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Puri V, Kanojia N, Sharma A, Huanbutta K, Dheer D, Sangnim T. Natural product-based pharmacological studies for neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1011740. [PMID: 36419628 PMCID: PMC9676372 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1011740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and diseases are expected to rise sharply in the coming years, partly because of the world's aging population. Medicines for the treatment of the CNS have not been successfully made. Inadequate knowledge about the brain, pharmacokinetic and dynamic errors in preclinical studies, challenges with clinical trial design, complexity and variety of human brain illnesses, and variations in species are some potential scenarios. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are multifaceted and lack identifiable etiological components, and the drugs developed to treat them did not meet the requirements of those who anticipated treatments. Therefore, there is a great demand for safe and effective natural therapeutic adjuvants. For the treatment of NDDs and other memory-related problems, many herbal and natural items have been used in the Ayurvedic medical system. Anxiety, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), as well as a plethora of other neuropsychiatric disorders, may benefit from the use of plant and food-derived chemicals that have antidepressant or antiepileptic properties. We have summarized the present level of knowledge about natural products based on topological evidence, bioinformatics analysis, and translational research in this review. We have also highlighted some clinical research or investigation that will help us select natural products for the treatment of neurological conditions. In the present review, we have explored the potential efficacy of phytoconstituents against neurological diseases. Various evidence-based studies and extensive recent investigations have been included, which will help pharmacologists reduce the progression of neuronal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Puri
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ameya Sharma
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kampanart Huanbutta
- School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asia University, Rangsit, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Divya Dheer
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Muang, Chon Buri, Thailand
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Allameh M, Orsat V. Herbal Anxiolytics: Sources and Their Preparation Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2043895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Allameh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - V. Orsat
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Geck MS, Lecca D, Marchese G, Casu L, Leonti M. Ethnomedicine and neuropsychopharmacology in Mesoamerica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114243. [PMID: 34129899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The burden of disease caused by mental and neurological disorders is increasing globally, to a disproportionate degree in Latin America. In contrast to the many psychoactive plants with a use history in Mesoamerican cultures, the translation to the wider population of knowledge around numerous botanicals used contemporarily by indigenous Mesoamerican societies to treat psychological and neurological disorders did not receive the same attention. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used the previously published Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database to extract species and associated botanical drugs used as treatments for illnesses associated with the nervous system by Mesoamerican cultures in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. With the critical use of published pharmacological literature, the cross-culturally most salient genera are systematically reviewed. RESULTS From 2188 plant taxa contained in the database 1324 are used as treatments for illnesses associated with the nervous system. The ethnomedical data was critically confronted with the available biomedical literature for the 58 cross-culturally most salient genera. For a considerable proportion of the frequently used taxa, preclinical data are available, mostly validating ethnomedicinal uses. CONCLUSION This quantitative approach facilitates the prioritization of taxa for future pre-clinical, clinical and treatment outcome studies and gives patients, practitioners, and legislators a fundamental framework of evidence, on which to base decisions regarding phytomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Geck
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy; Biovision - Foundation for Ecological Development, Heinrichstrasse 147, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Lecca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marchese
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology UOS of Cagliari National Research Council of Italy, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Casu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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Pérez-González MZ, Jiménez-Arellanes MA. Biotechnological processes to obtain bioactive secondary metabolites from some Mexican medicinal plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6257-6274. [PMID: 34415391 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of medicinal plants has increased in recent decades due to the fact that they biosynthesize compounds with many biological activities; thus, some plant species with biological potential are being utilized as raw material by the industries for preparation of drugs, phytodrugs, or food supplements. This has the consequence of overexploitation and deforestation, which endangers plant species-of-interest. In recent years, alternatives have been sought to eradicate this problem. A solution that was given and is maintained is plant biotechnology, which favors the production of secondary metabolites (SMt) with important biological activity. Plant biotechnology allows us to increase the yield of a compound-of-interest, reduces its production times and costs, and allows constant and controlled production of the raw material, while aiding in the protection of medicinal plants that are found in danger of extinction. In the scientific literature, procuring the SMt by means of biotechnological processes is described, highlighting the study of five species from Mexican traditional medicine (Lopezia racemosa, Galphimia glauca, Cnidoscolus chayamansa, and Buddleja cordata), and the main biological activities are as follows: anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotector, neuroprotector, anxiolytic, antitumoral, antibacterial, and antioxidant, among others. KEY POINTS: • Secondary metabolites produce by biotechnology processes • Active secondary metabolites isolated from Mexican medicinal plants • Recent advances on the production of some bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Zuleima Pérez-González
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialiades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores; Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico City, CdMx, Mexico
| | - María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialiades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores; Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico City, CdMx, Mexico.
