Discovery of a novel short peptide with efficacy in accelerating the healing of skin wounds

Extracellular vesicles and bioactive peptides for regenerative medicine in cosmetology

As life quality improves and the life pressure increases, people's awareness of maintaining healthy skin and hair grows. However, the use of bioactive peptides in regenerative medical aesthetics is often constrained by the high molecular weight, which impedes skin penetration. In contrast, extracellular vesicles not only possess regenerative properties but also serve as effective carriers for bioactive peptides. Given their anti-inflammatory and bactericidal properties, capacity to promote angiogenesis, optimize collagen alignment, facilitate re-epithelialization and stimulate hair growth, extracellular vesicles become an emerging and promising solution for skin regeneration treatments. The combination of peptides and extracellular vesicles enhances therapeutic efficacy and improves the bioavailability of bioactive peptides. In this review, we summarize the functions of bioactive peptides and plant- and animal-derived extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine with cosmetology, along with examples of their combined applications. Additionally, we provide an overview of peptides and extracellular vesicles currently available on the market and in clinical practice, discussing the challenges and solutions associated with their use.

Inhibition of miRNA-365-2-5p Targeting SIRT1 Regulates Functions of Keratinocytes to Enhance Wound Healing

The development of drugs to accelerate wound healing is an important area of clinical research. Recent advancements have highlighted the prospects of microRNAs as therapeutic targets for various disorders, although their involvement in mice wound healing remains unclear. Peptides have been proved to be unique and irreplaceable molecules in the elucidation of competing endogenous RNAs mechanisms (ceRNA) involved with skin wound healing. In the present work, CyRL-QN15, a peptide characterized by its minimal length and maximal wound healing efficacy, was applied as a probe to explore the ceRNA mechanism in regard to accelerated wound healing. Results showed that the use of CyRL-QN15 significantly reduced the expression of miRNA-365-2-5p at the wound in mice. In mouse keratinocytes, miRNA-365-2-5p inhibition increased SIRT1 and FOXO1 protein expression and decreased STAT2 protein expression, promoting cell proliferation, migration, and reducing inflammatory factors. Similarly, inhibiting miRNA-365-2-5p at mouse wounds promoted Full-thickness injured skin wounds healing, increased SIRT1 and FOXO1 protein expression, decreased STAT2 protein expression, and reduced inflammatory factors. Overall, these findings demonstrate that miRNA-365-2-5p serves a crucial function in the biological processes underlying cutaneous wound healing in mice, offering a novel target for future therapeutic interventions in wound healing.

Tri-Layered Bioactive Cutaneous Scaffold with Integrated Bioactive Metal Organic Frameworks to Promote Full-Thickness Infected Diabetic Wound Healing: Multifaceted Therapeutic Strategies

Chronic infected diabetic wounds are complex and often lead to severe clinical outcomes such as sepsis, gangrene, and amputation. To address these challenges, herein we developed a novel tri-layered scaffold to provide multi-functional therapeutic support. The bottom poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibrous layer contains doxycycline loaded CuBDC nanosheets for rapid antibacterial action. The porous PLGA/gelatin middle layer offers mechanical support and γ-tocotrienol loaded ZIF-8 nanocrystals mitigates oxidative stress in the wound. The PLGA top sealing fibrous layer delivers insulin and Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) from Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanocrystals to promote epithelialization and modulate inflammation. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated that the scaffold effectively filled deep wounds, reduced bacterial load, controlled inflammation, and accelerated the tissue regeneration. Histopathological analyses showed enhanced epithelialization and partial granulation tissue remodeling. Biochemical assays indicated an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and a reduction in lipid peroxidation. Gene expression analysis revealed decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10, facilitating the transition to the proliferative phase. This multi-layered composite scaffold, with its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, controlled release capabilities, presents a promising solution the healing process of deep, infected diabetic wounds.

Extracellular Vesicle-Associated miR-ERIA Exerts the Antiangiogenic Effect of Macrophages in Diabetic Wound Healing

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

An understanding of cell interactions is needed to identify therapeutic targets for diabetic cutaneous ulcers. We explored extracellular vesicles after treatment with advanced glycation end products (AGEs-EVs) derived from macrophages that can suppress diabetic cutaneous wound healing. We found that a novel miRNA enriched in AGEs-EVs (miR-ERIA) suppresses the migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells by targeting helicase with zinc finger 2. miR-ERIA offers a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cutaneous ulcers.

Sulforaphane promotes diabetic wound healing by regulating macrophage efferocytosis and polarization

BACKGROUND

Delayed wound healing frequently occurs as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic wounds that are difficult to heal are associated with chronic, persistent inflammation, characterized by impaired efferocytosis and a sustained pro-inflammatory state of macrophages at the wound site. Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive compound found in cruciferous vegetables, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Numerous studies have shown that SFN can inhibit various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and psoriasis; however, its potential in treating diabetic wounds remains unknown.

PURPOSE

This study investigates the effects and potential mechanisms of SFN on diabetic wound healing.

METHODS

Network pharmacology approaches were employed to identify potential targets of SFN for diabetic wound treatment. Additionally, an STZ-induced diabetic mouse model (C57/B6) was used in in vivo studies to examine SFN's impact on diabetic wound healing. Simultaneously, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and qPCR analysis were employed to detect phenotypes associated with macrophage efferocytosis and M2 polarization. Subsequently, the mechanism underlying SFN treatment was explored through in vitro experiments utilizing the THP-1 human monocyte cell line.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that topical SFN application accelerated wound healing in diabetic mice, partly through the enhancement of impaired macrophage efferocytosis and the promotion of M2 macrophage polarization, thereby reducing the inflammatory response at the wound site. SFN promoted the phagocytosis of apoptotic Jurkat cells by THP-1 differentiated macrophages, reducing the resulting inflammatory response. Mechanistic studies revealed that SFN promotes macrophage efferocytosis by activating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), leading to upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and subsequent enhancement of mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK), a recognition receptor for efferocytosis. Furthermore, SFN enhanced macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and reduced the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in vitro.

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that SFN could serve as an effective adjunct or novel therapeutic agent for treating chronic non-healing wounds in diabetes.

Phytochemical investigation, role in wound healing process and cytotoxicity of Sphagneticola trilobata: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approach

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sphagneticola trilobata was traditionally used to alleviate wounds using topical plant preparations. The precise mechanism of the plant responsible for its wound healing effect are still unclear. Although the plant was reported to be cytotoxic, there is a lack of reported data regarding its cytotoxic impact on skin cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To in-depth investigate wound healing and cytotoxic effects of the plant extracts and its fractions by using different assays.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro scratch assay and in vivo full-thickness wound model were performed to evaluate the plant's wound healing activity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were employed to assess key skin parameters levels. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using in vitro Western Standard Time assay against skin carcinoma cells.

RESULTS

Sphagneticola trilobata improved the wound closure percentage in both in vitro scratch assay and in vivo model by modulating inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in tumor necrosis factor and mitogen activated protein kinase levels, and enhancing proliferation via elevating collagen, smooth muscle actin, and forkhead protein. The total extract's efficacy surpassed the effectiveness of reference ointment. The non-polar fraction outperformed the polar one in accelerating wound closure and improving the tested skin parameters levels. Trilobolide-6-O-isobutyrate displayed the best docking scores for the selected target receptors. Moreover, the non-polar fraction demonstrated the most powerful cytotoxic effect against skin cancer cells. A specific compound mixture (kaurenoic acid/grandiflorenic acid, 1 and 2) within this fraction exhibited stronger cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Sphagneticola trilobata can be considered as a promising therapeutic agent in relieving wounds and combating skin cancer cell lines.

