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De Luca SN, Kivivali L, Chong K, Kirby A, Lawther AJ, Nguyen JCD, Hale MW, Kent S. Calorie restriction partially attenuates sickness behavior induced by viral mimetic poly I:C. Behav Brain Res 2024; 457:114715. [PMID: 37838243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to extend the mean and maximum lifespan in both preclinical and clinical settings. We have previously demonstrated that CR attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and sickness behavior. CR also leads to reductions in pro-inflammatory and increases in anti-inflammatory profiles. LPS is a bacterial mimetic; however, few studies have explored this phenomenon utilizing a viral mimetic, such as polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Dose-dependently, poly I:C induced an increase in core body temperature (Tb), with the largest dose (5000 µg/kg) resulting in a 1.62 °C ( ± 0.23 °C) Tb increase at 7 h post-injection in ad libitum mice and was associated with reduced home-cage locomotor activity. We then investigated the effect of 50% CR for 28 days to attenuate fever and sickness behavior induced by a poly I:C (5000 µg/kg) viral immune challenge. CR resulted in the partial attenuation of fever and sickness behavior measures post-poly I:C. The freely fed, control mice demonstrated a 2.02 °C ( ± 0.22 °C) increase in Tb at 7 h post-injection compared to the CR poly I:C group which demonstrated an increase in Tb of 0.94 °C ( ± 0.27 °C). Locomotor patterns post-injection were different, CR mice displayed a reduction in activity during the light phase, and the control group displayed a reduction during the dark phase. CR moderately attenuated the neuroinflammatory response with a reduction in microglial density in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. The fever and sickness behavior attenuation seen after CR may be driven by similar anti-inflammatory processes as after LPS; however, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N De Luca
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Science & Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leah Kivivali
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Chong
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alice Kirby
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam J Lawther
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C D Nguyen
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology & Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Rapps K, Kisliouk T, Marco A, Weller A, Meiri N. Dieting reverses histone methylation and hypothalamic AgRP regulation in obese rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121829. [PMID: 36817590 PMCID: PMC9930686 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although dieting is a key factor in improving physiological functions associated with obesity, the role by which histone methylation modulates satiety/hunger regulation of the hypothalamus through weight loss remains largely elusive. Canonically, H3K9me2 is a transcriptional repressive post-translational epigenetic modification that is involved in obesity, however, its role in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) has not been thoroughly explored. Here we explore the role that KDM4D, a specific demethylase of residue H3K9, plays in energy balance by directly modulating the expression of AgRP, a key neuropeptide that regulates hunger response. METHODS We used a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) to assess whether histone methylation malprogramming impairs energy balance control and how caloric restriction may reverse this phenotype. Using ChIP-qPCR, we assessed the repressive modification of H3K9me2 at the site of AgRP. To elucidate the functional role of KDM4D in reversing obesity via dieting, a pharmacological agent, JIB-04 was used to inhibit the action of KDM4D in vivo. RESULTS In DIO, downregulation of Kdm4d mRNA results in both enrichment of H3K9me2 on the AgRP promoter and transcriptional repression of AgRP. Because epigenetic modifications are dynamic, it is possible for some of these modifications to be reversed when external cues are altered. The reversal phenomenon was observed in calorically restricted rats, in which upregulation of Kdm4d mRNA resulted in demethylation of H3K9 on the AgRP promoter and transcriptional increase of AgRP. In order to verify that KDM4D is necessary to reverse obesity by dieting, we demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of KDM4D activity by pharmacological agent JIB-04 in naïve rats resulted in transcriptional repression of AgRP, decreasing orexigenic signaling, thus inhibiting hunger. DISCUSSION We propose that the action of KDM4D through the demethylation of H3K9 is critical in maintaining a stable epigenetic landscape of the AgRP promoter, and may offer a target to develop new treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Rapps
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Asaf Marco
- Neuro-Epigenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
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Govic A, Nasser H, Levay EA, Zelko M, Ebrahimie E, Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh M, Kent S, Penman J, Hazi A. Long-Term Calorie Restriction Alters Anxiety-like Behaviour and the Brain and Adrenal Gland Transcriptomes of the Ageing Male Rat. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214670. [PMID: 36364936 PMCID: PMC9654051 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Further examination of the molecular regulators of long-term calorie restriction (CR), reported to have an anxiolytic effect, may highlight novel therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders. Here, adult male Hooded Wistar rats were exposed to a 25% CR whilst anxiety-like behaviour was assessed at 6-, 12-, and 18-months of age via the elevated plus maze, open field, and acoustic startle tests. Next-generation sequencing was then used to measure transcriptome-wide gene expression in the hypothalamus, amygdala, pituitary, and adrenal glands. Results showed an anxiolytic behavioural profile across early, middle, and late adulthood by CR, with the strongest effects noted at 6-months. Transcriptomic analysis by seven attribute weighting algorithms, including Info Gain Ratio, Rule, Chi Squared, Gini Index, Uncertainty, Relief, and Info Gain, led to the development of a signature of long-term CR, independent of region. Complement C1q A chain (C1qa), an extracellular protein, expression was significantly decreased by CR in most regions examined. Furthermore, text mining highlighted the positive involvement of C1qa in anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, stress, and ageing, collectively identifying a suitable biomarker candidate for CR. Overall, the current study identified anxiety-related phenotypic changes and a novel transcriptome signature of long-term CR, indicating potential therapeutic targets for anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Govic
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +61-3-9780-9996
| | - Helen Nasser
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Levay
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matt Zelko
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Manijeh Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jim Penman
- Epigenes Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Agnes Hazi
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Krieger JP, Asker M, van der Velden P, Börchers S, Richard JE, Maric I, Longo F, Singh A, de Lartigue G, Skibicka KP. Neural Pathway for Gut Feelings: Vagal Interoceptive Feedback From the Gastrointestinal Tract Is a Critical Modulator of Anxiety-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:709-721. [PMID: 35965105 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are associated with an altered perception of the body's internal state. Therefore, understanding the neuronal basis of interoception can foster novel anxiety therapies. In rodents, the feeding status bidirectionally modulates anxiety-like behavior but how the sensing of gastrointestinal state affects anxiety remains unclear. METHODS We combined chemogenetics, neuropharmacology, and behavioral approaches in male and female rats to test whether vagal afferents terminating in the gastrointestinal tract mediate feeding-induced tuning of anxiety. Using saporin-based lesions and transcriptomics, we investigated the chronic impact of this gut-brain circuit on anxiety-like behavior. RESULTS Both feeding and selective chemogenetic activation of gut-innervating vagal afferents increased anxiety-like behavior. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition blocked the increase in anxiety-like behavior induced by feeding. Using a selective saporin-based lesion, we demonstrate that the loss of gut-innervating vagal afferent signaling chronically reduces anxiety-like behavior in male rats but not in female rats. We next identify a vagal circuit that connects the gut to the central nucleus of the amygdala, using anterograde transsynaptic tracing from the nodose ganglia. Lesion of this gut-brain vagal circuit modulated the central amygdala transcriptome in both sexes but selectively affected a network of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-related genes only in males, suggesting a potentiation of inhibitory control. Blocking GABAergic signaling in the central amygdala re-established normal anxiety levels in male rats. CONCLUSIONS Vagal sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract are critical for baseline and feeding-induced tuning of anxiety via the central amygdala in rats. Our results suggest vagal gut-brain signaling as a target to normalize interoception in anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Asker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Stina Börchers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivana Maric
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Longo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden; Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.
