that NPY modulates FA metabolism in the grouper hypothalamus. This study showed, for the first time in vertebrates, the effect of NPY on the gene expression of FA metabolism-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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16
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Wei R, Yuan D, Wang T, Zhou C, Lin F, Chen H, Wu H, Yang S, Wang Y, Liu J, Gao Y, Li Z. Characterization, tissue distribution and regulation of agouti-related protein (AgRP) in a cyprinid fish (Schizothorax prenanti). Gene 2013; 527:193-200. [PMID: 23774689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is an important neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding in both mammals and fish. In this study, we have cloned the full-length cDNA sequence for AgRP in a cyprinid fish (Schizothorax prenanti). The AgRP gene, encoding 126-amino acids, was strongly expressed in the brain. The AgRP gene was detected in embryos at developmental stages. Further, its mRNA was detectable in unfertilized eggs. An experiment was conducted to determine the expression profile of AgRP during short-term and long-term fasting of the hypothalamus. The expression level of AgRP in unfed fish was significantly increased at 3 and 4h post-fasting than in fed fish but did not affect AgRP mRNA expression after 14 days fasting. Overall, our results suggest that AgRP is a conserved peptide that might be involved in the regulation of short-term feeding and other physiological function in Schizothorax prenanti.
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Affiliation(s)
- RongBin Wei
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yaan, China
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17
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Park Y, Kim JH, Lee HS, Jung EY, Lee H, Noh DO, Suh HJ. Thermal stability of yeast hydrolysate as a novel anti-obesity material. Food Chem 2012; 136:316-21. [PMID: 23122064 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the thermal stability of yeast hydrolysates before and after ultrafiltration (UF) in vitro, and the anti-obesity activity of yeast hydrolysates before and after heat treatment in vivo. Yeast hydrolysate after UF showed significantly higher thermal stability than before UF. Yeast hydrolysates before and after UF showed 3 and 4 thermal transition peaks in their thermograms, respectively, and the total thermal denaturation enthalpies of yeast hydrolysates before and after UF were 69.5 and 36.5 J/g, respectively. For the anti-obesity activity study, yeast hydrolysates before and after heating were administered ad libitum with water to 7-week-old male SD rats. The administration of yeast hydrolysate (YH-control; no heat treatment, YH-1; heat treatment at 140°C, and YH-2; heat treatment at 160°C) significantly increased mRNA expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) compared with control rats (saline administration). However, there was no significant difference between the heat-treated groups and YH-control and there was no significant difference in neuropeptide Y expression between the heat-treated groups and YH-control. These results suggest that yeast hydrolysate can be use an anti-obesity material after heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
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18
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Badonnel K, Lacroix MC, Monnerie R, Durieux D, Caillol M, Baly C. Chronic restricted access to food leading to undernutrition affects rat neuroendocrine status and olfactory-driven behaviors. Horm Behav 2012; 62:120-7. [PMID: 22633909 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that olfactory-driven behaviors in rats are influenced by short-term caloric restriction, partly through the modulation of olfactory sensitivity by appetite-modulating hormones or peptides such as insulin and leptin. Here, we addressed the issue of a long-term modulation of their neuroendocrine status by evaluating the effect of chronic food restriction in rats following a limitation of the duration of daily food intake to 2 h (SF) instead of 8 h (LF) on the expression of insulin and leptin system in the olfactory mucosa and bulb and on olfactory behaviors. This restriction resulted in a one-third reduction in the daily food intake and a 25% reduction in the body weight of SF rats when compared to controls, and was accompanied by lower levels of triglycerides, glucose, insulin and leptin in SF rats. Under these conditions, we observed a modulation of olfactory-mediated behaviors regarding food odors. In addition, restriction had a differential effect on the expression of insulin receptors, but not that of leptin receptors, in the olfactory mucosa, whereas no transcriptional change was observed at the upper level of the olfactory bulb. Overall, these data demonstrated that long-term changes in nutritional status modulate olfactory-mediated behaviors. Modulation of insulin system expression in the olfactory mucosa of food restricted rats suggests that this hormone could be part of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Badonnel
