1
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Song C, Xie K, Chen H, Xu S, Mao H. Wheat ESCRT-III protein TaSAL1 regulates male gametophyte transmission and controls tillering and heading date. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2372-2384. [PMID: 38206130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Charged multivesicular protein 1 (CHMP1) is a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) complex that targets membrane localized signaling receptors to intralumenal vesicles in the multivesicular body of the endosome and eventually to the lysosome for degradation. Although CHMP1 plays roles in various plant growth and development processes, little is known about its function in wheat. In this study, we systematically analysed the members of the ESCRT-III complex in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and found that their orthologs were highly conserved in eukaryotic evolution. We identified CHMP1 homologous genes, TaSAL1s, and found that they were constitutively expressed in wheat tissues and essential for plant reproduction. Subcellular localization assays showed these proteins aggregated with and closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum when ectopically expressed in tobacco leaves. We also found these proteins were toxic and caused leaf death. A genetic and reciprocal cross analysis revealed that TaSAL1 leads to defects in male gametophyte biogenesis. Moreover, phenotypic and metabolomic analysis showed that TaSAL1 may regulate tillering and heading date through phytohormone pathways. Overall, our results highlight the role of CHMP1 in wheat, particularly in male gametophyte biogenesis, with implications for improving plant growth and developing new strategies for plant breeding and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kaidi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hailiang Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Kato M, Watari M, Tsuge T, Zhong S, Gu H, Qu LJ, Fujiwara T, Aoyama T. Redundant function of the Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase genes PIP5K4-6 is essential for pollen germination. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:212-225. [PMID: 37828913 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) is a key enzyme producing the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] in eukaryotes. Although PIP5K genes are reported to be involved in pollen tube germination and growth, the essential roles of PIP5K in these processes remain unclear. Here, we performed a comprehensive genetic analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana PIP5K4, PIP5K5, and PIP5K6 genes and revealed that their redundant function is essential for pollen germination. Pollen with the pip5k4pip5k5pip5k6 triple mutation was sterile, while pollen germination efficiency and pollen tube growth were reduced in the pip5k6 single mutant and further reduced in the pip5k4pip5k6 and pip5k5pip5k6 double mutants. YFP-fusion proteins, PIP5K4-YFP, PIP5K5-YFP, and PIP5K6-YFP, which could rescue the sterility of the triple mutant pollen, preferentially localized to the tricolpate aperture area and the future germination site on the plasma membrane prior to germination. Triple mutant pollen grains under the germination condition, in which spatiotemporal localization of the PtdIns(4,5)P2 fluorescent marker protein 2xmCHERRY-2xPHPLC as seen in the wild type was abolished, exhibited swelling and rupture of the pollen wall, but neither the conspicuous protruding site nor site-specific deposition of cell wall materials for germination. These data indicate that PIP5K4-6 and their product PtdIns(4,5)P2 are essential for pollen germination, possibly through the establishment of the germination polarity in a pollen grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Machiko Watari
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongya Gu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Takashi Fujiwara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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3
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Li H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li C, Du P, Bi M, Chen T, Qian D, Niu Y, Ren H, An L, Xiang Y. The Arabidopsis GPI-anchored protein COBL11 is necessary for regulating pollen tube integrity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113353. [PMID: 38007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube integrity is required for achieving double fertilization in angiosperms. The rapid alkalinization factor4/19-ANXUR1/2-Buddha's paper seal 1/2 (RALF4/19-ANX1/2-BUPS1/2)-complex-mediated signaling pathway is critical to maintain pollen tube integrity, but the underlying mechanisms regulating the polar localization and distribution of these complex members at the pollen tube tip remain unclear. Here, we find that COBRA-like protein 11 (COBL11) loss-of-function mutants display a low pollen germination ratio, premature pollen tube burst, and seed abortion in Arabidopsis. COBL11 could interact with RALF4/19, ANX1/2, and BUPS1/2, and COBL11 functional deficiency could result in the disrupted distribution of RALF4 and ANX1, altered cell wall composition, and decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in pollen tubes. In conclusion, COBL11 is a regulator of pollen tube integrity during polar growth, which is conducted by a direct interaction that ensures the correct localization and polar distribution of RALF4 and ANX1 at the pollen tube tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Zhuhai-Macao Biotechnology Joint Laboratory, Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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4
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Lan Z, Song Z, Wang Z, Li L, Liu Y, Zhi S, Wang R, Wang J, Li Q, Bleckmann A, Zhang L, Dresselhaus T, Dong J, Gu H, Zhong S, Qu LJ. Antagonistic RALF peptides control an intergeneric hybridization barrier on Brassicaceae stigmas. Cell 2023; 186:4773-4787.e12. [PMID: 37806310 PMCID: PMC10615786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen-pistil interactions establish interspecific/intergeneric pre-zygotic hybridization barriers in plants. The rejection of undesired pollen at the stigma is crucial to avoid outcrossing but can be overcome with the support of mentor pollen. The mechanisms underlying this hybridization barrier are largely unknown. Here, in Arabidopsis, we demonstrate that receptor-like kinases FERONIA/CURVY1/ANJEA/HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 and cell wall proteins LRX3/4/5 interact on papilla cell surfaces with autocrine stigmatic RALF1/22/23/33 peptide ligands (sRALFs) to establish a lock that blocks the penetration of undesired pollen tubes. Compatible pollen-derived RALF10/11/12/13/25/26/30 peptides (pRALFs) act as a key, outcompeting sRALFs and enabling pollen tube penetration. By treating Arabidopsis stigmas with synthetic pRALFs, we unlock the barrier, facilitating pollen tube penetration from distantly related Brassicaceae species and resulting in interspecific/intergeneric hybrid embryo formation. Therefore, we uncover a "lock-and-key" system governing the hybridization breadth of interspecific/intergeneric crosses in Brassicaceae. Manipulating this system holds promise for facilitating broad hybridization in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaihua Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizong Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Zhao W, Hou Q, Qi Y, Wu S, Wan X. Structural and molecular basis of pollen germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108042. [PMID: 37738868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a prerequisite for double fertilization of flowering plants. A comprehensive understanding of the structural and molecular basis of pollen germination holds great potential for crop yield improvement. The pollen aperture serves as the foundation for most plant pollen germination and pollen aperture formation involves the establishment of cellular polarity, the formation of distinct membrane domains, and the precise deposition of extracellular substances. Successful pollen germination requires precise material exchange and signal transduction between the pollen grain and the stigma. Recent cytological and mutant analysis of pollen germination process in Arabidopsis and rice has expanded our understanding of this biological process. However, the overall changes in germination site structure and energy-related metabolites during pollen germination remain to be further explored. This review summarizes and compares the recent advances in the processes of pollen aperture formation, pollen adhesion, hydration, and germination between eudicot Arabidopsis and monocot rice, and provides insights into the structural basis and molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China; Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100192, China.
