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Karakavuk M, Can H, Çeltik A, Karakavuk T, Gül C, Erdem HA, Pullukçu H, Taşbakan M, Taşbakan MS, Gürüz AY, Döşkaya M, Değirmenci Döşkaya A. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from humans living in İzmir, Türkiye. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 49:100571. [PMID: 38554777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular zoonotic parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Currently, clinical findings of toxoplasmosis are being related to T. gondii strains such as Type I genotype may cause high pathogenicity and Type II genotype causes a milder clinical presentation. We have showed in our previous that Type II genotype is the most frequent strain detected in stray cats and wild birds living in natural life of İzmir. The aim of this study was to assess toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in immunocompromised patients, investigate the presence of T. gondii DNA in their blood samples, and genotype the PCR positive ones. METHODS The 42 buffy-coat and serum samples were collected from immunocompromised patients who were from various clinics. Thereafter, Real-Time PCR targeting RE gene of T. gondii was performed with DNA samples obtained from buffy-coat samples. Genotyping was performed by sequencing of GRA6 and GRA7 gene regions of positive DNA samples obtained from tissues of bioassay and PCR positive samples. RESULTS According to Real-Time PCR results, T. gondii DNA was detected in 23.8% (10/42) samples. Among these 10 samples, two samples were determined as T. gondii Type II genotype. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were detected in 28.57% (12/42) samples. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the detection of Type II genotype in humans in İzmir province suggested that T. gondii infection in humans, stray cats, and wild animals may be associated to each other in terms of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University, Odemis Vocational School, Ödemiş, İzmir, Türkiye; Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Aygül Çeltik
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ceren Gül
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hüseyin Aytaç Erdem
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Hüsnü Pullukçu
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Meltem Taşbakan
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Sezai Taşbakan
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye; Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye; Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University, Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye; Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye.
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Sun HC, Fu Y, Yuan XF, Li JX, Xu LH, Zhang JN, Yu B, Huang J, Qi M, Shi TY. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Pigs for Human Consumption in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces, Eastern China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:686-692. [PMID: 36179062 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing tissue cysts of T. gondii is one major source of transmission of this parasite. It is important to guarantee the meat quality of China since our pork industry produces about half of the world's pork. In this study, a total of 746 pig samples were collected from Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in eastern China, and examined for T. gondii infection by PCR amplification targeting B1 gene. In this study, we found that 57 of 746 (7.6%) pigs were positive for B1 gene, with 8.5% (48/562) in Zhejiang province and 4.9% (9/184) in Jiangsu province, respectively. The positive DNA samples were further genotyped at 11 genetic markers, including SAG1, 5'-and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8, c29-2, and an apicoplast locus Apico through PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. Two genotypes (ToxoDB 9 and ToxoDB 10) of T. gondii were identified by PCR-RFLP in Zhejiang province. However, both genotypes were not determined from Jiangsu province, which is speculated on the low DNA concentration and the small number of samples. These results indicate that T. gondii infection is endemic in pigs in eastern China and may raise public food safety concerns, suggesting more interventions for T. gondii-related risks are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ning Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Tuan-Yuan Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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Can H, Aksoy Gökmen A, Döşkaya M, Erkunt Alak S, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Karakavuk M, Köseoğlu AE, Karakavuk T, Gül C, Güvendi M, Gül A, Gürüz AY, Kaya S, Mercier A, Ün C. Development of a new serotyping ELISA for Toxoplasma gondii type II, type III and Africa 1 lineages using in silico peptide discovery methods, well categorized feline and human outbreak serum samples. