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Ágoston C, Bernáth L, Rogers PJ, Demetrovics Z. Stress, caffeine and psychosis-like experiences-A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:e2828. [PMID: 34792804 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosis-like perceptual distortions can occur in the general population, and both stress and caffeine can enhance the proneness to psychosis-like experiences, such as hallucinations. The current study aims to explore the effects of acute caffeine intake and acute stress on perceptual distortions in a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. METHODS Regular caffeine consumers (n = 92) and non/low consumers (n = 89) were assigned to 100 mg caffeine/placebo and stress/no stress conditions. The White Christmas Paradigm (WCP) was used to measure hallucination-like symptoms, and bias towards threat-related words was used as an indicator of persecutory ideation. Participants reported their daily caffeine intake, and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, the Persecutory Ideation Questionnaire and the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. RESULTS Acute stress slightly increased hallucination-like experiences, but not recall bias, while the small amount of caffeine had a time-dependent effect on recall bias. Proneness to persecutory ideation was positively and social desirability was negatively correlated with recall bias towards threat-related words, while proneness to hallucinations positively correlated with hallucination-like experiences. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that psychosocial stress-in line with the diathesis-stress model-can lead to the enhancement of hallucination-like experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Ágoston
- Institute of People-Environment Transaction, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Bernáth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
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2
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Lincoln SH, Johnson T, Kim S, Edenbaum E, Hooley JM. Psychosis proneness, loneliness, and hallucinations in nonclinical individuals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251753. [PMID: 34048447 PMCID: PMC8162617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallucinations occur along a continuum of normal functioning. Investigating the factors related to this experience in nonclinical individuals may offer important information for understanding the etiology of hallucinations in psychiatric populations. In this study we test the relationship between psychosis proneness, loneliness, and auditory hallucinations in a nonclinical sample using the White Christmas paradigm. Seventy-six undergraduate students participated in this study. We found that slightly more than half of our participants endorsed a hallucinatory experience during the White Christmas paradigm. However, we did not observe a relationship between the number of hallucinatory experiences and schizotypy, propensity to hallucinate, or loneliness. Moreover, there were no differences on these measures between individuals who reported hearing a hallucination during the White Christmas paradigm relative to those who did not. Thus, there may be other contextual factors not investigated in this study that might clarify the mechanism by which auditory hallucinations are experienced in a nonclinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Taylor Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emma Edenbaum
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, United States of America
| | - Jill M. Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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3
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Predicting hallucination proneness based on mindfulness in university students: the mediating role of mental distress. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:203-211. [PMID: 32430558 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a risk factor of hallucination proneness, the level of mindfulness has not yet been investigated in non-clinical participants. Other potential mediators, such as mental distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) which contribute to hallucination proneness also need to be assessed. This study investigated the mediating effect of mental distress in predicting hallucination proneness based on mindfulness. A number of 168 Iranian university students completed three questionnaires: (1) the five-facet mindfulness questionnaire, (2) the depression, anxiety and stress scale; and (3) the revised hallucination scale. The results showed that there was a significant association between levels of mindfulness and hallucination proneness. Mental distress has a significant effect on four facets of mindfulness questionnaire and an insignificant effect on one facet (awareness) in predicting hallucination. These effects were both direct and indirect. The indirect effect was developed by the mediating role of mental distress.