The combination of RL-QN15 and OH-CATH30 promotes the repair of acne via the TLR2/NF-κB pathway

Acne is a prevalent and chronic inflammatory skin disease, and its treatment remains a huge clinical challenge. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of combining the peptides RL-QN15 and OH-CATH30 for the treatment of acne in mice. Results indicated that the topical application of RL-QN15 and OH-CATH30 significantly inhibited the proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and alleviated acne-induced edema. Furthermore, the combined treatment suppressed the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by P. acnes, including interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin -6 (IL-6), interleukin -8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced by P. acnes and facilitated collagen deposition, thereby effectively mitigating skin damage associated with acne. Mechanistically, the combination of RL-QN15 and OH-CATH30 inhibited the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and activation nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway (phosphorylation of P65 and IκB) in both mice and RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that this combination may inhibit the excretion of inflammatory factors and facilitate the collagen deposition by TLR2/NF-κB signaling. Overall, our study demonstrates the potent therapeutic effects of the combined application of RL-QN15 and OH-CATH30, highlights the TLR2/NF-κB pathway as a key target in acne treatment, and provides a novel strategy for developing innovative acne therapeutics.

The promoting effect of Balanus albicostatus cement protein 19k (Balcp19k) on wound healing by regulating fibroblast migration and relieving early-stage inflammation responses

The high incidence of skin wounds (e.g., burns, diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, pressure sores, and radiation injuries) remains a significant challenge in clinical settings. Dressing materials, infused with bioactive components, are essential and extensively utilized in specific circumstances. According to traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic regimens, powders made of the flesh/shells of Balanus albicostatus were used to treat sores due to their ability to alleviate inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, information is scarce regarding the effective components and the pharmacological mechanisms involved. In this work, purified Balanus albicostatus cement protein 19k (Balcp19k) was obtained as a single-component material via an E. coli-based heterologous expression system. It had the potential to promote fibroblast proliferation and migration, which were crucial for wound healing. Immunofluorescence revealed that Balcp19k treatment promoted M2 macrophage transformation in wound tissues. Correspondingly, the expression of inflammation-related genes (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, histological examination indicated that this treatment accelerated skin-wound healing by promoting collagen fiber deposition and angiogenesis, and restraining inflammatory cell infiltration in the full-thickness skin of mice. In conclusion, Balcp19k is a biocompatible, effective constituent found in Balanus albicostatus. This bioactive protein could be novel therapeutic material for wound healing, with ability to regulate fibroblast migration, alleviate early-stage inflammatory responses, and enhance collagen fiber deposition and angiogenesis.

Efficacy and mechanism of Schisandra chinensis active component Gomisin A on diabetic skin wound healing: network pharmacology and in vivo experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., a common traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. However, the major active component for treating diabetic foot ulcers, a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, was unclear. This study aimed to predict the treatment effect of the active components in Schisandra chinensis against diabetic skin wound using network pharmacology and to confirm the underlying mechanism using a diabetic skin wound model in vivo.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To study the effects and underlying mechanisms of Schisandra chinensis and its main component Gomisin A on diabetic skin wound healing by network pharmacology and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice model in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To determine the effectiveness of Schisandra chinensis on diabetic skin wound, network pharmacology was first used. Components of Schisandra chinensis were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. The active components were further verified through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The potential targets of the active components were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, SwissTargetPrediction, TargetNet, and the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Targets related to diabetic skin wound were collected from the GeneCards, OMIM, DisGeNET, and PharmGKB databases. The interaction network formed by the intersection of the two datasets was analyzed using Gephi. Network-based proximity was used to predict the network distance between the active components of Schisandra chinensis and diabetic skin wound. Gomisin A was found to have the lowest Z-score and was administered either orally or via topical injection to HFD-induced obese mice daily until the wounds healed, and its effects on skin wound healing were evaluated.

RESULTS

Only five active ingredients of Schisandra chinensis were screened in our system: Gomisin A, Longikaurin A, Deoxyharringtonine, Wuweizisu C, and Interiotherin B, which can regulate biological processes related to diabetic skin wound, including positive regulation of phosphorous metabolic process, positive regulation of cell migration, and response to wounding. Network proximity analysis found that Gomisin A has the closest distance-based Z-score among the diabetic skin wound modules and drug targets in the human protein-protein interaction network. The HFD-induced obese mice model further revealed that Gomisin A accelerated skin wound healing by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing the advanced glycation end-products mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-p38 MAPK-IL6 inflammation signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The network pharmacology and in vivo studies indicated that Gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis played a crucial role in improving diabetic skin wound healing.

The Promoting Effect of Animal Bioactive Proteins and Peptide Components on Wound Healing: A Review

The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. To solve this problem, proteins and peptide components that promote wound healing have been discovered in animals, which can act on key pathways involved in wound healing, such as the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT pathways. So far, some formulations for topical drug delivery have been developed, including hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospinning nanofibers. In addition, some high-performance dressings have been utilized, which also have great potential in wound healing. Here, research progress on the promotion of wound healing by animal-derived proteins and peptide components is summarized, and future research directions are discussed.

Promising anti-inflammatory activity of a novel designed anti-microbial peptide for wound healing

Chronic wounds can develop as a result of prolonged inflammation during the healing process, which can happen due to bacterial infection. Therefore, preventing infection and controlling inflammation can accelerate wound healing. Antimicrobial peptides have different protective properties in addition to antimicrobial activity. Some of these activities include the stimulation of cytokine or chemokine synthesis, the facilitation of chemotaxis and cell proliferation, the acceleration of cell proliferation, the induction of anti-inflammatory responses, and the promotion of wound repair. This study aimed to assess the wound healing potential of a novel in silico-designed antimicrobial peptide. Then, its anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by measuring the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) as indicators of the wound healing process. In addition, the influence of the peptide on cell migration was evaluated by a scratch test on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and HaCaT cells as a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line. The results showed that our new peptide could act well in inhibiting TNF-α over-secretion while increasing the expression of TGF-β as an anti-inflammatory factor. This peptide showed a significant potential to stimulate HDF and HaCaT cell migration and proliferation. Therefore, using this peptide as an anti-inflammatory component of wound dressings may be promising.

Newly identified peptide Nigrocin-OA27 inhibits UVB induced melanin production via the MITF/TYR pathway

Melasma is a common skin disease induced by an increase in the content of melanin in the skin, which also causes serious physical and mental harm to patients. In this research, a novel peptide (Nigrocin-OA27) from Odorrana andersonii is shown to exert a whitening effect on C57 mice pigmentation model. The peptide also demonstrated non-toxic and antioxidant capacity, and can significantly reduce melanin content in B16 cells. Topical application effectively delivered Nigrocin-OA27 to skin's epidermal and dermal layers and exhibited significant preventive and whitening effects on the UVB-induced ear pigmentation model in C57 mice. The whitening mechanism of Nigrocin-OA27 may be related to reduced levels of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and the key enzyme for melanogenesis-tyrosinase (TYR). Nigrocin-OA27 also inhibited the catalytic activity by adhering to the active core of TYR, thereby reducing melanin formation and deposition. In conclusion, Nigrocin-OA27 may be a potentially effective external agent to treat melasma by inhibiting aberrant skin melanin synthesis.