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:110. [PMID: 35100997 PMCID: PMC8802539 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovery of new Toxoplasma gondii serotyping epitopes is important due to reports showing the influence of genotype on the severity of toxoplasmosis. In Turkey, genotypes belonging to type II, type III and Africa 1 lineages were mainly detected. The present study focused on to find out epitopes with high discriminative capacity to serotype these genotypes using well characterized strains isolated from Turkey. METHODS To meet this objective, GRA6 and GRA7 genes were sequenced from strains belonging to the type II, III and Africa 1 lineages, and B cell epitopes inside these sequences were predicted by Bcepred and additional docking analysis was performed with B cell receptor. Based on these analyses, 22 peptides harboring lineage specific epitopes were synthesized. Then, the serotyping potency of these peptides was tested using peptide ELISA and well categorized serum samples collected from stray cats infected with genotypes of the different lineages type II (n:9), III (n:1) and Africa 1 (n:1). As a result of peptide-ELISA, a serotyping schema was constructed with peptides that show high discriminative capacity and this assay was validated by sera collected from humans after an outbreak (n:30) and mother/newborn pair sera (n:3). Later, the validated serotyping schema was used to serotype a larger group of human (n:38) and cat (n:24) sera. RESULTS Among 22 peptides, GRA6II/c, GRA7III/d, and GRA6 Africa 1/b epitopes have shown discriminative capacity. During the validation of peptide-ELISA, the serotype of toxoplasmosis outbreak and mother/newborn cases were detected to be serotype II. Moreover, the analyses in a larger group showed that serotype II was prevalent in humans and stray cats. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results showed that the serotyping schema could be successfully used to serotype T. gondii infections caused by type II, III and Africa 1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Aksoy Gökmen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Ege University Ödemiş Technical Training College, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Graduate Faculty of Natural and Applied Science Biotechnology Program, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gül
- Graduate Faculty of Natural and Applied Science Biotechnology Program, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aytül Gül
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Kaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
- INSERM, Université Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094 Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Cemal Ün
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Uzelac A, Klun I, Ćirković V, Bauman N, Bobić B, Štajner T, Srbljanović J, Lijeskić O, Djurković-Djaković O. Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Circulating in Serbia-Insight into the Population Structure and Diversity of the Species in Southeastern Europe, a Region of Intercontinental Strain Exchange. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122526. [PMID: 34946128 PMCID: PMC8708754 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Toxoplasma gondii lineage II is dominant, and ToxoDB#1 the most frequently occurring genotype. The abundance of lineage III genotypes varies geographically and lineage I are rare, yet present in several regions of the continent. Data on the T. gondii population structure in southeastern Europe (SEE) are scarce, yet necessary to appreciate the diversity of the species in Europe. To help fill this gap, we genotyped 67 strains from nine species of intermediate hosts in Serbia by MnPCR-RFLP, determined the population structure, and identified the genotypes using ToxoDB. A neighbor-joining tree was also constructed from the isolates genotyped on nine loci. While 42% of the total genotype population consisted of ToxoDB#1 and ToxoDB#2, variant genotypes of both lineages comprised 46% of the population in wildlife and 28% in domestic animals and humans. One genotype of Africa 4 lineage was detected in a human sample. Interestingly, the findings include one lineage III variant and one II/III recombinant isolate with intercontinental distribution, which appear to be moderately related to South American genotypes. Based on these findings, SEE is a region of underappreciated T. gondii genetic diversity and possible strain exchange between Europe and Africa.
