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Sepúlveda B, Marín A, Burrows R, Sepúlveda A, Chamorro R. It's About Timing: Contrasting the Metabolic Effects of Early vs. Late Time-Restricted Eating in Humans. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:214-239. [PMID: 38625630 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Time-restricted eating (TRE), a form of intermittent fasting, restricts feeding time across the day, imposing a daily 'eating window'. The time of day when the eating window occurs could result in differential metabolic effects. Here, we describe recent intervention studies in humans assessing the metabolic consequences of an early- (i.e., eating window starting in the early morning) vs. late (i.e., eating window starting after midday)-TRE protocol. RECENT FINDINGS Well-controlled studies indicate that both TRE protocols effectively reduce body weight and improve altered glucose metabolism, lipid profile, inflammation, or blood pressure levels. An early-TRE (e-TRE) might have a further positive impact on improving blood glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance. However, the studies directly assessing the metabolic consequences of an early- vs. late-TRE have shown dissimilar findings, and more well-controlled clinical trials are needed on the metabolic benefits of these two types of TRE. Evidence suggests that an e-TRE might have enhanced metabolic results, particularly regarding glucose homeostasis. More long-term studies, including larger sample sizes, are needed to assess the metabolic, circadian, and adherence benefits, together with socio-cultural acceptance of both TRE approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardita Sepúlveda
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Marín
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Food and Nutrition Unit, Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Sepúlveda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Rius-Bonet J, Macip S, Closa D, Massip-Salcedo M. Intermittent fasting as a dietary intervention with potential sexually dimorphic health benefits. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae062. [PMID: 38812084 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has proven to be a feasible dietary intervention for the wider population. The recent increase in IF clinical trials highlights its potential effects on health, including changes in body composition, cardiometabolic status, and aging. Although IF may have clinical applications in different populations, studies suggest there may be sex-specific responses in parameters such as body composition or glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, the existing literature on IF clinical trials is summarized, the application of IF in both disease prevention and management is discussed, and potential disparities in response to this type of diet between men and women are assessed. Moreover, the potential mechanisms that may be contributing to the sexually dimorphic response, such as age, body composition, tissue distribution, or sex hormones are investigated. This review underscores the need to further study these sex-specific responses to IF to define the most effective time frames and length of fasting periods for men and women. Tailoring IF to specific populations with a personalized approach may help achieve its full potential as a lifestyle intervention with clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rius-Bonet
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona 08018, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory - South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Salvador Macip
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona 08018, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory - South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Closa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Marta Massip-Salcedo
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona 08018, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory - South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Czerwińska-Ledwig O, Kryst J, Ziemann E, Borkowska A, Reczkowicz J, Dzidek A, Rydzik Ł, Pałka T, Żychowska M, Kupczak W, Blaščáková MM, Piotrowska A. The Beneficial Effects of Nordic Walking Training Combined with Time-Restricted Eating 14/24 in Women with Abnormal Body Composition Depend on the Application Period. Nutrients 2024; 16:1413. [PMID: 38794651 PMCID: PMC11124239 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of two lengths of Nordic walking (NW) training interventions combined with time-restricted eating (TRE) on improving body-composition parameters, lipid profiles, and levels of selected adipokines in women with elevated body mass. Overweight and obese women (n = 55, age: 21-85) were recruited. Four groups were selected: 6 weeks (SG6, n = 13) and 12 weeks intervention (SG12, n = 13); and two control groups: CON6 (n = 13) and CON12 (n = 13). The training sessions took place three times a week (60 min each) and were conducted outdoors under the supervision of a professional coach. The training intensity was determined individually. The extended NW program combined with TRE induced a significant weight reduction in SG12 by 1.96 kg (p = 0.010) and fat tissue by 1.64 kg (p = 0.05). The proposed interventions did not affect LBM, TBW [kg], VFA, and lipid profile. The LDL/HDL ratio changed with a small size effect. The leptin concentration differed between groups (p = 0.006), but not over time. For resistin, the differentiating factor was time (p = 0.019), with lower results observed after the intervention. The change in leptin concentration was negatively correlated with its baseline concentration (p = 0.025). Extended to 12 weeks, this intervention allows for an improvement in body composition. Neither 6 nor 12 weeks of training and fasting affected the lipoprotein profile. It is, therefore, indicated to recommend prolonged training protocols and to inform patients that beneficial effects will be seen only after prolonged use of training and time-restricted eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Czerwińska-Ledwig
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andżelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Joanna Reczkowicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (A.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Adrianna Dzidek
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Żychowska
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Physical Culture, Biological Fundation of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki 10 University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kupczak
- Student’s Science Club, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Mydlárová Blaščáková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, 08-116 Presov, Slovakia;
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (O.C.-L.); (J.K.); (A.D.)
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Fernández-Rodríguez R, Garrido-Miguel M, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Díaz-Goñi V, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez E, Guzmán-Pavón MJ, Meseguer-Henarejos AB, Torres-Costoso A. Time-Restricted Eating and Bone Health: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:876. [PMID: 38542787 PMCID: PMC10974430 DOI: 10.3390/nu16060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) has emerged as a dietary strategy that restricts food consumption to a specific time window and is commonly applied to facilitate weight loss. The benefits of TRE on adipose tissue have been evidenced in human trials and animal models; however, its impact on bone tissue remains unclear. To systematically synthesize and examine the evidence on the impact of TRE on bone health (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover factors), PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases were systematically explored from inception to 1 October 2023 searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at determining the effects of TRE on bone health in adults (≥18 years). The Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA recommendations were followed. A total of seven RCTs involving 313 participants (19 to 68 years) were included, with an average length of 10.5 weeks (range: 4 to 24 weeks). Despite the significant weight loss reported in five out of seven studies when compared to the control, our meta-analysis showed no significant difference in BMD (g/cm2) between groups (MD = -0.009, 95% CI: -0.026 to 0.009, p = 0.328; I2 = 0%). BMC and bone turnover markers between TRE interventions and control conditions were not meta-analyzed because of scarcity of studies (less than five). Despite its short-term benefits on cardiometabolic health, TRE did not show detrimental effects on bone health outcomes compared to those in the control group. Nevertheless, caution should be taken when interpreting our results due to the scarcity of RCTs adequately powered to assess changes in bone outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 16002 Cuenca, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Valentina Díaz-Goñi
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Eva Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
- Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), 16002 Cuenca, Spain
| | - María José Guzmán-Pavón
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | | | - Ana Torres-Costoso
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 16002 Cuenca, Spain; (R.F.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (V.D.-G.); (E.R.-G.); (A.T.-C.)