Peptide OM-LV20 promotes arteriogenesis induced by femoral artery ligature via the miR-29b-3p/VEGFA axis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Therapeutic arteriogenesis is a promising direction for the treatment of ischemic disease caused by atherosclerosis. However, pharmacological or biological approaches to stimulate functional collateral vessels are not yet available. Identifying new drug targets to promote and explore the underlying mechanisms for therapeutic arteriogenesis is necessary.

METHODS

Peptide OM-LV20 (20 ng/kg) was administered for 7 consecutive days on rat hindlimb ischemia model, collateral vessel growth was assessed by H&E staining, liquid latex perfusion, and specific immunofluorescence. In vitro, we detected the effect of OM-LV20 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) proliferation and migration. After transfection, we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ-hybridization and dual luciferase reporters to assessed effective miRNAs and target genes. The proteins related to downstream signaling pathways were detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

OM-LV20 significantly increased visible collateral vessels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), together with enhanced inflammation cytokine and monocytes/macrophage infiltration in collateral vessels. In vitro, we defined a novel microRNA (miR-29b-3p), and its inhibition enhanced proliferation and migration of HUVEC, as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). OM-LV20 also promoted migration and proliferation of HUVEC, and VEGFA expression was mediated via inhibition of miR-29b-3p. Furthermore, OM-LV20 influenced the protein levels of VEGFR2 and phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and eNOS in vitro and invivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data indicated that OM-LV20 enhanced arteriogenesis via the miR-29b-3p/VEGFA/VEGFR2-PI3K/AKT/eNOS axis, and highlighte the application potential of exogenous peptide molecular probes through miRNA, which could promote effective therapeutic arteriogenesis in ischemic conditions.

Hydrogel Loaded with Peptide-Containing Nanocomplexes: Symphonic Cooperation of Photothermal Antimicrobial Nanoparticles and Prohealing Peptides for the Treatment of Infected Wounds

Current treatment for chronic infectious wounds is limited due to severe drug resistance in certain bacteria. Therefore, the development of new composite hydrogels with nonantibiotic antibacterial and pro-wound repair is important. Here, we present a photothermal antibacterial composite hydrogel fabricated with a coating of Fe2+ cross-linked carboxymethyl chitosan (FeCMCS) following the incorporation of melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) and the CyRL-QN15 peptide. Various physical and photothermal properties of the hydrogel were characterized. Cell proliferation, migration, cycle, and free-radical scavenging activity were assessed, and the antimicrobial properties of the hydrogel were probed by photothermal therapy. The effects of the hydrogel were validated in a model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection with full-thickness injury. This effect was further confirmed by changes in cytokines associated with inflammation, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis on the seventh day after wound formation. The MNPs demonstrated robust photothermal conversion capabilities. The composite hydrogel (MNPs/CyRL-QN15/FeCMCS) promoted keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration while exhibiting high antibacterial efficacy, effectively killing more than 95% of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In vivo study using an MRSA-infected full-thickness injury model demonstrated good therapeutic efficacy of the hydrogel in promoting regeneration and remodeling of chronically infected wounds by alleviating inflammatory response and accelerating re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. The MNPs/CyRL-QN15/FeCMCS hydrogel showed excellent antibacterial and prohealing effects on infected wounds, indicating potential as a promising candidate for wound healing promotion.

3D bioprinting of Salvianolic acid B-sodium alginate-gelatin skin scaffolds promotes diabetic wound repair via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic effects

In patients with diabetic wounds, wound healing is impaired due to the presence of persistent oxidative stress, an altered inflammatory response, and impaired angiogenesis and epithelization. Salvianolic acid B (SAB), which is derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been found to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic effects. Previous studies have used 3D bioprinting technology incorporating sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (Gel) as basic biomaterials to successfully produce artificial skin. In the current study, 3D bioprinting technology was used to incorporate SAB into SA-Gel to form a novel SAB-SA-Gel composite porous scaffold. The morphological characteristics, physicochemical characteristics, biocompatibility, and SAB release profile of the SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds were evaluated in vitro. In addition, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic abilities of the SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds were evaluated in cells and in a rat model. Analysis demonstrated that 1.0 wt% (the percentage of SAB in the total weight of the solution containing SA and Gel) SAB-SA-Gel scaffolds had strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic properties both in cells and in the rat model. The 1.0% SAB-SA-Gel scaffold reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interluekin-1β and increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β. In addition, this scaffold removed excessive reactive oxygen species by increasing the expression of superoxide dismutase, thereby protecting fibroblasts from injury. The scaffold increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, accelerated granulation tissue regeneration and collagen deposition, and promoted wound healing. These findings suggest that this innovative scaffold may have promise as a simple and efficient approach to managing diabetic wound repair.

Amphibian-derived peptide RL-RF10 ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis injury

Pulmonary fibrosis is the result of dysfunctional repair after lung tissue injury, characterized by fibroblast proliferation and massive extracellular matrix aggregation. Once fibrotic lesions develop, effective treatment is difficult, with few drugs currently available. Here, we identified a short cyclic decapeptide RL-RF10 derived from frog skin secretions as a potential novel lead molecule for the amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis. In vivo experiments indicated that RL-RF10 treatment ameliorated lung histopathological damage and fibrogenesis after paraquat (PQ) induction in a concentration-dependent manner. On day 7, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assays performed on mice showed that RL-RF10 exerted anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of inflammation-related factors, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α, in lung tissue. In addition, RL-RF10 down-regulated the levels of collagen I, collagen III, and vimentin, while increasing the expression of E-cadherin to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Further research demonstrated that the SMAD2/3 signaling pathway, which is strongly linked to TGF-β1, played a critical function in enhancing the pulmonary fibrosis relief achieved by RL-RF10. Both in vivo and in vitro assays showed that RL-RF10 treatment led to a significant reduction in the phosphorylation levels of SMAD2 and SMAD3 following PQ induction. Overall, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of the RL-RF10 peptide against pulmonary fibrosis and demonstrated its potential as a novel therapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of pulmonary fibrotic diseases.

Recent Advancement in Novel Wound Healing Therapies by Using Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Humans and Amphibians

The skin is the biggest organ in the human body. It is the first line of protection against invading pathogens and the starting point for the immune system. The focus of this review is on the use of amphibian-derived peptides and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the treatment of wound healing. When skin is injured, a chain reaction begins that includes inflammation, the formation of new tissue, and remodelling of existing tissue to aid in the healing process. Collaborating with non-immune cells, resident and recruited immune cells in the skin remove foreign invaders and debris, then direct the repair and regeneration of injured host tissues. Restoration of normal structure and function requires the healing of damaged tissues. However, a major issue that slows wound healing is infection. AMPs are just one type of host-defense chemicals that have developed in multicellular animals to regulate the immune response and limit microbial proliferation in response to various types of biological or physical stress. Therefore, peptides isolated from amphibians represent novel therapeutic tools and approaches for regenerating damaged skin. Peptides that speed up the healing process could be used as therapeutic lead molecules in future research into novel drugs. AMPs and amphibian-derived peptides may be endogenous mediators of wound healing and treat non-life-threatening skin and epithelial lesions. Thus, the present article was drafted with to incorporate different peptides used in wound healing, their method of preparation and routes of administration.