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Borrás S, Martínez-Solís I, Ríos JL. Medicinal Plants for Insomnia Related to Anxiety: An Updated Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:738-753. [PMID: 34116572 DOI: 10.1055/a-1510-9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are common among the general population and can generate health problems such as insomnia and anxiety. In addition to standard drugs and psychological interventions, there are different complementary plant-based therapies used to treat insomnia and anxiety. This review aimed to find and examine the most recent research on the use of herbal medicines for treating anxiety and insomnia as compiled from clinical trials, as well as to assess the safety and efficacy of these medicines and to elucidate their possible mechanisms of action. The process entailed a search of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases from 2010 to 2020. The search terms included "sleep disorder", "insomnia", "sedative", "hypnotic", "anxiety", "anxiolytic", and "clinical trial", combined with the search terms "herbs" and "medicinal plants", in addition to individual herbal medicines by both their common and scientific names. This updated review, which focuses mainly on clinical trials, includes research on 23 medicinal plants and their combinations. Essential oils and their associations have also been reviewed. The efficacy of medicinal plants depends on treatment duration, types of study subjects, administration route, and treatment method. More clinical trials with an adequate, standardized design are necessary, as are more preclinical studies to continue studying the mechanisms of action. As a result of our work, we can conclude that the 3 plants with the most potential are valerian, passionflower, and ashwagandha, with the combination of valerian with hops and passionflower giving the best results in the clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Borrás
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Solís
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain
| | - José Luis Ríos
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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Mohammed HA. Behavioral Evaluation of the Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Suaeda vermiculata Forssk on Rats. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:122-127. [PMID: 32189599 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200319142536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suaeda vermiculata is one of the widely distributed halophytes in central Saudi Arabia. The plant is used as a remedy for liver diseases, jaundice, and inflammation. S. vermiculata is also used as camels' food by local shepherds. PURPOSE The study aims to evaluate the behavioral antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of S. vermiculata aqueous and ethanol extracts. METHODS Aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. vermiculata were prepared by the maceration technique. Standard forced swim test cylinder and light/dark chamber device were used to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic activities of the extracts (200 mg/kg) in rats model, respectively. RESULTS The aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. vermiculata showed remarkable antidepressant activity with significant increase in the swimming time and reduced immobility in the rats compared to imipramine treated animals (P<0.05). Ethanol extract increased the swimming time by 20% and decreased the immobility time by more than 60% compared to the control group of animals. In contrast, the extracts induced the anxiety behavior in experimental rats compared to vehicle- treated animals. The extracts significantly (P<0.001) reduced the time spent by rats in the light chamber by more than 50% and increased the time spent in dark chamber as compared with the control group and the group receiving diazepam. CONCLUSION The medicinally important plant S. vermiculata induced anxiety behavior with antidepressant activity in rats. These effects from our point of view are similar to the effects of some common beverages containing caffeine such as coffee and tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Rios MY, Ortega A, Domínguez B, Déciga M, Rosa VDL. Glaucacetalin E and galphimidin B from Galphimia glauca and their anxiolytic activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112939. [PMID: 32417425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Galphimia glauca is a Mexican medicinal plant used to treat anxiety, fear, phobia and stress as it possesses sedative properties which produce a calming effect. Although some chemical and pharmacological studies have already been carried out on G. glauca, there are still new chemical entities from this plant whose anxiolytic activity should be established. AIM OF THE STUDY To validate the use of G. glauca growing in Cuernavaca, Morelos, as an anti-stress agent, through the purification and structural identification of its extracts' chemical constituents; the analysis of the biogenetic relationship of its chemical compounds, and its biological evaluation to demonstrate its traditional use as anxiolytic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The structures of all isolated compounds were established based on their spectroscopic and spectrometric data. The structure of compound 2 was corroborated through X-Ray. The anxiolytic and sedative-like activities were assessed by the open-field, hole-board and exploration cylinder test. RESULTS The nor-triterpenes glaucacetalin E (1) and galphimidin B (2) were isolated for the first time along with seven other known compounds, one of them galphimidin (3), from the CHCl3 fraction of the aerial parts of Galphimia glauca. The biogenesis of the natural nor-triterpenes isolated from Galphimia glauca is delineated for the first time starting from the taraxasteryl cation. Oral administration of CHCl3 fraction and 1-3 compounds produced significant attenuation in the anxiety-response in cylinder activity, decrease in the ambulatory activity and in head dipping when compared to the vehicle. However, only the extract enhanced the pentobarbital-induced hypnosis. Diazepam was used as a positive control. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that G. glauca growing in Cuernavaca, Morelos, exerts anxiolytic-like activity due to the presence of the nor-triterpenes 1-3. These results reinforce the potential use of this species in the treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Yolanda Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Ortega
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Blanca Domínguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, 62209, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Myrna Déciga
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Vianey de la Rosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, IICBA, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, 62209, Morelos, Mexico
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Mbiantcha M, Khalid R, Dawe A, Mehreen A, Atsamo DA, Ateufack G, Hamza D, Nana WY, Bomba FTD, Naeem RU, Izhar A. Antihypernociceptive and neuroprotective effects of Combretin A and Combretin B on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 392:697-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sharma A, Angulo-Bejarano PI, Madariaga-Navarrete A, Oza G, Iqbal HMN, Cardoso-Taketa A, Luisa Villarreal M. Multidisciplinary Investigations on Galphimia glauca: A Mexican Medicinal Plant with Pharmacological Potential. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112985. [PMID: 30445751 PMCID: PMC6278297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Galphimia glauca (Cav.) Kuntze is an important endemic plant species, which possesses many medicinal properties and has been used in the Mexican traditional medicine for its sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiasthmatic and antiallergic properties. The therapeutic properties of this plant are mainly due to the presence of diverse bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolics. Several triterpenoids and flavonoids compounds have been isolated and identified. Modern studies have demonstrated many biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, gastroenteritis, antimalarial and cytotoxic activities. Nevertheless, many studies are restricted to the crude extract, and many bioactive compounds are yet to be identified and validated according to its traditional use. However, its commercial exploitation and use are highly limited due to the non-availability of enough plant material and lack of knowledge about its agronomical practices. Moreover, the misinterpretation and mislabeling of closely related species of the genus Galphimia Cav. as G. glauca or G. gracilis is a common problem for its rigorous scientific study and commercial exploitation. The present review provides comprehensive knowledge based on the available scientific literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on G. glauca. This comprehensive information will certainly provide a guide for the better understanding and utilization of G. glauca for its scientific and industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro CP 76130, Mexico.