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Calorie restriction changes the anxiety-like behaviour of ageing male Wistar rats in an onset- and duration-dependent manner. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Nabinger DD, Altenhofen S, Peixoto JV, da Silva JMK, Gerlai R, Bonan CD. Feeding status alters exploratory and anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish larvae exposed to quinpirole. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110179. [PMID: 33212194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The dysfunction of dopaminergic signaling is associated with several neurological disorders. The use of pharmacological agents that interact with this signaling system may be employed to understand mechanisms underlying such disorders. Nutritional status can impact dopamine reuptake, receptor affinity, transporter activity, and the effects of drugs that bind to dopamine receptors or interact with dopaminergic system. Here we evaluated the effects of quinpirole (a dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist) exposure on fed and non-fed zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish larvae (6 days post-fertilization, dpf) were exposed to quinpirole (5.5, 16.7, and 50.0 μM) or water (control group) for one hour. To evaluate the effect of feeding status on quinpirole exposure, the experiments were performed on fed and non-fed animals, a between subject experimental design. Both fed and non-fed quinpirole treated larvae exhibited increased erratic movements compared to controls in an open tank exploration task. No alterations were observed on the main parameters of exploratory behavior and swim activity for non-fed larvae treated with quinpirole compared to controls. However, fed animals exposed to quinpirole exhibited increased locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and repetitive circular movements when compared to controls and non-fed exposed animals. In addition, we observed quinpirole exposure to have no effects on morphological parameters and heartbeat, but to impair optomotor responses in both fed and non-fed larvae compared to control. We also found quinpirole effects to interact with feeding status, as quinpirole-treated fed larvae improved while quinpirole treated non-fed larvae impaired their avoidance reaction towards an aversive stimulus. These results indicate that the behavioral effects of quinpirole exposure depended upon feeding status. They showed that consumption of food, a naturally rewarding stimulus known to engage the dopaminergic system, made this neurotransmitter system more susceptible to quinpirole's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Vasconcellos Peixoto
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Kuhl da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Perea C, Vázquez-Ágredos A, Ruiz-Leyva L, Morón I, Zúñiga JM, Cendán CM. Caloric Restriction in Group-Housed Mice: Littermate and Sex Influence on Behavioral and Hormonal Data. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639187. [PMID: 33937370 PMCID: PMC8081842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the research done on aging, oxidative stress, anxiety, and cognitive and social behavior in rodents has focused on caloric restriction (CR). This often involves several days of single housing, which can cause numerous logistical problems, as well as cognitive and social dysfunctions. Previous results in our laboratory showed the viability of long-term CR in grouped rats. Our research has studied the possibility of CR in grouped female and male littermates and unrelated CB6F1/J (C57BL/6J × BALBc/J hybrid strain) mice, measuring: (i) possible differences in body mass proportions between mice in ad libitum and CR conditions (at 70% of ad libitum), (ii) aggressive behavior, using the number of pushes and chasing behavior time as an indicator and social behavior using the time under the feeder as indicator, and (iii) difference in serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations (stress biomarker), under ad libitum and CR conditions. Results showed the impossibility of implementing CR in unrelated male mice. In all other groups, CR was possible, with a less aggressive behavior (measured only with the number of pushes) observed in the unrelated female mice under CR conditions. In that sense, the ACTH levels measured on the last day of CR showed no difference in stress levels. These results indicate that implementantion of long-term CR in mice can be optimized technically and also related to their well-being by grouping animals, in particular, related mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perea
- Center of Scientific Instrumentation, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez-Ágredos
- Department of Psychobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leandro Ruiz-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Center of Investigation of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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Carteri RB, Menegassi LN, Feldmann M, Kopczynski A, Rodolphi MS, Strogulski NR, Almeida AS, Marques DM, Porciúncula LO, Portela LV. Intermittent fasting promotes anxiolytic-like effects unrelated to synaptic mitochondrial function and BDNF support. Behav Brain Res 2021; 404:113163. [PMID: 33549686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased neurotrophic support. Since anxiolytic drugs target mitochondria, non-pharmacological approaches to improve mitochondrial metabolism such as intermittent fasting (IF) may cause parallel behavioral benefits against anxiety disorders. Here, we investigated whether a chronic IF regimen could induce anxiolytic-like effects concomitantly to modulation in mitochondrial bioenergetics and trophic signaling in mice brain. A total of 44 Male C57BL/6 J mice (180 days old) were assigned to two dietary regimens: a normal, ad libitum diet (AL group) and an alternate-day fasting (IF group), where animals underwent 10 cycles of 24 h food restriction followed by 24 h ad libitum access. Animals underwent the open field test, dark/light box and elevated plus maze tasks. Isolated nerve terminals were obtained from mice brain and used for mitochondrial respirometry, hydrogen peroxide production and assessment of membrane potential dynamics, calcium handling and western blotting. We showed that IF significantly alters total daily food intake and food consumption patterns but not body weight. There were no differences in the exploratory and locomotory parameters. Remarkably, animals from IF showed decreased anxiety-like behavior. Mitochondrial metabolic responses in different coupling states and parameters linked with H2O2 production, Ca2+ buffering and electric gradient were not different between groups. Finally, no alterations in molecular indicators of apoptotic death (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) and neuroplasticity (proBDNF/BDNF and synaptophysin were observed). In conclusion, IF exerts anxiolytic-like effect not associated with modulation in synaptic neuronergetics or expression of neurotrophic proteins. These results highlight a potential benefit of intermittent fasting as a nutritional intervention in anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randhall B Carteri
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Metodista - Instituto Porto Alegre (IPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Lizia Nardi Menegassi
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marceli Feldmann
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salimen Rodolphi
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathan Ryzewski Strogulski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Staldoni Almeida
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Melo Marques
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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9
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Feige-Diller J, Palme R, Kaiser S, Sachser N, Richter SH. The impact of varying food availability on health and welfare in mice: Testing the Match-Mismatch hypothesis. Physiol Behav 2020; 228:113193. [PMID: 33011232 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During early phases of life, an organism's phenotype can be shaped by the environmental conditions which it experiences. If the conditions change subsequently, the mismatch between the environment in early and later life could have negative effects on the individual's health and welfare. The aim of this study was to systematically test the predictions of this Match-Mismatch hypothesis in laboratory mice. Therefore, female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to matching or mismatching combinations of low and high food availability in adolescence and early adulthood. A comprehensive analysis of various physiological and behavioral parameters was conducted. No indication of a mismatch effect was found, which might be attributed to the specific ecology of mice. Alternatively, food availability might cause a shaping of the phenotype only during the prenatal or early postnatal development. However, various effects of low vs high food availability were found regarding the individuals' physiology and, to a small extent, their behavior. Low food availability caused higher concentrations of fecal corticosterone metabolites, as well as higher liver and lower spleen weights, suggesting an adaptation of the metabolism to this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Feige-Diller
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sachser
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - S Helene Richter
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 13, 48149 Münster, Germany; DFG RTG EvoPAD, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1a, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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10
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Carr KD. Homeostatic regulation of reward via synaptic insertion of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112850. [PMID: 32092445 PMCID: PMC7108974 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The incentive effects of food and related cues are determined by stimulus properties and the internal state of the organism. Enhanced hedonic reactivity and incentive motivation in energy deficient subjects have been demonstrated in animal models and humans. Defining the neurobiological underpinnings of these state-based modulatory effects could illuminate fundamental mechanisms of adaptive behavior, as well as provide insight into maladaptive consequences of weight loss dieting and the relationship between disturbed eating behavior and substance abuse. This article summarizes research of our laboratory aimed at identifying neuroadaptations induced by chronic food restriction (FR) that increase the reward magnitude of drugs and associated cues. The main findings are that FR decreases basal dopamine (DA) transmission, upregulates signaling downstream of the D1 DA receptor (D1R), and triggers synaptic incorporation of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Selective antagonism of CP-AMPARs decreases excitatory postsynaptic currents in NAc medium spiny neurons of FR rats and blocks the enhanced rewarding effects of d-amphetamine and a D1R, but not a D2R, agonist. These results suggest that FR drives CP-AMPARs into the synaptic membrane of D1R-expressing MSNs, possibly as a homeostatic response to reward loss. FR subjects also display diminished aversion for contexts associated with LiCl treatment and centrally infused cocaine. An encompassing, though speculative, hypothesis is that NAc synaptic incorporation of CP-AMPARs in response to food scarcity and other forms of sustained reward loss adaptively increases incentive effects of reward stimuli and, at the same time, diminishes responsiveness to aversive stimuli that have potential to interfere with goal pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Carr
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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11
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Ma S, Sun S, Geng L, Song M, Wang W, Ye Y, Ji Q, Zou Z, Wang S, He X, Li W, Esteban CR, Long X, Guo G, Chan P, Zhou Q, Belmonte JCI, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH. Caloric Restriction Reprograms the Single-Cell Transcriptional Landscape of Rattus Norvegicus Aging. Cell 2020; 180:984-1001.e22. [PMID: 32109414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes a functional decline in tissues throughout the body that may be delayed by caloric restriction (CR). However, the cellular profiles and signatures of aging, as well as those ameliorated by CR, remain unclear. Here, we built comprehensive single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic atlases across various rat tissues undergoing aging and CR. CR attenuated aging-related changes in cell type composition, gene expression, and core transcriptional regulatory networks. Immune cells were increased during aging, and CR favorably reversed the aging-disturbed immune ecosystem. Computational prediction revealed that the abnormal cell-cell communication patterns observed during aging, including the excessive proinflammatory ligand-receptor interplay, were reversed by CR. Our work provides multi-tissue single-cell transcriptional landscapes associated with aging and CR in a mammal, enhances our understanding of the robustness of CR as a geroprotective intervention, and uncovers how metabolic intervention can act upon the immune system to modify the process of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingling Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanxia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianzhao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiran Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Li
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | | | - Xiao Long