Revitalizing Skin Repair: Unveiling the Healing Power of Livisin, a Natural Peptide Calcium Mimetic

When the skin is damaged, accelerating the repair of skin trauma and promoting the recovery of tissue function are crucial considerations in clinical treatment. Previously, we isolated and identified an active peptide (livisin) from the skin secretion of the frog Odorrana livida. Livisin exhibited strong protease inhibitory activity, water solubility, and stability, yet its wound-healing properties have not yet been studied. In this study, we assessed the impact of livisin on wound healing and investigated the underlying mechanism contributing to its effect. Our findings revealed livisin effectively stimulated the migration of keratinocytes, with the underlying mechanisms involved the activation of CaSR as a peptide calcium mimetic. This activation resulted in the stimulation of the CaSR/E-cadherin/EGFR/ERK signaling pathways. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of livisin were partially reduced by blocking the CaSR/E-cadherin/EGFR/ERK signaling pathway. The interaction between livisin and CaSR was further investigated by molecular docking. Additionally, studies using a mouse full-thickness wound model demonstrated livisin could accelerate skin wound healing by promoting re-epithelialization and collagen deposition. In conclusion, our study provides experimental evidence supporting the use of livisin in skin wound healing, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic option.

Peptide NCTX15 derived from spider toxin gland effectively relieves hyperuricemia in mice

Hyperuricemia is a clinical disease characterized by a continuous increase in uric acid (UA) due to purine metabolism disorder. As current drug treatments are limited, it is imperative to explore new drugs that offer better safety and efficacy. In this study, Nephila clavata toxin gland homogenates were isolated and purified by exclusion chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, resulting in the identification and isolation of a short peptide (NCTX15) with the sequence 'QSGHTFK'. Analysis showed that NCTX15 exhibited no cytotoxicity in mouse macrophages or toxic and hemolytic activity in mice. Notably, NCTX15 inhibited UA production by down-regulating urate transporter 1 and glucose transporter 9 and up-regulating organic anion transporter 1, thus promoting UA excretion. In addition, NCTX15 alleviated the inflammatory response and renal injury by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3, and pyroptosis-related factor gasdermin D. These results indicate that NCTX15 displayed urate-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. As the first urate-reducing short peptide isolated from a spider toxin gland homogenate, NCTX15 exhibits considerable potential as a novel drug molecule for anti-gout and hyperuricemia treatment.

Peptide TK-HR from the Skin of Chinese Folk Medicine Frog Hoplobatrachus Rugulosus Accelerates Wound Healing via the Activation of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor

Wound healing is a complex process and remains a considerable challenge in clinical trials due to the lack of ideal therapeutic drugs. Here, a new peptide TK-HR identified from the skin of the frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus was tested for its ability to heal cutaneous wounds in mice. Topical application of TK-HR at doses of 50-200 μg/mL significantly accelerated wound closure without causing any adverse effects in the animals. In vitro and in vivo investigations proved the regulatory role of the peptide on neutrophils, macrophages, keratinocytes, and vein endothelial cells involved in the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing. Notably, TK-HR activated the MAPK and TGF-β-Smad signaling pathways by acting on NK1R in RAW264.7 cells and mice. The current work has identified that TK-HR is a potent wound healing regulator that can be applied for the treatment of wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers and infected wounds, in the future.

miR-186-5p targets TGFβR2 to inhibit RAW264.7 cell migration and proliferation during mouse skin wound healing

BACKGROUND

Active peptides play a vital role in the development of new drugs and the identification and discovery of drug targets. As the first reported native peptide homodimer with pro-regenerative potency, OA-GP11d could potentially be used as a novel molecular probe to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of skin wound repair and provide new drug targets.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay were adopted to determine microRNAs (miRNAs) and its target. The prohealing potency of the miRNA was determined by MTS and a Transwell experiment against mouse macrophages. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, realtime polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS

In this study, OA-GP11d was shown to induce Mus musculus microRNA-186-5p (mmu-miR-186-5p) down-regulation. Results showed that miR-186-5p had a negative effect on macrophage migration and proliferation as well as a targeted and negative effect on TGF-β type II receptor (TGFβR2) expression and an inhibitory effect on activation of the downstream SMAD family member 2 (Smad2) and protein-p38 kinase signaling pathways. Importantly, delivery of a miR-186-5p mimic delayed skin wound healing in mice.

CONCLUSION

miR-186-5p regulated macrophage migration and proliferation to delay wound healing through the TGFβR2/Smad2/p38 molecular axes, thus providing a promising new pro-repair drug target.

Peptide RL-QN15 promotes wound healing of diabetic foot ulcers through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and smad3/miR-4482-3p/vascular endothelial growth factor B axis

Background

Wound management of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is a complex and challenging task, and existing strategies fail to meet clinical needs. Therefore, it is important to develop novel drug candidates and discover new therapeutic targets. However, reports on peptides as molecular probes for resolving issues related to DFUs remain rare. This study utilized peptide RL-QN15 as an exogenous molecular probe to investigate the underlying mechanism of endogenous non-coding RNA in DFU wound healing. The aim was to generate novel insights for the clinical management of DFUs and identify potential drug targets.

Methods

We investigated the wound-healing efficiency of peptide RL-QN15 under diabetic conditions using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. RNA sequencing, in vitro transfection, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, dual luciferase reporter gene detection, in vitro cell scratches, and cell proliferation and migration assays were performed to explore the potential mechanism underlying the promoting effects of RL-QN15 on DFU repair.

Results

Peptide RL-QN15 enhanced the migration and proliferation of human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in a high-glucose environment and accelerated wound healing in a DFU rat model. Based on results from RNA sequencing, we defined a new microRNA (miR-4482-3p) related to the promotion of wound healing. The bioactivity of miR-4482-3p was verified by inhibiting and overexpressing miR-4482-3p. Inhibition of miR-4482-3p enhanced the migration and proliferation ability of HaCaT cells as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB). RL-QN15 also promoted the migration and proliferation ability of HaCaT cells, and VEGFB expression was mediated via inhibition of miR-4482-3p expression by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and smad3 signaling pathways.

Conclusions

RL-QN15 is an effective molecule for the treatment of DFUs, with the underlying mechanism related to the inhibition of miR-4482-3p expression via the p38MAPK and smad3 signaling pathways, ultimately promoting re-epithelialization, angiogenesis and wound healing. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of RL-QN15 as a molecular probe in promoting DFU wound healing.

Peptide OA-VI12 restrains melanogenesis in B16 cells and C57B/6 mouse ear skin via the miR-122-5p/Mitf/Tyr axis

Excessive melanogenesis leads to hyperpigmentation, which is one of the common skin conditions in humans. Existing whitening cosmetics cannot meet market needs due to their inherent limitations. Thus, the development of novel skin-whitening agents continues to be a challenge. The peptide OA-VI12 from the skin of amphibians at high altitude has attracted attention due to its remarkable anti light damage activity. However, whether OA-VI12 has the skin-whitening effect of inhibiting melanogenesis is still. Mouse melanoma cells (B16) were used to study the effect of OA-VI12 on cell viability and melanin content. The pigmentation model of C57B/6 mouse ear skin was induced by UVB and treated with OA-VI12. Melanin staining was used to observe the degree of pigmentation. MicroRNA sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot were used to detect the change of factor expression. Double luciferase gene report experiment was used to prove the regulatory relationship between miRNA and target genes. OA-VI12 has no effect on the viability of B16 cells in the concentration range of 1-100 μM and significantly inhibits the melanin content of B16 cells. Topical application of OA-VI12, which exerted transdermal potency, prevented UVB-induced pigmentation of ear skin. MicroRNA sequencing and double luciferase reporter analysis results showed that miR-122-5p, which directly regulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf), had significantly different expression before and after treatment with OA-VI12. Mitf is a simple helix loop and leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates tyrosinase (Tyr) expression by binding to the M-box promoter element of Tyr. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot showed that OA-VI12 up-regulated the expression of miR-122-5p and inhibited the expression of Mitf and Tyr. The effects of OA-VI12 on melanogenesis inhibition in vitro and in vivo may involve the miR-122-5p/Mitf/tyr axis. OA-VI12 represents the first report on a natural amphibian-derived peptide with skin-whitening capacity and the first report of miR-122-5p as a target for regulating melanogenesis, thereby demonstrating its potential as a novel skin-whitening agent and highlighting amphibian-derived peptides as an underdeveloped resource.