| | - Paola Isabel Angulo-Bejarano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio González No. 500, Fracc. San Pablo, Queretaro CP 76130, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Madariaga-Navarrete
- Área Académica de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo CP 42000, Mexico.
| | - Goldie Oza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ), Parque Tecnológico, Querétaro S/N, Sanfandila. Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro CP 76703, Mexico.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico.
| | - Maria Luisa Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca CP 62209, Mexico.
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Bharate SS, Mignani S, Vishwakarma RA. Why Are the Majority of Active Compounds in the CNS Domain Natural Products? A Critical Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10345-10374. [PMID: 29989814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule natural products (NPs) have a long and successful track record of providing first-in-class drugs and pharmacophore (scaffolds) in all therapeutic areas, serving as a bridge between modern and traditional medicine. This trajectory has been remarkably successful in three key areas of modern therapeutics: cancers, infections, and CNS diseases. Beginning with the discovery of morphine 200 years ago, natural products have remained the primary source of new drugs/scaffolds for CNS diseases. In this perspective, we address the question: why are the majority of active compounds in the CNS domain natural products? Our analysis indicates that ∼84% approved drugs for CNS diseases are NPs or NP-inspired, and interestingly, 20 natural products provided more than 400 clinically approved CNS drugs. We have discussed unique physicochemical properties of NPs and NP-inspired vis-à-vis synthetic drugs, isoform selectivity, and evolutionary relationship, providing a rationale for increasing focus on natural product driven discovery for next-generation drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Serge Mignani
- UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique , Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS , 45 rue des Saints Pères , 75006 Paris , France.,CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG , Universidade da Madeira , Campus da Penteada , 9020-105 Funchal , Portugal.,Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
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Pharmacological interaction of Galphimia glauca extract and natural galphimines with Ketamine and Haloperidol on different behavioral tests. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:879-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Martins J, S B. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of anti-depressant medicinal plants: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:343-365. [PMID: 29778018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress renders an individual to experience mental pressure and exhaustion which brings about feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and/or other negative emotions. Depression affects a person's state of mind, behaviour, health and is often associated with suicide. The use of anti-depressant drugs as therapeutic agents is associated with symptoms such as, delayed onset of action, side-effects, drug-drug and dietary interactions, sexual dysfunction, cardiac toxicity, etc. Thus, there is need to target these issues and improve current treatment options. Medicinal plants have long been used in discovering novel treatment strategies and compounds with promising roles in treating various disease conditions. There has been an increase, worldwide, in the use of medicinal plants and herbs for developing nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Medicinal plants in their natural forms are valuable as they are rich in various phytochemical compounds. These phytochemical compounds have pharmacological roles in treating various diseases conditions; apart from being widely available in nature and commercially beneficial. The phytochemical compounds in plants are constantly being explored through various experimental studies to determine the molecular basis of how medicinal plants work in relation to drugs and diseases and to develop neutraceuticals for improving conditions. This review summarizes 110 medicinal plants and their phytochemical constituents that have been shown to possess anti-depressant activity. This review also highlights the various mechanisms of anti-depressant action of some of these plants and their plant parts like roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit or whole plant; phytochemical compounds showing anti-depressant activity such flavanoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, lectins, alkaloids, etc.; and various anti-depressant screening models used such as tail suspension test, forced swim test, chronic unpredictable stress test, sucrose preference test, monoamine oxidase inhibition assay, learned helplessness test, open field test, hole board test, etc. However, mechanistic evaluation of many of these plants still needs to be investigated and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Martins
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
| | - Brijesh S
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India.