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
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5
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Qi D, Nie X, Zhang J. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Homeostasis. Angiology 2024:33197241228046. [PMID: 38229272 DOI: 10.1177/00033197241228046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This meta-analysis investigated the effect of time-restricted eating (TRE) as an economical lifestyle intervention for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and improving the related metabolic variables. The Cochrane library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, clinical trials, and other databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We included 22 RCTs (1004 participants, aged 18-75 years, including healthy subjects, prediabetes and overweight patients) designed to evaluate the effect of TRE on metabolic parameters. Body mass index (BMI) (-0.56 kg/m2, 95% CI: -1.00, -0.13, P < .01), fasting blood glucose (-1.74 mmol/L, 95% CI: -3.34, -0.14, P < .01), and body weight (-0.48 kg, 95% CI: -0.74, -0.22, P < .01) in the TRE intervention group were decreased to varying degrees compared with controls. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were significantly increased in the TRE group compared with the control group (P < .01). The change in waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol did not vary markedly across the groups. In conclusion, this meta-analysis found a significant reduction in BMI, weight, and fasting glucose, as well as a rise in HDL-C level with TRE compared with control. TRE could be used as an adjuvant treatment for metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Nie
- Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Jianjun Zhang, Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Mackieh R, Al-Bakkar N, Kfoury M, Okdeh N, Pietra H, Roufayel R, Legros C, Fajloun Z, Sabatier JM. Unlocking the Benefits of Fasting: A Review of its Impact on Various Biological Systems and Human Health. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1781-1803. [PMID: 38018193 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673275492231121062033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Fasting has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential health benefits in various body systems. This review aims to comprehensively examine the effects of fasting on human health, specifically focusing on its impact on different body's physiological systems. The cardiovascular system plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, and fasting has shown promising effects in improving cardiovascular health markers such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels. Additionally, fasting has been suggested to enhance insulin sensitivity, promote weight loss, and improve metabolic health, thus offering potential benefits to individuals with diabetes and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, fasting can boost immune function, reduce inflammation, enhance autophagy, and support the body's defense against infections, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Fasting has also demonstrated a positive effect on the brain and nervous system. It has been associated with neuroprotective properties, improving cognitive function, and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, besides the ability of increasing the lifespan. Hence, understanding the potential advantages of fasting can provide valuable insights for individuals and healthcare professionals alike in promoting health and wellbeing. The data presented here may have significant implications for the development of therapeutic approaches and interventions using fasting as a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Mackieh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Al-Bakkar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut Campus, P.O. Box 11 50 20, Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon
| | - Milena Kfoury
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Hervé Pietra
- Association Esprit Jeûne & Fasting Spirit, 226, Chemin du Pélican, Toulon 83000, France
| | - Rabih Roufayel
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Hadiya, Kuwait
| | - Christian Legros
- Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, Angers 49000, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Aix-- Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille 13385, France
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Shabkhizan R, Haiaty S, Moslehian MS, Bazmani A, Sadeghsoltani F, Saghaei Bagheri H, Rahbarghazi R, Sakhinia E. The Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Autophagic Response to Caloric Restriction and Fasting. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1211-1225. [PMID: 37527766 PMCID: PMC10509423 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Each cell is equipped with a conserved housekeeping mechanism, known as autophagy, to recycle exhausted materials and dispose of injured organelles via lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is an early-stage cellular response to stress stimuli in both physiological and pathological situations. It is thought that the promotion of autophagy flux prevents host cells from subsequent injuries by removing damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. As a correlate, the modulation of autophagy is suggested as a therapeutic approach in diverse pathological conditions. Accumulated evidence suggests that intermittent fasting or calorie restriction can lead to the induction of adaptive autophagy and increase longevity of eukaryotic cells. However, prolonged calorie restriction with excessive autophagy response is harmful and can stimulate a type II autophagic cell death. Despite the existence of a close relationship between calorie deprivation and autophagic response in different cell types, the precise molecular mechanisms associated with this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we aimed to highlight the possible effects of prolonged and short-term calorie restriction on autophagic response and cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Shabkhizan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Sadat Moslehian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghsoltani
- Student Committee Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Advanced Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Jaramillo AP, Castells J, Ibrahimli S, Jaramillo L, Briones Andriuoli RR, Moncada D, Revilla JC. Time-Restricted Feeding and Intermittent Fasting as Preventive Therapeutics: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e42300. [PMID: 37609101 PMCID: PMC10441815 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that intermittent fasting (IF) is associated with better health conditions and longer lifespans, as is time-restricted feeding (TRF). One crucial explanation is that IF and TRF permit a set length of time for caloric ingestion, during which our systems activate a variety of mechanisms that lead to the enhancement and renewal of different body systems. Accordingly, the benefits of IF and TRF are a lot greater than those of complete calorie restriction (CR). Accordingly, TRF and IF offered the underpinnings for human studies that revealed that when we eat and when we are fasting, we experience fluctuations in all body systems. For relevant medical literature, we investigated medical databases such as PubMed/Medline, PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The chosen articles were evaluated based on eligibility criteria and vetted by quality evaluation methods; 15 finished research papers were included in the study. Of the 15 recognized studies, four were systematic reviews of literature, and 11 were review articles. The chosen publications all examined the efficacy and comparability with other restrictive diets. The study articles indicated that the advantages of IF and TRF represent complex interplay involving periodic digestion of food, gut flora, and the circadian clock. Accordingly, further research is necessary to get a comprehensive grasp of this very complex molecular blueprint. This could aid in producing an effectively planned food treatment that can regulate numerous chronic health ailments and disorders. Furthermore, it might lead to the development and investigation of new pharmacological medicines that mimic the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of IF for those who are unwilling or unable to follow this kind of feeding regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo P Jaramillo
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Javier Castells
- Internal Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
| | | | - Luisa Jaramillo
- Internal Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
| | | | - Denisse Moncada
- Internal Medicine, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, ECU
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9