Characterization and mechanism of action of amphibian-derived wound-healing-promoting peptides

Wound-healing-promoting peptides are excellent candidates for developing wound-healing agents due to their small size and low production cost. Amphibians are one of the major sources of bioactive peptides, including wound-healing-promoting peptides. So far, a series of wound-healing-promoting peptides have been characterized from amphibians. We hereby summarized the amphibian-derived wound-healing-promoting peptides and their mechanism of action. Among these peptides, two peptides (tylotoin and TK-CATH) were characterized from salamanders, and twenty five peptides were characterized from frogs. These peptides generally have small sizes with 5-80 amino acid residues, nine peptides (tiger17, cathelicidin-NV, cathelicidin-DM, OM-LV20, brevinin-2Ta, brevinin-2PN, tylotoin, Bv8-AJ, and RL-QN15) have intramolecular disulfide bonds, seven peptides (temporin A, temporin B, esculentin-1a, tiger17, Pse-T2, DMS-PS2, FW-1, and FW-2) are amidated at the C-terminus, and the others are linear peptides without modifications. They all efficiently accelerated the healing of skin wounds or photodamage in mice or rats. They selectively promoted the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, recruited neutrophils and macrophages to wounds, and regulated the immune response of neutrophils and macrophages in wounds, which were essential for wound healing. Interestingly, MSI-1, Pse-T2, cathelicidin-DM, brevinin-2Ta, brevinin-2PN, and DMS-PS2 were just antimicrobial peptides, but they also significantly promoted the healing of infected wounds by clearing off bacteria. Considering the small size, high efficiency, and definite mechanism, amphibian-derived wound-healing-promoting peptides might be excellent candidates for developing novel wound-healing-promoting agents in future.

Amphibian-derived wound healing peptides: chemical molecular treasure trove for skin wound treatment

Amphibian-derived wound healing peptides thus offer new intervention measures and strategies for skin wound tissue regeneration. As novel drug lead molecules, wound healing peptides can help analyze new mechanisms and discover new drug targets. Previous studies have identified various novel wound healing peptides and analyzed novel mechanisms in wound healing, especially competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) (e.g., inhibition of miR-663a promotes skin repair). In this paper, we review amphibian-derived wound healing peptides, including the acquisition, identification, and activity of peptides, a combination of peptides with other materials, and the analysis of underlying mechanisms, to better understand the characteristics of wound healing peptides and to provide a molecular template for the development of new wound repair drugs.

Corylin accelerated wound healing through SIRT1 and PI3K/AKT signaling: a candidate remedy for chronic non-healing wounds

Introduction: Chronic non-healing wound is a considerable clinical challenge and research into the discovery of novel pro-healing agents is underway as existing therapeutic approaches cannot sufficiently meet current needs. Method: We studied the effects of corylin in cell line fibroblasts and macrophages by Western blots, PCR, Flow cytometry assay, Immunofluorescence. Results: We showed that corylin, a main flavonoid extracted from Psoralea corylifolia L, reduced inflammatory responses, promoted collagen deposition, and accelerated the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in mice. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms showed that corylin activated the PI3K/AKT signaling, leading to fibroblasts' migration, proliferation, and scratch healing. Corylin also activated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling, enhanced the deacetylation and cytoplasmic translocation of NF-κB p65, and therefore reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/AKT and sirtuin 1 pathway with LY294002 and EX527 prevent the therapeutic potency of corylin against chronic wounds. Conclusion: In summary, our results suggested that corylin may be a candidate for the development of novel pro-healing agents.

Agaricus blazei Murill extract-loaded in alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) films prepared by Ca2+ cross-linking for wound healing applications

This work aimed the development and evaluation of the wound healing activity of films based on sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ca²⁺ loaded with Agaricus blazei Murill hydroalcoholic extract (AbE). Firstly, AbE was prepared using a previously standardized methodology. The films were prepared by casting technique and cross-linked with Ca²⁺ using CaCl₂ as cross-linking agent. The physicochemical, morphological and water vapor barrier properties of the films were analyzed and the pre-clinical efficacy was investigated against the cutaneous wound model in mice. The films showed barrier properties to water vapor promising for wound healing. AbE showed physical and chemical interactions between both polymers, noticed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The delivery of AbE in alginate/PVA films enhanced the antioxidant and wound healing properties of these polymers. Consequently, a reduction of malondialdehyde levels was observed, as well as an increase of the epidermis/dermis thickness and enhancement in collagen I deposition. Thus, these formulations are promising biomaterials for wound care and tissue repairing.

A short peptide exerts neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation via the miR-6328/IKKβ/NF-κB axis

BACKGROUND

Despite considerable efforts, ischemic stroke (IS) remains a challenging clinical problem. Therefore, the discovery of effective therapeutic and targeted drugs based on the underlying molecular mechanism is crucial for effective IS treatment.

METHODS

A cDNA-encoding peptide was cloned from RNA extracted from Rana limnocharis skin, and the mature amino acid sequence was predicted and synthesized. Hemolysis and acute toxicity of the peptide were tested. Furthermore, its neuroprotective properties were evaluated using a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in rats and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in neuron-like PC12 cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms were explored using microRNA (miRNA) sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and western blotting.

RESULTS

A new peptide (NP1) with an amino acid sequence of 'FLPAAICLVIKTC' was identified. NP1 showed no obvious toxicities in vivo and in vitro and was able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Intraperitoneal administration of NP1 (10 nmol/kg) effectively reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and relieved neurological dysfunction in MCAO/R model rats. Moreover, NP1 significantly alleviated the decrease in viability and increase in apoptosis of neuron-like PC12 cells induced by OGD/R. NP1 effectively suppressed inflammation by reducing interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, NP1 up-regulated the expression of miR-6328, which, in turn, down-regulated kappa B kinase β (IKKβ). IKKβ reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and inhibitor of NF-κB (I-κB), thereby inhibiting activation of the NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The newly discovered non-toxic peptide NP1 ('FLPAAICLVIKTC') exerted neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation via the miR-6328/IKKβ/NF-κB axis. Our findings not only provide an exogenous peptide drug candidate and endogenous small nucleic acid drug candidate but also a new drug target for the treatment of IS. This study highlights the importance of peptides in the development of new drugs, elucidation of pathological mechanisms, and discovery of new drug targets.

Review on Extraction, Modification, and Synthesis of Natural Peptides and Their Beneficial Effects on Skin

Peptides, functional nutrients with a size between those of large proteins and small amino acids, are easily absorbed by the human body. Therefore, they are seeing increasing use in clinical medicine and have revealed immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties which could make them effective in healing skin wounds. This review sorted and summarized the relevant literature about peptides during the past decade. Recent works on the extraction, modification and synthesis of peptides were reviewed. Importantly, the unique beneficial effects of peptides on the skin were extensively explored, providing ideas for the development and innovation of peptides and laying a knowledge foundation for the clinical application of peptides.