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Taiwe G, Moto F, Pale S, Kandeda A, Dawe A, Kouemou N, Ayissi E, Ngoupaye G, Njapdounke J, Nkantchoua G, Omam J, Pahaye D, Ngo Bum E. Extracts of Feretia apodanthera Del. demonstrated anticonvulsant activities against seizures induced by chemicals and maximal electroshock. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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López-Rubalcava C, Estrada-Camarena E. Mexican medicinal plants with anxiolytic or antidepressant activity: Focus on preclinical research. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:377-391. [PMID: 27021688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anxiety and depression are considered the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants to alleviate the symptoms associated with these psychiatric disorders is increasing. However, there is little scientific evidence that validates the efficacy of these plants. This evidence needs to be critically revised, and further studied to provided scientific support for their use. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the plants that are used in Mexico for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression, and to review the current preclinical and when available, clinical information of these plants. METHODS We searched in scientific databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and other web sources such as "Biblioteca digital de la medicina tradicional Mexicana" ) for Mexican plants used for the treatment of anxiety and depression that have been analyzed in preclinical studies. Additional information was obtained from published books. For this review, we also consider those plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of "nervios," "susto" or "espanto;" common terms that describe symptoms related to anxiety and depression disorders. RESULTS The bibliographic search identified 49 plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of disorders related to anxiety and depression. From all these plants, 59% were analyzed in preclinical research, and only 8% were tested in clinical studies; only a few of these studies tried to elucidate their mechanism of action. In general, it is proposed that the plant extracts interact with the GABAergic system. However, only part of these studies attempted to analyze other neurotransmitter systems. Finally, in some cases, drug-herbal interactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS There is a large number of Mexican medicinal plants used as a treatment for anxiety and depression disorders. Although some of these plants have been studied in preclinical research, in most cases these studies are preliminary, and the understanding of the mechanism of action is inconclusive. The need for systematic studies in preclinical and clinical research is evident, and efforts should be done to fulfill these research. Finally, it is important also to study possible drug-herbal interactions to establish specific recommendations for people that use these plants as anxiolytic or antidepressant treatments either alone or in combination with another type of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Calzada de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, C.P. 14330 México D.F., México.
| | - Erika Estrada-Camarena
- Laboratorio de Neuropsicofarmacología, Neurociencias Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México Xochimilco 101, Col. San. Lorenzo Huipulco, México, D.F., México
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Garige BSR, Keshetti S, Vattikuti UMR. In vivo Study on Depressant Effects and Muscle Coordination Activity of Galphimia glauca Stem Methanol Extract. Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8:219-225. [PMID: 27695258 PMCID: PMC5004509 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.188878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galphimia glauca is an evergreen shrub found across peninsular India, belonging to family Malpighiaceae. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the in vivo depressant effects and muscle coordination activity of G. glauca stem methanol extract (GGSME). MATERIALS AND METHODS The stem methanol extract was administered in Swiss albino mice in 1 day to study the central nervous system (CNS) depressant and muscle coordination activity employing animal models such as sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep test, hole-board test, open field test, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions, picrotoxin-induced convulsions, grip strengthening test in mice, and Rota-rod test. RESULTS The LD50 of GGSME was found to be >2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Mice treated with stem methanol extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, b.w. doses extended the sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg. b.w., i.p.). The stem methanol extract at 400 mg/kg dose showed a significant (P ≤ 0.001) dose-dependent decrease in the number of rears and head dipping number in the hole-board test. The extract exhibited a significant (P ≤ 0.001) effect on the ambulatory behavior of mice in the open field test and also extended the onset of seizures induced by PTZ (90 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and picrotoxin (10 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.). The extract also exhibited significant (P ≤ 0.001) effects on muscle coordination in rota-rod and grip strengthening test in mice. CONCLUSION The study results conclude that the GGSME has a potential CNS depressant and muscle relaxant effects compared to the standard drugs. SUMMARY Anxiety is implicated in the number of psychiatric disordersIn vivo depressant activity is studied employing animal models like Sodium pentobarbital-.induced sleep test, Hole-board test, Open field test, Pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions and Picrotoxin-induced convulsions tests.Muscle coordination activity is studied employing animal models like Grip strengthening test in mice and Rota-.rod test.The GABAergic system plays a significant role in CNS depressant and muscle relaxant effects.The study proves the traditional claims of the plant used in the treatment of phobia, panic, stress, anxiety and it is as well used in producing a calming effect on the nerves. Abbreviations Used: WHO: World Health Organization; CNS: Central nervous system; GGSME: Galphimia glauca stem methanol extract; IAEC: Institutional Animal Ethics Committee; OECD: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; PTZ: Pentylenetetrazole; REM: Rapid eye movement; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; AMPA: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; b.w: Body weight; i.p: Intraperitoneal; p.o: per oral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baba Shankar Rao Garige
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srisailam Keshetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, Telangana, India