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Zhang Y, Gao F, Gong H, Fu Y, Liu B, Qin X, Zheng Q. Intermittent fasting attenuates obesity-related atrial fibrillation via SIRT3-mediated insulin resistance mitigation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166638. [PMID: 36657499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common tachyarrhythmia in urgent need of therapeutic optimization. Obesity engenders AF, and its pathogenesis is closely intertwined with insulin resistance (IR), but mechanism-based management is still underinvestigated. Intermittent fasting (IF) is a novel lifestyle intervention that mitigates IR, a potential AF driver, yet whether IF can prevent obesity-related AF remains elusive. Here, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of short-term IF on AF and to uncover the underlying mechanism. METHODS We subjected obese mice (high-fat diet for 8-week) to IF (alternative-day fasting for another 5-week) for AF vulnerability and substrate formation assessment, and similarly treated neonatal atrial cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and fibroblasts (NRCFs) (palmitate, 200 μM) with IF (alternative-day short-term starvation for 8-day) for mechanism investigation. RESULTS Obese mice were prone to AF and atrial remodeling. IF reduced AF inducibility, duration, and reversed atrial remodeling including channel disturbance, left atrial dilation, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in obese mice independent of weight loss. Mechanistically, IF up-regulated the SIRT3 protein level both in vivo and in vitro, and pharmacologic inhibition (3-(1H-1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl) pyridine, 50 μM) and genetic suppression of SIRT3 could attenuate the IF-mediated benefits against hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, IF activated AMPK and Akt signaling, two positive downstream targets of SIRT3, and inactivated HIF1α signaling, a negative downstream target of SIRT3 in both obese mice atria and palmitate-treated cells, while inhibition of SIRT3 reversed these effects. CONCLUSION IF prevents obesity-related AF via SIRT3-mediated IR mitigation, thus representing a feasible lifestyle intervention to improve AF management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Haoyu Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yuping Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Binghua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xinghua Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
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10
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Roth JR, Varshney S, de Moraes RCM, Melkani GC. Circadian-mediated regulation of cardiometabolic disorders and aging with time-restricted feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:40-49. [PMID: 36623845 PMCID: PMC10089654 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are present throughout biology, from the molecular level to complex behaviors such as eating and sleeping. They are driven by molecular clocks within cells, and different tissues can have unique rhythms. Circadian disruption can trigger obesity and other common metabolic disorders such as aging, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and circadian genes control metabolism. At an organismal level, feeding and fasting rhythms are key drivers of circadian rhythms. This underscores the bidirectional relationship between metabolism and circadian rhythms, and many metabolic disorders have circadian disruption or misalignment. Therefore, studying circadian rhythms may offer new avenues for understanding the etiology and management of obesity. This review describes how circadian rhythm dysregulation is linked with cardiometabolic disorders and how the lifestyle intervention of time-restricted feeding (TRF) regulates them. TRF reinforces feeding-fasting rhythms without reducing caloric intake and ameliorates metabolic disorders such as obesity and associated cardiac dysfunction, along with reducing inflammation. TRF optimizes the expression of genes and pathways related to normal metabolic function, linking metabolism with TRF's benefits and demonstrating the molecular link between metabolic disorders and circadian rhythms. Thus, TRF has tremendous therapeutic potential that could be easily adopted to reduce obesity-linked dysfunction and cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Roth
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shweta Varshney
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruan Carlos Macedo de Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Girish C. Melkani
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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11
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Li X, Sun Z. Circadian clock and temporal meal pattern. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:85-101. [PMID: 37724110 PMCID: PMC10471112 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The central circadian clock in the brain controls the time-of-the-day variations in acute meal responses, with a low glycemic response but a high satiety/thermogenic response to meals consumed at waking compared to other time points. Consistently, studies show that consuming a significant proportion of calories, particularly carbohydrates, in breakfast is beneficial for the chronic management of obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome, compared to consuming identical meals at dinner. Conversely, breakfast skipping or/and late dinner can have unfavorable metabolic outcomes. It remains controversial how meal frequency affects metabolic health. In contrast, irregular meals, especially irregular breakfasts, show consistent adverse metabolic consequences. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), with all calories consumed within less than 12-h per day, can improve metabolism and extend lifespan. A major component of TRF in humans is caloric restriction, which contributes significantly to the beneficial effects of TRF in humans. By comparison, TRF effects in rodents can be independent of caloric restriction and show day/night phase specificity. TRF could alleviate metabolic abnormalities due to circadian disruption, but its effects appear independent of the circadian clock in rodents. Understanding neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying clock-mediated metabolic regulation will shed light on the metabolic effects of temporal meal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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He Z, Xu H, Li C, Yang H, Mao Y. Intermittent fasting and immunomodulatory effects: A systematic review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1048230. [PMID: 36925956 PMCID: PMC10011094 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1048230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction strategy of periodic food restriction and fixed eating windows, could beneficially modify individuals by losing body weight, regulating glucose or lipid metabolism, reducing blood pressure, and modulating the immune system. Specific effects of IF and its mechanisms have not yet been assessed collectively. Thus, this systematic review aims to summarize and compare clinical trials that explored the immunomodulatory effects of IF. Methods After screening, 28 studies were included in this systematic review. Results In addition to weight loss, IF could benefit health subjects by strengthening their circadian rhythms, migrating immune cells, lower inflammatory factors, and enriching microbials. In addition of the anti-inflammatory effect by regulating macrophages, protection against oxidative stress with hormone secretion and oxidative-related gene expression plays a key beneficial role for the influence of IF on obese subjects. Discussion Physiological stress by surgery and pathophysiological disorders by endocrine diseases may be partly eased with IF. Moreover, IF might be used to treat anxiety and cognitive disorders with its cellular, metabolic and circadian mechanisms. Finally, the specific effects of IF and the mechanisms pertaining to immune system in these conditions require additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyuting He
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Changcan Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal innate immune cell accumulation and inflammation are associated with hypertension. Time restricted feeding (TRF) has been reported to decrease inflammation and blood pressure. Whether TRF can decrease blood pressure by decreasing renal innate immune cells in hypertension is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined whether TRF can decrease blood pressure in two separate mouse models of hypertension, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride-induced hypertension (LHTN) and salt-sensitive hypertension (SSHTN). Once hypertension was established after 2 days, TRF (12-h food/12-h no food) for 4 weeks significantly decreased systolic blood pressure in both LHTN and SSHTN mice despite no differences in the amount of food eaten or body weight between groups. Activated macrophages and dendritic cells in the kidneys of both LHTN and SSHTN mice were decreased significantly in mice that underwent TRF. This was associated with an improvement in kidney function (decreased serum creatinine, decreased fractional excretion of sodium, and increased creatinine clearance) which achieved significance in LHTN mice and trended towards improvement in SSHTN mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that TRF can significantly decrease renal innate immune cells and blood pressure in two mouse models of hypertension.