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Weiqi Zhang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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12
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Towers AE, Oelschlager ML, Juda MB, Jain S, Gainey SJ, Freund GG. HFD refeeding in mice after fasting impairs learning by activating caspase-1 in the brain. Metabolism 2020; 102:153989. [PMID: 31697963 PMCID: PMC6906226 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets that include some aspect of fasting have dramatically increased in popularity. In addition, fasting reduces inflammasome activity in the brain while improving learning. Here, we examine the impact of refeeding a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) after fasting. METHODS Male wildtype (WT), caspase-1 knockout (KO) and/or IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) KO mice were fasted for 24 h or allowed ad libitum access to food (chow). Immediately after fasting, mice were allowed to refeed for 2 h in the presence of LFD, HFD or chow. Mouse learning was examined using novel object recognition (NOR) and novel location recognition (NLR). Caspase-1 activity was quantified in the brain using histochemistry (HC) and image analysis. RESULTS Refeeding with a HFD but not a LFD or chow fully impaired both NOR and NLR. Likewise, HFD when compared to LFD refeeding increased caspase-1 activity in the whole amygdala and, particularly, in the posterior basolateral nuclei (BLp) by 2.5-fold and 4.6-fold, respectively. When caspase-1 KO or IL-1R1 KO mice were examined, learning impairment secondary to HFD refeeding did not occur. Equally, administration of n-acetylcysteine to fasted WT mice prevented HFD-dependent learning impairment and caspase-1 activation in the BLp. Finally, the free-fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) antagonist, DC260126, mitigated learning impairment associated with HFD refeeding while blocking caspase-1 activation in the BLp. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a HFD after fasting impairs learning by a mechanism that is dependent on caspase-1 and the IL-1R1 receptor. These consequences of a HFD refeeding on the BLP of the amygdala appear linked to oxidative stress and FFAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Towers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Michal B Juda
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sparsh Jain
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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13
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Sierra-Fonseca JA, Gosselink KL. Tauopathy and neurodegeneration: A role for stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:105-112. [PMID: 30450376 PMCID: PMC6234266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by an irreversible and progressive loss of neuronal structure and function. While many alterations to normal cellular processes occur during neurodegeneration, a pathological accumulation of aggregated proteins constitutes a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease, specifically, is pathologically defined by the formation of amyloid plaques and tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Stress has emerged as an important factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. Very little is known, however, regarding the effects of stress on the mechanisms controlling abnormal protein aggregation and clearance. Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, causing an excessive secretion of glucocorticoids that are capable of impacting diverse physiological and cellular processes. The present review focuses on the influence of stress on a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology, emphasizing the relationship between tau phosphorylation and accumulation and its connection to HPA axis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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14
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Zhao M, Garland T, Chappell MA, Andrew JR, Harris BN, Saltzman W. Effects of a physical and energetic challenge on male California mice ( Peromyscus californicus): modulation by reproductive condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.168559. [PMID: 29170256 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction strongly influences metabolism, morphology and behavior in female mammals. In species in which males provide parental care, reproduction might have similar effects on fathers. We examined effects of an environmental challenge on metabolically important physiological, morphological and behavioral measures, and determined whether these effects differed between reproductive and non-reproductive males in the biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus). Males were paired with an ovary-intact female, an ovariectomized female treated with estrogen and progesterone to induce estrus, or an untreated ovariectomized female. Within each group, half of the animals were housed under standard laboratory conditions and half in cages requiring them to climb wire towers to obtain food and water; these latter animals were also fasted for 24 h every third day. We predicted that few differences would be observed between fathers and non-reproductive males under standard conditions, but that fathers would be in poorer condition than non-reproductive males under challenging conditions. Body and fat mass showed a housing condition×reproductive group interaction: the challenge condition increased body and fat mass in both groups of non-reproductive males, but breeding males were unaffected. Males housed under the physical and energetic challenge had higher blood lipid content, lower maximal aerobic capacity and related traits (hematocrit and relative triceps surae mass), increased pain sensitivity and increased number of fecal boli excreted during tail-suspension tests (a measure of anxiety), compared with controls. Thus, our physical and energetic challenge paradigm altered metabolism, morphology and behavior, but these effects were largely unaffected by reproductive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark A Chappell
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacob R Andrew
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Wendy Saltzman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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15
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Liu Y, Ni Y, Zhang W, Sun YE, Ma Z, Gu X. Antinociceptive effects of caloric restriction on post-incisional pain in nonobese rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1805. [PMID: 28496116 PMCID: PMC5431843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) increases lifespan, retards physiological signs of aging, and delays a variety of diseases. Reduction of inflammatory response was proposed as one of the molecular mechanisms for how CR exerts beneficial effects. The present study investigated the effects of CR on postoperative pain in rats. Adult nonobese rats were divided into two dietary groups, an ad libitum fed group (AL) and a caloric restriction group (CR) that was provided with 60% of the food intake of AL rats. After 6 weeks, the effects of CR on pain behaviors and inflammation induced by plantar incision were examined. CR rats displayed significantly reduced nonevoked pain, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by incision, and showed decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, peri-incisional skin tissue and ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn at 6 h and 24 h after incision. The analgesic efficiency of parecoxib and morphine, two agents widely used for the management of postoperative pain clinically, was reinforced by CR. Together, CR generates antinociceptive effects on postoperative incisional pain in rats, perhaps providing some improvement of QOL in patients with postoperative pain, and the beneficial effects may be attributable to the inhibition of excessive inflammation induced by surgical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yuan Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yu-E Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu province, China
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16
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Magaji MG, Iniaghe LO, Abolarin M, Abdullahi OI, Magaji RA. Neurobehavioural evaluation of resveratrol in murine models of anxiety and schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:437-442. [PMID: 27878417 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a caloric restriction mimetic, is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders including generalized anxiety and schizophrenia. This study investigated the anxiolytic and antipsychotic potentials of resveratrol in murine models of anxiety and schizophrenia. Mice were pretreated with resveratrol (200 and 400 mg/kg) in 1% carboxymethyl cellulose for 14 days and subjected to behavioural tests on the 15th day. Anxiolytic activity of resveratrol was determined using the hole board and staircase tests while its anti-psychotic property was evaluated via apormorphine induced stereotypy and swim-induced grooming tests. Although resveratrol did not significantly reduce the mean number of head dips at doses used in the hole board test, it significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the mean episodes of rearing without significantly altering the total number of upward steps climbed in the staircase test. Resveratrol significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the mean climbing scores in the first ten minutes of the apormorphine induced stereotypic climbing and significantly decreased (p < 0.01) episodes and total duration of swim induced grooming in mice. Administration of resveratrol at doses used in this study produced anxiolysis and anti-psychotic effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Garba Magaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Mutiat Abolarin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Rabiu Abdusalam Magaji
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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17
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Moneo M, Martín Zúñiga J, Morón I. Caloric restriction in grouped rats: aggregate influence on behavioural and hormonal data. Lab Anim 2017; 51:490-497. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677216686805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The majority of studies in short- and middle-term caloric restriction (CR) have been primarily focused on physiological parameters, improvements in aging, modulation of oxidative stress, and long-term negative effects on cognitive functions. However, single-housing associated with CR may pose many logistical problems. Thus, it is necessary to study the effects of CR under conditions in which animals are group-housed. The aims of this study were to (i) observe the possible differences in the proportion of the weights and social behaviour under ad libitum and CR (at 70%) conditions; (ii) examine the eventual inequalities in the proportion of the weights and social behaviour (the time spent eating under the feeder as an indicator of dominance and empathy, and the number of ‘pushes’ as an indicator of aggressiveness) in sibling and non-sibling rats under CR conditions; and (iii) compare the concentrations of corticosterone (stress biomarker) in serum under ad libitum and CR conditions. The results indicated the effectiveness of CR in different groups independent of the relationship between the rats. No extreme changes in weight were observed in the CR rats. Behavioural observations also indicated the differences in the total time spent under the feeder and in the number of pushes (higher in both cases for the sibling rats). However, no significant differences in corticosterone levels were observed. Our results suggest the viability of group-housing rats during long periods of CR maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Moneo
- University of Pablo Olavide, Sevilla, Spain. Master of Applied Etholgy 2015
| | - Jesús Martín Zúñiga
- Animal Facility-CIC, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology and Centre of Investigation of Mind, Brain and Behaviour (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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Interoceptive modulation of neuroendocrine, emotional, and hypophagic responses to stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:195-206. [PMID: 28095318 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Periods of caloric deficit substantially attenuate many centrally mediated responses to acute stress, including neural drive to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress-induced suppression of food intake (i.e., stress hypophagia). It is posited that this stress response plasticity supports food foraging and promotes intake during periods of negative energy balance, even in the face of other internal or external threats, thereby increasing the likelihood that energy stores are repleted. The mechanisms by which caloric deficit alters central stress responses, however, remain unclear. The caudal brainstem contains two distinct populations of stress-recruited neurons [i.e., noradrenergic neurons of the A2 cell group that co-express prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP+ A2 neurons), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurons] that also are responsive to interoceptive feedback about feeding and metabolic status. A2/PrRP and GLP-1 neurons have been implicated anatomically and functionally in the central control of the HPA axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress hypophagia. The current review summarizes a growing body of evidence that caloric deficits attenuate physiological and behavioral responses to acute stress as a consequence of reduced recruitment of PrRP+ A2 and hindbrain GLP-1 neurons, accompanied by reduced signaling to their brainstem, hypothalamic, and limbic forebrain targets.