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Montes DA, Ruiz MH, Ramos RR, Ferrer EJ, Cortazar MG, Zamilpa A, Tortoriell J. Pharmacological Interaction between Galphimine-A, a Natural Anxiolytic Compound and Gabaergic Drugs. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.944.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gutiérrez SLG, Chilpa RR, Jaime HB. Medicinal plants for the treatment of “nervios”, anxiety, and depression in Mexican Traditional Medicine. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heinrich M, Frei Haller B, Leonti M. A perspective on natural products research and ethnopharmacology in Mexico: the eagle and the serpent on the prickly pear cactus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:678-689. [PMID: 24559070 DOI: 10.1021/np4009927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mexico's extraordinarily rich cultural and floristic diversity has fascinated explorers and researchers ever since the "New World" was discovered for and by Europeans. For many decades, natural product research has been a very active field of research in Mexico, and there also are some ongoing ethnopharmacological research efforts. This review provides an overview and critical appraisal on some key developments in these fields and examples of medicinal plants used by indigenous communities that have become of great local importance in Mexican popular medicine. In this review, the focus is on plants with effects on the CNS, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory processes, and gastrointestinal disorders. While some of the major food plants consumed worldwide originate from southern North America, only very few medicinal plants have become of major global importance. Opuntia species are now used increasingly to manage diabetes and metabolic syndrome and represent an example of a novel medicinal product/supplement. Undoubtedly, narcotic and mind-altering drugs both have received the widest scientific interest and have attracted considerable popular attention. The history of use of the indigenous Mexican Materia Medica in the context of research on local and popular resources specifically with regard to the diverse challenges in the context of studying the world's biodiversity and the development of comparative and semiquantitative ethnobotanical research methods is discussed herein. Natural product and ethnopharmacological research in Mexico seems to have been influenced by the political and societal developments originating from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and subsequent conventions, which have not yet had the desired effect of giving value to these local resources, as they might deserve. Their equitable and sustainable implementation remains a challenge. Natural product research and ethnopharmacology will play a key role in developing an adequate evidence base for such products derived from local and traditional knowledge in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heinrich
- Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London , 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Vargas RA, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jiménez-Ferrer E. Pharmacokinetic study in mice of galphimine-A, an anxiolytic compound from Galphimia glauca. Molecules 2014; 19:3120-34. [PMID: 24625685 PMCID: PMC6270976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain pharmacokinetic data for the anxiolytic compound galphimine-A (G–A) from Galphimia glauca. G–A is the most abundant anxiolytic compound in this plant, while Galphimine-E (G–E) is the most abundant galphimine, but inactive. G–E was transformed chemically into G–A. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out in ICR mice, which were orally administered a single 200 mg/kg dose of G–A. Samples of blood and brain were taken at different times after administration of G–A. Previously, we established the validation of methods for determining the concentration of G–A. The G–A was detected in plasma 5 min after oral administration, and its concentration reached 2.47 μg/mL. Data from concentration-time curves allowed us to establish the main pharmacokinetic parameters in two models: one- and/or two-compartment. Cmax values were 3.33 and 3.42 μg/mL respectively, likewise AUC0→1440 min were 1,951.58 and 1,824.95 μg/mL·min. The G–A in brain tissue was noted to cross the blood-brain barrier, reaching Cmax 2.74 μg/mL, Tmax 81.6 min, and then drop gradually to 0.32 μg/mL detected at 24 h. The presence of G–A in brain tissue, confirmed that this anxiolytic compound can access the target organ and acts directly on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Abarca Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Actlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Francisco Alarcón Aguilar
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Actlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa 09340, Mexico; E-Mail:
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico; E-Mails: (R.A.V.); (A.Z.); (M.H.-R.); (J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-777-361-2155
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Osuna L, Tapia N, Zamilpa A, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Tortoriello J. Biosynthesis stimulation of nor-secotriterpene anxiolytics in cell suspension cultures of Galphimia glaucaCav. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Osuna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS); Xochitepec Morelos México
| | - Nadia Tapia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS); Xochitepec Morelos México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS); Xochitepec Morelos México
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS); Xochitepec Morelos México
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (CIBIS-IMSS); Xochitepec Morelos México
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Shan WG, Zhang LW, Xiang JG, Zhan ZJ. Natural Friedelanes. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1392-434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:301-19. [PMID: 23653088 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. However, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. Thus, our aim was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of plant-based medicines that have clinical and/or preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity. We present the article in two parts. In part one, we reviewed herbal medicines for which only preclinical investigations for anxiolytic activity have been performed. In this current article (part two), we review herbal medicines for which there have been both preclinical and clinical investigations of anxiolytic activity. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to 28 October 2012) for English language papers using the search terms 'anxiety' OR 'anxiety disorder' OR 'generalized anxiety disorder' OR 'social phobia' OR 'post-traumatic stress disorder' OR 'panic disorder' OR 'agoraphobia' OR 'obsessive compulsive disorder' in combination with the search terms 'Herb*' OR 'Medicinal Plants' OR 'Botanical Medicine' OR 'Chinese herb*', in addition to individual herbal medicines. This search of the literature revealed 1,525 papers, of which 53 plants were included in the review (having at least one study using the whole plant extract). Of these plants, 21 had human clinical trial evidence (reviewed here in part two), with the other 32 having solely preclinical evidence (reviewed in part one). Support for efficacy was found for chronic use (i.e. greater than one day) of the following herbs in treating a range of anxiety disorders in human clinical trials: Piper methysticum, Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Scutellaria lateriflora, Silybum marianum, Passiflora incarnata, Withania somniferum, Galphimia glauca, Centella asiatica, Rhodiola rosea, Echinacea spp., Melissa officinalis and Echium amoenum. For several of the plants studied, conclusions need to be tempered due to methodological issues such as small sample sizes, brief intervention durations and non-replication. Current evidence does not support Hypericum perforatum or Valeriana spp. for any anxiety disorder. Acute anxiolytic activity was found for Centella asiatica, Salvia spp., Melissa officinalis, Passiflora incarnata and Citrus aurantium. Bacopa monnieri has shown anxiolytic effects in people with cognitive decline. The therapeutic application of psychotropic plant-based treatments for anxiety disorders is also discussed, specifically Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caarti (ayahuasca), Psilocybe spp. and cannabidiol-enriched (low tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC)) Cannabis spp.