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6
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Wang C, Cheng H, Xu W, Xue J, Hua X, Tong G, Ma X, Yang C, Lan X, Shen SY, Yang Z, Huang J, Cheng Y. Arabidopsis pollen-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase-like genes are essential for pollen tube tip growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2001-2017. [PMID: 37014030 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, pollen tube growth is critical for double fertilization and seed formation. Many of the factors involved in pollen tube tip growth are unknown. Here, we report the roles of pollen-specific GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE-LIKE (GDPD-LIKE) genes in pollen tube tip growth. Arabidopsis thaliana GDPD-LIKE6 (AtGDPDL6) and AtGDPDL7 were specifically expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-AtGDPDL6 and GFP-AtGDPDL7 fusion proteins were enriched at the plasma membrane at the apex of forming pollen tubes. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 double mutants displayed severe sterility that was rescued by genetic complementation with AtGDPDL6 or AtGDPDL7. This sterility was associated with defective male gametophytic transmission. Atgdpdl6 Atgdpdl7 pollen tubes burst immediately after initiation of pollen germination in vitro and in vivo, consistent with the thin and fragile walls in their tips. Cellulose deposition was greatly reduced along the mutant pollen tube tip walls, and the localization of pollen-specific CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE D1 (CSLD1) and CSLD4 was impaired to the apex of mutant pollen tubes. A rice pollen-specific GDPD-LIKE protein also contributed to pollen tube tip growth, suggesting that members of this family have conserved functions in angiosperms. Thus, pollen-specific GDPD-LIKEs mediate pollen tube tip growth, possibly by modulating cellulose deposition in pollen tube walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jingshi Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xinguo Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Guimin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xingguo Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shi-Yi Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhongnan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
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7
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Xiong T, Ye F, Chen J, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Peptide signaling in anther development and pollen-stigma interactions. Gene 2023; 865:147328. [PMID: 36870426 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptides play irreplaceable roles in cell-cell communication by binding to receptor-like kinases. Various types of peptide-receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling have been identified in anther development and male-female interactions in flowering plants. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions and signaling pathways of peptides and receptors involved in anther development, self-incompatibility, pollen tube growth and pollen tube guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Fan Ye
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yurui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zaibao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.
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8
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Ramming A, Kappel C, Kanaoka MM, Higashiyama T, Lenhard M. Poly(A) polymerase 1 contributes to competence acquisition of pollen tubes growing through the style in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:651-667. [PMID: 36811355 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyadenylation of mRNAs is critical for their export from the nucleus, stability, and efficient translation. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three isoforms of canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerase (PAPS) that redundantly polyadenylate the bulk of pre-mRNAs. However, previous studies have indicated that subsets of pre-mRNAs are preferentially polyadenylated by either PAPS1 or the other two isoforms. Such functional specialization raises the possibility of an additional level of gene-expression control in plants. Here we test this notion by studying the function of PAPS1 in pollen-tube growth and guidance. Pollen tubes growing through female tissue acquire the competence to find ovules efficiently and upregulate PAPS1 expression at the transcriptional, but not detectably at the protein level compared with in vitro grown pollen tubes. Using the temperature-sensitive paps1-1 allele we show that PAPS1 activity during pollen-tube growth is required for full acquisition of competence, resulting in inefficient fertilization by paps1-1 mutant pollen tubes. While these mutant pollen tubes grow almost at the wild-type rate, they are compromised in locating the micropyles of ovules. Previously identified competence-associated genes are less expressed in paps1-1 mutant than in wild-type pollen tubes. Estimating the poly(A) tail lengths of transcripts suggests that polyadenylation by PAPS1 is associated with reduced transcript abundance. Our results therefore suggest that PAPS1 plays a key role in the acquisition of competence and underline the importance of functional specialization between PAPS isoforms throughout different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ramming
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Kappel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Shobara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Lenhard
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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9
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Wang L, Liang X, Dou S, Yi B, Fu T, Ma C, Dai C. Two aspartic proteases, BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s, regulate pollen tube guidance in Brassica napus. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:27. [PMID: 37313529 PMCID: PMC10248713 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube (PT) growth towards the micropyle is critical for successful double fertilization. However, the mechanism of micropyle-directed PT growth is still unclear in Brassica napus. In this study, two aspartate proteases, BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s, were identified in B. napus. BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s were localized to the plasma membrane. The homologues of BnaAP36 and BnaAP39 were highly expressed in flower organs, especially in the anther. Sextuple and double mutants of BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s were then generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Compared to WT, the seed-set of cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 mutants was reduced by 50% and 60%, respectively. The reduction in seed-set was also found when cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 were used as the female parent in a reciprocal cross assay. Like WT, cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 pollen were able to germinate and the relative PTs were able to elongate in style. Approximately 36% and 33% of cr-bnaap36 and cr-bnaap39 PTs, respectively, failed to grow towards the micropyle, indicating that BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s are essential for micropyle-directed PT growth. Furthermore, Alexander's staining showed that 10% of cr-bnaap39 pollen grains were aborted, but not cr-bnaap36, suggesting that BnaAP39s may also affect microspore development. These results suggest that BnaAP36s and BnaAP39s play a critical role in the growth of micropyle-directed PTs in B. napus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01377-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shengwei Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070 China
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10
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Fan T, Fan Y, Yang Y, Qian D, Niu Y, An L, Xiang Y. SEC1A and SEC6 synergistically regulate pollen tube polar growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36951316 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube polar growth is a key physiological activity for angiosperms to complete double fertilization, which is highly dependent on the transport of polar substances mediated by secretory vesicles. The exocyst and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins are involved in the regulation of the tethering and fusion of vesicles and plasma membranes, but the molecular mechanism by which they regulate pollen tube polar growth is still unclear. In this study, we found that loss of function of SEC1A, a member of the SM protein family in Arabidopsis thaliana, resulted in reducing pollen tube growth and a significant increase in pollen tube width. SEC1A was diffusely distributed in the pollen tube cytoplasm, and was more concentrated at the tip of the pollen tube. Through co-immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry screening, protein interaction analysis and in vivo microscopy, we found that SEC1A interacted with the exocyst subunit SEC6, and they mutually affected the distribution and secretion rate at the tip of the pollen tube. Meanwhile, the functional loss of SEC1A and SEC6 significantly affected the distribution of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex member SYP125 at the tip of the pollen tube, and led to the disorder of pollen tube cell wall components. Genetic analysis revealed that the pollen tube-related phenotype of the sec1a sec6 double mutant was significantly enhanced compared with their respective single mutants. Therefore, we speculated that SEC1A and SEC6 cooperatively regulate the fusion of secretory vesicles and plasma membranes in pollen tubes, thereby affecting the length and the width of pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuemin Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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11
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Liu H, Li X, Cai J, Jiang L, Zhang X, Wu D, Wang L, Yang A, Guo C, Chen J, Pu W, Yu F. A screening of inhibitors targeting the receptor kinase FERONIA reveals small molecules that enhance plant root immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:63-77. [PMID: 36121304 PMCID: PMC9829398 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) constitute the largest receptor family involved in the regulation of plant immunity and growth, but small-molecule inhibitors that target RLKs to improve agronomic traits remain unexplored. The RLK member FERONIA (FER) negatively regulates plant resistance to certain soil-borne diseases that are difficult to control and cause huge losses in crop yields and economy. Here, we identified 33 highly effective FER kinase inhibitors from 1494 small molecules by monitoring FER autophosphorylation in vitro. Four representative inhibitors (reversine, cenisertib, staurosporine and lavendustin A) inhibited the kinase activity of FER and its homologues in several crops by targeting the conserved ATP pocket in the kinase structure. FER contributes to the physiological impact of representative inhibitors in plants. The treatment of roots with reversine, staurosporine and lavendustin A enhanced innate immunity in plant roots and thus alleviated soil-borne diseases in tobacco, tomato and rice without growth penalties. Consistently, RNA sequencing assays showed that lavendustin A and reversine exert profound impacts on immunity-related gene expression. Our results will set a new milestone in the development of the plant RLK kinase regulation theory and provide a novel strategy for the prevention and control of plant soil-borne diseases without growth penalties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Technology CenterChina Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd.ChangshaChina
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ling‐Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Dousheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Lifeng Wang
- State key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research InstituteHunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Cun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wenxuan Pu
- Technology CenterChina Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd.ChangshaChina
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
- Yuelushan LaboratoryChangshaChina
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12
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Jahed KR, Hirst PM. Fruit growth and development in apple: a molecular, genomics and epigenetics perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122397. [PMID: 37123845 PMCID: PMC10130390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth and development are physiological processes controlled by several internal and external factors. This complex regulatory mechanism comprises a series of events occurring in a chronological order over a growing season. Understanding the underlying mechanism of fruit development events, however, requires consideration of the events occurring prior to fruit development such as flowering, pollination, fertilization, and fruit set. Such events are interrelated and occur in a sequential order. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology in conjunction with improved statistical and computational methods have empowered science to identify some of the major molecular components and mechanisms involved in the regulation of fruit growth and have supplied encouraging successes in associating genotypic differentiation with phenotypic observations. As a result, multiple approaches have been developed to dissect such complex regulatory machinery and understand the genetic basis controlling these processes. These methods include transcriptomic analysis, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, whole-genome approach, and epigenetics analyses. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the molecular, genomic and epigenetics perspective of apple fruit growth and development that defines the final fruit size and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which fruit growth and development are controlled. Though the main emphasis of this article is on the molecular, genomic and epigenetics aspects of fruit growth and development, we will also deliver a brief overview on events occurring prior to fruit growth.