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Borges-Silva W, Rezende-Gondim MM, Galvão GS, Rocha DS, Albuquerque GR, Gondim LP. Cytologic detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the cerebrospinal fluid of a dog and in vitro isolation of a unique mouse-virulent recombinant strain. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:591-594. [PMID: 33719752 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721996685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites resembling Neospora caninum or Toxoplasma gondii were detected by cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a dog with neurologic disease. The dog became severely ill and was euthanized. Canine tissue homogenates were used for direct parasite isolation in cell culture, bioassay in 2 mouse lineages, and PCR. T. gondii was isolated in monkey kidney cells, and species identity was confirmed by PCR. Inoculated parasites were highly virulent for mice, which developed clinical signs and were euthanized immediately. PCR-RFLP for T. gondii using the cultured isolate (TgDgBA22) was conducted with 12 genetic markers, and a unique recombinant strain was identified. Detection of T. gondii by CSF cytology, although described in humans, had not been reported previously in dogs, to our knowledge, and was crucial for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in the examined dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waléria Borges-Silva
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Rezende-Gondim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gideão S Galvão
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniele S Rocha
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Bahia, Brazil
| | - George R Albuquerque
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luís P Gondim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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Şahar EA, Can H, İz SG, Döşkaya AD, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, Deveci R, Gürüz AY, Döşkaya M. Development of a hexavalent recombinant protein vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 50 V and determination of its protective efficacy against acute toxoplasmosis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:493. [PMID: 32650739 PMCID: PMC7348124 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, avian species and humans. Toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic in healthy individuals, whereas it may lead to death in immune suppressed or deficient patients. A vaccine against T. gondii is required to prevent consequences of the infection. The aim of this study is to generate a multivalent recombinant protein vaccine against T. gondii. Methods 49 previously discovered antigenic proteins of T gondii were evaluated by their expression level in E. coli and by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to determine antigenic epitopes. Based on these analyses, six vaccine candidate proteins were selected to generate a hexavalent recombinant protein vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 50 V. Humoral and cellular immune responses were determined by flow cytometry and ELISA. Vaccinated mice were challenged with T. gondii Ankara strain tachyzoites. Results In mice vaccinated with hexavalent vaccine, strong total IgG (P < 0.0001) and IgG2a (P < 0.001) responses were induced compared to controls, the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes secreting IFN-γ increased, and significantly higher extracellular IFN-γ secretion was achieved compared to the controls (P < 0.001). The survival time of the vaccinated mice increased to 8.38 ± 2.13 days which was significantly higher than controls (P < 0.01). Conclusions Altogether, these results show that the hexavalent vaccine which is developed for the first time against T. gondii induced strong and balanced Th1 and Th2 immune responses as well as conferred significant protection against challenge with lethal toxoplasmosis in murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Atalay Şahar
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, 35100, Bornova, Turkey.,Department of Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Science, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, 35100, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Sultan Gülçe İz
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University Faculty of Engineering, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Remziye Deveci
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, İzmir, 35100, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Present address: Department of Parasitology, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey.
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7
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Döşkaya M, Pullukçu H, Karakavuk M, Şahar EA, Taşbakan MS, Taşbakan MI, Yılmaz M, Can H, Döşkaya AD, Gürüz AY. Comparison of an in house and a commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting Toxoplasma gondii RE gene using various samples collected from patients in Turkey. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1042. [PMID: 31823777 PMCID: PMC6902542 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals including humans and cause serious clinical manifestations. Toxoplasmosis can be diagnosed using histological, serological, and molecular methods. In this study, we aimed to detect T. gondii RE gene in various human samples by in house and commercial real time polymerase chain reactions. Methods A total of 38 suspected cases of toxoplasmosis [peripheral blood (n:12), amnion fluid (n:11), tissue (n:9), cerebrospinal fluid (n:5), and intraocular fluid (n:1)] were included to the study. An in house and a commercial RT-PCR were applied to investigate the T. gondii RE gene in these samples. Results The compatibility rate of the two tests was 94.7% (37/38). When the commercial RT-PCR kit was taken as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of in house RT-PCR test was 87.5 and 100%. When the in house RT-PCR test was taken as reference, the commercial RT-PCR kit has 100% sensitivity and 96.8% specificity. Incompatibility was detected in only in a buffy coat sample with high protein content. Conclusions Both the commercial and in house RT-PCR tests can be used to investigate T. gondii RE gene in various clinical specimens with their high sensitivity and specificity. In house RT-PCR assay can be favorable due to cost savings compared to using the commercial test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Hüsnü Pullukçu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey.,Ege University, Ödemiș Vocational High School, İzmir, Ödemiș, Turkey
| | - Esra Atalay Şahar
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey.,Department of Biotechnology, Ege University Faculty of Engineering, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sezai Taşbakan
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Meltem Işıkgöz Taşbakan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Mümtaz Yılmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey.