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Uchoa ET, Silva LECM, de Castro M, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Glucocorticoids are required for meal-induced changes in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:119-24. [PMID: 22425130 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid deficiency is associated with a decrease of food intake. Orexigenic peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti related protein (AgRP), and the anorexigenic peptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC), expressed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), are regulated by meal-induced signals. Orexigenic neuropeptides, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and orexin, expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), also control food intake. Thus, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids are required for changes in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides induced by feeding. Male Wistar rats (230-280 g) were subjected to ADX or sham surgery. ADX animals received 0.9% NaCl in the drinking water, and half of them received corticosterone in the drinking water (B: 25 mg/L, ADX+B). Six days after surgery, animals were fasted for 16 h and they were decapitated before or 2 h after refeeding for brain tissue and blood collections. Adrenalectomy decreased NPY/AgRP and POMC expression in the ARC in fasted and refed animals, respectively. Refeeding decreased NPY/AgRP and increased POMC mRNA expression in the ARC of sham and ADX+B groups, with no effects in ADX animals. The expression of MCH and orexin mRNA expression in the LHA was increased in ADX and ADX+B groups in fasted condition, however there was no effect of refeeding on the expression of MCH and orexin in the LHA in the three experimental groups. Refeeding increased plasma leptin and insulin levels in sham and ADX+B animals, with no changes in leptin concentrations in ADX group, and insulin response to feeding was lower in this group. Taken together, these data demonstrated that circulating glucocorticoids are required for meal-induced changes in NPY, AgRP and POMC mRNA expression in the ARC. The lower leptin and insulin responses to feeding may contribute to the altered hypothalamic neuropeptide expression after adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernane Torres Uchoa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Landmann EM, Schellong K, Melchior K, Rodekamp E, Ziska T, Harder T, Plagemann A. Short-term regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortinergic system under fasting and defined glucose-refeeding conditions in rats: a laser capture microdissection (LMD)-based study. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:87-91. [PMID: 22450045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that under fasting conditions the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide (AGRP) is up-regulated in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), while inconsistent data exist regarding fasting regulation of the anorexigenic neurohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Inconsistencies might have methodological reasons, especially concerning neuromorphological and/or experimental (nutritional) specificity. We analyzed the expression of both neuropeptides in ARC neurons, using lasercapture microdissection (LMD) and real-time PCR in 12h fasted vs. fed Wistar rats as well as after a standardized glucose load, i.e., under clinically relevant conditions in terms of diagnosing glucose intolerance in the human. Under fasting conditions, clear up-regulation of AGRP was observed, with increasing magnitude in ARC single neurons (SNP) as compared to ARC cell layers (+125% vs. +23%, resp.), closely correlated to hypoinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia. Surprisingly, in the fasting state POMC was not found to be down-regulated, neither in ARC cell layers nor in ARC single neurons (+9% vs. +6%). However, glucose-refeeding under diagnostically relevant conditions led to strong neuronal up-regulation of POMC expression in ARC SNP (+128%), and AGRP down-regulation (-50%). In conclusion, experimentally, topographically, and analytically specific and standardized conditions confirmed AGRP in ARC neurons as being neuronally up- and down-regulated, resp., depending on the general nutritional state, while POMC was found to be (up-) regulated only after peripheral glucose load. Findings suggest that POMC in ARC neurons acts glucose-mediated as an "anti-orexigenic" neurohormone, specifically responding to hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie M Landmann
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Research Group Experimental Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Higuchi T, Mizuno A, Narita K, Ichimaru T, Murata T. Leptin resistance does not induce hyperphagia in the rat. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:45-51. [PMID: 22144345 PMCID: PMC10717344 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin has been thought to work as a mediator for body weight control by inhibiting food intake. Leptin, however, cannot prevent obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) probably because of leptin resistance. We investigated daily feeding and weight gain when ordinary chow (OC) was changed to a HFD in male rats. Food intake, by weight, significantly increased the next day, but gradually decreased until at 20 days the HFD intake contained the same calories as consumed by the OC-fed control rats. The reduction in food intake occurred only during the night without change of preference for the HFD, even after leptin resistance had developed. Nonetheless, the HFD-fed rats gained more weight than the controls. From the present experiment, it is concluded that leptin resistance does not induce hyperphagia, and suggested that body weight is not regulated to be constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan.