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13
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Gao S, Li C. CrRLK1L receptor kinases-regulated pollen-pistil interactions. REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbre.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Jiang J, Stührwohldt N, Liu T, Huang Q, Li L, Zhang L, Gu H, Fan L, Zhong S, Schaller A, Qu LJ. Egg cell-secreted aspartic proteases ECS1/2 promote gamete attachment to prioritize the fertilization of egg cells over central cells in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:2047-2059. [PMID: 36165344 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Double fertilization is an innovative phenomenon in angiosperms, in which one sperm cell first fuses with the egg cell to produce the embryo, and then the other sperm fuses with the central cell to produce the endosperm. However, the molecular mechanism of the preferential fertilization of egg cells is poorly understood. In this study, we report that two egg cell-secreted aspartic proteases, ECS1 and ECS2, play an important role in promoting preferential fertilization of egg cells in Arabidopsis. We show that simultaneous loss of ECS1 and ECS2 function resulted in an approximately 20% reduction in fertility, which can be complemented by the full-length ECS1/2 but not by corresponding active site mutants or by secretion-defective versions of ECS1/2. Detailed phenotypic analysis revealed that the egg cell-sperm cell attachment was compromised in ecs1 ecs2 siliques. Limited pollination assays with cyclin-dependent kinase a1 (cdka;1) pollen showed that preferential egg cell fertilization was impaired in the ecs1 ecs2 mutant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that egg cells secret two aspartic proteases, ECS1 and ECS2, to facilitate the attachment of sperm cells to egg cells so that preferential fertilization of egg cells is achieved. This study reveals the molecular mechanism of preferential fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Tianxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qingpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liumin Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Li L, Hou S, Xiang W, Song Z, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li J, Gu H, Dong J, Dresselhaus T, Zhong S, Qu LJ. The egg cell is preferentially fertilized in Arabidopsis double fertilization. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:2039-2046. [PMID: 36165373 PMCID: PMC9968529 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants (angiosperms), fertilization of the egg cell by one sperm cell produces an embryo, whereas fusion of a second sperm cell with the central cell generates the endosperm. In most angiosperms like Arabidopsis, a pollen grain contains two isomorphic sperm cells required for this double fertilization process. A long-standing unsolved question is whether the two fertilization events have any preference. A tool to address this question is the usage of the cyclin-dependent kinase a1 (cdka;1) mutant pollen, which produces a single sperm-like cell (SLC). Here, we first adopt a complementation-based fluorescence-labeling method to successfully separate and collect cdka;1 mutant pollen containing a single SLC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that cdka;1 SLCs show a gene expression profile highly similar to that of sperm cells and not to the generative cell, precursor of the two sperm cells. Pollination assays using a limited number of cdka;1 mutant pollen revealed that in 98.2% of the ovules, single fertilization of the egg cell occurred. Pollination of pistils with excessive cdka;1 mutant pollen allowed the delivery of a second SLC via fertilization recovery, which fertilized the central cell, resulting in 20.7% double-fertilized ovules. This indicates that cdka;1 SLCs are able to fertilize both the egg and the central cell. Taken together, our findings have answered a long-standing question and support that preferential fertilization of the egg cell is evident in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ“2” 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Modulation of receptor-like transmembrane kinase 1 nuclear localization by DA1 peptidases in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205757119. [PMID: 36161927 PMCID: PMC9546594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205757119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signals are often perceived by proteins in one cellular location and transduced to other locations such as the nucleus. Signaling proteins can be cleaved by peptidases to facilitate this movement, but the peptidases involved in this are poorly understood despite their widespread role. We describe a role for the ubiquitin-activated peptidase DA1 in cleaving the membrane-localized receptor-like kinase transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1) in Arabidopsis. TMK1 is phosphorylated in response to auxin and mediates several auxin responses including growth induction by cell expansion. DA1-mediated cleavage of TMK1 facilitates nuclear localization of its intracellular kinase domain to repress auxin-mediated gene expression, facilitating differential cell expansion during growth. These analyses establish a wider role for DA1 family activities in cell growth. The cleavage of intracellular domains of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) has an important functional role in the transduction of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus in many organisms. However, the peptidases that catalyze protein cleavage during signal transduction remain poorly understood despite their crucial roles in diverse signaling processes. Here, we report in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana that members of the DA1 family of ubiquitin-regulated Zn metallopeptidases cleave the cytoplasmic kinase domain of transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1), releasing it for nuclear localization where it represses auxin-responsive cell growth during apical hook formation by phosphorylation and stabilization of the transcriptional repressors IAA32 and IAA34. Mutations in DA1 family members exhibited reduced apical hook formation, and DA1 family-mediated cleavage of TMK1 was promoted by auxin treatment. Expression of the DA1 family-generated intracellular kinase domain of TMK1 by an auxin-responsive promoter fully restored apical hook formation in a tmk1 mutant, establishing the function of DA1 family peptidase activities in TMK1-mediated differential cell growth and apical hook formation. DA1 family peptidase activity therefore modulates TMK1 kinase activity between a membrane location where it stimulates acid cell growth and initiates an auxin-dependent kinase cascade controlling cell proliferation in lateral roots and a nuclear localization where it represses auxin-mediated gene expression and growth.