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey
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8
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Abstract
AbstractInfections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent in humans and animals in Turkey but little is known of the burden of their clinical toxoplasmosis. Many early papers on toxoplasmosis in Turkey were published in Turkish and often not available widely. Here, we review prevalence, clinical spectrum, epidemiology and diagnosis of T. gondii in humans and animals in Turkey. This knowledge should be useful to biologists, public health workers, veterinarians and physicians. Although one-third of the human population in Turkey is seropositive, the rate of congenital toxoplasmosis is unknown and no information is available in children 12 years old or younger. One large outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis has been reported in 14–18-year old school children in Turkey. An alarming rate (36%) of T. gondii tissue cysts were reported in tissues of sheep and water buffalo meats destined for human consumption; these reports require verification. Genetically, T. gondii strains from domestic cats and wild birds in Turkey were generally classical type II and III, like those prevalent in Europe. A separate genotype, Type 1 Africa, was isolated from two congenitally infected children and a domestic cat in Turkey.
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Gencay YE, Gökpınar S, Babür C, YILDIZ K. Koyun orijinli Toxoplasma gondii izolatlarının multilocus PCR-RFLP yöntemi ile genotiplendirilmesi. ANKARA UNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.469526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Galal L, Hamidović A, Dardé ML, Mercier M. Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains at the global level and its determinants. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 15:e00052. [PMID: 32095622 PMCID: PMC7033991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The population structure of Toxoplasma gondii is characterized by contrasting geographic patterns of strain diversity at different spatial scales: global, regional and even local scales in some regions. The determinants of this diversity pattern and its possible evolutionary mechanisms are still largely unexplored. This review will focus on three main dichotomies observed in the population structure of the parasite: (1) domestic versus wild, (2) South America versus the rest of the world and (3) intercontinental clonal lineages versus regional or local clonal lineages. Here, the impact in terms of public health of this remarkably contrasting geographic diversity of T. gondii populations is discussed, with emphasis on the role of globalization of exchanges that could lead to rapid evolution of T. gondii population spatial structure and new challenges in a One Health context. Recombination events drive the evolution of population structure of Toxoplasma gondii. The population structure of Toxoplasma is different in wild and domestic environments. Virulence of Toxoplasma strains in reservoir hosts influences selection of local strains. Globalization of exchanges will impact the population structure of the parasite. Clinicians should be aware of more pathogenic strains imported from the wild environment or from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galal
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - A Hamidović
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - M L Dardé
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France.,Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - M Mercier
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France.,Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
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11
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Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e36. [PMID: 30394261 PMCID: PMC6518561 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of T. gondii in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the T. gondii genotyping in human during 1995-August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping T. gondii in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of T. gondii isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of T. gondii isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of T. gondii genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.
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Karakavuk M, Aldemir D, Mercier A, Atalay Şahar E, Can H, Murat JB, Döndüren Ö, Can Ş, Özdemir HG, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Pektaş B, Dardé ML, Gürüz AY, Döşkaya M. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated in wild birds of prey and their relation with previously isolated strains from Turkey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196159. [PMID: 29668747 PMCID: PMC5906005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoon parasite that causes congenital toxoplasmosis, as well as other serious clinical presentations, in immune compromised humans. Analyses of the prevalence and genotyping of strains from the definitive host and intermediate hosts will help to understanding the circulation of the different strains and elucidating the role of the genotype(s) in human toxoplasmosis. Turkey has a specific geographic location bridging Africa, Europe, and Asia. We hypothesized that T. gondii strains may have been transferred to Turkey from these continents via migratory birds or vice versa. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in wild birds of prey of İzmir and Manisa provinces as well as genetically characterize T. gondii strains from these wild birds to show the relation between bird strains and neighboring stray cats as well as human strains previously isolated in Turkey. Tissues obtained from 48 wild birds were investigated for the presence of T. gondii DNA and then bioassayed in mouse. Isolated strains were genotyped using 15 microsatellite markers. The prevalence of T. gondii DNA was found to be 89.6% (n: 43/48) in wild birds. Out of 43 positive samples, a total of 14 strains were genotyped by 15 microsatellite markers. Among them, eight were type II, three were type III and three were mixture of genotypes (two type II/II and one was II/III). These are the first data that showed the presence of T. gondii and types II and III genotypes in wild birds of Turkey. Moreover, Africa 1 was not detected. In addition, cluster analysis showed that T. gondii strains within type II and III lineage have close relation with strains previously isolated from stray cats in İzmir. Further studies are required to isolate more strains from human cases, other intermediate hosts, and water sources to reveal this relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Karakavuk
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aldemir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludağ University Institute of Health Sciences, Görükle Campus, Nilüfer-Bursa, Turkey
- İzmir Wildlife Park, Municipality of İzmir, Sasalı, Çiğli, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/ Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren and INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Esra Atalay Şahar
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University Faculty of Science, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Jean-Benjamin Murat
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/ Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren and INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Ömer Döndüren
- The Protection and Development Union of İzmir Bird Paradise, Konak, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şengül Can
- Computer Research and Application Center, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
| | | | | | - Bayram Pektaş
- İzmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Yeşilyurt, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/ Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren and INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Galal L, Ajzenberg D, Hamidović A, Durieux MF, Dardé ML, Mercier A. Toxoplasma and Africa: One Parasite, Two Opposite Population Structures. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:140-154. [PMID: 29174610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for an understanding of its worldwide distribution and the determinants of its evolution. Africa remains one of the least studied areas of the world regarding T. gondii genetic diversity. This review has compiled published data on T. gondii strains from Africa to generate a comprehensive map of their continent-wide geographical distribution. The emerging picture about T. gondii strain distribution in Africa suggests a geographical separation of the parasite populations across the continent. We discuss the potential role of a number of factors in shaping this structure. We finally suggest the next steps towards a better understanding of Toxoplasma epidemiology in Africa in light of the strains circulating on this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Galal
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Azra Hamidović
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Marie-Fleur Durieux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France; Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM UMR_S 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges 87025, France; Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France.
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Geographical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Asia: A link with neighboring continents. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:227-238. [PMID: 28583867 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Defining the pattern of genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii is important to understand its worldwide distribution. During the last decades, a large number of studies have been published on Toxoplasma genotypes circulating in Europe, in North and South America. Two continents are still largely unexplored, Africa and, to a less extent, Asia. In this last continent, an increasing number of publications reported genotypes circulating in diverse provinces of China, but very few data are available for other Asian countries. After a systematic database search, 47 papers related to T. gondii genotypes in Asia were analyzed. Genetic characterization of DNA was performed by microsatellite markers, or more usually by a multiplex PCR using 11 PCR-RFLP markers, allowing data comparison to draw a first global picture of the population structure of this parasite throughout Asia. Overall, 390 isolates or DNA extracts were completely typed by PCR-RFLP and/or microsatellite marker methods, revealing 36 different PCR-RFLP or equivalent microsatellite genotypes: 15 genotypes identified by a ToxoDB number and 21 atypical or unique genotypes. The most common genotype found in Asia is the genotype ToxoDB#9 (Chinese 1). The clonal types I, II and II variant, and III were also commonly found in Asia. The geographical distribution of these genotypes across Asia may reflect either a continuum with Europe for the western part of Asia (presence of Type II), or the circulation of strains through animal migration or human activities between Africa and the Southwestern part of Asia (Africa 1 genotype in Turkey or ToxoDB#20 both I Sri-Lanka and in Ethiopia or Egypt). Although there are some indications of a genetic population structure in Southeast Asian countries different from the rest of Asia, more studies in this tropical part of Asia will be necessary for a region which represent as well as Africa one of the missing links of the T. gondii genetic diversity.