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19
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Toufexis DJ, Lipatova O, Johnson AC, Abizaid A. Food-Restriction Lowers the Acoustic Startle Response in both Male and Female Rats, and, in Combination with Acute Ghrelin Injection, Abolishes the Expression of Fear-Potentiated Startle in Male Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27754564 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction has been reported to reduce anxiety-like behaviour in male rats, whereas the effects of food restriction on anxiety in female rats are less clear. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach that stimulates food intake and is considered to play a role in reward and emotional responses such as fear expression. Under food restriction, endogenous ghrelin levels increase. In the present study, we examined the effect of moderate food restriction (80% of ad libitum fed weight), with or without an acute application of a small dose of exogenous ghrelin intended to cause an immediate hunger response, on the expression of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR). This was carried out under basal conditions (baseline ASR to 90- and 95-dB noise bursts), and in the presence of a light cue associated with a mild foot-shock, as measured by fear-potentiated startle, which compares the proportional change in ASR in the presence of the conditioned stimulus. The results obtained show that food-restriction reduces basal ASR in both male and female rats, apart from any concomitant change in motor activity, suggesting that food-restriction reduces anxiety levels in both sexes. In addition, the data show that food-restriction reduces fear-potentiated startle in male but not female rats. Acute ghrelin injection, prior to fear-potentiated startle testing, eliminates the expression of fear-potentiated startle in food-restricted male rats alone, suggesting a role for ghrelin in the reduction of fear expression in food-restricted male rats. These data imply that, although food-restriction decreases anxiety in both sexes, learned fear responses remain intact after food-restriction in female but not male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Toufexis
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - O Lipatova
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - A C Johnson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - A Abizaid
- Alfonso Abizaid, Department of Neuroscience, Carlton University, Ottawa, Canada
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20
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Moore NLT, Altman DE, Gauchan S, Genovese RF. Adulthood stress responses in rats are variably altered as a factor of adolescent stress exposure. Stress 2016; 19:295-302. [PMID: 27295201 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1191465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during development may influence adulthood stress response severity. The present study investigates persisting effects of two adolescent stressors upon adulthood response to predator exposure (PE). Rats were exposed to underwater trauma (UWT) or PE during adolescence, then to PE after reaching adulthood. Rats were then exposed to predator odor (PO) to test responses to predator cues alone. Behavioral and neuroendocrine assessments were conducted to determine acute effects of each stress experience. Adolescent stress altered behavioral response to adulthood PE. Acoustic startle response was blunted. Bidirectional changes in plus maze exploration were revealed as a factor of adolescent stress type. Neuroendocrine response magnitude did not predict severity of adolescent or adult stress response, suggesting that different adolescent stress events may differentially alter developmental outcomes regardless of acute behavioral or neuroendocrine response. We report that exposure to two different stressors in adolescence may differentially affect stress response outcomes in adulthood. Acute response to an adolescent stressor may not be consistent across all stressors or all dependent measures, and may not predict alterations in developmental outcomes pertaining to adulthood stress exposure. Further studies are needed to characterize factors underlying long-term effects of a developmental stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L T Moore
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Daniel E Altman
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Sangeeta Gauchan
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Raymond F Genovese
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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21
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Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. Preclinical animal anxiety research - flaws and prejudices. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00223. [PMID: 27069634 PMCID: PMC4804324 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or zero-maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open-field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul L. Chazot
- School of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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Paternal calorie restriction prior to conception alters anxiety-like behavior of the adult rat progeny. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64:1-11. [PMID: 26571216 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The maternal environment influences a broad range of phenotypic outcomes for offspring, with anxiety-like behavior being particularly susceptible to maternal environmental perturbations. Much less is known regarding paternal environmental influences. To investigate this, adult male rats were exposed to 25% calorie restriction (CR) or glucocorticoid elevation (CORT; 200 μg/ml of corticosterone in drinking water) for ∼ 6 weeks prior to breeding. Elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), predator odor (cat urine), and acoustic startle/pre-pulse inhibition (AS/PPI) were characterised in the adult male offspring. Plasma concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRF), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and serum leptin were characterised in both sires and offspring. Maternal care received by litters was additionally observed. Expectedly, CR and CORT treatment attenuated weight gain, whilst only CR induced anxiolytic behavior in the EPM. The adult offspring sired by CR males also demonstrated a reduction in weight gain, food intake and serum leptin levels when compared to controls. Moreover, CR offspring demonstrated an anxiolytic-like profile in the EPM and OF, enhanced habituation to the AS pulse, reduced PPI, but no alteration to predator odor induced defensiveness compared to control. CORT offspring failed to demonstrate any behavioral differences from controls, however, exhibited a trend towards reduced ACTH and leptin concentration. Collectively, the results indicate that a reduction in calories in males prior to conception can affect the behavior of adult offspring. The phenotypic transmission of CR experiences from fathers to the progeny could potentially be mediated epigenetically. The role of glucocorticoid elevation and maternal care are also discussed.