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4
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Meng R, Li J, Wang Z, Zhang D, Liu B, Luo Y, Hu Y, Yu C. The Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire: development and validation amongst medical students and workers. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:70. [PMID: 32169070 PMCID: PMC7071673 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A valid and efficient stress measure is important for clinical and community settings. The objectives of this study were to translate the English version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) into Chinese and to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PSQ (C-PSQ). The C-PSQ evaluates subjective experiences of stress instead of a specific and objective status. METHODS Forward translations and back translations were used to translate the PSQ into Chinese. We used the C-PSQ to survey 2798 medical students and workers at three study sites in China from 2015 to 2017. Applying Rasch analysis (RA) and factor analysis (FA), we examined the measurement properties of the C-PSQ. Data were analyzed using the Rasch model for item fit, local dependence (LD), differential item functioning (DIF), unidimensionality, separation and reliability, response forms and person-item map. We first optimized the item selection in the Chinese version to maximize its psychometric quality. Second, we used cross-validation, by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), to determine the best fitting model in comparison to the different variants. Measurement invariance (MI) was tested using multi-group CFA across subgroups (medical students vs. medical workers). We evaluated validity of the C-PSQ using the criterion instruments, such as the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Short Form-8 Health Survey (SF-8) and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS). Reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda-2, and McDonald's omegas) and reproducibility (test-retest correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient, [ICC]). RESULTS Infit and/or outfit values indicated that all items fitted the Rasch model. Three item pairs presented local dependency (residual correlations > 0.30). Ten items showed DIF. Dimensionality instruction suggested that eight items should be deleted. One item showed low discrimination. Thirteen items from the original PSQ were retained in the C-PSQ adaptation (i.e. C-PSQ-13). We tested and verified four feasible models to perform EFA. Built on the EFA models, the optimal CFA model included two first-order factors (i.e. constraint and imbalance) and a second-order factor (i.e., perceived stress). The first-order model had acceptable goodness of fit (Normed Chi-square = 8.489, TLI = 0.957, CFI = 0.965, WRMR = 1.637, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.078 [0.072, 0.084]). The second-order model showed identical model fit. Person separation index (PSI) and person reliability (PR) were 2.42 and 0.85, respectively. Response forms were adequate, item difficulty matched respondents' ability levels, and unidimensionality was found in the two factors. Multi-group CFA showed validity of the optimal model. Concurrent validity of the C-PSQ-13 was 0.777, - 0.595 and 0.584 (Spearman correlation, P < 0.001, the same hereinafter) for the Chinese version of the PSS-10, SF-8, and GADS. For reliability analyses, internal consistency of the C-PSQ-13 was 0.878 (Cronbach's alpha), 0.880 (Guttman's lambda-2), and 0.880 (McDonald's omegas); test-retest correlation and ICC were 0.782 and 0.805 in a 2-day interval, respectively. CONCLUSION The C-PSQ-13 shows good metric characteristics for most indicators, which could contribute to stress research given its validity and economy. This study also contributes to the evidence based regarding between-group factorial structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtang Meng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhenkun Wang
- Party Committee Organization Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Quality Control Department, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, 300 Taizi Lake North Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, 30 South Renmin Road, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Nursing, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, 51 Xuefu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 8 South Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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A Case of Psychosis and Renal Failure Associated with Excessive Energy Drink Consumption. Case Rep Psychiatry 2019; 2019:3954161. [PMID: 31428500 PMCID: PMC6681604 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3954161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks are nonalcoholic beverages that are widely consumed in the general population, and worldwide usage is increasing. The main stimulant component of energy drinks is typically caffeine. Few case reports exist that link energy drink consumption to psychosis, and similarly few reports exist that associate energy drink consumption with acute renal failure. We present a patient who simultaneously developed psychosis and acute renal failure associated with excessive energy drink consumption. The patient required haemodialysis, and his psychosis resolved on cessation of energy drinks and a brief course of antipsychotic medication. We perform a review of similar cases where excessive caffeinated energy drink consumption has been linked to psychosis or acute renal failure. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing both renal failure and psychosis occurring simultaneously in a patient. Recognising the spectrum of disorders associated with excessive energy drink consumption is vital for both physicians and psychiatrists, as this has important implications for both prognosis and treatment.
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6
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Grant SS, Magruder KP, Friedman BH. Controlling for caffeine in cardiovascular research: A critical review. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 133:193-201. [PMID: 29981767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, the most widely consumed drug in the world, exerts numerous effects on cardiovascular activity. Thus, it is important and advisable to control for caffeine consumption in studies examining caffeine and/or cardiovascular activity and reactivity. This paper 1) reviews the literature concerning caffeine's effects on cardiovascular parameters; 2) summarizes the widely varying protocols used to control for the drug in extant cardiovascular literature, and 3) provide guidelines for caffeine control procedures to minimize potentially confounding acute and withdrawal effects of the drug. An abstention period equal to the average half-life of the drug is recommended for creation of methodological controls for caffeine. Additional methodological recommendations are described concerning factors that moderate the half-life of caffeine. When feasible, researchers should consider and aim to control for caffeine's acute and extended psychophysiological effects. This understudied issue has fundamental implications for caffeine-related investigations and research in psychophysiology and behavioral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara S Grant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
| | - Katherine P Magruder
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Brogden Hall, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America.
| | - Bruce H Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States of America.
