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Sun Y, Li G, Hong H, Zhu L, Kung HF, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Serotonin transporter imaging agent as a probe for β-cells of pancreas. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 130-131:108894. [PMID: 38422917 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major diseases in the world. Nuclear medicine imaging may be able to detect functional status of pancreatic β cells in vivo, which might elucidate the pathological mechanisms of diabetes and develop individualized treatment plans. In this study, we evaluated the ability of [125I]ADAM, a serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent, as a probe for detecting pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM). METHODS In vitro cell studies were evaluated in INS-1 cells (rat islet β cell line). Biodistribution studies were performed in male normal Sprague-Dawley rats and alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats. Distribution and expression of SERT protein in pancreas of rats were also measured by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. RESULTS In vitro cell studies showed that the concentration of [125I]ADAM associated with the INS-1 cells was increased gradually with incubation time, and the SERT specific inhibitor, escitalopram, exhibited the inhibitory effect on this interaction. Biodistribution studies also showed that the uptake of [125I]ADAM in the pancreas of normal rats was decreased in the presence of escitalopram. However, in the T1DM rat model with a significant β cells reduction, the uptake of pancreas was increased when compared with the control. Through immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, it was found that both the endocrine and exocrine cells of the normal pancreas expressed SERT protein, and the level of SERT protein in the exocrine cells was higher than islets. In the diabetic state, the expression of SERT in the exocrine cells was further increased. CONCLUSIONS The SERT imaging agent, [125I]ADAM, at the present form will not be suitable for imaging β cells, specifically because there were extraordinarily high non-specific signals contributing from the exocrine cells of pancreas. In addition, we noticed that the level of SERT expression was abnormally elevated in the diabetic state, which might provide an unexpected target for studying the pathological mechanisms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guangwen Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haiyan Hong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jinxia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Derdau V, Elmore CS, Hartung T, McKillican B, Mejuch T, Rosenbaum C, Wiebe C. The Future of (Radio)-Labeled Compounds in Research and Development within the Life Science Industry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306019. [PMID: 37610759 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review the applications of isotopically labeled compounds are discussed and put into the context of their future impact in the life sciences. Especially discussing their use in the pharma and crop science industries to follow their fate in the environment, in vivo or in complex matrices to understand the potential harm of new chemical structures and to increase the safety of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Research & Development, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruce McKillican
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, North America Product Safety (retired), USA
| | - Tom Mejuch
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Pei W, Chen Y. Theranostic in GLP-1R molecular imaging: challenges and emerging opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1210347. [PMID: 37780209 PMCID: PMC10540701 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1210347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic in nuclear medicine combines diagnostic imaging and internal irradiation therapy using different therapeutic nuclear probes for visual diagnosis and precise treatment. GLP-1R is a popular receptor target in endocrine diseases, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, tumors, and other areas. Likewise, it has also made breakthroughs in the development of molecular imaging. It was recognized that GLP-1R imaging originated from the study of insulinoma and afterwards was expanded in application including islet transplantation, pancreatic β-cell mass measurement, and ATP-dependent potassium channel-related endocrine diseases. Fortunately, GLP-1R molecular imaging has been involved in ischemic cardiomyocytes and neurodegenerative diseases. These signs illustrate the power of GLP-1R molecular imaging in the development of medicine. However, it is still limited to imaging diagnosis research in the current molecular imaging environment. The lack of molecular-targeted therapeutics related report hinders its radiology theranostic. In this article, the current research status, challenges, and emerging opportunities for GLP-1R molecular imaging are discussed in order to open a new path for theranostics and to promote the evolution of molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjie Pei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Floresta G, Keeling GP, Memdouh S, Meszaros LK, de Rosales RTM, Abbate V. NHS-Functionalized THP Derivative for Efficient Synthesis of Kit-Based Precursors for 68Ga Labeled PET Probes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:367. [PMID: 33915871 PMCID: PMC8066796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexadentate tris(3,4-hydroxypyridinone) ligands (THP) complex Fe3+ at very low iron concentrations and their high affinities for oxophilic trivalent metal ions have led to their development for new applications as bifunctional chelators for the radiometal gallium-68 (68Ga). THP-peptide bioconjugates rapidly and quantitatively complex 68Ga at room temperature, neutral pH, and micromolar ligand concentrations, making them amenable to kit-based radiosynthesis of 68Ga PET radiopharmaceuticals. With the aim to produce an N-hydroxysuccinimide-(NHS)-THP reagent for kit-based 68Ga-labeling and PET imaging, THP-derivatives were designed and synthesized to exploit the advantages of NHS chemistry for coupling with peptides, proteins, and antibodies. The more stable five-carbon atoms linker product was selected for a proof-of-concept conjugation and radiolabeling study with an anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) camelid single domain antibody (sdAb) under mild conditions and further evaluated for site-specific amide bond formation with a synthesized glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) targeting peptide using solid-phase synthesis. The obtained THP-GLP-1 conjugate was tested for its 68Ga chelating ability, demonstrating to be a promising candidate for the detection and monitoring of GLP-1 aberrant malignancies. The obtained sdAb-THP conjugate was radiolabeled with 68Ga under mild conditions, providing sufficient labeling yields after 5 min, demonstrating that the novel NHS-THP bifunctional chelator can be widely used to easily conjugate the THP moiety to different targeting molecules (e.g., antibodies, anticalins, or peptides) under mild conditions, paving the way to the synthesis of different imaging probes with all the advantages of THP radiochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (G.F.); (S.M.)