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Negative Energy Balance Blocks Neural and Behavioral Responses to Acute Stress by "Silencing" Central Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Signaling in Rats. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26224855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3464-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous reports indicate that caloric restriction attenuates anxiety and other behavioral responses to acute stress, and blunts the ability of stress to increase anterior pituitary release of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Since hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) neurons and noradrenergic prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) neurons participate in behavioral and endocrine stress responses, and are sensitive to the metabolic state, we examined whether overnight food deprivation blunts stress-induced recruitment of these neurons and their downstream hypothalamic and limbic forebrain targets. A single overnight fast reduced anxiety-like behavior assessed in the elevated-plus maze and acoustic startle test, including marked attenuation of light-enhanced startle. Acute stress [i.e., 30 min restraint (RES) or 5 min elevated platform exposure] robustly activated c-Fos in GLP-1 and PrRP neurons in fed rats, but not in fasted rats. Fasting also significantly blunted the ability of acute stress to activate c-Fos expression within the anterior ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vlBST). Acute RES stress suppressed dark-onset food intake in rats that were fed ad libitum, whereas central infusion of a GLP-1 receptor antagonist blocked RES-induced hypophagia, and reduced the ability of RES to activate PrRP and anterior vlBST neurons in ad libitum-fed rats. Thus, an overnight fast "silences" GLP-1 and PrRP neurons, and reduces both anxiety-like and hypophagic responses to acute stress. The partial mimicking of these fasting-induced effects in ad libitum-fed rats after GLP-1 receptor antagonism suggests a potential mechanism by which short-term negative energy balance attenuates neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to acute stress. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The results from this study reveal a potential central mechanism for the "metabolic tuning" of stress responsiveness. A single overnight fast, which markedly reduces anxiety-like behavior in rats, reduces or blocks the ability of acute stress to activate hindbrain neurons that are immunoreactive for either prolactin-releasing peptide or glucagon-like peptide 1, and attenuates the activation of their stress-sensitive projection targets in the limbic forebrain. In nonfasted rats, central antagonism of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors partially mimics the effect of an overnight fast by blocking the ability of acute stress to inhibit food intake, and by attenuating stress-induced activation of hindbrain and limbic forebrain neurons. We propose that caloric restriction attenuates behavioral and physiological responses to acute stress by "silencing" central glucagon-like peptide 1 signaling pathways.
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hendriksen H, Bink DI, Vergoossen DLE, Suzet van Slobbe E, Olivier B, Oosting RS. Food restriction does not relieve PTSD-like anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:177-82. [PMID: 25460029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We used the inescapable foot shock paradigm (IFS) in rats as an animal model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previously we showed that exercise reversed the enhanced stress sensitivity induced by IFS. From literature it is known that food restriction has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Since both treatments influence energy expenditure, we questioned whether food restriction reduces anxiety in the IFS model via a comparable, NPY dependent mechanism as enrichment. Anxiety of IFS-exposed animals was measured as change in locomotion and freezing after sudden silence in an open field test, before and after two weeks of food restriction. In addition a forced swim test (FST) was performed. Next, using qPCR, the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the neuropeptide Y1 receptor (Y1 receptor) was measured in the amygdala. Food restriction increased locomotion and decreased freezing behavior both in control and IFS animals. These effects were small. IFS-induced anxiety was not abolished after two weeks of food restriction. IFS did not influence immobility or the duration of swimming in the FST of animals fed ad libitum. However, food restriction increased swimming and decreased the duration of immobility in IFS-exposed animals. Y1 receptor expression in the basolateral amygdala decreased after both IFS and food restriction. Although food restriction seems to induce a general anxiolytic effect, it does not operate via enhanced Y1 receptor expression and has no effect on the more pathogenic anxiety induced by IFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrikus Hendriksen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Diewertje I Bink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dana L E Vergoossen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Suzet van Slobbe
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Olivier
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald S Oosting
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ishii D, Matsuzawa D, Matsuda S, Tomizawa H, Sutoh C, Shimizu E. Methyl donor-deficient diet during development can affect fear and anxiety in adulthood in C57BL/6J mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105750. [PMID: 25144567 PMCID: PMC4140817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the essential factors in the control of gene expression. Folic acid, methionine and choline (methyl donors)--all nutrients related to one-carbon metabolism--are known as important mediators of DNA methylation. A previous study has shown that long-term administration of a diet lacking in methyl donors caused global DNA hypermethylation in the brain (Pogribny et al., 2008). However, no study has investigated the effects of a diet lacking in methyl donors during the developmental period on emotional behaviors such as fear and anxiety-like behavior in association with gene expressions in the brain. In addition, it has not been elucidated whether a diet supplemented with methyl donors later in life can reverse these changes. Therefore, we examined the effects of methyl donor deficiency during the developmental period on fear memory acquisition/extinction and anxiety-like behavior, and the relevant gene expressions in the hippocampus in juvenile (6-wk) and adult (12-wk) mice. We found that juvenile mice fed a methyl-donor-deficient diet had impaired fear memory acquisition along with decreases in the gene expressions of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. In addition, reduced anxiety-like behavior with decreased gene expressions of Grin2b and Gabar2 was observed in both the methyl-donor-deficient group and the body-weight-matched food-restriction group. After being fed a diet supplemented with methyl donors ad libitum, adult mice reversed the alteration of gene expression of Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Grin2b and Gabar2, but anxiety-like behavior became elevated. In addition, impaired fear-memory formation was observed in the adult mice fed the methyl-donor-deficient diet during the developmental period. Our study suggested that developmental alterations in the one-carbon metabolic pathway in the brain could have effects on emotional behavior and memory formation that last into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuda
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Tomizawa
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sutoh
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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27
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MacDonald L, Hazi A, Paolini AG, Kent S. Calorie restriction dose-dependently abates lipopolysaccharide-induced fever, sickness behavior, and circulating interleukin-6 while increasing corticosterone. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:18-26. [PMID: 24440143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice a 50% calorie restriction (CR) for 28days attenuates sickness behavior after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and these mice demonstrate a central anti-inflammatory bias. This study examined the dose-dependent effect of CR on sickness behavior (fever, anorexia, cachexia) and peripheral immune markers post-LPS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ad libitum or CR by 50% for 14, 21, or 28days were injected on day 15, 22, or 29 with 50μg/kg of LPS or saline (1mL/500g). Changes in body temperature (Tb), locomotor activity, body weight, and food intake were determined. A separate cohort of rats was fed ad libitum or CR by 50% for 28days and serum levels of corticosterone (CORT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 were determined at 0, 2, and 4h post-LPS. The rats CR for 28days demonstrated the largest attenuation of sickness behavior: no fever, limited reduction in locomotor activity, no anorexia, and reduced cachexia following LPS. Rats CR for 14 and 21days demonstrated a partial attenuation of sickness behavior. Rats CR for 14days demonstrated a larger increase in Tb, larger reduction in locomotor activity, and larger weight loss compared to rats CR for 21days. Serum CORT was increased at 2h post-LPS in ad libitum and CR groups; however it was two times larger in the CR animals. Levels of IL-6 were significantly attenuated at 2h post-LPS in the CR animals. IL-10 levels were similar post-LPS. CR results in an enhanced anti-inflammatory response in the form of increased CORT and diminished pro-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah MacDonald
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Agnes Hazi
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antonio G Paolini
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Iio W, Tokutake Y, Koike H, Matsukawa N, Tsukahara T, Chohnan S, Toyoda A. Effects of chronic mild food restriction on behavior and the hypothalamic malonyl-CoA signaling pathway. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:181-8. [PMID: 25040023 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Depression induces anorexia, leading to suppressed feeding behaviors and energy intake. Previously, we revealed that chronic social defeat induced a mild suppression of feeding in rats with elevated levels of hypothalamic malonyl-CoA which regulates feeding. Therefore, we attempted to elucidate the effects of chronic mild food restriction on behavior and on hypothalamic malonyl-CoA. The chronic mild food restricted rats were fed a restricted diet approximately 80% to 90% amount of diet compared to the control for 5 weeks. Ratios of restriction were adjusted with feed consumption in the chronic social defeat stressed rats. Chronic mild food restricted rats exhibited a suppression of body weight gain similar to that of the chronic social defeat stressed rats. Also these rats showed increased time spent in the center area of an open field (OF), prolonged immobility time in forced swim, increased phosphorylation of hypothalamic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and a decreased concentration of hypothalamic malonyl-CoA. Weight of the adrenal glands, locomotion in an OF, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II in the hippocampus were not affected by chronic mild food restriction. Our findings suggest that chronic mild food restriction activates AMPK following a decreased hypothalamic malonyl-CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Iio