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7
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Ágoston C, Urbán R, Király O, Griffiths MD, Rogers PJ, Demetrovics Z. Why Do You Drink Caffeine? The Development of the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ) and Its Relationship with Gender, Age and the Types of Caffeinated Beverages. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017; 16:981-999. [PMID: 30147634 PMCID: PMC6096549 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most popular psychoactive substance that is consumed worldwide. As motives influence behavior, investigation of the motivational background of caffeine consumption should help provide a better understanding of the popularity of caffeinated products. The present study aimed (i) to explore and operationalize the motives of caffeine consumption and (ii) to reveal possible differences in the motives regarding gender, age and the type of caffeinated products consumed. Motives for caffeine consumption were collected from regular caffeine consumers (N = 26) and were informed by a review of the relevant literature. Following this, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of Hungarian university students and working adults (N = 598). The participants completed the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire and the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. Six motivational factors were identified: Alertness, Habit, Mood, Social, Taste and Symptom Management. Women had higher scores on Habit, Social, Taste and Symptom Management. Younger participants had higher scores on Alertness than the older group, and the older group had higher scores on Habit and Symptom Management. Five types of caffeine users were identified. Those who consumed (i) coffee, (ii) tea, (iii) energy drinks, (iv) coffee and tea and (v) mixed drinks. Several differences between the five groups were revealed across all motives except for Taste. The present study developed a robust psychometric instrument for assessing caffeine consumption motives. The factors varied in importance in relation to gender, age and caffeine consumption habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Ágoston
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, 1064 Hungary
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, 1064 Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, 1064 Hungary
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU UK
| | - Peter J. Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, 1064 Hungary
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8
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Castiajo P, Pinheiro AP. On "Hearing" Voices and "Seeing" Things: Probing Hallucination Predisposition in a Portuguese Nonclinical Sample with the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale-Revised. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1138. [PMID: 28744234 PMCID: PMC5504178 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of hallucinations is a hallmark of psychotic disorders, but they are also present in other psychiatric and medical conditions, and may be reported in nonclinical individuals. Despite the increased number of studies probing the incidence of nonclinical hallucinations, the underlying phenomenological characteristics are still poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the psychometrics proprieties of the Portuguese adaptation of the 16-item Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale (LSHS), the phenomenological characteristics of nonclinical hallucinatory experiences in a Portuguese sample, and the relationship between clinical symptoms and hallucination predisposition. Three-hundred-and-fifty-four European Portuguese college students completed the LSHS. Of those, 16 participants with high LSHS scores and 14 with low LSHS scores were further screened for clinical symptoms. A three-factor solution for the LSHS Portuguese version proved to be the most adequate. Intrusive or vivid thoughts and sleep-related hallucinations were the most common. Although, fundamentally perceived as positive experiences, all types of hallucinations were described as uncontrollable and dominating. However, the more pleasant they were perceived, the more controllable they were assessed. In addition, hallucination predisposition was associated with increased clinical symptoms. These results corroborate the lower severity of hallucinations in the general population compared to psychotic individuals. Further, they support an association between clinical symptoms and increased vulnerability to hallucinations. Specifically, increased schizotypal tendencies and negative mood (anxiety and depression) may be related to increased psychotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Castiajo
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology, University of LisbonLisbon, Portugal
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9
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Lavan D, Watt S, Crowe SF. Caffeine and Stress Promote a More Liberal Bias on Tasks Assessing Hallucination-Like Experiences and False Memory in a Nonclinical Sample. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2016.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doron Lavan
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Watt
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon F. Crowe
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Barahmand U, Heydari Sheikh Ahmad R. Psychotic-Like Experiences and Psychological Distress: The Role of Resilience. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2016; 22:312-9. [PMID: 27412408 DOI: 10.1177/1078390316653802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal features in the general nonclinical population may imply a connection with psychosis-related liability. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine the role of resilience in the relationship of hallucination and delusion-like experiences and schizotypal features to psychological distress in a nonclinical sample. DESIGN The study sample (n = 432 university students) was selected through a stratified cluster sampling procedure, and measures of hallucination proneness, delusion proneness, schizotypal personality, and psychological distress were administered. RESULTS While all three indices of psychotic-like experiences correlated with one another, only hallucination proneness and schizotypal personality features correlated with psychological distress and only schizotypal traits correlated with resilience. Schizotypy was found to have an indirect effect on distress through resilience. CONCLUSIONS Findings imply the possibility of two types of schizotypy, with high or low resilience. It appears that schizotypes with low resilience may be susceptible to adversity and mental disorders, while high resilience may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Barahmand