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14
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. A Narrative Review on Intermittent Fasting as an Approachable Measure for Weight Reduction and Obesity Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e30372. [PMID: 36407153 PMCID: PMC9671204 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity can be regarded as the curse of this modern advanced and efficient lifestyle as it is the crux of very precarious comorbidities. The prevalence of obesity is so widespread that cases of obesity can be seen on either end of the age spectrum. With the rise of the twenty-first century and the rise of ease of living, the sedentary lifestyle also went on the rise to become the primary contributor to the rise in obesity. For the management of obesity, various dietary modifications grew in popularity, among which is intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting grew in popularity with the rise of the internet. Intermittent calorie restriction/time-restricted feeding is a form of caloric restriction revolving around a short window for eating and a comparatively larger window for fasting. This form of feed-fast cycle promotes increased consumption of adipose tissue and glycogen stores, leading to increased fat loss and reduced satiety. Intermittent fasting is also said to have cardioprotective functions as well known to control diabetic parameters and reduce the incidence of diabetes. This narrative review article's goals are to outline the benefits of intermittent calorie restriction while accounting for any of its potential limitations and pinpoint any knowledge gaps that may exist.
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15
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Das M, Webster NJG. Obesity, cancer risk, and time-restricted eating. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:697-717. [PMID: 35984550 PMCID: PMC9470651 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and the associated metabolic syndrome is considered a pandemic whose prevalence is steadily increasing in many countries worldwide. It is a complex, dynamic, and multifactorial disorder that presages the development of several metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases, and increases the risk of cancer. In patients with newly diagnosed cancer, obesity worsens prognosis, increasing the risk of recurrence and decreasing survival. The multiple negative effects of obesity on cancer outcomes are substantial, and of great clinical importance. Strategies for weight control have potential utility for both prevention efforts and enhancing cancer outcomes. Presently, time-restricted eating (TRE) is a popular dietary intervention that involves limiting the consumption of calories to a specific window of time without any proscribed caloric restriction or alteration in dietary composition. As such, TRE is a sustainable long-term behavioral modification, when compared to other dietary interventions, and has shown many health benefits in animals and humans. The preliminary data regarding the effects of time-restricted feeding on cancer development and growth in animal models are promising but studies in humans are lacking. Interestingly, several short-term randomized clinical trials of TRE have shown favorable effects to reduce cancer risk factors; however, long-term trials of TRE have yet to investigate reductions in cancer incidence or outcomes in the general population. Few studies have been conducted in cancer populations, but a number are underway to examine the effect of TRE on cancer biology and recurrence. Given the simplicity, feasibility, and favorable metabolic improvements elicited by TRE in obese men and women, TRE may be useful in obese cancer patients and cancer survivors; however, the clinical implementation of TRE in the cancer setting will require greater in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Das
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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16
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Берковская МА, Гурова ОЮ, Хайкина ИА, Фадеев ВВ. [Time-restricted eating as a novel strategy for treatment of obesity and it's comorbid conditions]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2022; 68:78-91. [PMID: 36104969 PMCID: PMC9762455 DOI: 10.14341/probl13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The article provides a review of the current literature about time-restricted eating (TRE) as a new tool for the treatment of obesity and comorbid conditions. The search for new nutritional strategies in obesity, one of which is TRE, is due to the weak adherence of patients to hypocaloric diets in the long term, as well as the available data on the importance of -desynchronization of food intake with natural circadian rhythms in the development and progression of obesity and cardio--metabolic complications. The article describes the main mechanisms that regulate the circadian rhythms of food intake and nutrient absorption, substantiates the importance of adhering to a physiological diet for maintaining metabolic health. The main part of the review is devoted to reviewing the currently available researches on the effectiveness of various strategies of intermittent energy restriction for weight loss and the correction of metabolic parameters. Potential mechanisms of the -effect of TRE on health are discussed, including those mediated by an unintentional decrease in caloric intake and changes in eating behavior, and differences in the effectiveness of early and late TRE. The article contains a detailed discussion of the potential problems and contradictions associated with the use of time-restricted eating in clinical practice, namely: the limitations and inconsistencies of the available clinical trials, the lack of data on long-term efficacy and safety, social and psychological limitations that impede the widespread use of TRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- М. А. Берковская
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - О. Ю. Гурова
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - И. А. Хайкина
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - В. В. Фадеев
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
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17
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Perez-Montilla JJ, Cuevas-Cervera M, Gonzalez-Muñoz A, Garcia-Rios MC, Navarro-Ledesma S. Efficacy of Nutritional Strategies on the Improvement of the Performance and Health of the Athlete: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074240. [PMID: 35409921 PMCID: PMC8998415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence shows that the use of food strategies can impact health, but a clear consensus about how the effects of different food strategies impact improvement in the athlete’s performance and health remain unclear. This study evaluated how food strategies, specifically intermittent fasting and a ketogenic diet affect health and performance in healthy athletes. Study selection for this review was based on clinical trial studies analyzing changes in performance and health in athletes. The Pubmed, Web of Science, PEDro, Dialnet, Scopus, CINAHL, ProQuest, Medline and Cochrane databases were searched. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale, PEDro Internal Validity Scale (IVS) and Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a variety of fields (QUALSYT) checklists were used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included studies. Articles were selected based on criteria concerning the effectiveness of nutritional strategies on athletes’ performance; articles should be randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or uncontrolled clinical trials; they should be human studies and they should have been published less than 7 years ago. A total of 15 articles were evaluated, 8 randomised clinical trials and 7 non-randomized clinical studies, with 411 participants who satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The results of the study showed intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding as strategies that produce health benefits. On the other hand, the ketogenic diet did not reach an appropriate consensus. The articles presented a medium level of methodological quality in the PEDro scale, low quality in IVS scale and high quality in QUALSYT scale. Despite the lack of studies analyzing changes in the performance and health of athletes after the use of different nutritional strategies, intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding should be considered since they seem to be effective, and further studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Javier Perez-Montilla
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Querol Street, 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain; (J.J.P.-M.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Maria Cuevas-Cervera
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Querol Street, 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain; (J.J.P.-M.); (M.C.-C.)
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Muñoz
- Clínica Ana González, Avenida Hernan Nuñez de Toledo 6, 29018 Malaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (S.N.-L.)
| | - Maria Carmen Garcia-Rios
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Querol Street, 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain; (J.J.P.-M.); (M.C.-C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (S.N.-L.)