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Is Toxoplasma gondii type related to clinical outcome in human congenital infection? Systematic and critical review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1079-88. [PMID: 27146878 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In human congenital toxoplasmosis the effects of parasite burden and pregnancy time at infection on clinical outcome are well known, but there is controversy regarding the role of Toxoplasma gondii type. Through a systematic review of the literature, we aimed to discern if T. gondii type has a role on clinical outcome in human congenital toxoplasmosis. We built up a database of congenital toxoplasmosis from reports of cases, case series and screening-based cohorts, which had information about parasite type, gestation time at maternal infection and/or clinical outcome in the product. Then, we obtained frequencies for loci used to genotype geographical origin of cases and types found. Also, odds ratios were calculated for association between time of maternal infection or parasite type on outcome. Type II parasites were the most common in Europe, Asia and Africa, while in America there were mainly atypical strains. More newborns with clinical problems were born from mothers infected during the first half of gestation than from those acquiring the parasite after week 24, regardless of parasite genotype (92.9 vs. 16.1 %, OR = 67.9, CI95 25.4-181.6). Type I and atypical parasites were associated with clinical problems as opposed to types II and III, regardless of pregnancy period at infection (86.9 vs. 72.9 %, OR = 2.47, CI95 1.1-5.4). A significant and remarkable tendency of type I parasites to be present during early pregnancy was also observed (94.4 vs. 5.6 %, P < 0.009). In addition to parasite burden and period of gestation, T. gondii genotype seems involved in CT clinical outcome.
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Xiao J, Yolken RH. Strain hypothesis of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the outcome of human diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:828-45. [PMID: 25600911 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is an exceptionally successful food and waterborne parasite that infects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Genotyping of T. gondii isolates from all continents revealed a complex population structure. Recent research supports the notion that T. gondii genotype may be associated with disease severity. Here, we (1) discuss molecular and serological approaches for designation of T. gondii strain type, (2) overview the literatures on the association of T. gondii strain type and the outcome of human disease and (3) explore possible mechanisms underlying these strain-specific pathology and severity of human toxoplasmosis. Although no final conclusions can be drawn, it is clear that virulent strains (e.g. strains containing type I or atypical alleles) are significantly more often associated with increased frequency and severity of human toxoplasmosis. The significance of highly virulent strains can cause severe diseases in immunocompetent patients and might implicated in brain disorders such as schizophrenia should led to reconsideration of toxoplasmosis. Further studies that combine parasite strain typing and human factor analysis (e.g. immune status and genetic background) are required for better understanding of human susceptibility or resistance to toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Xiao
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - R. H. Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology; Department of Pediatrics; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
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Ngoungou EB, Bhalla D, Nzoghe A, Dardé ML, Preux PM. Toxoplasmosis and epilepsy--systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003525. [PMID: 25695802 PMCID: PMC4335039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an important, widespread, parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The chronic infection in immunocompetent patients, usually considered as asymptomatic, is now suspected to be a risk factor for various neurological disorders, including epilepsy. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature to estimate the risk of epilepsy due to toxoplasmosis. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted of several databases and journals to identify studies published in English or French, without date restriction, which looked at toxoplasmosis (as exposure) and epilepsy (as disease) and met certain other inclusion criteria. The search was based on keywords and suitable combinations in English and French. Fixed and random effects models were used to determine odds ratios, and statistical significance was set at 5.0%. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Six studies were identified, with an estimated total of 2888 subjects, of whom 1280 had epilepsy (477 positive for toxoplasmosis) and 1608 did not (503 positive for toxoplasmosis). The common odds ratio (calculated) by random effects model was 2.25 (95% CI 1.27-3.9), p = 0.005. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limited number of studies, and a lack of high-quality data, toxoplasmosis should continue to be regarded as an epilepsy risk factor. More and better studies are needed to determine the real impact of this parasite on the occurrence of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard B. Ngoungou
- INSERM, UMR1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
- Département d’Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale (DEBIM/EA NEMIT), Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Devender Bhalla
- INSERM, UMR1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Amandine Nzoghe
