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Sahoo RK, Tripathi SK, Biswal S, Panda M, Mathapati SS, Biswal BK. Transforming native exosomes to engineered drug vehicles: A smart solution to modern cancer theranostics. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300370. [PMID: 38375578 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes have been the hidden treasure of the cell in terms of cellular interactions, transportation and therapy. The native exosomes (NEx) secreted by the parent cells hold promising aspects in cancer diagnosis and therapy. NEx has low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, low toxicity and high stability which enables them to be an ideal prognostic biomarker in cancer diagnosis. However, due to heterogeneity, NEx lacks specificity and accuracy to be used as therapeutic drug delivery vehicle in cancer therapy. Transforming these NEx with their innate structure and multiple receptors to engineered exosomes (EEx) can provide better opportunities in the field of cancer theranostics. The surface of the NEx exhibits numeric receptors which can be modified to pave the direction of its therapeutic drug delivery in cancer therapy. Through surface membrane, EEx can be modified with increased drug loading potentiality and higher target specificity to act as a therapeutic nanocarrier for drug delivery. This review provides insights into promising aspects of NEx as a prognostic biomarker and drug delivery tool along with its need for the transformation to EEx in cancer theranostics. We have also highlighted different methods associated with NEx transformations, their nano-bio interaction with recipient cells and major challenges of EEx for clinical application in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar Sahoo
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Surya Kant Tripathi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stuti Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Munmun Panda
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Santosh S Mathapati
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Faridabad, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Bijesh Kumar Biswal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, India
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Xiang Z, Xie Q, Yu Z. Exosomal DNA: Role in Reflecting Tumor Genetic Heterogeneity, Diagnosis, and Disease Monitoring. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:57. [PMID: 38201485 PMCID: PMC10778000 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), with exosomes at the forefront, are key in transferring cellular information and assorted biological materials, including nucleic acids. While exosomal RNA has been thoroughly examined, exploration into exosomal DNA (exoDNA)-which is stable and promising for cancer diagnostics-lags behind. This hybrid genetic material, combining contributions from both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is rooted in the cytoplasm. The enigmatic process concerning its cytoplasmic encapsulation continues to captivate researchers. Covering the entire genetic landscape, exoDNA encases significant oncogenic alterations in genes like TP53, ALK, and IDH1, which is vital for clinical assessment. This review delves into exosomal origins, the ins and outs of DNA encapsulation, and exoDNA's link to tumor biology, underscoring its superiority to circulating tumor DNA in the biomarker arena for both detection and therapy. Amidst scientific progress, there are complexities in the comprehension and practical application of the exoDNA surface. Reflecting on these nuances, we chart the prospective research terrain and potential pitfalls, forging a path for future inquiry. By illuminating both the known and unknown facets of exoDNA, the objective of this review is to provide guidance to the field of liquid biopsy (LB) while minimizing the occurrence of avoidable blind spots and detours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Qihui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Zili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Jeanmard N, Bissanum R, Sriplung H, Charoenlappanit S, Roytrakul S, Navakanitworakul R. Proteomic profiling of urinary extracellular vesicles differentiates breast cancer patients from healthy women. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291574. [PMID: 37922300 PMCID: PMC10624262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) reflect the biological conditions of the producing cells. The protein profiling of uEVs allow us to better understand cancer progression in several cancers such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer and kidney cancer but has not been reported in breast cancer. We have, herein, aimed at quantifying the concentration and at generating the proteomic profile of uEVs in patients with breast cancer (BC) as compared to that of healthy controls (CT). Urine samples were collected from 29 CT and 47 patients with BC. uEVs were isolated by using differential ultracentrifugation, and were then characterized by Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, a nanoparticle tracking analysis was used in order to measure the concentration and the size distribution of urine particles and uEVs. The