| | - George P. Keeling
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; (G.P.K.); (L.K.M.); (R.T.M.d.R.)
| | - Siham Memdouh
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (G.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Levente K. Meszaros
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; (G.P.K.); (L.K.M.); (R.T.M.d.R.)
- NanoMab Technology (UK) Ltd., 720 Centennial Court, Centennial Park, Elstree, Hertfordshire WD6 3SY, UK
| | - Rafael T. M. de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; (G.P.K.); (L.K.M.); (R.T.M.d.R.)
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK; (G.F.); (S.M.)
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Luo Y, Chen X. Imaging of Insulinoma by Targeting Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptor. PET Clin 2021; 16:205-217. [PMID: 33589387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
"Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging, using radiolabeled exendin-4, was recently established for detecting insulinoma in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. It has proven to be a sensitive and specific method for preoperative localization of insulinoma. This review introduces the development, clinical research, and perspective of GLP-1 receptor imaging mainly in insulinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, #1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, P. R. China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Malbert CH, Chauvin A, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Glucose Sensing Mediated by Portal Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Is Markedly Impaired in Insulin-Resistant Obese Animals. Diabetes 2021; 70:99-110. [PMID: 33067312 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucose portal sensor informs the brain of changes in glucose inflow through vagal afferents that require an activated glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1r). The GLP-1 system is known to be impaired in insulin-resistant conditions, and we sought to understand the consequences of GLP-1 resistance on glucose portal signaling. GLP-1-dependent portal glucose signaling was identified, in vivo, using a novel 68Ga-labeled GLP-1r positron-emitting probe that supplied a quantitative in situ tridimensional representation of the portal sensor with specific reference to the receptor density expressed in binding potential units. It also served as a map for single-neuron electrophysiology driven by an image-based abdominal navigation. We determined that in insulin-resistant animals, portal vagal afferents failed to inhibit their spiking activity during glucose infusion, a GLP-1r-dependent function. This reflected a reduction in portal GLP-1r binding potential, particularly between the splenic vein and the entrance of the liver. We propose that insulin resistance, through a reduction in GLP-1r density, leads to functional portal desensitization with a consequent suppression of vagal sensitivity to portal glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Chauvin
- UEPR Unit, Department of Animal Physiology, INRAE, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Malbert CH, Chauvin A, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Pancreatic GLP-1r binding potential is reduced in insulin-resistant pigs. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/2/e001540. [PMID: 33132211 PMCID: PMC7607594 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The insulinotropic capacity of exogenous glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is reduced in type 2 diabetes and the insulin-resistant obese. We have tested the hypothesis that this response is the consequence of a reduced pancreatic GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1r) density in insulin-resistant obese animals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GLP-1r density was measured in lean and insulin-resistant adult miniature pigs after the administration of a 68Ga-labeled GLP-1r agonist. The effect of hyperinsulinemia on GLP-1r was assessed using sequential positron emission tomography (PET), both in the fasted state and during a clamp. The impact of tissue perfusion, which could account for changes in GLP-1r agonist uptake, was also investigated using 68Ga-DOTA imaging. RESULTS GLP-1r binding potential in the obese pancreas was reduced by 75% compared with lean animals. Similar reductions were evident for fat tissue, but not for the duodenum. In the lean group, induced hyperinsulinemia reduced pancreatic GLP-1r density to a level comparable with that of the obese group. The reduction in blood to tissue transfer of the GLP-1r ligand paralleled that of tissue perfusion estimated using 68Ga-DOTA. CONCLUSIONS These observations establish that a reduction in abdominal tissue perfusion and a lower GLP-1r density account for the diminished insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 agonists in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Chauvin