- Département d’Epidémiologie-Biostatistiques et Informatique Médicale (DEBIM/EA NEMIT), Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, UMR1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Limoges, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- INSERM, UMR1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Limoges, France
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
- CHU Limoges, CEBIMER, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
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Identification of Toxoplasma gondii antigens associated with different types of infection by serum antibody profiling. Parasitology 2015; 142:827-38. [PMID: 25586591 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acquisition of acute toxoplasmosis during the first trimester of pregnancy can have catastrophic consequences for the foetus. Diagnosis is routinely based on the detection of maternal Toxoplasma gondii--antibodies using whole parasite extracts as detection antigen. While such assays are sensitive, they show no specificity for the stage of infection. We hypothesized diagnosis might be improved using recombinant antigens for detection, particularly if antibodies to certain antigen(s) were associated with early or late stages of infection. To address this, protein microarrays comprising 1513 T. gondii exon products were probed with well-characterized sera from seronegative ('N') controls, and acute ('A'), chronic/IgM-persisting ('C/M') and chronic ('C') toxoplasmosis cases from Turkey. Three reactive exon products recognized preferentially in A infections, and three recognized preferentially in C/M infections, were expressed in Escherichia coli and tested for discrimination in IgG ELISAs. The best discriminators were exon 1 of TGME49_086450 (GRA5) which detected C/M infections with 70.6% sensitivity and 81.8% specificity, and exon 6 of TGME49_095700 (ubiquitin transferase domain-containing protein) which detected A infections with 84.8% sensitivity and 82.4% specificity. Overall, the data support a recombinant protein approach for the development of improved serodiagnostic tests for toxoplasmosis.
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Aksoy U, Marangi M, Papini R, Ozkoc S, Bayram Delibas S, Giangaspero A. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir Province coast (Turkey) by Real Time PCR/High-Resolution Melting analysis (HRM). Food Microbiol 2014; 44:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Toxoplasmosis as a travel risk. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:592-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Can H, Döşkaya M, Ajzenberg D, Özdemir HG, Caner A, İz SG, Döşkaya AD, Atalay E, Çetinkaya Ç, Ürgen S, Karaçalı S, Ün C, Dardé ML, Gürüz Y. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates and toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104930. [PMID: 25127360 PMCID: PMC4134241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, some Toxoplasma gondii genotypes are being associated with serious clinical presentations. A recent report showing the Africa 1 genotype in two local congenital toxoplasmosis cases acquired in Turkey formed the basis of this study because atypical Africa 1 genotype is most frequently detected in animals and patients from sub-Saharan Africa. Since stray cats are considered as the linkage between wild life and urban life in T. gondii transmission, the present study aimed to isolate and characterize T. gondii strains circulating in stray cats of İzmir (Western Turkey). A secondary objective was to determine toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in this cat population. Tissues obtained from 100 deceased stray cats were bioassayed and isolated strains were genotyped using 15 microsatellite markers. In addition, toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was analyzed in 1121 cat sera collected from several large veterinary clinics in İzmir. Among the 22 isolates, 19 were Type II (86.3%), two were Type III (9%) and one was Africa 1 genotype (4.5%). The overall seropositivity rates in cats were 42-48% and 33.4-34.4% according to IFA and ELISA, respectively. Seroprevalence in deceased cats was significantly higher than in healthy cats (P = 0.0033). Finding both the major clonal Type II lineage together with the Type III lineage also found in Middle East, and an atypical genotype, Africa 1 appears consistent with the specific geographic location of Turkey between three continents and raises the possibility of transportation of these strains between continents through trade routes or long distance migratory birds. In addition, the first large study of toxoplasma seroprevalence in a stray cat population was also reported. The relatively high seropositivity rates and the variety of T. gondii genotypes confirm the local stray cat population as a risk factor for human toxoplasmosis in İzmir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France and INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Ayşe Caner
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sultan Gülce İz
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University Faculty of Engineering, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Esra Atalay
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Saygun Ürgen
- Department of Veterinary Affairs, Municipality of İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sabire Karaçalı
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ege University Faculty of Sciences, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC), Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France and INSERM UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
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Evidence for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in selected intermediate hosts in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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