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18
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Zhao Y, Jia M, Chen W, Liu Z. The neuroprotective effects of intermittent fasting on brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases via regulating mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 182:206-218. [PMID: 35218914 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has been studied for its effects on lifespan and the prevention or delay of age-related diseases upon the regulation of metabolic pathways. Mitochondria participate in key metabolic pathways and play important roles in maintaining intracellular signaling networks that modulate various cellular functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as an early feature of brain aging and neurodegeneration. Although IF has been shown to prevent brain aging and neurodegeneration, the mechanism is still unclear. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which IF improves mitochondrial function, which plays a central role in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of IF in brain aging and neurodegeneration involve activation of adaptive cellular stress responses and signaling- and transcriptional pathways, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function, by promoting energy metabolism and reducing oxidant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weixuan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
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19
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Yang F, Liu C, Liu X, Pan X, Li X, Tian L, Sun J, Yang S, Zhao R, An N, Yang X, Gao Y, Xing Y. Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:669325. [PMID: 34733872 PMCID: PMC8558421 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained attention as a promising diet for weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases management. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of IF on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). A systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the IF intervention with a control group diet were included. Fourteen effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a fixed-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to the ones within control groups, participants exposed to the IF intervention reduced their body weight (WMD, −1.78 kg; 95% CI, −2.21 to −1.35; p <0.05), waist circumference (WMD, −1.19 cm; 95% CI, −1.8 to −0.57; p <0.05), fat mass (WMD, −1.26 kg; 95% CI, −1.57 to −0.95; p <0.05), body mass index (WMD, −0.58 kg/m2; 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.37; p <0.05), systolic blood pressure (WMD, −2.14 mmHg; 95% CI: −3.54 to −0.73; p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −1.38 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.35 to −0.41, p <0.05), fasting blood glucose (WMD: −0.053 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.105 to 0.001; p <0.05), fasting insulin (WMD, −0.8 mIU/L; 95% CI, −1.15 to −0.44; p <0.05), insulin resistance (WMD, −0.21; 95% CI, −0.36 to −0.05; p <0.05), total cholesterol (WMD, −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.02; p <0.05), and triglycerides (WMD, −0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.13 to −0.04; p <0.05). No effects were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin. This meta-analysis supports the role of IF in improving the component composition of CMRFs, including weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, compared to a control group diet. Further research on IF interventions should take into account long-term and well-designed administration to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandu Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Anton S, Ezzati A, Witt D, McLaren C, Vial P. The effects of intermittent fasting regimens in middle-age and older adults: Current state of evidence. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111617. [PMID: 34728336 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a host of biological changes that contribute to a progressive decline in cognitive and physical function, ultimately leading to a loss of independence and an increased risk of mortality. The unprecedented growth of the aging population has thus created an urgent need for interventions that can preserve older adults' capacity to live independently and to function well. To date, there is no conclusive evidence supporting the efficacy of an intervention to prevent or reverse physical disability in older persons at risk of functional decline. A growing body of evidence indicates that prolonged fasting periods and different types of intermittent fasting regimens can have positive effects on anthropometric and metabolic health parameters in middle-aged adults similar to that of calorie restriction. For this reason, there is increasing scientific interest in further exploring the biological and metabolic effects of intermittent fasting approaches, as well as the feasibility and safety of popular types of intermittent fasting regimens in older adults. Thus, the purpose of the present review is to describe the state of evidence of different types of intermittent fasting regimes, specifically time-restricted eating and 5:2 intermittent fasting, in the growing population of middle-aged and older adults. A small, but growing body of evidence indicates both time restricted eating (TRE) and 5:2 intermittent fasting approaches can produce modest weight loss; however, only the 5:2 approach produced clinically meaningful weight losses. Reductions in blood pressure were observed for both TRE and 5:2 fasting approaches, but the effects were not consistent across studies. The majority of studies to date, in middle-age and older adults, however, have been of short duration in small study samples. Future clinical trials with larger populations and longer intervention durations are required to better understand the risks versus benefits of different types of intermittent fasting regimens in middle-age and older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Armin Ezzati
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium, College of Health and Human Sciences, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Danielle Witt
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian McLaren
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Patricia Vial
- Nutrition, Health & Wellness Manager, Nestlé Central America, Panama
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21
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Lee Y, Kim Y, Lee M, Wu D, Pae M. Time-Restricted Feeding Restores Obesity-Induced Alteration in Adipose Tissue Immune Cell Phenotype. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113780. [PMID: 34836036 PMCID: PMC8623978 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that time-restricted feeding (TRF) may prevent obesity and its commodities. At present, little is known about how TRF impacts immune cells, and whether such an effect is linked to altered metabolic parameters under condition of a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. To address these issues, we conducted a study in which we determined whether TRF has therapeutic efficacy against weight gain, adiposity, as well as associated immune cell disturbance found in obese mice. Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD ad libitum for six weeks, after which time a subgroup of HFD mice was switched to the 10 h TRF paradigm (HFD-TRF) for additional eight weeks. We found that TRF intervention reduced HFD-induced weight gain. Even with comparable fat mass and mean adipocyte area, the HFD-TRF group had lower mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokine Tnfα and chemokine Ccl8, along with reduced numbers of adipose tissue macrophages (ATM), CD11c+ ATM, and CD8+ T cell compared to the HFD group, while maintaining CD8+ to CD4+ ratio at levels similar to those in the LFD group. Furthermore, TRF intervention was effective in improving glucose tolerance and reducing HOMA-IR. Taken together, our findings suggest that TRF restores the obesity-induced alteration in immune cell composition, and this effect may in part contribute to health benefits (including insulin sensitivity) of practicing TRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyoon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (Y.L.); (Y.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Yelim Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (Y.L.); (Y.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Minam Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (Y.L.); (Y.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Munkyong Pae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (Y.L.); (Y.K.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2745
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22
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Jahrami H, BaHammam AS, Haji EA, Bragazzi NL, Rakha I, Alsabbagh A, Nugraha B, Pasiakos SM. Ramadan Fasting Improves Body Composition without Exacerbating Depression in Males with Diagnosed Major Depressive Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082718. [PMID: 34444878 PMCID: PMC8398343 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ramadan fasting (RF) is a form of intermittent fasting that generally improves body composition and related metabolic profiles. Whether RF exacerbates depressive symptomatology in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) is undetermined. Methods: 100 men, who lived in Bahrain and were between the ages of 18 and 64 years with an established diagnosis of MDD, participated in this 4-week study. Based on preference, participants were assigned to a fasting group (FG, n = 50) and a non-fasting group (NFG, n = 50). The FG engaged in fasting from 03:40 to 18:10 (dawn and dusk timings). Changes in depressive symptoms, body mass, body composition, and components of metabolic syndrome were measured. Results: There were no significant changes in depressive symptoms within the FG vs. NFG after controlling for baseline covariates: mean difference 0.49 (SE = 0.63), p = 0.43. No adverse effects were reported in either group. The FG experienced significant reductions in body mass, 1.87 kg, p = 0.001; body mass index, 0.69 kg/m2, p = 0.001; body fat, 0.87%, p = 0.001; body surface area, 0.03 m2, p = 0.001; and lean mass, 0.77 kg, p = 0.001. Conclusions: RF did not negatively affect depressive symptoms and improved body composition, suggesting short-term intermittent fasting may be a safe dietary practice for adult males with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (E.A.H.); (I.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 225503, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia;
- The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Ahmed Haji
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (E.A.H.); (I.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Departments and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.J.); (N.L.B.)