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17
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Stintzi A, Schaller A. Biogenesis of post-translationally modified peptide signals for plant reproductive development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102274. [PMID: 35977439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-translationally modified peptides (PMPs) are important regulators of plant growth and development. They are derived from larger inactive precursors by post-translational modification (PTM) and proteolytic processing to result in the bioactive peptide signals. We discuss how and why these modifications contribute to the bioactivity of inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA), phytosulfokine (PSK), and peptides of the Casparian strip integrity factor (CIF) family, as signaling molecules during reproductive development. The emerging picture suggests that PTMs evolved to increase the specificity of interaction of PMPs with cognate receptors and of PMP precursors with processing proteases. Cleavage sites in PMP precursors are recognized by subtilases (SBTs) in a highly specific manner. SBT-mediated processing results in the activation of PMP signals regulating stress-induced flower drop, the formation of the embryonic cuticle, and pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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18
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Zhou Z, Zheng S, Haq SIU, Zheng D, Qiu QS. Regulation of pollen tube growth by cellular pH and ions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153792. [PMID: 35973258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth of the pollen tube is a model system for the study of cell polarity establishment in flowering plants. The tip growth of the pollen tube displays an oscillating pattern corresponding to cellular ion and pH dynamics. Therefore, cellular pH and ions play an important role in pollen growth and development. In this review, we summarized the current advances in understanding the function of cellular pH and ions in regulating pollen tube growth. We analyzed the physiological roles and underlying mechanisms of cellular pH and ions, including Ca2+, K+, and Cl-, in regulating pollen tube growth. We further examined the function of Ca2+ in regulating cytoskeletons, small G proteins, and cell wall development in relation to pollen tube growth. We also examined the regulatory roles of cellular pH in pollen tube growth as well as pH regulation of ion flow, cell wall development, auxin signaling, and cytoskeleton function in pollen. In addition, we assessed the regulation of pollen tube growth by proton pumps and the maintenance of pH homeostasis in the trans-Golgi network by ion transporters. The interplay of ion homeostasis and pH dynamics was also assessed. We discussed the unanswered questions regarding pollen tube growth that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China.
| | - Sheng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China
| | - Syed Inzimam Ul Haq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China; College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
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19
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Yang Y, Niu Y, Chen T, Zhang H, Zhang J, Qian D, Bi M, Fan Y, An L, Xiang Y. The phospholipid flippase ALA3 regulates pollen tube growth and guidance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3718-3736. [PMID: 35861414 PMCID: PMC9516151 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube guidance regulates the growth direction and ovule targeting of pollen tubes in pistils, which is crucial for the completion of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen-specific receptor kinase (PRK) family members PRK3 and PRK6 are specifically tip-localized and essential for pollen tube growth and guidance. However, the mechanisms controlling the polar localization of PRKs at the pollen tube tip are unclear. The Arabidopsis P4-ATPase ALA3 helps establish the polar localization of apical phosphatidylserine (PS) in pollen tubes. Here, we discovered that loss of ALA3 function caused pollen tube defects in growth and ovule targeting and significantly affected the polar localization pattern of PRK3 and PRK6. Both PRK3 and PRK6 contain two polybasic clusters in the intracellular juxtamembrane domain, and they bound to PS in vitro. PRK3 and PRK6 with polybasic cluster mutations showed reduced or abolished binding to PS and altered polar localization patterns, and they failed to effectively complement the pollen tube-related phenotypes of prk mutants. These results suggest that ALA3 influences the precise localization of PRK3, PRK6, and other PRKs by regulating the distribution of PS, which plays a key role in regulating pollen tube growth and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengmeng Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuemin Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Incompatible pollen abortion and late-acting self-incompatibility in Schima superba. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15598. [PMID: 36114363 PMCID: PMC9481619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, self-incompatibility (SI) is a common and widespread mechanism for plant prevention of inbreeding, and late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI) may be ancestral in the group. In this work, we studied Schima superba, a species in Theaceae that is a commercially important timer and fire-resistant tree, and revealed its LSI mechanism. Hormones, enzymes, transcriptomes, and proteins were compared between self-pollination (SP) and outcross pollination (OP) in the styles and ovaries from 0 to 120 h after pollination. The self-pollen tubes grew to the bottom of the style and entered the ovary within 48 h but failed to penetrate the ovule. Meanwhile, the hormone and peroxidase levels dramatically changed. Transcriptome and proteome analyses explored the molecular mechanisms of LSI and candidate genes related to LSI in S. superba. Overall, 586.71 million reads were obtained, and 79,642 (39.08%) unigenes were annotated. KEGG and GO analysis showed that there were 4531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 82 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 48 h in self- (SP) versus outcross pollination (OP). Among these, 160 DEGs and 33 DEPs were involved in pollen–pistil interactions. “Pollen–pistil interaction,” “signal recognition,” and “component of membrane” were downregulated in SP, whereas “cell wall and membrane biosynthetic process,” and “oxidoreductase activity” were upregulated. The DEGs involved with S-RNases and SCF during SP suggested that the LSI occurred at 48 h in the ovary and that the LSI in S. superba was under gametophyte control. Calcium ion increase and release, mitochondrial function loss, and ROS disruption further aggravated PCD progress and cell death. The LSI of S. superba, which happened 48 h after pollination, was a key time point. The incompatibility PT ceased growth in the ovary because of S-RNase recognition and PCD in this organ. This study highlights the LSI molecular mechanism in S. superba and provides a reference to other species in Theaceae.
