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Fan J, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Yang C, Li X, Chen K, Chen X, Zhang Z. SORL1 rs1699102 Moderates the Effect of Sex on Language Network. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221133. [PMID: 37212098 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Language ability differs between the sexes. However, it is unclear how this sex difference is moderated by genetic factors and how the brain interacts with genetics to support this specific language capacity. Previous studies have demonstrated that the sorting protein-related receptor (SORL1) polymorphism influences cognitive function and brain structure differently in males and females and is associated with Alzheimer's disease risk. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and the SORL1 rs1699102 (CC versus T carriers) genotype on language. METHODS 103 non-demented Chinese older adults from Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) database were included in this study. Participants completed language tests, T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Language test performance, gray matter volume, and network connections were compared between genotype and sex groups. RESULTS The rs1699102 polymorphism moderated the effects of sex on language performance, with the female having reversed language advantages in T carriers. The T allele carriers had lower gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus. The effect of sex on language network connections was moderated by rs1699102; male CC homozygotes and female T carriers had higher internetwork connections, which were negatively correlated with language performance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SORL1 moderates the effects of sex on language, with T being a risk allele, especially in females. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the influence of genetic factors when examining sex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibao Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Shen B, Hernandez DG, Chitrala KN, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Noren Hooten N, Pacheco NL, Mode NA, Zonderman AB, Ezike N, Evans MK. APOE gene region methylation is associated with cognitive performance in middle-aged urban adults. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 116:41-48. [PMID: 35561457 PMCID: PMC10878469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive decline. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation (DNAm) play a central role in cognition. This study sought to identify DNAm sites in the APOE genomic region associated with cognitive performance in a racially diverse middle-aged cohort (n = 411). Cognitive performance was measured by 11 standard neuropsychological tests. Two CpG sites were associated with the Card Rotation and Benton Visual Retention cognitive tests. The methylation level of the CpG site cg00397545 was associated with Card Rotation Test score (p = 0.000177) and a novel CpG site cg10178308 was associated with Benton Visual Retention Test score (p = 0.000084). Significant associations were observed among the dietary inflammatory index, which reflects the inflammatory potential of the diet, cognitive performance and the methylation level of several CpG sites. Our results indicate that DNAm in the APOE genomic area is correlated with cognitive performance and may presage cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botong Shen
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala
- Fels Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie T Fanelli-Kuczmarski
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natasha L Pacheco
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolle A Mode
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ngozi Ezike
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Xiao Q, Xi J, Wang R, Zhao Q, Liang X, Wu W, Zheng L, Guo Q, Hong Z, Fu H, Ding D. The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Influence of rs6859 in PVRL2. Front Genet 2022; 13:823406. [PMID: 35273639 PMCID: PMC8901437 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified many Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetic-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indicated the important role of the cholesterol/lipid metabolism pathway in AD pathogenesis. This study aims to investigate the effects of cholesterol and genetic risk factors on progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. Methods: We prospectively followed 316 MCI participants aged ≥50 years with a baseline cholesterol profile and SNP genotyping data for 4.5 years on average in a sub-cohort of the Shanghai Aging Study. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were measured at baseline. SNP genotyping was performed using a MassARRAY system. At follow-up, consensus diagnosis of incident dementia and AD were established based on medical, neurological, and neuropsychological examinations. Cox regression models were used to assess the association of cholesterol and SNP with incident AD. Results: The AG/AA genotypes of PVRL2 rs6859 were significantly associated with increased incident AD in MCI participants, compared with GG genotype (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–5.76, p = .007, false discovery rate–adjusted p = .030). In PVRL2 rs6859 AG/AA carriers, each-1 mmol/L higher level of LDL-C was significantly associated with a 48% decreased risk of AD (adjusted HR 0.52, 95%CI 0.33–0.84, p = .007). Consistent results were obtained when using LDL-C as the categorical variable (P for trend = 0.016). Conclusion: The relationship between LDL-C and progression of MCI may be influenced by genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiong Xi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruru Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Wu Y, Yin J, Yang B, Tang L, Feng W, Liu X, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Association Analysis of Polymorphisms in BIN1, MC1R, STARD6 and PVRL2 with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Carrying APOE ε4 Allele. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1125-1133. [PMID: 33907405 PMCID: PMC8071212 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s296144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 is recognized as an independent risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, not everyone with the ε4 allele develops MCI, suggesting that other susceptibility genes exist. This study aimed to identify MCI susceptibility genes, including BIN1, MC1R, STARD6, and PVRL2, in elderly Han Chinese and to verify their association with APOE ε4 allele in MCI onset. METHODS To determine whether polymorphisms in BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528), MC1R (rs2228479), STARD6 (rs10164112), and PVRL2 (rs6859) occurred in elderly MCI patients carrying APOE ε4 allele, we carried out a case-control study including 285 MCI patients and 326 healthy controls. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in the proportion of APOE ε4 carriers, and BESCI, ADAS-cog, and CNT scores existed between the NC and MCI groups (all P < 0.01). Frequencies of the rs10164112 T and rs6859 A alleles were significantly higher in the latter than in the former (P = 0.01; 0.029). However, no significant differences in allele and genotype distribution of BIN1 (rs6733839, rs7561528) and MC1R (rs2228479) existed between samples in our two groups (all P > 0.05). When stratified by APOE ε4 status (carriers/non-carriers), genotype frequencies of BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 among the four groups (NCε4+, NCε4-, MCIε4+, MCIε4-) were significantly different. Additionally, our results suggest a significant association between MCI and BIN1 rs7561528, STARD6 rs10164112, and PVRL2 rs6859 (all P<0.05) in elderly carriers. CONCLUSION This suggests that among the Han Chinese, MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers may be related to the BIN1 (rs7561528), STARD6 (rs10164112) and PVRL2 (rs6859). Genotype AA of rs7561528 and TT of rs10164112 might be protective factors against MCI in elderly APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- Brain Science Basic Laboratory, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bixiu Yang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of General Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Social Prevention and Control, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingfu Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Xu W, Tan CC, Cao XP, Tan L. Association of Alzheimer's disease risk variants on the PICALM gene with PICALM expression, core biomarkers, and feature neurodegeneration. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21202-21219. [PMID: 33170153 PMCID: PMC7695360 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is still unclear how PICALM mutations influence the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We tested the association of AD risk variants on the PICALM gene with PICALM expression and AD feature endophenotypes. Bioinformatic methods were used to annotate the functionalities and to select the tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Multiple regressions were used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal influences of tag SNPs on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and neurodegenerations. A total of 59 SNPs, among which 75% were reported in Caucasians, were associated with AD risk. Of these, 73% were linked to PICALM expression in the whole blood (p < 0.0001) and/or brain regions (p < 0.05). Eleven SNPs were selected as tag SNPs in Caucasians. rs510566 (T allele) was associated with decreased CSF ptau and ptau/abeta42 ratio. The G allele of rs1237999 and rs510566 was linked with greater reserve capacities of the hippocampus, parahippocampus, middle temporal lobe, posterior cingulate, and precuneus. The longitudinal analyses revealed four loci that could predict dynamic changes of CSF ptau and ptau/abeta42 ratio (rs10501610, p = 0.0001) or AD feature neurodegeneration (rs3851179, rs592297, and rs7480193, p < 0.005). Overall, the genetic, bioinformatic, and association studies tagged four SNPs (rs3851179, rs7480193, rs510566, and rs1237999) as the most prominent PICALM loci contributing to AD in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi-Peng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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6
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Soyal SM, Kwik M, Kalev O, Lenz S, Zara G, Strasser P, Patsch W, Weis S. A TOMM40/APOE allele encoding APOE-E3 predicts high likelihood of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in autopsy cases. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1317. [PMID: 32472747 PMCID: PMC7434743 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE-ε4 allele is an established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). TOMM40 located adjacent to APOE has also been implicated in AD but reports of TOMM40 associations with AD that are independent of APOE-ε4 are at variance. METHODS We investigated associations of AD with haplotypes defined by three TOMM40 and two APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms in 73 and 71 autopsy cases with intermediate and high likelihood of AD (defined by BRAAK stages RESULTS We observed eight haplotypes with a frequency >0.02. The two haplotypes encoding APOE-E4 showed strong associations with AD that did not differ between intermediate and high likelihood AD. In contrast, a TOMM40 haplotype encoding APOE-E3 was identified as risk haplotype of high- (p = .0186), but not intermediate likelihood AD (p = .7530). Furthermore, the variant allele of rs2075650 located in intron 2 of TOMM40, increased the risk of high-, but not intermediate likelihood AD on the APOE-ε3/ε3 background (p = .0230). CONCLUSION The striking association of TOMM40 only with high likelihood AD may explain some contrasting results for TOMM40 in clinical studies and may reflect an association with more advanced disease and/or suggest a role of TOMM40 in the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma M. Soyal
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Markus Kwik
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Ognian Kalev
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
| | - Stefan Lenz
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
| | - Greta Zara
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Peter Strasser
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Wolfgang Patsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyParacelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of NeuropathologyNeuromed Campus, Kepler University HospitalLinzAustria
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Mancera-Páez O, Estrada-Orozco K, Mahecha MF, Cruz F, Bonilla-Vargas K, Sandoval N, Guerrero E, Salcedo-Tacuma D, Melgarejo JD, Vega E, Ortega-Rojas J, Román GC, Pardo-Turriago R, Arboleda H. Differential Methylation in APOE (Chr19; Exon Four; from 44,909,188 to 44,909,373/hg38) and Increased Apolipoprotein E Plasma Levels in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061394. [PMID: 30897703 PMCID: PMC6470812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers are essential for identification of individuals at high risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for potential prevention of dementia. We investigated DNA methylation in the APOE gene and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plasma levels as MCI biomarkers in Colombian subjects with MCI and controls. METHODS In total, 100 participants were included (71% women; average age, 70 years; range, 43⁻91 years). MCI was diagnosed by neuropsychological testing, medical and social history, activities of daily living, cognitive symptoms and neuroimaging. Using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted by age and gender, we examined the risk association of MCI with plasma ApoE and APOE methylation. RESULTS MCI was diagnosed in 41 subjects (average age, 66.5 ± 9.6 years) and compared with 59 controls. Elevated plasma ApoE and APOE methylation of CpGs 165, 190, and 198 were risk factors for MCI (p < 0.05). Higher CpG-227 methylation correlated with lower risk for MCI (p = 0.002). Only CpG-227 was significantly correlated with plasma ApoE levels (correlation coefficient = -0.665; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Differential APOE methylation and increased plasma ApoE levels were correlated with MCI. These epigenetic patterns require confirmation in larger samples but could potentially be used as biomarkers to identify early stages of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mancera-Páez
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- David Cabello International Alzheimer Disease Scholarship Fund, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Kelly Estrada-Orozco
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Center for Evidence to Implementation, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Health Technologies and Politics Assessment Group, Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | | | - Francy Cruz
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- PhD Program in Clinical and Translational Science, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56128 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Kely Bonilla-Vargas
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | - Nicolás Sandoval
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | - Esneyder Guerrero
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | | | - Jesús D Melgarejo
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela.
| | - Edwin Vega
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | - Jenny Ortega-Rojas
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo C Román
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Neurological Institute and the Institute for Academic Medicine Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Pardo-Turriago
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
| | - Humberto Arboleda
- Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
- Genetic Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá ZC 57, Colombia.
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