| | - Ihab Rakha
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (E.A.H.); (I.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Amani Alsabbagh
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (E.A.H.); (I.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Boya Nugraha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA;
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COVID-19 Pandemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Social Inequality Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060596. [PMID: 34200557 PMCID: PMC8229071 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To perform a retrospective report on the lethality of COVID-19 in different realities in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Materials and Methods: We accomplished an observational study by collecting the data about total confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the top 10 high social developed neighborhoods and top 10 most populous favelas in RJ to determine the case-fatality rate (CFR) and compare these two different realities. Results: CFR was significatively higher in poverty areas of RJ, reaching a mean of 9.08% in the most populous favelas and a mean of 4.87% in the socially developed neighborhoods. Conclusions: The social mitigation measures adopted in RJ have benefited only smaller portions of the population, excluding needy communities.
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Wilhelm C, Surendar J, Karagiannis F. Enemy or ally? Fasting as an essential regulator of immune responses. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:389-400. [PMID: 33865714 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is essential for supplying an organism with sufficient energy to maintain its bodily functions. Apart from serving as an energy supply, the immunomodulatory effects of diet are emerging as a central aspect of human health. The latest evidence suggests that dietary restriction may play an important regulatory role by influencing the activation and effector functions of immune cells. However, depending on the context, nutrient restriction may have both pathogenic and beneficial effects. Here, we discuss the diverse roles of fasting programs, including ketogenesis in infection and chronic inflammation, aiming to clarify their detrimental and/or beneficial effects. Understanding these differences may help identify conditions under which dietary interventions might serve as putative effective approaches to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fotios Karagiannis
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Pureza IRDOM, Macena MDL, da Silva Junior AE, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Bueno NB. Effect of early time-restricted feeding on the metabolic profile of adults with excess weight: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:1788-1799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Eat, Train, Sleep-Retreat? Hormonal Interactions of Intermittent Fasting, Exercise and Circadian Rhythm. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040516. [PMID: 33808424 PMCID: PMC8065500 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythmicity of endogenous metabolic and hormonal processes is controlled by a complex system of central and peripheral pacemakers, influenced by exogenous factors like light/dark-cycles, nutrition and exercise timing. There is evidence that alterations in this system may be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. It has been shown that disruptions to normal diurnal rhythms lead to drastic changes in circadian processes, as often seen in modern society due to excessive exposure to unnatural light sources. Out of that, research has focused on time-restricted feeding and exercise, as both seem to be able to reset disruptions in circadian pacemakers. Based on these results and personal physical goals, optimal time periods for food intake and exercise have been identified. This review shows that appropriate nutrition and exercise timing are powerful tools to support, rather than not disturb, the circadian rhythm and potentially contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, both lifestyle interventions are unable to address the real issue: the misalignment of our biological with our social time.
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Kesztyüs D, Vorwieger E, Schönsteiner D, Gulich M, Kesztyüs T. Applicability of time-restricted eating for the prevention of lifestyle-dependent diseases in a working population: results of a pilot study in a pre-post design. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2021; 19:Doc04. [PMID: 33911996 PMCID: PMC8051591 DOI: 10.3205/000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: The ongoing epidemic of lifestyle-dependent diseases in industrialized countries threatens to overtax the health and social systems of these nations. New approaches beyond the usual therapeutic and preventive measures which have been applied so far must be tested. A paradigm shift with regard to nutrition and associated illness is overdue. Time-restricted eating (TRE) offers a low-threshold and easy-to-implement lifestyle change which may have what it takes for broad, population-wide applicability and a widely diversified range of possible effects. In this pilot study, we examine the feasibility and adherence of TRE in healthy adult employees. Methods: Pre-post design study with healthy volunteers from the staff of Ulm University and Ulm University Hospital. Participants were asked to reduce their daily eating time to 8-9 hours for three months. Surrounding the eating time, they were allowed drinks other than water for 12 hours, and water for the rest of the day. Anthropometric measurements were taken by trained staff, and blood samples were taken at baseline and follow-up. Pre- and post-data on lifestyle, health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL, recorded with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D)), and attitudes towards TRE were collected in questionnaires. During the course of the study, timing of the first and the last meal, as well as sleep duration and quality, were assessed in diaries. Primary outcome was the percentage of days with achievement of the fasting goal out of the total number of days recorded per participant. Results: Sixty-three participants (aged 47.8±10.5 years, 86% female) were recruited and started the intervention immediately after the baseline assessment. Two persons dropped out while all others finished the study. Ratings of compatibility of TRE with professional activities were good in 78% of participants, neither good nor difficult in 3%, and 18% reported to have encountered some difficulties. On average, the fasting target was reached on 72.2±18.9% of the recorded days. After three months of TRE, participants showed moderate reductions in weight (-1.3±2.3 kg, p≤0.001) and waist circumference (-1.7±3.2 cm, p≤0.001). HRQoL increased significantly by 5.8±12.4 (p=0.008) points between baseline and follow-up. Conclusion: TRE is feasible and well accepted, even in regularly employed persons, and may improve HRQoL. TRE may help to reduce obesity and abdominal obesity in adult working people, thereby preventing lifestyle-dependent diseases; however, volunteers need more guidance to increase effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Kesztyüs
- Ulm University Medical Center, Institute of General Practice, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Vorwieger
- Ulm University Medical Center, Institute of General Practice, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorothée Schönsteiner
- Ulm University Medical Center, Institute of General Practice, Ulm, Germany
- Ulm University Medical Center, Clinical Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Gulich
- Ulm University Medical Center, Institute of General Practice, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tibor Kesztyüs
- Georg August University Göttingen, Medical Center, Institute of Medical Informatics, Göttingen, Germany
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Rybtsova N, Berezina T, Kagansky A, Rybtsov S. Can Blood-Circulating Factors Unveil and Delay Your Biological Aging? Biomedicines 2020; 8:E615. [PMID: 33333870 PMCID: PMC7765271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the population of over 60 will double in the next 30 years in the developed countries, which will enforce a further raise of the retirement age and increase the burden on the healthcare system. Therefore, there is an acute issue of maintaining health and prolonging active working longevity, as well as implementation of early monitoring and prevention of premature aging and age-related disorders to avoid early disability. Traditional indicators of biological age are not always informative and often require extensive and expensive analysis. The study of blood factors is a simple and easily accessible way to assess individual health and supplement the traditional indicators of a person's biological age with new objective criteria. With age, the processes of growth and development, tissue regeneration and repair decline; they are gradually replaced by enhanced catabolism, inflammatory cell activity, and insulin resistance. The number of senescent cells supporting the inflammatory loop rises; cellular clearance by autophagy and mitophagy slows down, resulting in mitochondrial and cellular damage and dysfunction. Monitoring of circulated blood factors not only reflects these processes, but also allows suggesting medical intervention to prevent or decelerate the development of age-related diseases. We review the age-related blood factors discussed in recent publications, as well as approaches to slowing aging for healthy and active longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rybtsova