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan; College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
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29
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Yokozawa T, Park CH, Noh JS, Roh SS. Role of oligomeric proanthocyanidins derived from an extract of persimmon fruits in the oxidative stress-related aging process. Molecules 2014; 19:6707-26. [PMID: 24858102 PMCID: PMC6271875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many researchers have focused on the oligomeric form of proanthocyanidins with a lower level of polymerization found in foodstuffs such as grape seeds and blackberries. The present study indicated that the oral administration of oligomers isolated from persimmon fruits extended the lifespan of senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8 (SAMP8), a murine model of accelerated senescence. On the other hand, oligomer-treated SAMP8 did not show stereotypical behavior. We also revealed that the oral administration of oligomers improved spatial and object recognition memory in SAMP8. The density of axons in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased by oligomer administration. Moreover, the administration of oligomers increased the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 in the hippocampal CA3, hypothalamus, and choroid plexus. We speculate that memory improvement accompanied by histological changes may be induced directly in the hippocampus and indirectly in the hypothalamus and choroid plexus through VEGFR-2 signaling. In the present study, we elucidated the protective effect of oligomers against memory impairment with aging. VEGFR-2 signaling may provide a new insight into ways to protect against memory deficit in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Chan Hum Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Daegu 706-060, Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Noh
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Tongmyong University, Nam-gu, Busan 608-711, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Roh
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Suseong-gu, Daegu 706-060, Korea
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30
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Radler ME, Hale MW, Kent S. Calorie restriction attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation in discrete regions of the hypothalamus and the subfornical organ. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:13-24. [PMID: 24291211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to increase longevity and elicit many health promoting benefits including delaying immunosenescence and attenuating neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. CR also suppresses microglial activation following cortical injury and aging. We previously demonstrated that CR attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and shifts hypothalamic signaling pathways to an anti-inflammatory bias; however, the effects of CR on LPS-induced microglial activation remain largely unexplored. The current study investigated regional changes in LPS-induced microglial activation in mice exposed to 50% CR for 28days. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1), a protein constitutively expressed by microglia, in a total of 27 brain regions involved in immunity, stress, and/or thermoregulation. Exposure to CR attenuated LPS-induced fever, and LPS-induced microglial activation in a subset of regions: the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) and the subfornical organ (SFO). Microglial activation in the ARC and VMH was positively correlated with body temperature. These data suggest that CR exerts effects on regionally specific populations of microglia; particularly, in appetite-sensing regions of the hypothalamus, and/or regions lacking a complete blood brain barrier, possibly through altered pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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31
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Intermittent feeding schedules--behavioural consequences and potential clinical significance. Nutrients 2014; 6:985-1002. [PMID: 24599157 PMCID: PMC3967173 DOI: 10.3390/nu6030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food availability and associated sensory cues such as olfaction are known to trigger a range of hormonal and behavioural responses. When food availability is predictable these physiological and behavioural responses can become entrained to set times and occur in anticipation of food rather than being dependent on the food-related cues. Here we summarise the range of physiological and behavioural responses to food when the time of its availability is unpredictable, and consider the potential to manipulate feeding patterns for benefit in metabolic and mental health.
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Kenny R, Dinan T, Cai G, Spencer SJ. Effects of mild calorie restriction on anxiety and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress in the male rat. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00265. [PMID: 24760519 PMCID: PMC4002245 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic calorie restriction (CR) is one of the few interventions to improve longevity and quality of life in a variety of species. It also reduces behavioral indices of anxiety and influences some stress hormones under basal conditions. However, it is not known how CR influences hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function or if those on a CR diet have heightened HPA axis responses to stress. We hypothesized elevated basal glucocorticoid levels induced by CR would lead to exacerbated HPA axis responses to the psychological stress, restraint, in the male rat. We first confirmed rats fed 75% of their normal calorie intake for 3 weeks were less anxious than ad libitum‐fed (AD) rats in the elevated plus maze test for anxiety. The anxiolytic effect was mild, with only grooming significantly attenuated in the open field and no measured behavior affected in the light/dark box. Despite elevated basal glucocorticoids, CR rats had very similar hormonal and central responses to 15‐min restraint to the AD rats. Both CR and AD rats responded to restraint stress with a robust increase in glucocorticoids that was resolved by 60 min. Both groups also showed robust neuronal activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in other stress‐ and feeding‐sensitive brain regions that was not substantially affected by calorie intake. Our findings thus demonstrate chronic mild CR is subtly anxiolytic and is not likely to affect HPA axis responses to psychological stress. These findings support research suggesting a beneficial effect of mild CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kenny
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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33
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Marosi K, Mattson MP. BDNF mediates adaptive brain and body responses to energetic challenges. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:89-98. [PMID: 24361004 PMCID: PMC3915771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging findings suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves widespread roles in regulating energy homeostasis by controlling patterns of feeding and physical activity, and by modulating glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. BDNF mediates the beneficial effects of energetic challenges such as vigorous exercise and fasting on cognition, mood, cardiovascular function, and on peripheral metabolism. By stimulating glucose transport and mitochondrial biogenesis BDNF bolsters cellular bioenergetics and protects neurons against injury and disease. By acting in the brain and periphery, BDNF increases insulin sensitivity and parasympathetic tone. Genetic factors, a 'couch potato' lifestyle, and chronic stress impair BDNF signaling, and this may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Novel BDNF-focused interventions are being developed for obesity, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Verbeek E, Ferguson D, Lee C. Are hungry sheep more pessimistic? The effects of food restriction on cognitive bias and the involvement of ghrelin in its regulation. Physiol Behav 2013; 123:67-75. [PMID: 24096007 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction is considered to be a welfare issue in extensively reared animals. However, the effects of food restriction on the affective state, and its physiological regulation, are unknown. In Experiment 1, we aimed to assess the effects of increased plasma concentrations of acyl-ghrelin on judgement bias (an indicator of affective states) by fasting sheep for 24h or by ghrelin administration. In Experiment 2, we aimed to assess the effects of chronic food restriction on judgement bias and attention bias towards a food-related cue. For the judgement bias test, sheep were trained in an arena to approach a positive location cue associated with conspecifics and not approach a negative location cue associated with a dog. Three non-trained, non-reinforced ambiguous location cues were situated between the positive and negative locations. Attention bias towards a food-related cue was assessed by placing an empty food bucket against the wall of the arena halfway between the entry point and the positive location. In Experiment 1, sheep were divided into three treatments; 24h fast, ghrelin administration or control. Judgement bias, locomotor activity and plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed. The ghrelin treated group tended to express a more pessimistic bias compared to the control group (P<0.1), and plasma cortisol concentrations tended to be increased (P<0.1). In Experiment 2, sheep were subjected to a high feeding level (HF) or low feeding level (LF) for 7days. The LF group tended to show a more optimistic judgement bias (P<0.1). When the food-related cue was presented, LF ewes took longer to reach the positive location (P<0.001), spent longer with their head inside the bucket (P<0.001) and more time interacting with the bucket (P<0.01). This study provides preliminary evidence that food restriction alters judgement bias and attention bias towards a food-related cue which may indicate altered affective states of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Verbeek
- CSIRO, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Locked Bag 1, Armidale NSW 2350, Australia