proteomic profiling of the uEVs was facilitated through LC-MS/MS. The uEV concentration was not significantly different between the assessed groups. The undertaken proteomic analysis revealed 15,473 and 11,278 proteins in the BC patients' group and the CT group, respectively. Furthermore, a heat map analysis revealed a differential protein expression, while a principal component analysis highlighted two clusters. The volcano plot indicated 259 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs; 155 up- and 104 down-regulated proteins) in patients with BC compared with CT. The up-regulated proteins from BC-derived uEVs were enriched in pathways related to cancer progression (i.e., cell proliferation, cell survival, cell cycle, cell migration, carbohydrate metabolism, and angiogenesis). Moreover, we verified the expression of the upregulated DEPs using UALCAN for web-based validation. Remarkably, the results indicated that 6 of 155 up-regulated proteins (POSTN, ATAD2, BCAS4, GSK3β, HK1, and Ki-67) were overexpressed in BC compared with normal samples. Since these six proteins often act as markers of cell proliferation and progression, they may be potential biomarkers for BC screening and diagnosis. However, this requires validation in larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilobon Jeanmard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Rassanee Bissanum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Hutcha Sriplung
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Sawanya Charoenlappanit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Raphatphorn Navakanitworakul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Shi Y, Mathis BJ, He Y, Yang X. The Current Progress and Future Options of Multiple Therapy and Potential Biomarkers for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020539. [PMID: 36831075 PMCID: PMC9953154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease in men and the elderly. Current treatment paradigms include radical resection of the bladder and lymph nodes or transurethral resection, both supported by chemotherapy and/or radiation. New modalities, such as illumination-based therapies are also being translationally pursued. However, while survival rates have increased due to combined therapies (particularly chemotherapy, radiation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and surgery), a lack of diagnostic markers leads clinical professionals to rely on frequently invasive and expensive means of monitoring, such as magnetic resonance imaging or bladder cystoscopy. To improve real-time diagnostic capabilities, biomarkers that reflect both the metabolic and metastatic potential of tumor cells are needed. Furthermore, indicators of therapy resistance would allow for rapid changes in treatment to optimize survival outcomes. Fortunately, the presence of nanoscale extracellular vesicles in the blood, urine, and other peripheral fluids allow for proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses while limiting the invasiveness of frequent sampling. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis and progression of bladder cancer, standard treatments and outcomes, some novel treatment studies, and the current status of biomarker and therapy development featuring exosome-based analysis and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bryan J. Mathis
- International Medical Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayun He
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation, Wuhan 430082, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Department of Urology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence:
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Extracellular Vesicles' Genetic Cargo as Noninvasive Biomarkers in Cancer: A Pilot Study Using ExoGAG Technology. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020404. [PMID: 36830940 PMCID: PMC9953104 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The two most developed biomarkers in liquid biopsy (LB)-circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA-have been joined by the analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are lipid-bilayer enclosed structures released by all cell types containing a variety of molecules, including DNA, mRNA and miRNA. However, fast, efficient and a high degree of purity isolation technologies are necessary for their clinical routine implementation. In this work, the use of ExoGAG, a new easy-to-use EV isolation technology, was validated for the isolation of EVs from plasma and urine samples. After demonstrating its efficiency, an analysis of the genetic material contained in the EVs was carried out. Firstly, the sensitivity of the detection of point mutations in DNA from plasma EVs isolated by ExoGAG was analyzed. Then, a pilot study of mRNA expression using the nCounter NanoString platform in EV-mRNA from a healthy donor, a benign prostate hyperplasia patient and metastatic prostate cancer patient plasma and urine samples was performed, identifying the prostate cancer pathway as one of the main ones. This work provides evidence for the value of using ExoGAG for the isolation of EVs from plasma and urine samples, enabling downstream applications of the analysis of their genetic cargo.