- UEPR Unit, Department of Animal Physiology, INRAE, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Indirectly radioiodinated exendin-4 as an analytical tool for in vivo detection of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in a disease setting. Ann Nucl Med 2020; 35:83-91. [PMID: 33067731 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-020-01540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) has been reported to have therapeutic effects on diabetes and various diseases. Precise detection of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) can be useful to diagnose and elucidate the mechanism of such diseases. Here we aimed to develop an imaging probe based on GLP-1RA that has high molar activity and sensitivity for detection of low-level GLP-1R expression in non-pancreatic diseases. METHODS We selected the agonist exenatide (Ex4) as the parent peptide of a GLP-1R targeting probe and prepared Cys-Ex4 by addition of an N-terminal Cys residue and labeling with the prosthetic agent N-(3-[125I]iodophenyl)maleimide ([125I]IPM) to generate [125I]Ex4ipm. We evaluated the affinity of [125I]Ex4ipm for GLP-1R, as well as cellular binding profiles in insulinoma and prostate cancer cell lines, and in vivo biodistributions in normal and tumor-bearing mice to assess GLP-1R-dependent accumulation of radioactivity in tissues. RESULTS [125I]Ex4ipm was easily synthesized with high radiochemical yield (73%), radiochemical purity (> 99%), and molar activity (81 GBq/µmol) via a thiol/maleimide reaction. Following administration to mice, [125I]Ex4ipm accumulated to high levels in the pancreas (23.3% ID/g), with radioactivity co-localizing in areas having insulin-positive β cells. High amounts of radioactivity also accumulated in insulinomas that overexpressed GLP-1R (27.5% ID/g). In contrast, low amounts of [125I]Ex4ipm accumulation, corresponding to low expression levels of GLP-1R, were observed in prostate cancer cells and xenografts used as a model of non-pancreatic applications. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that [123I]Ex4ipm could be valuable for GLP-1R imaging in diabetes, insulinomas, and various diseases related to GLP-1R.
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Jansen TJP, van Lith SAM, Boss M, Brom M, Joosten L, Béhé M, Buitinga M, Gotthardt M. Exendin-4 analogs in insulinoma theranostics. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 62:656-672. [PMID: 31070270 PMCID: PMC6771680 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulinomas, neuroendocrine tumors arising from pancreatic beta cells, often show overexpression of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor. Therefore, imaging with glucagon‐like peptide analog exendin‐4 can be used for diagnosis and preoperative localization. This review presents an overview of the development and clinical implementation of exendin‐based tracers for nuclear imaging, and the potential use of exendin‐4 based tracers for optical imaging and therapeutic applications such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy or targeted photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J P Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne A M van Lith
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marti Boss
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Li J, Peng J, Tang W, Rawson J, Karunananthan J, Jung M, Ma Y, Shively JE, Kandeel F. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-PTTCO-Cys 40-Exendin-4 for PET imaging of ectopic insulinomas in rodents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103718. [PMID: 32171991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in the development of radiolabeled Exendin-4 analogues (short half-life isotopes) is an inability to efficiently and rapidly separate final products from precursors. This is important as lack of purity in the final product decreases probe efficiency. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to prepare the high-purity imaging reagent [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4. To accomplish this, magnetic TCO-beads were incubated with the crude product to remove unlabeled Exendin-4. In rodents pre-treatment with purified [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 (~1.85 MBq) allowed precise microPET imaging of ectopic insulinomas. Moreover, analogue uptake was successfully blocked by administering non-labelled "cold" Exendin-4. Biodistribution data revealed that [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 accumulated specifically in GLP-1R-enriched insulinomas in mice, confirming results obtained using miroPET. Investigation of [18F] PTTCO-Cys40-Exendin-4 as a tracer to image portal vein-transplanted pancreatic islets is proceeding in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA.