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Tatiana Berezina
- Department of Scientific Basis of Extreme Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, 127051 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
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Crupi AN, Haase J, Brandhorst S, Longo VD. Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:83. [PMID: 33301104 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally. Nutrition plays a central role in CVD risk by affecting aging, adiposity, glycemia, blood pressure, cholesterol, inflammation, and other risk factors and can affect CVD risk not only based on calorie intake and dietary composition but also the timing and range of meals. This review evaluates the effects of fasting, fasting-mimicking diets, and time-restricted eating on the reduction of CVD risk factors and provides initial data on their potential to serve as CVD prevention and treatment therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Intermittent fasting (IF), time-restricted eating (TRE), prolonged fasting (PF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) show promise in the reduction of CVD risk factors. Results on IF, TRE, PF, and FMD on CVD risk factors are significant and often independent of weight loss, yet long-term studies on their effect on CVD are still lacking. Coupling periodic and prolonged, or intermittent and more frequent cycles of fasting or fasting-mimicking diets, designed to maximize compliance and minimize side effects, has the potential to play a central role in the prevention and treatment of CVD and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Nancy Crupi
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan Haase
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sebastian Brandhorst
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Adafer R, Messaadi W, Meddahi M, Patey A, Haderbache A, Bayen S, Messaadi N. Food Timing, Circadian Rhythm and Chrononutrition: A Systematic Review of Time-Restricted Eating's Effects on Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123770. [PMID: 33302500 PMCID: PMC7763532 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent observations have shown that lengthening the daily eating period may contribute to the onset of chronic diseases. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a diet that especially limits this daily food window. It could represent a dietary approach that is likely to improve health markers. The aim of this study was to review how time-restricted eating affects human health. METHOD Five general databases and six nutrition journals were screened to identify all studies published between January 2014 and September 2020 evaluating the effects of TRE on human populations. RESULTS Among 494 articles collected, 23 were finally included for analysis. The overall adherence rate to TRE was 80%, with a 20% unintentional reduction in caloric intake. TRE induced an average weight loss of 3% and a loss of fat mass. This fat loss was also observed without any caloric restriction. Interestingly, TRE produced beneficial metabolic effects independently of weight loss, suggesting an intrinsic effect based on the realignment of feeding and the circadian clock. CONCLUSIONS TRE is a simple and well-tolerated diet that generates many beneficial health effects based on chrononutrition principles. More rigorous studies are needed, however, to confirm those effects, to understand their mechanisms and to assess their applicability to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réda Adafer
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Wassil Messaadi
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mériem Meddahi
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexia Patey
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Abdelmalik Haderbache
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Bayen
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Nassir Messaadi
- Department of General Medicine, Henri Warembourg Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L, Moore AH, Kelly N, Liu YE, Philip E, Vittinghoff E, Heymsfield SB, Olgin JE, Shepherd JA, Weiss EJ. Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180:1491-1499. [PMID: 32986097 PMCID: PMC7522780 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating have not been explored in large randomized clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of 16:8-hour time-restricted eating on weight loss and metabolic risk markers. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized such that the consistent meal timing (CMT) group was instructed to eat 3 structured meals per day, and the time-restricted eating (TRE) group was instructed to eat ad libitum from 12:00 pm until 8:00 pm and completely abstain from caloric intake from 8:00 pm until 12:00 pm the following day. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 12-week randomized clinical trial including men and women aged 18 to 64 years with a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 27 to 43 was conducted on a custom mobile study application. Participants received a Bluetooth scale. Participants lived anywhere in the United States, with a subset of 50 participants living near San Francisco, California, who underwent in-person testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was weight loss. Secondary outcomes from the in-person cohort included changes in weight, fat mass, lean mass, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c levels, estimated energy intake, total energy expenditure, and resting energy expenditure. RESULTS Overall, 116 participants (mean [SD] age, 46.5 [10.5] years; 70 [60.3%] men) were included in the study. There was a significant decrease in weight in the TRE (-0.94 kg; 95% CI, -1.68 to -0.20; P = .01), but no significant change in the CMT group (-0.68 kg; 95% CI, -1.41 to 0.05, P = .07) or between groups (-0.26 kg; 95% CI, -1.30 to 0.78; P = .63). In the in-person cohort (n = 25 TRE, n = 25 CMT), there was a significant within-group decrease in weight in the TRE group (-1.70 kg; 95% CI, -2.56 to -0.83; P < .001). There was also a significant difference in appendicular lean mass index between groups (-0.16 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.27 to -0.05; P = .005). There were no significant changes in any of the other secondary outcomes within or between groups. There were no differences in estimated energy intake between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Time-restricted eating, in the absence of other interventions, is not more effective in weight loss than eating throughout the day. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03393195 and NCT03637855.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Lowe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Nancy Wu
- Cardiology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Center for Vulnerable Populations, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | | | - A Holliston Moore
- Cardiology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Clovis Oncology Inc, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Nisa Kelly
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu
| | - Yong En Liu
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu
| | - Errol Philip
- University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Cardiology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | | | - Jeffrey E Olgin