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Tsering T, Li M, Chen Y, Nadeau A, Laskaris A, Abdouh M, Bustamante P, Burnier JV. EV-ADD, a database for EV-associated DNA in human liquid biopsy samples. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12270. [PMID: 36271888 PMCID: PMC9587709 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in cellular communication both in physiological conditions and in pathologies such as cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that EVs are active carriers of molecular cargo (e.g. protein and nucleic acids) and a powerful source of biomarkers and targets. While recent studies on EV‐associated DNA (EV‐DNA) in human biofluids have generated a large amount of data, there is currently no database that catalogues information on EV‐DNA. To fill this gap, we have manually curated a database of EV‐DNA data derived from human biofluids (liquid biopsy) and in‐vitro studies, called the Extracellular Vesicle‐Associated DNA Database (EV‐ADD). This database contains validated experimental details and data extracted from peer‐reviewed published literature. It can be easily queried to search for EV isolation methods and characterization, EV‐DNA isolation techniques, quality validation, DNA fragment size, volume of starting material, gene names and disease context. Currently, our database contains samples representing 23 diseases, with 13 different types of EV isolation techniques applied on eight different human biofluids (e.g. blood, saliva). In addition, EV‐ADD encompasses EV‐DNA data both representing the whole genome and specifically including oncogenes, such as KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, MYC, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). An EV‐ADD data metric system was also integrated to assign a compliancy score to the MISEV guidelines based on experimental parameters reported in each study. While currently available databases document the presence of proteins, lipids, RNA and metabolites in EVs (e.g. Vesiclepedia, ExoCarta, ExoBCD, EVpedia, and EV‐TRACK), to the best of our knowledge, EV‐ADD is the first of its kind to compile all available EV‐DNA datasets derived from human biofluid samples. We believe that this database provides an important reference resource on EV‐DNA‐based liquid biopsy research, serving as a learning tool and to showcase the latest developments in the EV‐DNA field. EV‐ADD will be updated yearly as newly published EV‐DNA data becomes available and it is freely available at www.evdnadatabase.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thupten Tsering
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mingyang Li
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Yunxi Chen
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Amélie Nadeau
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Alexander Laskaris
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Mohamed Abdouh
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Prisca Bustamante
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Julia V. Burnier
- Cancer Research ProgramResearch Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebecCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Experimental Pathology UnitDepartment of PathologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Luo H, Xu C, Ge B, Wang T. CASC1 Expression in Bladder Cancer Is Regulated by Exosomal miRNA-150: A Comprehensive Pan-Cancer and Bioinformatics Study. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8100325. [PMID: 35836922 PMCID: PMC9276518 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the role of cancer susceptibility 1 (CASC1) in tumorigenesis and development as well as the key pathways affecting bladder cancer progression. CASC1 was examined in various normal tissues in humans using the HPA database to quantify its expression level and subcellular localization. CASC1 is abundantly expressed in tumor tissues, primarily in cytoplasmic vesicles and stroma. TIMER2 was used to analyze the correlation between CASC1 expression levels and the types of infiltrates associated with immune cells and immunosuppressive cells. MDSC, Treg, M2, and CAF were significantly correlated with CASC1 expression in various tumors. Comparing patients with and without CASC1 mutation, those with CASC1 mutation had worse overall survival, progression-free survival, and disease-free survival. The correlation between has-miR-150 and CASC1 (for the case of bladder cancer) was then analyzed, and the related ceRNA network was mapped. A negative relationship between CASC1 expression and has-miR-150 expression was found in cases of bladder cancer. And the presence of miR-150-targeted CASC1 may be associated with bladder cancer progression. CASC1 is expressed at elevated levels in various tumor tissues, and it is associated with tumorigenesis and development. Exosomes containing miR-150-targeted CASC1 may affect the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Luo
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bujun Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianru Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li X, Wang Q, Wang R. Roles of Exosome Genomic DNA in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:923232. [PMID: 35721181 PMCID: PMC9198365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.923232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Bioactive substances such as DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins are present in it, and they play an essential role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of RNA and protein in exosomes has been extensively studied. Exosome DNA has recently attracted the attention of a great deal of scientists. According to studies, exosome DNA mainly contains genomic DNA (gDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), of which exosome gDNA is widely used in liquid biopsy of CRC. It includes a variety of clinically relevant tumor-specific mutation genes. In addition to liquid biopsy, researchers find that exosome gDNA regulates immune and metabolic functions in CRC, making it an important research object. However, the primary research on exosome gDNA is still limited. Here, we describe the occurrence and composition of exosomes. Summarize the essential characteristics and mode of action of exosome gDNA. Remarkably, this paper constitutes a comprehensive summary on the role of exosome gDNA on CRC with the intent of providing a theoretical basis and reference for early diagnosis and clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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