| | - Jiangling Peng
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Johann Karunananthan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Yuelong Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, USA
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Velikyan I, Eriksson O. Advances in GLP-1 receptor targeting radiolabeled agent development and prospective of theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:437-461. [PMID: 31903131 PMCID: PMC6929622 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of theranostics/radiotheranostics and prospective of personalized medicine in diabetes and oncology, this review presents prior and current advances in the development of radiolabeled imaging and radiotherapeutic exendin-based agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. The review covers chemistry, preclinical, and clinical evaluation. Such critical aspects as structure-activity-relationship, stability, physiological potency, kidney uptake, and dosimetry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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[ 68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys 39-exendin-4, a potential GLP-1R targeted PET tracer for the detection of insulinoma. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 74-75:19-24. [PMID: 31450071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a kind of G protein coupled receptor which regulates the insulin secretion and serves as potential target in the diagnosis of functional pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of GLP-1R targeted tracer [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 in the detection of insulinoma. METHODS NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 was synthesized and then radiolabeled with gallium-68 in iQS® Ga-68 Fluidic Labeling Module. The in vitro binding affinity and cell uptake studies were evaluated in INS-1 cells. The in vivo micro-PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on INS-1 xenograft tumor models. RESULTS [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 can be efficiently radiolabelled with a yield of about 85% (non-decay corrected) and radiochemical purity of >95% with a favorable stability. The molar activity was at least 145.5 GBq/μmol. The affinity (IC50) for [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 was 12.99 ± 0.81 nM. Micro-PET/CT images showed intense tumor uptake with good contrast to background. Biodistribution study showed the predominant uptake was in the kidney, followed by pancreas, and the liver and spleen just showed mild uptake in the blood-pool phase with rapid clearance. At 1 h post- injection, the tumor to blood, muscle and pancreas ratios were 30.64, 40.21 and 6.46, respectively. Blocking studies showed significantly decreased tumor uptake, which further confirmed binding affinity of [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 to GLP-1R. CONCLUSION [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 was easily synthesized with high yield, favorable biodistribution and high affinity to islet tumor cell, making the tracer may have great potential in the detection of GLP-1R positive tumor such as an insulinoma.
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Evaluation of [ 68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys 40-Exendin-4 as a PET Probe for Imaging Human Transplanted Islets in the Liver. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5705. [PMID: 30952975 PMCID: PMC6450933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was evaluated as a potential PET tracer for the quantitation of human islets transplanted to the liver. The short-lived PET radionuclide 68Ga, available on a regular basis from a 68Ge/68Ga generator, is an attractive choice. Human C-peptide was measured to evaluate human islet function post-transplantation and prior to microPET imaging. [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 was radiosynthesized and evaluated for PET imaging of transplanted human islets in the liver of healthy NOD/SCID mice. The biodistribution of the tracer was evaluated to determine the uptake into various organs, and qPCR of liver samples was conducted to confirm engrafted islet numbers after PET imaging. Measurement of human C-peptide indicated that higher engrafted islet mass resulted in higher human C-peptide levels in post-transplantation. The microPET imaging yielded high resolution images of liver-engrafted islets and also showed significant retention in mouse livers at 8 weeks post-transplantation. Biodistribution studies in mice revealed that liver uptake of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 was approximately 6-fold higher in mice that received 1000 islet equivalent (IEQ) than in non-transplanted mice. qPCR analysis of insulin expression suggested that islet engraftment numbers were close to 1000 IEQ transplanted. In conclusion, human islets transplanted into the livers of mice exhibited significant uptake of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 compared to the livers of untreated mice; and imaging of the mice using PET showed the human islets clearly with high contrast against liver tissue, enabling accurate quantitation of islet mass. Further validation of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 as an islet imaging probe for future clinical application is ongoing.