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Sharma A, Folch JL, Cardoso-Taketa A, Lorence A, Villarreal ML. DNA barcoding of the Mexican sedative and anxiolytic plant Galphimia glauca. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:371-8. [PMID: 23010364 PMCID: PMC4353648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) is a Mexican plant popularly used as a tranquilizer in the treatment of nervous system disorders, although it is also used to treat other common illnesses. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this investigation is to find out if populations of Galphimia glauca collected in different regions and ecosystems in Mexico actually belong to the same species by using the contemporary technique of DNA barcodes. Our previous metabolic profiling study demonstrates that different collections of this plant obtained from various geographical areas exhibited diverse chemical profiles in terms of the active compounds named Galphimines. We expected the DNA barcodes apart from indicating the different species of Galphimia would indicate the active populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed matK, rpoC1 and rbcL DNA barcodes to indicate the different species. Furthermore to investigate the possible impact of the several different ecosystems where the seven populations were collected, thin layer chromatography was employed to create a partial chemical profile, which was then compared with the metabolic profiles obtained by (1)H-NMR and multivariate data analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the seven populations here analyzed contain at least three different species of the genus Galphimia, although each individual population is homogeneous. Interestingly our TLC analysis clearly showed that the active populations displayed a distinctively unique chemical profile. This work also showed that the use of DNA barcodes combined with chemical profile analysis is an excellent approach to solve the problems of quality control in the development of Galphimia-based medicines as well as for any breeding programs for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Escuela de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Biotecnología y Agronomía (ESIABA), Tecnológico de Monterrey, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Folch
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Bioscience Institute (ABI), Arkansas State University, (ASU), Jonesboro, AR, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University (ASU), Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología (CEIB), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Sharma A, Cardoso-Taketa A, Choi YH, Verpoorte R, Villarreal ML. A comparison on the metabolic profiling of the Mexican anxiolytic and sedative plant Galphimia glauca four years later. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:964-974. [PMID: 22472113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Galphimia glauca has a long traditional use, and continues to be used in Mexico as a natural tranquilizer for the treatment of Central Nervous System disorders as well as for other illnesses. AIM OF THE STUDY In 2005 the initial use of metabolic profiling to populations of Galphimia glauca resulted in two of the six collected populations being producers for galphimines, the markers for sedative and anxiolytic activities. The aim of this investigation was to confirm the previously established metabolic profile, as well as the previous in vivo results on mice. Additionally in this study we wanted to investigate potential anti-inflammatory properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four years later, we collected samples in the five localities designated for the first-stage investigation in 2005, and in two new locations. Metabolic profiling was carried out by means of (1)H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis applied to crude extracts from wild plant specimens. HPLC analysis was performed to confirm and quantify the presence of galphimines. Two neuropharmacological in vivo assays on mice were employed to study anxiolytic (elevated plus maze test) and sedative (sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis model) activities in the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by using the tetradecanoylphorbol acetate-induced mouse ear inflammation model (TPA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The results for the 2009 collected species were similar to the 2005 collection, confirming the metabolic profiles and that galphimines are consistent good markers for CNS activity. Galloylquinic acid levels varied between the years without, as of yet, known effects. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was similar for all plants and thus not linked with galphimines, requiring further studies to identify the active compound(s). Areas of collection affect neuropharmacological activities but not anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico
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Costa CARDA, Kohn DO, de Lima VM, Gargano AC, Flório JC, Costa M. The GABAergic system contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:828-836. [PMID: 21767622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The essential oil (EO) from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf is reported to have a wide range of biological activities and is widely used in traditional medicine as an infusion or decoction. However, despite this widely use, there are few controlled studies confirming its biological activity in central nervous system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anxiolytic-like activity of the EO was investigated in light/dark box (LDB) and marble-burying test (MBT) and the antidepressant activity was investigated in forced-swimming test (FST) in mice. Flumazenil, a competitive antagonist of benzodiazepine binding and the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY100635 was used in experimental procedures to determine the action mechanism of EO. To exclude any false positive results in experimental procedures, mice were submitted to the rota-rod test. We also quantified some neurotransmitters at specific brain regions after EO oral acute treatment. RESULTS The present work found anxiolytic-like activity of the EO at the dose of 10mg/kg in a LDB. Flumazenil, but not WAY100635, was able to reverse the effect of the EO in the LDB, indicating that the EO activity occurs via the GABA(A) receptor-benzodiazepine complex. Only at higher doses did the EO potentiate diethyl-ether-induced sleeping time in mice. In the FST and MBT, EO showed no effect. Finally, the increase in time spent in the light chamber, demonstrated by concomitant treatment with ineffective doses of diazepam (DZP) and the EO, revealed a synergistic effect of the two compounds. The lack of activity after long-term treatment in the LDB test might be related to tolerance induction, even in the DZP-treated group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between groups after either acute or repeated treatments with the EO in the rota-rod test. Neurochemical evaluation showed no