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Yu SX, Jiang YT, Lin WH. Ovule initiation: the essential step controlling offspring number in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1469-1486. [PMID: 35713236 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed is the offspring of angiosperms. Plants produce large numbers of seeds to ensure effective reproduction and survival in varying environments. Ovule is a fundamentally important organ and is the precursor of the seed. In Arabidopsis and other plants characterized by multi-ovulate ovaries, ovule initiation determines the maximal ovule number, thus greatly affecting seed number per fruit and seed yield. Investigating the regulatory mechanism of ovule initiation has both scientific and economic significance. However, the genetic and molecular basis underlying ovule initiation remains unclear due to technological limitations. Very recently, rules governing the multiple ovules initiation from one placenta have been identified, the individual functions and crosstalk of phytohormones in regulating ovule initiation have been further characterized, and new regulators of ovule boundary are reported, therefore expanding the understanding of this field. In this review, we present an overview of current knowledge in ovule initiation and summarize the significance of ovule initiation in regulating the number of plant offspring, as well as raise insights for the future study in this field that provide potential routes for the improvement of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xia Yu
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu-Tong Jiang
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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22
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Noble JA, Seddon A, Uygun S, Bright A, Smith SE, Shiu SH, Palanivelu R. The SEEL motif and members of the MYB-related REVEILLE transcription factor family are important for the expression of LORELEI in the synergid cells of the Arabidopsis female gametophyte. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:61-76. [PMID: 34716496 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergid cells in the micropylar end of the female gametophyte are required for critical cell-cell signaling interactions between the pollen tube and the ovule that precede double fertilization and seed formation in flowering plants. LORELEI (LRE) encodes a putative GPI-anchored protein that is expressed primarily in the synergid cells, and together with FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase, it controls pollen tube reception by the receptive synergid cell. Still, how LRE expression is controlled in synergid cells remains poorly characterized. We identified candidate cis-regulatory elements enriched in LRE and other synergid cell-expressed genes. One of the candidate motifs ('TAATATCT') in the LRE promoter was an uncharacterized variant of the Evening Element motif that we named as the Short Evening Element-like (SEEL) motif. Deletion or point mutations in the SEEL motif of the LRE promoter resulted in decreased reporter expression in synergid cells, demonstrating that the SEEL motif is important for expression of LRE in synergid cells. Additionally, we found that LRE expression is decreased in the loss of function mutants of REVEILLE (RVE) transcription factors, which are clock genes known to bind the SEEL and other closely related motifs. We propose that RVE transcription factors regulate LRE expression in synergid cells by binding to the SEEL motif in the LRE promoter. Identification of cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors involved in the expression of LRE will serve as a foundation to characterize the gene regulatory networks in synergid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alex Seddon
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Ashley Bright
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Steven E Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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23
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Wang W, Xiong H, Sun K, Zhang B, Sun MX. New insights into cell-cell communications during seed development in flowering plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:215-229. [PMID: 34473416 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross-talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hanxian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kaiting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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24
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Zhong S, Li L, Wang Z, Ge Z, Li Q, Bleckmann A, Wang J, Song Z, Shi Y, Liu T, Li L, Zhou H, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu HM, Lai L, Gu H, Dong J, Cheung AY, Dresselhaus T, Qu LJ. RALF peptide signaling controls the polytubey block in Arabidopsis. Science 2022; 375:290-296. [PMID: 35050671 PMCID: PMC9040003 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy) leads to lethal genome imbalance and chromosome segregation defects. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the block to polyspermy is facilitated by a mechanism that prevents polytubey (the arrival of multiple pollen tubes to one ovule). We show here that FERONIA, ANJEA, and HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 receptor-like kinases located at the septum interact with pollen tube-specific RALF6, 7, 16, 36, and 37 peptide ligands to establish this polytubey block. The same combination of RALF (rapid alkalinization factor) peptides and receptor complexes controls pollen tube reception and rupture inside the targeted ovule. Pollen tube rupture releases the polytubey block at the septum, which allows the emergence of secondary pollen tubes upon fertilization failure. Thus, orchestrated steps in the fertilization process in Arabidopsis are coordinated by the same signaling components to guarantee and optimize reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zihan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huabin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Luhua Lai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alice Y. Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Cui Y, Lu X, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinases in plant reproduction: Current understanding and future perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100273. [PMID: 35059634 PMCID: PMC8760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a crucial process in the life span of flowering plants, and directly affects human basic requirements in agriculture, such as grain yield and quality. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large family of membrane proteins sensing extracellular signals to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, RLK-mediated signaling pathways play essential roles in regulating the reproductive process by sensing different ligand signals. Molecular understanding of the reproductive process is vital from the perspective of controlling male and female fertility. Here, we summarize the roles of RLKs during plant reproduction at the genetic and molecular levels, including RLK-mediated floral organ development, ovule and anther development, and embryogenesis. In addition, the possible molecular regulatory patterns of those RLKs with unrevealed mechanisms during reproductive development are discussed. We also point out the thought-provoking questions raised by the research on these plant RLKs during reproduction for future investigation.
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26
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Ajayi OO, Held MA, Showalter AM. Glucuronidation of type II arabinogalactan polysaccharides function in sexual reproduction of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:164-181. [PMID: 34726315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex, hyperglycosylated plant cell wall proteins with little known about the biological roles of their glycan moieties in sexual reproduction. Here, we report that GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C, three enzymes responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid residues to AGPs, function in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Using biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C genes resulted in disorganization of the reticulate structure of the exine wall, abnormal development of the intine layer, and collapse of pollen grains in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants. Synchronous development between locules within the same anther was also lost in some glcat14a/b/c stamens. In addition, we observed excessive attraction of pollen tubes targeting glcat14a/b/c ovules, indicating that the polytubey block mechanism was compromised. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared with the wild type. This work demonstrates the important roles that AG glucuronidation plays in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi O Ajayi
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Allan M Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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27
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Identification and Analysis of Genes Involved in Double Fertilization in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312850. [PMID: 34884656 PMCID: PMC8657449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Double fertilization is a key determinant of grain yield, and the failure of fertilization during hybridization is one important reason for reproductive isolation. Therefore, fertilization has a very important role in the production of high-yield and well-quality hybrid of rice. Here, we used RNA sequencing technology to study the change of the transcriptome during double fertilization with the help of the mutant fertilization barrier (feb) that failed to finish fertilization process and led to seed abortion. The results showed that 1669 genes were related to the guided growth of pollen tubes, 332 genes were involved in the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes, and 430 genes were associated with zygote formation and early free endosperm nuclear division. Among them, the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism; signal transduction pathways were enriched in the guided growth of pollen tubes, the genes involved in the photosynthesis; fatty acid synthesis pathways were activated by the recognition and fusion of the male–female gametes; and the cell cycle-related genes might play an essential role in zygote formation and early endosperm nuclear division. Furthermore, among the 1669 pollen tube-related genes, it was found that 7 arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), 1 cysteine-rich peptide (CRP), and 15 receptor-like kinases (RLKs) were specifically expressed in anther, while 2 AGPs, 7 CRPs, and 5 RLKs in pistil, showing obvious unequal distribution which implied they might play different roles in anther and pistil during fertilization. These studies laid a solid foundation for revealing double fertilization mechanism of rice and for the follow-up investigation.