OL-FS13 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting miR-21-3p Expression

BACKGROUND

OL-FS13, a neuroprotective peptide derived from Odorrana livida, can alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury, although the specific underlying mechanism remains to be further explored.

OBJECTIVE

The effect of miR-21-3p on the neural-protective effects of OL-FS13 was examined.

METHODS

In this study, the multiple genome sequencing analysis, double luciferase experiment, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were used to explore the mechanism of OL-FS13.

RESULTS

Showed that over-expression of miR-21-3p against the protective effects of OL-FS13 on oxygen- glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-damaged pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and in CI/R-injured rats. miR-21-3p was then found to target calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2), and its overexpression inhibited the expression of CAMKK2 and phosphorylation of its downstream adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby inhibiting the therapeutic effects of OL-FS13 on OGD/R and CI/R. Inhibition of CAMKK2 also antagonized up-regulated of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) by OL-FS13, thereby abolishing the antioxidant activity of the peptide.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that OL-FS13 alleviated OGD/R and CI/R by inhibiting miR-21-3p to activate the CAMKK2/AMPK/Nrf-2 axis.

Scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced seizures in mice via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis

BACKGROUND

Due to the complexity of the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis, the available antiseizure drugs (ASDs) do not meet clinical needs; hence, both the discovery of new ASDs and the elucidation of novel molecular mechanisms are very important.

METHODS

BALB/c mice were utilized to establish an epilepsy model induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) administration. The peptide HsTx2 was administered for treatment. Primary astrocyte culture, immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing, identification and quantification of mouse circRNAs, cell transfection, bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blot and cell viability assays were used to explore the potential mechanism of HsTx2 via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis.

RESULTS

The scorpion venom peptide HsTx2 showed an anti-epilepsy effect, reduced the inflammatory response, and improved the circular RNA circ_0001293 expression decrease caused by PTZ in the mouse brain. Mechanistically, in astrocytes, circ_0001293 acted as a sponge of endogenous microRNA-8114 (miR-8114), which targets transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). The knockdown of circ_0001293, overexpression of miR-8114, and downregulation of TGF-β2 all reversed the anti-inflammatory effects and the influence of HsTx2 on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in astrocytes. Moreover, both circ_0001293 knockdown and miR-8114 overexpression reversed the beneficial effects of HsTx2 on inflammation, epilepsy progression, and the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

HsTx2 suppressed PTZ-induced epilepsy by ameliorating inflammation in astrocytes via the circ_0001293/miR-8114/TGF-β2 axis. Our results emphasized that the use of exogenous peptide molecular probes as a novel type of ASD, as well as to explore the novel endogenous noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms of epilepsy, might be a promising research area.

A Novel Peptide from Polypedates megacephalus Promotes Wound Healing in Mice

Amphibian skin contains wound-healing peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and insulin-releasing peptides, which give their skin a strong regeneration ability to adapt to a complex and harsh living environment. In the current research, a novel wound-healing promoting peptide, PM-7, was identified from the skin secretions of Polypedates megacephalus, which has an amino acid sequence of FLNWRRILFLKVVR and shares no structural similarity with any peptides described before. It displays the activity of promoting wound healing in mice. Moreover, PM-7 exhibits the function of enhancing proliferation and migration in HUVEC and HSF cells by affecting the MAPK signaling pathway. Considering its favorable traits as a novel peptide that significantly promotes wound healing, PM-7 can be a potential candidate in the development of novel wound-repairing drugs.

OL-FS13 alleviates experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is the main cause of neurological injury after stroke. However, existing treatments for I/R injury are relatively poor, and relevant drugs need to be further explored. Amphibians have received increasing attention as a resource bank of bioactive peptides. However, reports on neuroprotective peptides from amphibians remain extremely rare. Here, we identified a new neuroprotective peptide (OL-FS13, amino acid sequence: FSLLLTWWRRRVC) from the odorous frog species Odorrana livida using a constructed cDNA library. OL-FS13 significantly improving infarct volume, behavioral and histological abnormalities in rats, and also showed neuroprotective activities in PC12 cell (by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R). Mechanistically, OL-FS13 increased the level of antioxidative enzymes to resist oxidative stress and alleviated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by I/R and OGD/R. The use of ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor) indicated that OL-FS13 relieved nerve damage caused by oxidative and ER stress by increasing the nuclear displacement of Nrf2. Collectively, this research provides a novel drug candidate for the clinical cerebral I/R curation.

Zn2+ Cross-Linked Alginate Carrying Hollow Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with RL-QN15 Peptides Provides Promising Treatment for Chronic Skin Wounds

Chronic and non-healing wounds pose a great challenge to clinical management and patients. Many studies have explored novel interventions against skin wounds, with bioactive peptides, nanoparticles, and hydrogels arousing considerable attention regarding their therapeutic potential. In this study, the prohealing peptide RL-QN15 was loaded into hollow silica nanoparticles (HSNs), with these HSN@RL-QN15 nanocomposites then combined with zinc alginate (ZA) gels to obtain HSN@RL-QN15/ZA hydrogel. The characteristics, biological properties, and safety profiles of the hydrogel composites were then evaluated. Results showed that the hydrogel had good porosity, hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with the slow release of loaded RL-QN15. Further analysis indicated that the hydrogel promoted skin cell proliferation and keratinocyte scratch repair, regulated angiogenesis, reduced inflammation, and accelerated re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, resulting in the rapid healing of both full-thickness skin wounds and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-infected chronic wounds in mice. This peptide-based hydrogel provides a novel intervention for the treatment of chronic skin wounds and shows promise as a wound dressing in the field of tissue regeneration.

Investigation of the In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Wound Healing Potential of Pinctada martensii Purified Peptides

Previous studies found that both oral and topical administration of enzymatic digestion products < 3 K Da ultrafiltration fractions of Pinctada martensii mantle (PMPs) had pro-healing effects. Thus, we further purified them by Sephadex-G25 and screened them by cellular assays to obtain Pinctada martensii purified peptides (PMPPs). In this study, we explored the mechanism of PMPPs on wound healing by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico experiments. LC-MS/MS results showed that PMPPs consisted of 33 peptides with molecular weights ranging from 758.43 to 2014.04 Da, and the characteristic peptide was Leu-Asp. The results of cellular assays showed that PMPPs promoted the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) (135%) and human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells (125%) very significantly at 12.5 μg/mL. The in vivo results showed that PMPPs could achieve scarless healing by inhibiting the inflammatory response, accelerating the epithelialization process, and regulating collagen I/III ratio. The optimal peptide sequence FAFQAEIAQLMS of PMPPs was screened for key protein receptors in wound healing (EGFR1, FGFR1, and MMP-1) with the help of molecular docking technique, which also showed to be the key pro-healing active peptide sequence. Therefore, it may provide a therapeutic strategy with great potential for wound healing.