amendments in neurotransmitter levels evaluated in cortex, striatum, pons, and hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS The results corroborate the use of Cymbopogon citratus in folk medicine and suggest that the anxiolytic-like effect of its EO is mediated by the GABA(A) receptor-benzodiazepine complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso A Rodrigues de Almeida Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, P.O. Box 510, 18618-970 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jiménez-Ferrer E, Herrera-Ruiz M, Ramírez-García R, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J. Interaction of the natural anxiolytic Galphimine-B with serotonergic drugs on dorsal hippocampus in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:724-729. [PMID: 21742023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Galphimine-B (G-B) is a nor-seco triterpene with an anxiolytic-like effect obtained from the plant species Galphimia glauca Cav. By means of a double blind clinical trial, it has been demonstrated that the extract from this plant, standardized in G-B content, possesses therapeutic effectiveness in patients with generalized anxiety. The mechanism of action of this compound remains unknown to date, but it has already demonstrated a non interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the pharmacological interaction between G-B with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5HT(1A)) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5HT(2A)) serotonergic receptors on CA1 neurons of hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electrophysiological records were performed as the frequency of discharge of in vivo CA1 cells from dorsal hippocampus in rats. RESULTS G-B was able to increase the frequency of discharge of neurons of the CA1 cells with some characteristics that support an interaction with the serotonergic system in this zone. It was demonstrated that this triterpene modulates the induced response of 5HT(1A) receptors, in an allosteric manner. CONCLUSION This effect demonstrated an interaction between G-B and the serotonergic system in dorsal hippocampus and evidenced that the mechanism of action of this compound could involve a complex series of actions on different neurotransmitter systems related with the anxiety disorder.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Herb-Drug Interactions
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin Agents/pharmacology
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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Evaluation of Behavioral and Pharmacological Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. from Guatemala. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:312320. [PMID: 21754942 PMCID: PMC3132466 DOI: 10.1155/2011/312320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies on the pharmacological properties of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. (VP), known as "Valeriana del monte", and used in Mesoamerican folk medicine to treat sleep disorders. This study examines the pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of the dry rhizome using the open field, rota rod, elevated plus-maze (EPM), forced swimming (FST), strychnine- and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, PTZ-induced seizures, and the inhibitory avoidance tests. VP did not show any protective effect against PTZ-induced convulsions. In the EPM, exhibited an anxiolytic-like effect through the effective enhancement of the entries (38.5%) and time spent (44.7%) in the open arms, when compared with control group. Time spent and the numbers of entrances into the enclosed arms were decreased, similar to those effects observed with diazepam. In the FST, acute treatment with VP, produced a dose-dependent decrease in immobility time, similarly to imipramine. VP also produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the latency of sleeping time, while producing an increase in total duration of sleep; influenced memory consolidation of the animals only at lower doses, unlike those that produced anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects. In summary, the results suggest that VP presents several psychopharmacological activities, including anxiolytic, antidepressant, and hypno-sedative effects.
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Tolardo R, Zetterman L, Bitencourtt DR, Mora TC, de Oliveira FL, Biavatti MW, Amoah SKS, Bürger C, de Souza MM. Evaluation of behavioral and pharmacological effects of Hedyosmum brasiliense and isolated sesquiterpene lactones in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:63-70. [PMID: 20038449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hedyosmum brasiliense Miq. (Chloranthaceae) is an essential Brazilian species largely found in the Atlantic Forest. It is popularly known as "cidrão" and in folk medicine, this aromatic species is widely used as a calmative/tranquilizer and to treat sleep disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the neurochemical properties of ethanol extract (EEHb), fractions and compounds of fresh leaves of Hedyosmum brasiliense and the antidepressant effect of the isolated sesquiterpene lactones podoandin and 13-hydroxy-8,9-dehydroshizukanolide. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of EEHb were demonstrated by the open field, elevated-plus-maze, forced swimming, pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, PTZ-induced seizure, and inhibitory avoidance tests. EEHb did not show a protective effect against PTZ-induced convulsions. In the plus-maze test, EEHb (100mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited an anxiolytic effect through the effective enhancement of the frequency and time spent in the open arms of the maze. Conversely, the time spent and the number of entrances to the closed arms were decreased. All these effects were also completely reversed by pre-treatment with flumazenil (2.5mg/kg, i.p./a benzodiazepine receptor agonist), similar to the results observed with diazepam used as a positive standard. In this test, the anxiolytic effect of EEHb was also totally blocked by pre-treatment with reserpine (2.0mg/kg, i.p.), a drug known to induce depletion of biogenic amines. In the forced swimming test, the treatment of EEHb (100mg/kg, i.p. or 100mg/kg, p.o.) given in acute and chronic form (10, 50 and 100mg/kg), produced a decrease in immobility time, similar to that of imipramine (10mg/kg, i.p.), the positive control. The dichloromethane and hexane fractions (100mg/kg, p.o.) also produced a decrease in immobility time. In addition, the two isolated compounds tested in a single dose (10mg/kg, i.p.), the antidepressant effect was observed only with the compound podoandin, which also caused a decrease in immobility time. EEHb (10-100mg/kg) a dose-dependent manner also caused a decrease in barbiturate sleeping time in mice, and in high doses (100mg/kg), did not interfere in memory consolidation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that EEHb presents psychopharmacological activities, including anxiolytic, antidepressant, and hypnotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Tolardo