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28
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Wang H, Qi X, Chen S, Feng J, Chen H, Qin Z, Deng Y. An integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach to dynamically study the mechanism of pollen-pistil interactions during jasmine crossing. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104380. [PMID: 34517123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmine (Jasminum sambac Aiton, Oleaceae) flowers are widely consumed in many countries for their tea-making, medicinal and ornamental properties. To improve the quality and yield of flowers, it is very important to carry out cross-breeding between different petal types of jasmine. However, because of the difficulty of sexual reproduction, there is no report on the success of jasmine crosses. In this paper, single- and double-petal jasmine plants were crossed artificially. The stigmas of single-petal plants post pollination, including those at 0 h after pollination (CK), 1 h after pollination (T1) and 6 h after pollination (T2), were sequenced by transcriptomic combined with proteomic analyses. A total of 178,098 gene products were assembled. Simultaneously, a total of 2337 protein species were identified. Some regulatory gene products and functional protein species were identified that may be involved in the process of pollen-pistil interactions. These findings suggest that the identified differentially expressed gene products and differentially accumulated protein species may play vital roles in jasmine plants in response to pollen-pistil interactions, providing important genetic resources for further functional dissection of the molecular mechanisms of these interactions. SIGNIFICANCE: These results have important scientific significance to take effective measures to overcome pre-fertilization barriers and to guide the cross breeding of jasmine. Further, they can also be used for reference in other plant breeding with the same fertilization barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyu Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanming Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Huang J, Dong J, Qu LJ. From birth to function: Male gametophyte development in flowering plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102118. [PMID: 34625367 PMCID: PMC9039994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Male germline development in flowering plants involves two distinct and successive phases, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis, which involve one meiosis followed by two rounds of mitosis. Many aspects of distinctions after mitosis between the vegetative cell and the male germ cells are seen, from morphology to structure, and the differential functions of the two cell types in the male gametophyte are differentially needed and required for double fertilization. The two sperm cells, carriers of the hereditary substances, depend on the vegetative cell/pollen tube to be delivered to the female gametophyte for double fertilization. Thus, the intercellular communication and coordinated activity within the male gametophyte probably represent the most subtle regulation in flowering plants to guarantee the success of reproduction. This review will focus on what we have known about the differentiation process and the functional diversification of the vegetative cell and the male germ cell, the most crucial cell types for plant fertility and crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the toolkit for Ca2+ transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca2+ signals referred to as Ca2+ signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca2+-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode Ca2+ signatures. By comparing these coding and decoding mechanisms in fungi, animals, and plants, both unified and divergent themes have emerged, and the underlying complexity will challenge researchers for years to come. Considering the scale and breadth of the subject, instead of a literature survey, in this review we focus on a conceptual framework that aims to introduce to readers to the principles and mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling. We finish with several examples of Ca2+-signaling pathways, including polarized cell growth, immunity and symbiosis, and systemic signaling, to piece together specific coding and decoding mechanisms in plants versus animals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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31
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Kim MJ, Jeon BW, Oh E, Seo PJ, Kim J. Peptide Signaling during Plant Reproduction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:822-835. [PMID: 33715959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant signaling peptides are involved in cell-cell communication networks and coordinate a wide range of plant growth and developmental processes. Signaling peptides generally bind to receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptors for signaling activation to trigger cellular signaling and biological responses. Fertilization is an important life event in flowering plants, involving precise control of cell-cell communications between male and female tissues. Peptide-receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling plays an important role in male-female interactions for successful fertilization in flowering plants. Here, we describe the recent findings on the functions and signaling pathways of peptides and receptors involved in plant reproduction processes including pollen germination, pollen tube growth, pollen tube guidance to the embryo sac, and sperm cell reception in female tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
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32
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Liu M, Wang Z, Hou S, Wang L, Huang Q, Gu H, Dresselhaus T, Zhong S, Qu LJ. AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling promotes conspecific micropylar pollen tube guidance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:865-873. [PMID: 33638984 PMCID: PMC8195523 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation is a prerequisite to form and maintain a new species. Multiple prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation barriers have been reported in plants. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana conspecific pollen tube precedence controlled by AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling has been recently reported as a major prezygotic reproductive isolation barrier. By accelerating emergence of own pollen tubes from the transmitting tract, A. thaliana ovules promote self-fertilization and thus prevent fertilization by a different species. Taking advantage of a septuple atlure1null mutant, we now report on the role of AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling for micropylar pollen tube guidance. Compared with wild-type (WT) ovules, atlure1null ovules displayed remarkably reduced micropylar pollen tube attraction efficiencies in modified semi-in vivo A. thaliana ovule targeting assays. However, when prk6 mutant pollen tubes were applied, atlure1null ovules showed micropylar attraction efficiencies comparable to that of WT ovules. These findings indicate that AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling regulates micropylar pollen tube attraction in addition to promoting emergence of own pollen tubes from the transmitting tract. Moreover, semi-in vivo ovule targeting competition assays with the same amount of pollen grains from both A. thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata showed that A. thaliana WT and xiuqiu mutant ovules are mainly targeted by own pollen tubes and that atlure1null mutant ovules are also entered to a large extent by A. lyrata pollen tubes. Taken together, we report that AtLURE1/PRK6-mediated signaling promotes conspecific micropylar pollen tube attraction representing an additional prezygotic isolation barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Qingpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at the College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
- The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
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Arefian M, Bhagya N, Prasad TSK. Phosphorylation-mediated signalling in flowering: prospects and retrospects of phosphoproteomics in crops. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2164-2191. [PMID: 34047006 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification, regulating protein function, stability, and subcellular localization. To date, annotated phosphorylation data are available mainly for model organisms and humans, despite the economic importance of crop species and their large kinomes. Our understanding of the phospho-regulation of flowering in relation to the biology and interaction between the pollen and pistil is still significantly lagging, limiting our knowledge on kinase signalling and its potential applications to crop production. To address this gap, we bring together relevant literature that were previously disconnected to present an overview of the roles of phosphoproteomic signalling pathways in modulating molecular and cellular regulation within specific tissues at different morphological stages of flowering. This review is intended to stimulate research, with the potential to increase crop productivity by providing a platform for novel molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arefian
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - N Bhagya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
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34
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Liu C, Shen L, Xiao Y, Vyshedsky D, Peng C, Sun X, Liu Z, Cheng L, Zhang H, Han Z, Chai J, Wu HM, Cheung AY, Li C. Pollen PCP-B peptides unlock a stigma peptide-receptor kinase gating mechanism for pollination. Science 2021; 372:171-175. [PMID: 33833120 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in angiosperms relies on precise communications between the pollen and pistil. The molecular mechanisms underlying these communications remain elusive. We established that in Arabidopsis, a stigmatic gatekeeper, the ANJEA-FERONIA (ANJ-FER) receptor kinase complex, perceives the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR peptides RALF23 and RALF33 to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the stigma papillae, whereas pollination reduces stigmatic ROS, allowing pollen hydration. Upon pollination, the POLLEN COAT PROTEIN B-class peptides (PCP-Bs) compete with RALF23/33 for binding to the ANJ-FER complex, leading to a decline of stigmatic ROS that facilitates pollen hydration. Our results elucidate a molecular gating mechanism in which distinct peptide classes from pollen compete with stigma peptides for interaction with a stigmatic receptor kinase complex, allowing the pollen to hydrate and germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianping Shen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - David Vyshedsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Zhang X, Man Y, Zhuang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yu M, Xing J, Wang G, Lian N, Hu Z, Ma L, Shen W, Yang S, Xu H, Bian J, Jing Y, Li X, Li R, Mao T, Jiao Y, Sodmergen, Ren H, Lin J. Plant multiscale networks: charting plant connectivity by multi-level analysis and imaging techniques. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1392-1422. [PMID: 33974222 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular and even single-celled organisms, individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation. Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes. Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project. In plant science, network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular, subcellular, cellular, organic, and organism levels. Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype. In this review, we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities. We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants. Finally, we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Man
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457004, China
| | - Guangchao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijian Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunyao Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Bian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sodmergen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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36
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Paving the Way for Fertilization: The Role of the Transmitting Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052603. [PMID: 33807566 PMCID: PMC7961442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiosperm reproduction relies on the precise growth of the pollen tube through different pistil tissues carrying two sperm cells into the ovules’ embryo sac, where they fuse with the egg and the central cell to accomplish double fertilization and ultimately initiate seed development. A network of intrinsic and tightly regulated communication and signaling cascades, which mediate continuous interactions between the pollen tube and the sporophytic and gametophytic female tissues, ensures the fast and meticulous growth of pollen tubes along the pistil, until it reaches the ovule embryo sac. Most of the pollen tube growth occurs in a specialized tissue—the transmitting tract—connecting the stigma, the style, and the ovary. This tissue is composed of highly secretory cells responsible for producing an extensive extracellular matrix. This multifaceted matrix is proposed to support and provide nutrition and adhesion for pollen tube growth and guidance. Insights pertaining to the mechanisms that underlie these processes remain sparse due to the difficulty of accessing and manipulating the female sporophytic tissues enclosed in the pistil. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on this key step of reproduction in flowering plants with special emphasis on the female transmitting tract tissue.