Short Hexapeptide Optimized from Rice-Derived Peptide 1 Shows Promising Anti-hyperuricemia Activities

Plant-derived peptides are a treasure trove for new-generation anti-hyperuricemia drugs. In the current study, we optimized a short hexapeptide rice-derived peptide 1 (RDP1)-M3 (AAAAGA) according to the anti-hyperuricemia RDP1 peptide identified from rice in our previous research. Results showed that RDP1-M3 exerted better hyperuricemia-alleviating and xanthine oxidase (XOD)-inhibiting potency in mice than RDP1. The biodistribution of RDP1-M3 was also analyzed. RDP1-M3 directly decreased XOD and uric acid levels in vivo and in vitro. In addition, RDP1-M3 reduced the expression of urate transporter 1 and glucose transporter 9, increased the level of organic anion transporter 1, reduced the expression of NOD-like receptor superfamily pyrin 3 inflammasomes, and reduced the levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α of hyperuricemic mice. Thus, our results indicated that the optimized short hexapeptide RDP1-M3 may be a candidate drug for anti-hyperuricemia.

Peptide OM-LV20 promotes structural and functional recovery of spinal cord injury in rats

At present, there are no satisfactory therapeutic drugs for the functional recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously identified a novel peptide (OM-LV20) that accelerated the regeneration of injured skin tissues of mice and exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Here, the intraperitoneal injection of OM-LV20 (1 μg/kg) markedly improved motor function recovery in the hind limbs of rats with traumatic SCI, and further enhanced spinal cord repair. Administration of OM-LV20 increased the number of surviving neuron bodies, as well as the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). In the acute stage of SCI, OM-LV20 treatment also increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione content but decreased the levels of malonaldehyde and nitric oxide. Thus, OM-LV20 significantly promoted structural and functional recovery of SCI in adult rats by increasing neuronal survival and BDNF and TrkB expression, and thereby regulating the balance of oxidative stress. Based on our knowledge, this research is the first report on the effects of amphibian-derived peptide on the recovery of SCI and our results highlight the potential of peptide OM-LV20 administration in the acceleration of the recovery of SCI.

Self-Assembling Peptide-Based Hydrogels for Wound Tissue Repair

Wound healing is a long-term, multistage biological process that includes hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling and requires intelligent designs to provide comprehensive and convenient treatment. The complexity of wounds has led to a lack of adequate wound treatment materials, which must systematically regulate unique wound microenvironments. Hydrogels have significant advantages in wound treatment due to their ability to provide spatiotemporal control over the wound healing process. Self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels are particularly attractive due to their innate biocompatibility and biodegradability along with additional advantages including ligand-receptor recognition, stimulus-responsive self-assembly, and the ability to mimic the extracellular matrix. The ability of peptide-based materials to self-assemble in response to the physiological environment, resulting in functionalized microscopic structures, makes them conducive to wound treatment. This review introduces several self-assembling peptide-based systems with various advantages and emphasizes recent advances in self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels that allow for precise control during different stages of wound healing. Moreover, the development of multifunctional self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels that can regulate and remodel the wound immune microenvironment in wound therapy with spatiotemporal control has also been summarized. Overall, this review sheds light on the future clinical and practical applications of self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels.

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of CaO-P2O5-CaF:CuO Glasses with Antitumoral Effect on Skin Cancer Cells

Copper is one of the most used therapeutic metallic elements in biomedicine, ranging from antibacterial approaches to developing new complexes in cancer therapy. In the present investigation, we developed a novel xCuO∙(100 − x) [CaF₂∙3P₂O₅∙CaO] glass system with 0 ≤ x ≤ 16 mol% in order to determine the influence of doping on the composition structure of glasses. The samples were characterized by dissolution tests, pH measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and afterward, their antitumor character was assessed. The glasses were mostly soluble in the aqueous medium, their dissolution rate being directly proportional to the increase in pH and the level of doping up to x = 8 mol%. FT-IR spectra of glass samples show the presence of all structural units characteristic to P₂O₅ in different rates and directly depending on the depolymerization process. SEM-EDX results revealed the presence of an amorphous glass structure composed of P, O, Ca, and Cu elements. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay showed strong cytotoxicity for tumoral cells A375 even in low concentrations for Cu-treatment. In contrast, the copper-free matrix (without Cu) determined a proliferative effect of over 70% viability for all concentrations used.

Rational Design and Preparation of Functional Hydrogels for Skin Wound Healing

Skin wound healing often contains a series of dynamic and complex physiological healing processes. It is a great clinical challenge to effectively treat the cutaneous wound and regenerate the damaged skin. Hydrogels have shown great promise for skin wound healing through the rational design and preparation to endow with specific functionalities. In the mini review, we firstly introduce the design and construction of various types of hydrogels based on their bonding chemistry during cross-linking. Then, we summarize the recent research progress on the functionalization of bioactive hydrogel dressings for skin wound healing, including anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory, tissue proliferation and remodeling. In addition, we highlight the design strategies of responsive hydrogels to external physical stimuli. Ultimately, we provide perspectives on future directions and challenges of functional hydrogels for skin wound healing.

Amphibian-derived peptide homodimer OA-GL17d promotes skin wound regeneration through the miR-663a/TGF-β1/Smad axis

Background

Amphibian-derived peptides exhibit considerable potential in the discovery and development of new therapeutic interventions for clinically challenging chronic skin wounds. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also considered promising targets for the development of effective therapies against skin wounds. However, further research in this field is anticipated. This study aims to identify and provide a new peptide drug candidate, as well as to explore the underlying miRNA mechanisms and possible miRNA drug target for skin wound healing.

Methods

A combination of Edman degradation, mass spectrometry and cDNA cloning were adopted to determine the amino acid sequence of a peptide that was fractionated from the secretion of Odorrana andersonii frog skin using gel-filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The toxicity of the peptide was evaluated by Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) double staining against human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), hemolytic activity against mice blood cells and acute toxicity against mice. The stability of the peptide in plasma was also evaluated. The prohealing potency of the peptide was determined by MTS, scratch healing and a Transwell experiment against HaCaT cells, full-thickness injury wounds and scald wounds in the dorsal skin of mice. miRNA transcriptome sequencing analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms.

Results

A novel peptide homodimer (named OA-GL17d) that contains a disulfide bond between the 16th cysteine residue of the peptide monomer and the sequence ‘GLFKWHPRCGEEQSMWT’ was identified. Analysis showed that OA-GL17d exhibited no hemolytic activity or acute toxicity, but effectively promoted keratinocyte proliferation and migration and strongly stimulated the repair of full-thickness injury wounds and scald wounds in the dorsal skin of mice. Mechanistically, OA-GL17d decreased the level of miR-663a to increase the level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and activate the subsequent TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thereby resulting in accelerated skin wound re-epithelialization and granular tissue formation.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that OA-GL17d is a new peptide drug candidate for skin wound repair. This study emphasizes the importance of exogenous peptides as molecular probes for exploring competing endogenous RNA mechanisms and indicates that miR-663a may be an effective target for promoting skin repair.

Amphibian-derived peptide homodimer promotes regeneration of skin wounds

Despite the increasing treatments in skin wound repair, existing therapeutic drugs cannot meet current needs. As such, skin wound repair remains a considerable clinical challenge, and thus the discovery of new pro-healing agents is crucial. Here, we identified the first naturally occurring peptide homodimer named as OA-GP11 dimer (OA-GP11d) from Odorrana andersonii (odorous frog) through the combinational methods of peptidomics and genomics. OA-GP11d was linked by the intramolecular disulfide formed by the 10^th cysteine residues from the monomer of peptide with sequence of GPLSGINAECM, which effectively promoted the repair of full-thickness and burn wounds in mice. The underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that OA-GP11d not only accelerated the migration and cell-scratch healing of mouse keratinocytes, but also activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway (phosphorylation of p38 and ERK subgroups) in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Besides, OA-GP11d reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and inhibitor of NF-κB (I-κB) induced by lipopolysaccharide stimulation in mouse macrophages, and inhibited the release of associated inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. OA-GP11d is the first identified naturally occurring peptide dimer with significant pro-healing potency. Our results highlight the importance of amphibians as a source of novel pro-healing agents and suggest OA-GP11d as a potential new pro-regenerative drug candidate.