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Yue Y, Xu Y, Huang L, Pan D, Bai Z, Wang L, Yang R, Yan J, Song H, Li X, Yang M. Evaluation of A Novel GLP-1R Ligand for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2018; 19:509-514. [PMID: 30068284 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180801101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is an important biomarker for diagnosis and therapy of the endocrine cancers due to overexpression. Recently, in human prostate cancer cell lines the receptor was also observed, therefore it may be a potential target for the disease. 18F-Al-NOTA-MAL-Cys39- exendin-4 holds great promise for GLP-1R. Therefore, the feasibility of the 18F-labeled exendin-4 analog for prostate cancer imaging was investigated. METHODS New probe 18F-Al-NOTA-MAL-Cys39-exendin-4 was made through one-step fluorination. Prostate cancer PC3 cell xenograft model mice were established to primarily evaluate the imaging properties of the tracer via small animal PET studies in vivo. Pathological studies and Western Blots were also performed. RESULTS PC-3 prostate xenografts were clearly imaged under baseline conditions. At 30 and 60 min postinjection, the tumor uptakes were 2.90±0.41%ID/g and 2.26±0.32 %ID/g respectively. The presence of cys39-exendin-4 significantly reduced the tumor uptake to 0.82±0.10 %ID/g at 60 min p.i. Findings of ex vivo biodistribution studies were similar to those of in vivo PET imaging. The tumors to blood and muscles were significantly improved with the increase of time due to rapid clearance of the tracer from normal organs. Low levels of radioactivity were also detected in the GLP-1R positive tumor and normal organs after coinjection with excessive unlabeled peptides. Immunohistochemistry and Western Blots results confirmed that GLP-1R was widely expressed in PC-3 prostate cancers. CONCLUSION 18F-Al labeled exendin-4 analog might be a promising tracer for in vivo detecting GLP-1R positive prostate cancer with the advantage of facile synthesis and favorable pharmacokinetics. It may be useful in differential diagnosis, molecularly targeted therapy and prognosis of the cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yue
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Lirong Huang
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Zhicheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
| | - Huizhu Song
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214063, China
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Monazzam A, Lau J, Velikyan I, Li SC, Razmara M, Rosenström U, Eriksson O, Skogseid B. Increased Expression of GLP-1R in Proliferating Islets of Men1 Mice is Detectable by [ 68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys 40-Exendin-4 /PET. Sci Rep 2018; 8:748. [PMID: 29335487 PMCID: PMC5768696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an endocrine tumor syndrome caused by heterozygous mutations in the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene. The MEN1 pancreas of the adolescent gene carrier frequently contain diffusely spread pre-neoplasias and microadenomas, progressing to macroscopic and potentially malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (P-NET), which represents the major death cause in MEN1. The unveiling of the molecular mechanism of P-NET which is not currently understood fully to allow the optimization of diagnostics and treatment. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) pathway is essential in islet regeneration, i.e. inhibition of β-cell apoptosis and enhancement of β-cell proliferation, yet involvement of GLP-1 in MEN1 related P-NET has not yet been demonstrated. The objective of this work was to investigate if normal sized islets of Men1 heterozygous mice have increased Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression compared to wild type islets, and if this increase is detectable in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) using [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 (68Ga-Exendin-4). 68Ga-Exendin-4 showed potential for early lesion detection in MEN1 pancreas due to increased GLP1R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Monazzam
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joey Lau
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Su-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masoud Razmara
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Britt Skogseid
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Eriksson O, Korsgren O, Selvaraju RK, Mollaret M, de Boysson Y, Chimienti F, Altai M. Pancreatic imaging using an antibody fragment targeting the zinc transporter type 8: a direct comparison with radio-iodinated Exendin-4. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:49-57. [PMID: 29064047 PMCID: PMC5794837 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) has been suggested as a suitable target for non-invasive visualization of the functional pancreatic beta cell mass, due to both its pancreatic beta cell restricted expression and tight involvement in insulin secretion. METHODS In order to examine the potential of ZnT8 as a surrogate target for beta cell mass, we performed mRNA transcription analysis in pancreatic compartments. A novel ZnT8 targeting antibody fragment Ab31 was radiolabeled with iodine-125, and evaluated by in vitro autoradiography in insulinoma and pancreas as well as by in vivo biodistribution. The evaluation was performed in a direct comparison with radio-iodinated Exendin-4. RESULTS Transcription of the ZnT8 mRNA was higher in islets of Langerhans compared to exocrine tissue. Ab31 targeted ZnT8 in the cytosol and on the plasma membrane with 108 nM affinity. Ab31 was successfully radiolabeled with iodine-125 with high yield and > 95% purity. [125I]Ab31 binding to insulinoma and pancreas was higher than for [125I]Exendin-4, but could only by partially competed away by 200 nM Ab31 in excess. The in vivo uptake of [125I]Ab31 was higher than [125I]Exendin-4 in most tissues, mainly due to slower clearance from blood. CONCLUSIONS We report a first-in-class ZnT8 imaging ligand for pancreatic imaging. Development with respect to ligand miniaturization and radionuclide selection is required for further progress. Transcription analysis indicates ZnT8 as a suitable target for visualization of the human endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram Kumar Selvaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Fabrice Chimienti
- Mellitech SAS, 38028, Grenoble, France