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37
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Kim YJ, Kim MH, Hong WJ, Moon S, Kim EJ, Silva J, Lee J, Lee S, Kim ST, Park SK, Jung KH. GORI, encoding the WD40 domain protein, is required for pollen tube germination and elongation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1645-1664. [PMID: 33345419 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Successful delivery of sperm cells to the embryo sac in higher plants is mediated by pollen tube growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination and tube growth in crop plants remain rather unclear, although these mechanisms are crucial to plant reproduction and seed formation. By screening pollen-specific gene mutants in rice (Oryza sativa), we identified a T-DNA insertional mutant of Germinating modulator of rice pollen (GORI) that showed a one-to-one segregation ratio for wild type (WT) to heterozygous. GORI encodes a seven-WD40-motif protein that is homologous to JINGUBANG/REN4 in Arabidopsis. GORI is specifically expressed in rice pollen, and its protein is localized in the nucleus, cytosol and plasma membrane. Furthermore, a homozygous mutant, gori-2, created through CRISPR-Cas9 clearly exhibited male sterility with disruption of pollen tube germination and elongation. The germinated pollen tube of gori-2 exhibited decreased actin filaments and altered pectin distribution. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 852 pollen-specific genes were downregulated in gori-2 compared with the WT, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that these genes are strongly associated with cell wall modification and clathrin coat assembly. Based on the molecular features of GORI, phenotypical observation of the gori mutant and its interaction with endocytic proteins and Rac GTPase, we propose that GORI plays key roles in forming endo-/exocytosis complexes that could mediate pollen tube growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunok Moon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeniffer Silva
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
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38
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Lee HK, Goring DR. Two subgroups of receptor-like kinases promote early compatible pollen responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana pistil. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1198-1211. [PMID: 33097927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, cell-cell communication between the compatible pollen grain/growing pollen tube and the pistil is an essential component for successful sexual reproduction. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the later stages of this dialogue are mediated by several peptide ligands and receptors that guide pollen tubes to the ovules for the release of sperm cells. Despite a detailed understanding of these processes, a key gap remains regarding the nature of the regulators that function at the earlier stages which are essential steps leading to fertilization. Here, we report on new functions for A. thaliana Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) genes belonging to the LRR-II and LRR-VIII-2 RLK subgroups in the female reproductive tract to regulate compatible pollen hydration and the early stages of pollen tube growth. Mutant pistils for the A. thaliana RKF1 gene cluster were observed to support reduced wild-type pollen hydration and, when combined with the SERK1 and SERK3/BAK1 mutations, reduced pollen tube travel distances occurred. As these mutant pistils displayed a wild-type morphology, we propose that the observed altered compatible pollen responses result from an impaired pollen-pistil dialogue at these early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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39
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Khouider S, Borges F, LeBlanc C, Ungru A, Schnittger A, Martienssen R, Colot V, Bouyer D. Male fertility in Arabidopsis requires active DNA demethylation of genes that control pollen tube function. Nat Commun 2021; 12:410. [PMID: 33462227 PMCID: PMC7813888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Active DNA demethylation is required for sexual reproduction in plants but the molecular determinants underlying this epigenetic control are not known. Here, we show in Arabidopsis thaliana that the DNA glycosylases DEMETER (DME) and REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) act semi-redundantly in the vegetative cell of pollen to demethylate DNA and ensure proper pollen tube progression. Moreover, we identify six pollen-specific genes with increased DNA methylation as well as reduced expression in dme and dme;ros1. We further show that for four of these genes, reinstalling their expression individually in mutant pollen is sufficient to improve male fertility. Our findings demonstrate an essential role of active DNA demethylation in regulating genes involved in pollen function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souraya Khouider
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Filipe Borges
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA.,Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Chantal LeBlanc
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alexander Ungru
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany.,Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes (IBMP), CNRS, University Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France.,University Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Martienssen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Vincent Colot
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Daniel Bouyer
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France. .,Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes (IBMP), CNRS, University Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France. .,Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), UnivLyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, CNRS, INRAE, 69342, Lyon, France.
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40
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Yu CY, Zhang HK, Wang N, Gao XQ. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins mediate the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. PLANTA 2021; 253:19. [PMID: 33394122 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, pollen germination on the stigma and pollen tube growth in pistil tissues are critical for sexual plant reproduction, which are involved in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are located on the external surface of the plasma membrane and function in various processes of sexual plant reproduction. The evidences suggest that GPI-APs participate in endosome machinery, Ca2+ oscillations, the development of the transmitting tract, the maintenance of the integrity of pollen tube, the enhancement of interactions of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and ligand, and guidance of the growth of pollen tube, and so on. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on the roles of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues during pollination, such as pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, pollen tube guidance to the ovule, and pollen tube reception in the embryo sac. We will also discuss the future outlook of GPI-APs in the interactions between pollen/pollen tube and pistil tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Huan Kai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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41
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Sprunck S. Twice the fun, double the trouble: gamete interactions in flowering plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:106-116. [PMID: 31841779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During sexual reproduction two gametes of opposite sex unite to produce a zygote. Gamete fusion is a highly controlled process and it has become evident that, across species, common concepts apply to this ancient and fundamental event. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is even more complex in that two sperm cells fertilize two female reproductive cells (egg and central cell) in a process called double fertilization. Due to the coordinated developmental progression and mutual dependency of the two fertilization products (embryo and endosperm), the success and timing of the two fusion events substantially affects seed set. So far, four proteins are known to act on the surfaces of Arabidopsis gametes to accomplish double fertilization. The molecular and evolutionary characteristics of these players prove that flowering plants integrate plant-specific and widely conserved mechanisms to accomplish the timely fusion of each sperm cell with one female reproductive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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42
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Zhang MJ, Zhang XS, Gao XQ. ROS in the Male-Female Interactions During Pollination: Function and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32180782 PMCID: PMC7059789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The male-female interactions in pollination mediate pollen hydration and germination, pollen tube growth and fertilization. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from both male and female tissues play regulatory roles for the communication between the pollen/pollen tube and female tissues at various stages, such as pollen hydration and germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth in the pistil and pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. In this minireview, we primarily summarize the recent progress on the roles of ROS signaling in male-female interactions during pollination and discuss several ROS-regulated downstream signaling pathways for these interactions. Furthermore, several ROS-involved downstream pathways are outlined, such as Ca2+ signaling, cell wall cytomechanics, the redox modification of CRP, and cell PCD. At the end, we address the roles of ROS in pollen tube guidance and fertilization as future questions that merit study.