The beneficial roles of poisonous skin secretions in survival strategies of the odorous frog Odorrana andersonii

The evolution of predatory, anti-predatory, and defensive strategies regarding environmental adaptation in animals is of significant research interest. In particular, amphibians, who represent a transition between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, play an important role in animal evolution. The bioactive skin secretions of amphibians are of specific interest due to their involvement in the crucial physiological functions of amphibian skin. We previously isolated and identified several bioactive peptides, including those showing antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties, from the skin secretions of the odorous frog species Odorrana andersonii. Currently, however, the biological significance of skin secretions in O. andersonii survival remains unclear. Here, we studied the biological significance of skin glands and secretions in regard to environmental adaptations of O. andersonii. Our research found that O. andersonii may secrete and excrete bioactive secretions through many glands (peptides and proteins as the main components in glands) distributed in the skin. The skin secretions not only displayed toxicity but also showed antioxidant, antibacterial, and repair promoting activities, suggesting that they play a protective role in O. andersonii when facing environmental threats. These bioactive skin secretions appear to act as a chemical survival strategy in O. andersonii, allowing the species to gain advantages in survival behavior.

Novel amphibian-derived antioxidant peptide protects skin against ultraviolet irradiation damage

Given the adverse impact of ultraviolet irradiation on human skin, as well as currently limited interventions, the discovery of new molecules with anti-photodamage potency remains critical. In this research, we obtained a new bioactive peptide (named OS-LL11, amino acid sequence 'LLPPWLCPRNK') from Odorrana schmackeri. Results showed that OS-LL11 could directly scavenge free radicals and sustain the viability of mouse keratinocytes challenged by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species while increasing the level of catalase, Keap-1, HO-1, GCLM, and NQO1. Interestingly, topical application of OS-LL11 protected mouse skin against UVB irradiation damage by up-regulating the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and nitric oxide, but down-regulating the levels of H₂O₂, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, 8-OHdG, Bcl-2, and Bax, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies. Our research demonstrated the anti-photodamage activity of a novel amphibian-derived peptide and the potential underlying mechanisms related to its free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. This study provides a new molecule for the development of anti-skin photodamage drugs or cosmetics and highlights the prospects of amphibian-derived peptides in photodamaged skin intervention.

Mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles carrying peptide RL-QN15 show potential for skin wound therapy

BACKGROUND

Skin wound healing remains a considerable clinical challenge, thus stressing the urgent need for the development of new interventions to promote repair. Recent researches indicate that both peptides and nanoparticles may be potential therapies for the treatment of skin wounds.

METHODS

In the current study, the mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles were prepared and the peptide RL-QN15 that was previously identified from amphibian skin secretions and exhibited significant potential as a novel prohealing agent was successfully loaded onto the MPDA nanoparticles, which was confirmed by results of analysis of scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and sustained release rate of RL-QN15 from the nanocomposites were determined. The prohealing potency of nanocomposites were evaluated by full-thickness injured wounds in both mice and swine and burn wounds in mice.

RESULTS

Our results indicated that, compared with RL-QN15 alone, the prohealing potency of nanocomposites of MPDA and RL-QN15 in the full-thickness injured wounds and burn wounds in mice was increased by up to 50 times through the slow release of RL-QN15. Moreover, the load on the MPDA obviously increased the prohealing activities of RL-QN15 in full-thickness injured wounds in swine. In addition, the obvious increase in the prohealing potency of nanocomposites of MPDA and RL-QN15 was also proved by the results from histological analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our knowledge, this is the first research to report that the load of MPDA nanoparticles could significantly increase the prohealing potency of peptide and hence highlighted the promising potential of MPDA nanoparticles-carrying peptide RL-QN15 for skin wound therapy.

Hollow polydopamine nanoparticles loading with peptide RL-QN15: a new pro-regenerative therapeutic agent for skin wounds

BACKGROUND

Although the treatments of skin wounds have greatly improved with the increase in therapeutic methods and agents, available interventions still cannot meet the current clinical needs. Therefore, the development of new pro-regenerative therapies remains urgent. Owing to their unique characteristics, both nanomaterials and peptides have provided novel clues for the development of pro-regenerative agents, however, more efforts were still be awaited and anticipated.

RESULTS

In the current research, Hollow polydopamine (HPDA) nanoparticles were synthesized and HPDA nanoparticles loading with RL-QN15 (HPDAlR) that was an amphibian-derived peptide with obvious prohealing activities were prepared successfully. The characterization, biodistribution and clearance of both HPDA nanoparticles and HPDAlR were evaluated, the loading efficiency of HPDA against RL-QN15 and the slow-releasing rate of RL-QN15 from HPDAlR were also determined. Our results showed that both HPDA nanoparticles and HPDAlR exerted no obvious toxicity against keratinocyte, macrophage and mice, and HPDA nanoparticles showed no prohealing potency in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, HPDAlR significantly enhanced the ability of RL-QN15 to accelerate the healing of scratch of keratinocytes and selectively modulate the release of healing-involved cytokines from macrophages. More importantly, in comparison with RL-QN15, by evaluating on animal models of full-thickness injured skin wounds in mice and oral ulcers in rats, HPDAlR showed significant increasing in the pro-regenerative potency of 50 and 10 times, respectively. Moreover, HPDAlR also enhanced the prohealing efficiency of peptide RL-QN15 against skin scald in mice and full-thickness injured wounds in swine.

CONCLUSIONS

HPDA obviously enhanced the pro-regenerative potency of RL-QN15 in vitro and in vivo, hence HPDAlR exhibited great potential in the development of therapeutics for skin wound healing.

Parkin, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Plays an Essential Role in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), as one of the complex neurodegenerative disorders, affects millions of aged people. Although the precise pathogenesis remains mostly unknown, a significant number of studies have demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a major role in the pathogeny of PD. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations can damage mitochondrial integrity. Especially, mutations in several genes that PD-linked have a closed association with mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, alpha-synuclein, and LRRK2). Parkin, whose mutation causes autosomal-recessive juvenile parkinsonism, plays an essential role in mitochondrial quality control of mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. Therefore, we summarized the advanced studies of Parkin's role in mitochondrial quality control and hoped it could be studied further as a therapeutic target for PD.

The role of miRNAs in the inflammatory phase of skin wound healing

<abstract> <p>Wound healing (WH) is a fundamental physiological process to keep the integrity of the skin, therefore impaired and chronic WH is a common and severe medical problem and represent one of the biggest challenges of public health. The resolution of the WH inflammatory phase is characterized by a complex series of events that involves many cellular types, especially neutrophils, macrophages and inflammatory mediators, which are crucial for a correct wound closure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in wound repair. In fact, miR-142 is linked to inflammation modulating neutrophils' chemotaxis and polarization, while the polarization of M1 toward the M2 phenotype is driven by miR-223 and miR-132 is linked to chemokines and cytokines that activate endothelial cells and attract leukocytes and peripheral cells to the damage site. Thus, understanding the dysregulation of miRNAs in WH will be decisive for the development of new and more effective therapies for the management of chronic wounds.</p> </abstract>