- Cardiology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | | | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco.,Cardiology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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Considerations for the Optimal Timing, Duration, Frequency, and Length of an Intermittent Fasting Regimen for Health Improvement. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092567. [PMID: 32854192 PMCID: PMC7551479 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Faris MAIE, Salem ML, Jahrami HA, Madkour MI, BaHammam AS. Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19. Ann Thorac Med 2020; 15:125-133. [PMID: 32831933 PMCID: PMC7423203 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_151_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WITH the growing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a parallel growing interest arose concerning potential preventive and adjunct therapies, dietary and lifestyle modifications, and remedies that may boost the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as Ramadan intermittent religious fasting that is practiced by about one and a half billion Muslims throughout the globe is coincide this year with COVID-19 pandemic, a growing debate rose concerning the expected impact of fasting during Ramadan month and the associated dietary and lifestyle behaviors on the body's immunity against the pandemic infection. Published literature was searched to find out how intermittent fasting (IF) and its model of Ramadan affect the various aspects related to the body's immunity against microbial infections. IF was found to impact immunity by changing different related elements, including oxidative stress and inflammation, metabolism, body weight, and body composition. Dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan month and their impact on immunity, such as water intake and hydration status, sleep duration and timing, caloric intake and mealtime, and social and spirtual activities, were addressed. Further research is warranted to figure out how IF during ramadan affects immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo'ez A-Islam E. Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed L. Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Haitham A. Jahrami
- Rehabilitation Services, Periphery Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mohamed I. Madkour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences/Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Reyad, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Beneficial Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Diseases: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051267. [PMID: 32365676 PMCID: PMC7284632 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various behavioral and physiological pathways follow a pre-determined, 24 hour cycle known as the circadian rhythm. Metabolic homeostasis is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a type of intermittent fasting based on the circadian rhythm. In this study, we aim to analyze systemically the effects of TRE on body weight, body composition, and other metabolic parameters. We reviewed articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical trials that compared TRE to a regular diet. We included 19 studies for meta-analysis. Participants following TRE showed significantly reduced body weight (mean difference (MD), -0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.71 to -0.10) and fat mass (MD: -1.58, 95% CI: -2.64 to -0.51), while preserving fat-free mass (MD, -0.24; 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.67). TRE also showed beneficial effects on cardiometabolic parameters such as blood pressure (systolic BP, MD, -3.07; 95% CI: -5.76 to -0.37), fasting glucose concentration (MD, -2.96; 95% CI, -5.60 to -0.33), and cholesterol profiles (triglycerides, MD: -11.60, 95% CI: -23.30 to -0.27). In conclusion, TRE is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling weight and improving metabolic dysfunctions in those who are overweight or obese. Further large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and the usefulness of TRE.
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Flores K, Siques P, Brito J, Ordenes S, Arriaza K, Pena E, León-Velarde F, López R, López de Pablo ÁL, Arribas S. Lower Body Weight in Rats Under Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure Would Lead to Reduced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Increased AMPK Activation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:342. [PMID: 32372974 PMCID: PMC7185171 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both chronic hypoxia (CH) and long-term chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure lead to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Weight loss is an effective intervention to improve cardiac function and energy metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy. Likewise, caloric restriction (CR) also plays an important role in this cardioprotection through AMPK activation. We aimed to determine the influence of body weight (BW) on RVH, AMPK and related variables by comparing rats exposed to both hypoxic conditions. Methods Sixty male adult rats were separated into two groups (n = 30 per group) according to their previous diet: a caloric restriction (CR) group and an ad libitum (AL) group. Rats in both groups were randomly assigned to 3 groups: a normoxic group (NX, n = 10), a CIH group (2 days hypoxia/2 days normoxia; n = 10) and a CH group (n = 10). The CR group was previously fed 10 g daily, and the other was fed ad libitum. Rats were exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber set to 428 Torr (the equivalent pressure to that at an altitude of 4,600 m above sea level) for 30 days. Measurements included body weight; hematocrit; serum insulin; glycemia; the degree of RVH (Fulton's index and histology); and AMPK, mTOR, and PP2C expression levels in the right ventricle determined by western blotting. Results A lower degree of RVH, higher AMPK activation, and no activation of mTOR were found in the CR groups exposed to hypobaric hypoxia compared to the AL groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, decreased glycemia and serum insulin levels were observed. Interestingly, PP2C expression showed an increase in the AL groups but not in the CR groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Maintaining a low weight before and during exposure to high-altitude hypoxia, during either CH or CIH, could prevent a major degree of RVH. This cardioprotection would likely be due to the activation of AMPK. Thus, body weight is a factor that might contribute to RVH at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Flores
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - Patricia Siques
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - Julio Brito
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - Stefany Ordenes
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - Karem Arriaza
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - E Pena
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and Its Health Sequelae, Iquique, Chile
| | - Fabiola León-Velarde
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía/IIA, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Rosario López
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Jensen Nobile D. The 19th John M. Kinney Nestlé Nutrition Awards. Nutrition 2020; 70:110633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jamshed H, Beyl RA, Della Manna DL, Yang ES, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1234. [PMID: 31151228 PMCID: PMC6627766 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves having a longer daily fasting period. Preliminary studies report that TRF improves cardiometabolic health in rodents and humans. Here, we performed the first study to determine how TRF affects gene expression, circulating hormones, and diurnal patterns in cardiometabolic risk factors in humans. Eleven overweight adults participated in a 4-day randomized crossover study where they ate between 8 am and 2 pm (early TRF (eTRF)) and between 8 am and 8 pm (control schedule). Participants underwent continuous glucose monitoring, and blood was drawn to assess cardiometabolic risk factors, hormones, and gene expression in whole blood cells. Relative to the control schedule, eTRF decreased mean 24-hour glucose levels by 4 ± 1 mg/dl (p = 0.0003) and glycemic excursions by 12 ± 3 mg/dl (p = 0.001). In the morning before breakfast, eTRF increased ketones, cholesterol, and the expression of the stress response and aging gene SIRT1 and the autophagy gene LC3A (all p < 0.04), while in the evening, it tended to increase brain-derived neurotropic factor (BNDF; p = 0.10) and also increased the expression of MTOR (p = 0.007), a major nutrient-sensing protein that regulates cell growth. eTRF also altered the diurnal patterns in cortisol and the expression of several circadian clock genes (p < 0.05). eTRF improves 24-hour glucose levels, alters lipid metabolism and circadian clock gene expression, and may also increase autophagy and have anti-aging effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Jamshed
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Biostatistics and Analysis Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Deborah L Della Manna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Eddy S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Translational Physiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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