Serum alanine transaminase is predictive of fasting and postprandial insulin and glucagon concentrations in type 2 diabetes

Sex differences in the plasma glucagon responses to a high carbohydrate meal and a glucose drink in type 2 diabetes

Elevated fasting glucagon concentrations and/or attenuated postprandial glucagon suppression are characteristics of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and contribute to hyperglycaemia. This study shows that hyperglucagonaemia is more prominent in males than females after a nutrient load in T2D, adding insights into sex differences in relation to the pathophysiology of T2D.

Intra-pancreatic fat is associated with high circulating glucagon and GLP-1 concentrations following whey protein ingestion in overweight women with impaired fasting glucose: A randomised controlled trial

AIM

Intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) while hypothesised to impair beta-cell function, its impact on alpha-cells remains unclear. We evaluated the association between IPFD and markers of pancreatic cells function using whey protein.

METHODS

Twenty overweight women with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and low or high IPFD (<4.66% vs ≥4.66%) consumed 3 beverage treatments: 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low-dose) and 50.0 g (high-dose) whey protein, after an overnight fast, in randomised order. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin were analysed postprandially over 4 h. Incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC), incremental maximum concentration (iCmax), and time to maximum concentration (Tmax) for these were compared between IPFD groups using repeated measures linear mixed models, also controlled for age (pcov).

RESULTS

iAUC and iCmax glucose and insulin while similar between the two IPFD groups, high IPFD and ageing contributed to higher postprandial glucagon (iAUC: p = 0.012; pcov = 0.004; iCmax: p = 0.069; pcov = 0.021) and GLP-1 (iAUC: p = 0.006; pcov = 0.064; iCmax: p = 0.011; pcov = 0.122) concentrations.

CONCLUSION

In our cohort, there was no evidence that IPFD impaired protein-induced insulin secretion. Conversely, IPFD may be associated with increased protein-induced glucagon secretion, a novel observation which warrants further investigation into its relevance in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia and type-2 diabetes.