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, CCS, Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas/UNIVALI, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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Aguilar-Santamaría L, Ramírez G, Herrera-Arellano A, Zamilpa A, Jiménez JE, Alonso-Cortés D, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, Ledesma N, Tortoriello J. Toxicological and cytotoxic evaluation of standardized extracts of Galphimia glauca. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:35-40. [PMID: 16930894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Galphimia glauca Cav (Malpighiaceae) has been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of mental disorders, principally as a sedative and tranquilizer. The sedative activity of extracts obtained from this plant has been demonstrated with different neuropharmacological models. Different triterpenes, known as galphimines, have been identified from the active extract. Galphimine-B (G-B) possesses anxiolytic activity and is able to selectively inhibit discharges of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area in rats. Nevertheless, there have been no toxicological investigations carried out with products obtained from this plant. In this work three different extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic) of Galphimia glauca, standardized in the content of three galphimines, were evaluated for their behavioral and pharmaco-toxicological effects. After administering the extracts to mice for 28 days (2.5g/kg, p.o.), no deaths were found and the histopathological analysis of different organs did not show alterations; only the behavioral parameters analyzed showed a diminution of spontaneous activity. The administration of these extracts for 56 days (same doses and route) in mice did not cause any changes in the biochemical parameters that evaluate liver function. On the other hand, no cytotoxic effects were found on KB, UISO, and OVCAR-5 transformed cell lines, but all extracts specifically inhibited colon cancer cell line growth with an ED(50) lower than 2microg/ml. The extracts were also evaluated in genotoxicity tests in vitro (250, 100 and 50microg/ml), which demonstrate that none of the three extracts from Galphimia glauca showed a genotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Aguilar-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, IMSS, Argentina 1, Xochitepec, Morelos CP 62790, México
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Aragão GF, Carneiro LMV, Junior APF, Vieira LC, Bandeira PN, Lemos TLG, Viana GSDB. A possible mechanism for anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of alpha- and beta-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 85:827-34. [PMID: 17207523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin (AMY), pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from the stem bark resin of Protium heptaphyllum. These effects of AMY were demonstrated by the open-field, elevated-plus-maze, rota rod, forced swimming, and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time tests, in mice. In the open-field test, AMY at the doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, after intraperitoneal or oral administrations, significantly decreased the number of crossings, grooming, and rearing. All these effects were reversed by the pre-treatment with flumazenil (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), similarly to those observed with diazepam used as a positive standard. In the elevated-plus-maze test, AMY increased the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the open arms. On the contrary, the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the closed arms were decreased. All these effects were also completely reversed by flumazenil, an antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors. In the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test, AMY at the same doses significantly increased the animals sleeping time duration. In the rota rod test, AMY did not alter motor coordination and, thus, was devoid of effects, as related to controls. Since AMY, at the doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg, showed a sedative effect in the open field test, lower doses (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) were used in the forced swimming test, producing a decrease in the immobility time, similarly to that of imipramine, the positive control. The effect of AMI was greater when it was administered 15 min after imipramine (10 mg/kg). However, the antidepressant AMY effects were not altered by the previous administration of paroxetine, a selective blocker of serotonin uptake. In addition, AMY effects in the forced swimming test were totally blocked by reserpine pretreatment, a drug known to induce depletion of biogenic amines. In conclusion, the present work evidenced sedative and anxiolytic effects of AMY that might involve an action on benzodiazepine-type receptors, and also an antidepressant effect where noradrenergic mechanisms will probably play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Aragão
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Rua Cel Nunes de Melo 1127, Fortaleza 60431-970, Brazil
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Herrera-Ruiz M, González-Cortazar M, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Alvarez L, Ramírez G, Tortoriello J. Anxiolytic effect of natural galphimines from Galphimia glauca and their chemical derivatives. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:59-61. [PMID: 16441069 DOI: 10.1021/np050305x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The anxiolytic effects of galphimine B (1), galphimine A (2), and galphimine E (3), natural nor-secofriedelanes isolated from Galphimia glauca, as well as derivatives obtained by acetylation (4), hydrogenation of the C-1/C-2 double bond (5), basic hydrolysis followed by hydrogenation of the C-1/C-2 double bond (6), and deacetylation (7) of galphimine E (3), were evaluated on ICR mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze test. This study also included the evaluation of a galphimines-rich fraction (GRF) with a known concentration of 1-3, obtained from the dry leaves of G. glauca. Intraperitoneal administration of 15 mg/kg of 1, 2, 6, and GRF (1 h before testing) caused an anxiolytic-like effect in the animals, increasing significantly (p <0.001) the percentage of time of permanence and the number of crossings toward the open arms of the plus-maze. No activity was detected after administration of compounds 3, 4, 5, and 7. These results showed that GRF had activity similar to the most active pure galphimines (1 and 2) and that, like for the spasmolytic activity previously reported, the main determining factor responsible for the anxiolytic activity of the compounds was the presence of free hydroxyl groups at C-4, C-6, and C-7 and the presence of the double bond in the A ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Centro, 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, México
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