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43
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Zhong S, Wang Z, Qu LJ. Obtaining Mutant Pollen for Phenotypic Analysis and Pollen Tube Dual Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2160:181-190. [PMID: 32529436 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0672-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutant phenotype observation is the most useful and important method to study which biological process a gene-of-interest is involved in. In flowering plants, excessive pollen grains land and germinate on the stigma, then pollen tubes grow through the transmitting tract to reach the ovules, eventually enter the micropyle to complete double fertilization. First, for mutants whose homozygotes could not be obtained due to pollen tube defects, it is difficult to observe the defect phenotype since the pollen grains of different genotypes are mixed together. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to pick out mutant pollen grains from the heterozygous mutant plants in Arabidopsis thaliana. By using this method, we could obtain sufficient mutant pollen grains for phenotypic analysis. Second, it is difficult to compare the pollen/pollen tube behavior of two different genotypes/species in vivo in a same pistil. Here, we develop a new dual staining method which combines GUS staining with aniline blue staining. By using this method, we can analyze the competence of the two different pollen tubes in the same pistil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,National Plant Gene Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Zhao L, Rehmani MS, Wang H. Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Yin-Yang Crosstalk for Sculpting a Dynamic Growing Pollen Tube Tip. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572848. [PMID: 33123182 PMCID: PMC7573165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The growing pollen tube has become one of the most fascinating model cell systems for investigations into cell polarity and polar cell growth in plants. Rapidly growing pollen tubes achieve tip-focused cell expansion by vigorous anterograde exocytosis, through which various newly synthesized macromolecules are directionally transported and deposited at the cell apex. Meanwhile, active retrograde endocytosis counter balances the exocytosis at the tip which is believed to recycle the excessive exocytic components for multiple rounds of secretion. Therefore, apical exocytosis and endocytosis are the frontline cellular processes which drive the polar growth of pollen tubes, although they represent opposite vesicular trafficking events with distinct underpinning mechanisms. Nevertheless, the molecular basis governing the spatiotemporal crosstalk and counterbalance of exocytosis and endocytosis during pollen tube polarization and growth remains elusive. Here we discuss recent insight into exocytosis and endocytosis in sculpturing high rates of polarized pollen tube growth. In addition, we especially introduce the novel integration of mathematical modeling in uncovering the mysteries of cell polarity and polar cell growth.
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45
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Feng H, Liu C, Fu R, Zhang M, Li H, Shen L, Wei Q, Sun X, Xu L, Ni B, Li C. LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEINS 2/3 Regulate Pollen Tube Growth as Chaperones and Coreceptors for ANXUR/BUPS Receptor Kinases in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1612-1623. [PMID: 31541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth is crucial for successful fertilization. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the ANXUR (ANX)/BUPS receptor kinase complex controls and maintains pollen tube growth in response to autocrine rapid alkalinization factor 4/19 (RALF4/19) signaling; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the ANX/BUPS-mediated regulation of pollen tube growth remain unclear. In this study, we found that pollen-specific LORELEI-like GPI-anchored proteins 2 and 3 (LLG2/3) promote pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo. LLG2/3 interacte with ANX/BUPS in a RALF4-concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that ANX/BUPS and LLG2/3 might form a receptor-coreceptor complex for perceiving RALF peptide signals. Disruption of the ANX/BUPS-LLG2/3 interaction led to the cytoplasmic retention of ANX1/2, in either llg2/3 knockdown mutants or in anx1/2 mutants lacking the J region, which mediates the ANX/BUPS-LLG2/3 interaction. Moreover, we found that RALF4 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which stimulate pollen tube growth and reduce pollen burst rate. ROS levels are reduced in the pollen tubes of LLG2/3 RNAi lines, and application of exogenous H2O2 could partially rescue the defective pollen tube growth of LLG2/3 RNAi lines. Taken together, our study identifies LLG2/3 as novel regulatory components of pollen tube growth, and shows that they chaperone ANX/BUPS for secretion to the apical plasma membrane of pollen tube and act as coreceptors of ANX/BUPS in the activation of ROS production for promoting pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Feng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rong Fu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lianping Shen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqi Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Ni
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Vogler H, Santos-Fernandez G, Mecchia MA, Grossniklaus U. To preserve or to destroy, that is the question: the role of the cell wall integrity pathway in pollen tube growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:131-139. [PMID: 31648148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell-shape is defined by the cell wall, a complex network of polymers located outside the plasma membrane. During cell growth, cell wall properties have to be adjusted, assuring cell expansion without compromising cell integrity. Plasma membrane-located receptors sense cell wall properties, transducing extracellular signals into intracellular cascades through the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway that, in turn, leads to adjustments in the regulation and composition of the cell wall. Using pollen tube growth as a single celled model system, we describe the importance of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides as sensors of cell wall integrity. RALF peptides can mediate the communication between cell wall components and plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) of the CrRLK1L family. The subsequent activation of intracellular pathways regulates H+, Ca2+, and ROS levels in the cell and apoplast, thereby modulating cell wall integrity. Interestingly, the RALF-CrRLK1L module and some of the components working up- and downstream of the RLK is conserved in many other developmental and physiological signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Santos-Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Mecchia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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47
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Li YJ, Pei JQ, Tang WH. What took you so long? Peptide-receptor kinase signaling mediates reproductive isolation in plants. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1390-1392. [PMID: 36659694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia-Qi Pei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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48
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Ge Z, Zhao Y, Liu MC, Zhou LZ, Wang L, Zhong S, Hou S, Jiang J, Liu T, Huang Q, Xiao J, Gu H, Wu HM, Dong J, Dresselhaus T, Cheung AY, Qu LJ. LLG2/3 Are Co-receptors in BUPS/ANX-RALF Signaling to Regulate Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Integrity. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3256-3265.e5. [PMID: 31564495 PMCID: PMC7179479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, two sperm cells are transported and delivered by the pollen tube to the ovule to achieve double fertilization. Extensive communication takes place between the pollen tube and the female tissues until the sperm cell cargo is ultimately released. During this process, a pollen tube surface-located receptor complex composed of ANXUR1/2 (ANX1/2) and Buddha's Paper Seal 1/2 (BUPS1/2) was reported to control the maintenance of pollen tube integrity by perceiving the autocrine peptide ligands rapid alkalinization factor 4 and 19 (RALF4/19). It was further hypothesized that pollen-tube rupture to release sperm is caused by the paracrine RALF34 peptide from the ovule interfering with this signaling pathway. In this study, we identified two Arabidopsis pollen-tube-expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs), LORELEI-like-GPI-anchored protein 2 (LLG2) and LLG3, as co-receptors in the BUPS-ANX receptor complex. llg2 llg3 double mutants exhibit severe fertility defects. Mutant pollen tubes rupture early during the pollination process. Furthermore, LLG2 and LLG3 interact with ectodomains of both BUPSs and ANXURs, and this interaction is remarkably enhanced by the presence of RALF4/19 peptides. We further demonstrate that the N terminus (including a YISY motif) of the RALF4 peptide ligand interacts strongly with BUPS-ANX receptors but weakly with LLGs and is essential for its biological function, and its C-terminal region is sufficient for LLG binding. In conclusion, we propose that LLG2/3 serve as co-receptors during BUPS/ANX-RALF signaling and thereby further establish the importance of GPI-APs as key regulators in plant reproduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Saiying Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingpei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hen-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China.
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49
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Zhong S, Qu LJ. Cysteine-rich peptides: signals for pollen tube guidance, species isolation and beyond. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1243-1245. [PMID: 31444684 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-9819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,The National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China.
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