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (IMED Biotech), AstraZeneca AB, 431 50, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Altai
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Eriksson O, Rosenström U, Selvaraju RK, Eriksson B, Velikyan I. Species differences in pancreatic binding of DO3A-VS-Cys 40-Exendin4. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:1039-1045. [PMID: 28891030 PMCID: PMC5643362 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Radiolabeled Exendin-4 has been proposed as suitable imaging marker for pancreatic beta cell mass quantification mediated by Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). However, noticeable species variations in basal pancreatic uptake as well as uptake reduction degree due to selective beta cell ablation were observed. METHODS In vitro and ex vivo autoradiography studies of pancreas were performed using [177Lu]Lu-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4, in order to investigate the mechanism of uptake as well as the islet uptake contrast in mouse, rat, pig, and non-human primate. The autoradiography results were compared to the in vivo pancreatic uptake as assessed by [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in the same species. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data formed the basis for calculating the theoretical in vivo contribution of each pancreatic compartment. RESULTS [177Lu]Lu-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4 displayed the highest islet-to-exocrine pancreas ratio (IPR) in rat (IPR 45) followed by non-human primate and mouse at similar levels (IPR approximately 5) while pigs exhibited negligible IPR (1.1). In vivo pancreas uptake was mainly GLP-1R mediated in all species, but the magnitude of uptake under basal physiology varied significantly in decreasing order: non-human primate, mouse, pig, and rat. The theoretical calculation of islet contribution to the total pancreatic PET signal predicted the in vivo observation of differences in pancreatic uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4. CONCLUSIONS IPR as well as the exocrine GLP-1R density is the main determinants of the species variability in pancreatic uptake. Thus, the IPR in human is an important factor for assessing the potential of GLP-1R as an imaging biomarker for pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram K Selvaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbro Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yang CT, Ghosh KK, Padmanabhan P, Langer O, Liu J, Halldin C, Gulyás BZ. PET probes for imaging pancreatic islet cells. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fani M, Peitl PK, Velikyan I. Current Status of Radiopharmaceuticals for the Theranostics of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E30. [PMID: 28295000 PMCID: PMC5374434 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine plays a pivotal role in the management of patients affected by neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor analogs are by far the most advanced radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy (radiotheranostics) of NENs. Their clinical success emerged receptor-targeted radiolabeled peptides as an important class of radiopharmaceuticals and it paved the way for the investigation of other radioligand-receptor systems. Besides the somatostatin receptors (sstr), other receptors have also been linked to NENs and quite a number of potential radiolabeled peptides have been derived from them. The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R) is highly expressed in benign insulinomas, the Cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2)/Gastrin receptor is expressed in different NENs, in particular medullary thyroid cancer, and the Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) receptor was found to be expressed in gastrointestinal and bronchial NENs, where interestingly, it is present in most of the sstr-negative and GLP-1R-negative NENs. Also in the field of sstr targeting new discoveries brought into light an alternative approach with the use of radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists, instead of the clinically used agonists. The purpose of this review is to present the current status and the most innovative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment (theranostics) of neuroendocrine neoplasms using a cadre of radiolabeled regulatory peptides targeting their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Fani
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Eriksson O, Laughlin M, Brom M, Nuutila P, Roden M, Hwa A, Bonadonna R, Gotthardt M. In vivo imaging of beta cells with radiotracers: state of the art, prospects and recommendations for development and use. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1340-1349. [PMID: 27094935 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracer imaging is characterised by high in vivo sensitivity, with a detection limit in the lower picomolar range. Therefore, radiotracers represent a valuable tool for imaging pancreatic beta cells. High demands are made of radiotracers for in vivo imaging of beta cells. Beta cells represent only a small fraction of the volume of the pancreas (usually 1-3%) and are scattered in the tiny islets of Langerhans throughout the organ. In order to be able to measure a beta cell-specific signal, one has to rely on highly specific tracer molecules because current in vivo imaging technologies do not allow the resolution of single islets in humans non-invasively. Currently, a considerable amount of preclinical data are available for several radiotracers and three are under clinical evaluation. We summarise the current status of the evaluation of these tracer molecules and put forward recommendations for their further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Maren Laughlin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Hwa
- JDRF, Discovery Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Bonadonna
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma and AOU of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Velikyan I. Continued rapid growth in68Ga applications: update 2013 to June 2014. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:99-121. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; SE-75183 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science; Uppsala University; SE-75285 Uppsala Sweden
- PET-Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging; Uppsala University Hospital; SE-75185 Uppsala Sweden
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