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22
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Kuo DY, Chen PN, Yang SF, Chu SC, Chen CH, Kuo MH, Yu CH, Hsieh YS. Role of reactive oxygen species-related enzymes in neuropeptide y and proopiomelanocortin-mediated appetite control: a study using atypical protein kinase C knockdown. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2147-59. [PMID: 21453188 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Studies have reported that redox signaling in the hypothalamus participates in nutrient sensing. The current study aimed to determine if the activation of reactive oxygen species-related enzymes (ROS-RE) in the hypothalamus participates in regulating neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated eating. Moreover, possible roles of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) were also investigated. Rats were treated daily with phenylpropanolamine (PPA) for 4 days. Changes in the expression levels of ROS-RE, POMC, NPY, and aPKC were assessed and compared. RESULTS Results showed that ROS-RE, POMC, and aPKC increased, with a maximal response on Day 2 (anorectic effect) and with a restoration to the normal level on Day 4 (tolerant effect). By contrast, NPY expression decreased, and the expression pattern of NPY proved opposite those of ROS-RE and POMC. Central inhibition of ROS production by ICV infusion of ROS scavenger attenuated PPA anorexia, revealing a crucial role of ROS in regulating eating. Cerebral aPKC knockdown by ICV infusion of antisense aPKC modulated the expression of ROS-RE, POMC, and NPY. CONCLUSION Results suggest that ROS-RE/POMC- and NPY-containing neurons function reciprocally in regulating both the anorectic and tolerant effects of PPA, while aPKC is upstream of these regulators. INNOVATION These results may further the understanding of ROS-RE and aPKC in the control of PPA anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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23
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Pourtau L, Leemburg S, Roux P, Leste-Lasserre T, Costaglioli P, Garbay B, Drutel G, Konsman JP. Hormonal, hypothalamic and striatal responses to reduced body weight gain are attenuated in anorectic rats bearing small tumors. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:777-86. [PMID: 21334429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of compensatory or even reduced food intake is frequently observed in weight-losing cancer patients and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality. Our previous work has shown increased transcription factor expression in the hypothalamus and ventral striatum of anorectic rats bearing small tumors. mRNA expression of molecules known to be involved in pathways regulating appetite in these structures was therefore assessed in this study. Given that pain, pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolic hormones can modify food intake, spinal cord cellular activation patterns and plasma concentrations of cytokines and hormones were also studied. Morris hepatoma 7777 cells injected subcutaneously in Buffalo rats provoked a 10% lower body weight and 15% reduction in food intake compared to free-feeding tumor-free animals 4 weeks later when the tumor represented 1-2% of body mass. No differences in spinal cord activation patterns or plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed between groups. However, the changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations found in food-restricted weight-matched rats in comparison to ad libitum-fed animals did not occur in anorectic tumor-bearing animals. Real-time PCR showed that tumor-bearing rats did not display the increase in hypothalamic agouti-related peptide mRNA observed in food-restricted weight-matched animals. In addition, microarray analysis and real-time PCR revealed increased ventral striatal prostaglandin D synthase expression in food-restricted animals compared to anorectic tumor-bearing rats. These findings indicate that blunted hypothalamic AgRP mRNA expression, probably as a consequence of relatively high leptin and low ghrelin concentrations, and reduced ventral striatal prostaglandin D synthesis play a role in maintaining cancer-associated anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Pourtau
- CNRS UMR 5226-INRA 1286, Université de Bordeaux, France
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