- Usha Barahmand, PhD, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Au AHY, Choi SW, Cheung CW, Leung YY. The Efficacy and Clinical Safety of Various Analgesic Combinations for Post-Operative Pain after Third Molar Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127611. [PMID: 26053953 PMCID: PMC4459961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To run a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials aiming to answer the clinical question "which analgesic combination and dosage is potentially the most effective and safe for acute post-operative pain control after third molar surgery?". MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of computer databases and journals was performed. The search and the evaluations of articles were performed by 2 independent reviewers in 3 rounds. Randomized clinical trials related to analgesic combinations for acute post-operative pain control after lower third molar surgery that matched the selection criteria were evaluated to enter in the final review. RESULTS Fourteen studies with 3521 subjects, with 10 groups (17 dosages) of analgesic combinations were included in the final review. The analgesic efficacy were presented by the objective pain measurements including sum of pain intensity at 6 hours (SPID6) and total pain relief at 6 hours (TOTPAR6). The SPID6 scores and TOTPAR6 scores of the reported analgesic combinations were ranged from 1.46 to 6.44 and 3.24 - 10.3, respectively. Ibuprofen 400mg with oxycodone HCL 5mg had superior efficacy (SPID6: 6.44, TOTPAR6: 9.31). Nausea was the most common adverse effect, with prevalence ranging from 0-55%. Ibuprofen 200mg with caffeine 100mg or 200mg had a reasonable analgesic effect with fewer side effects. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis may help clinicians in their choices of prescribing an analgesic combination for acute post-operative pain control after lower third molar surgery. It was found in this systematic review Ibuprofen 400mg combined with oxycodone HCL 5mg has superior analgesic efficacy when compared to the other analgesic combinations included in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Ho Yeung Au
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People Republic of China
| | - Siu Wai Choi
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People Republic of China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People Republic of China
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People Republic of China
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12
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Grant P, Balser M, Munk AJL, Linder J, Hennig J. A false-positive detection bias as a function of state and trait schizotypy in interaction with intelligence. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:135. [PMID: 25309464 PMCID: PMC4174737 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallucinatory experiences are by far not limited to patients with clinical psychosis. A number of internal and external factors may bring about such experiences in healthy individuals, whereby the personality trait of (positive) schizotypy is a major mediator of individual differences. Psychotic experiences are defined as associating abnormal meaning to real but objectively irrelevant perceptions. Especially, the ambiguity of a stimulus correlates positively with the likelihood of abnormal interpretation, and intelligence is believed to have an important influence and act as protective against clinical psychosis in highly schizotypic individuals. In this study, we presented 131 healthy participants with 216 15-letter strings containing either a word, a non-word, or only random letters and asked them to report, whether or not they believed to have seen a word. The aim was to replicate findings that participants with high values in positive schizotypy on the trait-level make more false-positive errors and assess the role of stimulus-ambiguity and verbal intelligence. Additionally, we wanted to examine whether the same effect could be shown for indices of state schizotypy. Our results support findings that both state and trait positive schizotypy explain significant variance in "seeing things that are not there" and that the properties of individual stimuli have additional strong effects on the false-positive hit rates. Finally, we found that verbal intelligence and positive schizotypy interact with stimulus-ambiguity in the production of false-positive perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Grant
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Mona Balser
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Aisha Judith Leila Munk
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Jens Linder
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
| | - Juergen Hennig
- Personality Psychology and Individual Differences, Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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13
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Hoskin R, Hunter MD, Woodruff PWR. The effect of psychological stress and expectation on auditory perception: A signal detection analysis. Br J Psychol 2013; 105:524-46. [PMID: 25280122 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both psychological stress and predictive signals relating to expected sensory input are believed to influence perception, an influence which, when disrupted, may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations. The effect of stress and semantic expectation on auditory perception was therefore examined in healthy participants using an auditory signal detection task requiring the detection of speech from within white noise. Trait anxiety was found to predict the extent to which stress influenced response bias, resulting in more anxious participants adopting a more liberal criterion, and therefore experiencing more false positives, when under stress. While semantic expectation was found to increase sensitivity, its presence also generated a shift in response bias towards reporting a signal, suggesting that the erroneous perception of speech became more likely. These findings provide a potential cognitive mechanism that may explain the impact of stress on hallucination-proneness, by suggesting that stress has the tendency to alter response bias in highly anxious individuals. These results also provide support for the idea that top-down processes such as those relating to semantic expectation may contribute to the generation of auditory hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hoskin
- Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Lab (SCANLAB), Academic Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, Longley Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
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14
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Lehman KA, Burns MN, Gagen EC, Mohr DC. Development of the brief inventory of perceived stress. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68:631-44. [PMID: 22467381 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a measure of perceived stress that is psychometrically superior to existing instruments and novel in dimensionality. DESIGN At 4-week intervals over 48 weeks, patients with multiple sclerosis (N = 138) completed 26 items from the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). RESULTS Extant factor analytic models of the PSS fit poorly. A new measure using nine PSS and PSQ items, the Brief Inventory of Perceived Stress (BIPS), demonstrated good fit, construct validity, and stability with 3 factors: Lack of Control, Pushed, and Conflict and Imposition. CONCLUSIONS Items commonly used to measure perceived stress may have a more sophisticated underlying structure than previously thought. The BIPS's multidimensionality and longitudinal stability offer potential benefits in conceptualization and outcome prediction.
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