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Clarke M, Cai G, Saleh S, Buller KM, Spencer SJ. Being suckled in a large litter mitigates the effects of early-life stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in the male rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:792-802. [PMID: 23763285 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal environment influences stress responses in the long-term, as does body composition. Male rats suckled in large litters, where they have reduced access to milk and attention from the dam, are less anxious and have attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stress compared to rats from control litters. In the present study, we investigated whether this early-life environment can also ameliorate anxiety and HPA axis function in rats prone to be stress-sensitive. We conducted these experiments in male rats from control litters (n = 12) or large litters (n = 20). Half were given 24 h of maternal separation on postnatal day 10 to induce HPA axis hyperactivity; the remainder staying undisturbed with their dam. When the rats reached adulthood, we examined behavioural indices of anxiety (elevated plus maze) and depression (Porsolt's forced swim test) under basal conditions and after 15 min of restraint stress. We also examined neuronal activation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) as an index of HPA axis function. Being suckled in a large litter led to a significantly attenuated PVN response to stress in adulthood. Maternal separation strongly exacerbated the stress-induced increase in PVN neuronal activation in control rats but did not affect the PVN response in large-litter rats. Immobility in the forced swim after restraint was also exacerbated in neonatally maternally separated control rats but not in those from large litters. Our findings show that being suckled in large litters mitigates the effects of early-life stress on HPA axis function and indices of depression in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kuhla A, Lange S, Holzmann C, Maass F, Petersen J, Vollmar B, Wree A. Lifelong caloric restriction increases working memory in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68778. [PMID: 23874758 PMCID: PMC3707851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is argued to positively affect general health, longevity and the normally occurring age-related reduction of cognition. This issue is well examined, but most studies investigated the effect of short-term periods of CR. Herein, 4 weeks old female mice were fed caloric restricted for 4, 20 and especially for 74 weeks. CR mice received 60% of food eaten by their ad libitum (AL) fed littermates, and all age-matched groups were behaviorally analyzed. The motor coordination, which was tested by rotarod/accelerod, decreased age-related, but was not influenced by the different periods of CR. In contrast, the age-related impairment of spontaneous locomotor activity and anxiety, both being evaluated by open field and by elevated plus maze test, was found aggravated by a lifelong CR. Measurement of cognitive performance with morris water maze showed that the working memory decreased age-related in AL mice, while a lifelong CR caused a better cognitive performance and resulted in a significantly better spatial memory upon 74 weeks CR feeding. However, a late-onset CR feeding in 66 weeks old mice did not ameliorate the working memory. Therefore, a lifelong CR seems to be necessary to improve working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Calorie restriction inhibits relapse behaviour and preference for alcohol within a two-bottle free choice paradigm in the alcohol preferring (iP) rat. Physiol Behav 2012; 110-111:34-41. [PMID: 23246223 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among its many beneficial effects, calorie restriction (CR) has also been found to reduce anxiety related behavior in the rodent. With heightened levels of stress and anxiety implicated as a key precipitating factor of relapse and alcohol addiction, it was found that a 25% CR in addition to inducing anxiolytic effects also had the capacity to reduce intake of alcohol and inhibit relapse within a model of operant self-administration. The aim of this study was to investigate if a 25% CR would also display similar effects in a two-bottle free choice paradigm, whereby 24 h ad libitum access to both 10% ethanol and water is provided. All animals were initially tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test prior to commencing the two-bottle free choice paradigm. Differences between control and CR25% animals demonstrated the anxiolytic effects of CR, with the CR25% group displaying greater percentage of open arm/total arm duration and open arm/total arm entries in the EPM. During the acquisition phase of the two-bottle free choice paradigm, CR25% animals showed a reduced intake of 10% ethanol in ml/kg, in comparison to the control group. Whilst control animals displayed a strong preference for 10% ethanol, the CR25% group consumed both 10% ethanol and water equally with no differences found in total fluid intake between groups. Similarly this was also the case following forced deprivation. In addition to reduced intake and lack of preference for 10% ethanol, CR 25% animals unlike controls failed to display a typical alcohol deprivation effect following abstinence. Taken collectively the results of this study suggest that CR may act as a protective factor against addiction and relapse in the alcohol preferring (iP) rat. In addition, given CR25% animals did not display a preference for 10% ethanol, results also suggest that CR may be altering the hedonic impact of ethanol within this group.
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Calorie restricted rats do not increase metabolic rate post-LPS, but do seek out warmer ambient temperatures to behaviourally induce a fever. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:762-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mignini F, Nasuti C, Artico M, Giovannetti F, Fabrizi C, Fumagalli L, Iannetti G, Pompili E. Effects and Trimethyltin on Hippocampal Dopaminergic Markers and Cognitive Behaviour. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:1107-19. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The triorganotin compound trimethyltin (TMT) is a highly toxic molecule which has a great impact on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific alteration of dopamine receptors and transporters in the hippocampus of TMT-treated rats. The TMT-treated group showed impaired spatial reference memory in a Morris water maze task compared to the control group, whereas memory consolidation tested 24 hours after the last training session was preserved. In the open field, TMT-treated rats showed a decrease in time spent in rearing episodes reflecting a lower interest to explore a novel environment. In the hippocampal area of the TMT-treated group, we observed a reduction in neuronal viability accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression of the dopamine receptors (D1 and D2), and dopamine transporters (DAT, VMAT1 and VMAT2). A less pronounced reduction was observed for D3 and D5 while D4 did not change. These data were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. The present study on TMT-induced neurodegeneration highlights the link between hippocampal asset of dopamine receptors and transporters and the impaired performance of rats in a spatial reference memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Mignini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - C. Nasuti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - M. Artico
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University, Rome
| | - F. Giovannetti
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sapienza University, Rome
| | - C. Fabrizi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Fumagalli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Iannetti
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sapienza University, Rome
| | - E. Pompili
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Willette AA, Coe CL, Colman RJ, Bendlin BB, Kastman EK, Field AS, Alexander AL, Allison DB, Weindruch RH, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction reduces psychological stress reactivity and its association with brain volume and microstructure in aged rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:903-16. [PMID: 22119476 PMCID: PMC3311744 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened stress reactivity is associated with hippocampal atrophy, age-related cognitive deficits, and increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. This temperament predisposition may aggravate age-associated brain pathology or be reflective of it. This association may be mediated through repeated activation of the stress hormone axis over time. Dietary interventions, such as calorie restriction (CR), affect stress biology and may moderate the pathogenic relationship between stress reactivity and brain in limbic and prefrontal regions. METHODS Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 19-31 years consumed either a standard diet (N=18) or were maintained on 30% CR relative to baseline intake (N=26) for 13-19 years. Behavior was rated in both normative and aversive contexts. Urinary cortisol was collected. Animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to acquire volumetric and tissue microstructure data respectively. Voxel-wise statistics regressed a global stress reactivity factor, cortisol, and their interaction on brain indices across and between dietary groups. RESULTS CR significantly reduced stress reactivity during aversive contexts without affecting activity, orientation, or attention behavior. Stress reactivity was associated with less volume and tissue density in areas important for emotional regulation and the endocrine axis including prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. CR reduced these relationships. A Cortisol by Stress Reactivity voxel-wise interaction indicated that only monkeys with high stress reactivity and high basal cortisol demonstrated lower brain volume and tissue density in prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS High stress reactivity predicted lower volume and microstructural tissue density in regions involved in emotional processing and modulation. A CR diet reduced stress reactivity and regional associations with neural modalities. High levels of cortisol appear to mediate some of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A. Willette
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Christopher L. Coe
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Harlow Primate Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ricki J. Colman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Erik K Kastman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - Aaron S. Field
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792 USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Richard H. Weindruch
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, 53715 USA,Wisconsin Alheimer s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705 USA,Send Correspondence to: Sterling C. Johnson, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, D-4225 Veterans Administration Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA, Telephone Number: (608) 256-1901, Facsimile Number: (608) 265-3091
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Alamy M, Bengelloun WA. Malnutrition and brain development: an analysis of the effects of inadequate diet during different stages of life in rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1463-80. [PMID: 22487135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein malnutrition or undernutrition can result in abnormal development of the brain. Depending on type, age at onset and duration, different structural and functional deficits can be observed. In the present review, we discuss the neuroanatomical, behavioral, neurochemical and oxidative status changes associated with protein malnutrition or undernutrition at different ages during prenatal and immediately postnatal periods as well as in adult rat. Analysis of all data suggests that protein malnutrition as well as undernutrition induced impaired learning and retention when imposed during the immediately postnatal period and in adulthood, whereas hyperactivity including increased impulsiveness and greater reactivity to aversive stimuli occurred when malnutrition or undernutrition was imposed either pre or postnatally. This general state of hyperreactivity may be linked essentially to an alteration in dopaminergic system. Hence, the present review shows that in spite of the attention devoted in the literature to prenatal effects, cognitive deficits are more serious following malnutrition or undernutrition after birth. We thus clearly establish a special vulnerability to malnutrition after weaning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Alamy
- Faculty of Science, Mohammed V-Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco
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Guccione L, Paolini AG, Penman J, Djouma E. The effects of calorie restriction on operant-responding for alcohol in the alcohol preferring (iP) rat. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stiller AL, Drugan RC, Hazi A, Kent SP. Stress resilience and vulnerability: the association with rearing conditions, endocrine function, immunology, and anxious behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1383-95. [PMID: 21530089 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study explored the underlying behavioral, endocrine, and immune markers of vulnerability to stress-induced depression, and the impact of rearing environments on adult functioning. METHOD Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=195) were reared in either Maternal Separation (MS), Early Weaning and Isolation (EWI), or Non-Handled (NH) conditions. Anxiety behavior was assessed using the emergence test at mean postnatal day (PND) 60. Stress-induced depressive behavior was measured at mean PND 86 using an intermittent cold water swim stress and swim escape test (SET) paradigm. Immediately following the SET, and in a sample of naïve controls (N=31), trunk blood was collected to assay for serum corticosterone (CORT) and spleens were removed for determination of Concanavalin A (Con-A) stimulated T-cell proliferation. RESULTS Stress vulnerable rats (top tertile of SET swim time) were characterised by increased anxiety-like behavior, greater post-stress CORT concentrations, and a significantly higher Con-A induced T-cell proliferative response compared to stress resilient rats (bottom tertile of SET swim time). The EWI rearing condition was a contributing factor in predicting total swim escape time, however MS was not. MS offspring did have double the basal level of CORT than NH offspring, suggestive of a hyperfunctioning HPA axis. CONCLUSION The swim stress animal model enabled observation of stress vulnerability and resilience; results point towards the existence of distinct behavioral, endocrine, and immunological profiles of the vulnerable and resilient animal, which may have important implications for mental health and stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Stiller
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Carr KD. Food scarcity, neuroadaptations, and the pathogenic potential of dieting in an unnatural ecology: binge eating and drug abuse. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:162-7. [PMID: 21530562 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the laboratory, food restriction has been shown to induce neuroadaptations in brain reward circuitry which are likely to be among those that facilitate survival during periods of food scarcity in the wild. However, the upregulation of mechanisms that promote foraging and reward-related learning may pose a hazard when food restriction is self-imposed in an ecology of abundant appetitive rewards. For example, episodes of loss of control during weight-loss dieting, use of drugs with addictive potential as diet aids, and alternating fasting with alcohol consumption in order to avoid weight gain, may induce synaptic plasticity that increases the risk of enduring maladaptive reward-directed behavior. In the present mini-review, representative basic research findings are outlined which indicate that food restriction alters the function of mesoaccumbens dopamine neurons, potentiates cellular and behavioral responses to D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor stimulation, and increases stimulus-induced synaptic insertion of AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens. Possible mechanistic underpinnings of increased drug reward magnitude, drug-seeking, and binge intake of sucrose in food-restricted animal subjects are discussed and possible implications for human weight-loss dieting are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
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MacDonald L, Radler M, Paolini AG, Kent S. Calorie restriction attenuates LPS-induced sickness behavior and shifts hypothalamic signaling pathways to an anti-inflammatory bias. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R172-84. [PMID: 21525175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) has been demonstrated to alter cytokine levels; however, its potential to modify sickness behavior (fever, anorexia, cachexia) has not. The effect of CR on sickness behavior was examined in male C57BL/6J mice fed ad libitum or restricted 25% (CR25%) or restricted 50% (CR50%) in food intake for 28 days and injected with 50 μg/kg of LPS on day 29. Changes in body temperature, locomotor activity, body weight, and food intake were determined. A separate cohort of mice were fed ad libitum or CR50% for 28 days, and hypothalamic mRNA expression of inhibitory factor κB-α (IκB-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), IL-10, neuropeptide Y (NPY), leptin, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) were determined at 0, 2, and 4 h post-LPS. CR50% mice did not develop fevers, whereas the CR25% mice displayed a fever shorter in duration but with the same peak as the controls. Both CR25% and CR50% mice showed no sign of anorexia and reduced cachexia after LPS administration. Hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY and CRH were both increased by severalfold in CR50% animals preinjection compared with controls. The CR50% mice did not demonstrate the expected rise in hypothalamic mRNA expression of COX-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, POMC, or CRH 2 h post-LPS, and leptin expression was decreased at this time point. Increases in SOCS3, IL-10, and IκB-α expression in CR50% animals were enhanced compared with ad libitum-fed controls at 4 h post-LPS. CR results in a suppression of sickness behavior in a dose-dependent manner, which may be due to CR attenuating proinflammatory pathways and enhancing anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah MacDonald
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Yokozawa T, Lee YA, Cho EJ, Matsumoto K, Park CH, Shibahara N. Anti-aging effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins isolated from persimmon fruits. Drug Discov Ther 2011; 5:109-18. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.3.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Yokozawa
- Organization for Promotion of Regional Collaboration, University of Toyama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Young A Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University
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Andrews ZB. The extra-hypothalamic actions of ghrelin on neuronal function. Trends Neurosci 2010; 34:31-40. [PMID: 21035199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach. Numerous studies over the past decade demonstrate its importance in food intake, body-weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. These effects are driven largely by the high expression of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamus. However, GHSR1a is also expressed in numerous extra-hypothalamic neuronal populations, suggesting that ghrelin has physiological functions besides those involved in metabolic functions. In this review, I focus on increasing evidence that ghrelin has important roles in extra-hypothalamic functions, including learning and memory, reward and motivation, anxiety and depression, and neuroprotection. Furthermore, I discuss how the recently demonstrated role of ghrelin in promoting survival during periods of caloric restriction could contribute to its inherent neuroprotective and neuromodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3183, Australia.
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48
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Novelty-evoked activity in open field predicts susceptibility to helpless behavior. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:746-54. [PMID: 20804778 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Learned helplessness in animals has been used to model disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there is a lack of knowledge concerning which individual behavioral characteristics at baseline can predict helpless behavior after exposure to inescapable stress. The first aim of this study was to determine behavioral predictors of helplessness using the novel and familiar open-field tests, sucrose consumption, and passive harm-avoidance tasks before learned helplessness training and testing. Individual differences in physiologic responses to restraint stress were also assessed. A cluster analysis of escape latencies from helplessness testing supported the division of the sample population of Holtzman rats into approximately 50% helpless and 50% non-helpless. Linear regression analyses further revealed that increased reactivity to the novel environment, but not general activity or habituation, predicted susceptibility to learned helplessness. During restraint stress there were no mean differences in heart rate, heart rate variability, and plasma corticosterone between helpless and non-helpless rats; however, a lower heart rate during stress was associated with higher activity levels during exploration. Our most important finding was that by using an innocuous screening tool such as the novel and familiar open-field tests, it was possible to identify subjects that were susceptible to learned helplessness.
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Pesic V, Marinkovic P, Janac B, Ignjatovic S, Popic J, Kanazir S, Ruzdijic S. Changes of behavioral parameters during long-term food restriction in middle-aged Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:672-8. [PMID: 20713076 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction (FR) has a beneficial effect on aging process and exerts a significant effect on the responses of rodents to standard behavioral tasks. The aim of this study was to assess the cumulative influence of FR on the behavioral and biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Six-month-old rats were subjected to restrictive feeding (50% of the daily food intake, every-other-day feeding regimen) for one month or for six months until ages of 7 and 12months, respectively. We examined the habituation of exploratory movement, amphetamine (AMPH)-induced motor activity, as well as changes in serum corticosterone (CORT) and glucose levels. The results obtained from FR animals were compared with ad libitum (AL)-fed age-matched control rats. Habituation of motor activity was only affected by six months of restrictive feeding. The sensitization of the motor response to AMPH that was observed in animals exposed to FR for one month was not observed in animals that were exposed to the same feeding regimen for six months. Serum CORT was increased and serum glucose was decreased in both FR groups. These results clearly show that despite the similarity of the biochemical changes that were induced by one and six months of FR, the nature of the changes in motor activities in these two groups of animals during habituation and after AMPH treatment was different. Our findings indicate that long-term FR has complex behavioral consequences that need to be carefully evaluated with respect to animal age, duration of FR and severity of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Pesic
- Institute for Biological Research, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Giorgioni G, Ambrosini D, Vesprini C, Hudson A, Nasuti C, Di Stefano A, Sozio P, Ciampi O, Costa B, Martini C, Carrieri A, Carbonara G, Enzensperger C, Pigini M. Novel imidazoline compounds as partial or full agonists of D2-like dopamine receptors inspired by I2-imidazoline binding sites ligand 2-BFI. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7085-91. [PMID: 20801048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the well known biological versatility of the imidazoline nucleus, we prepared the novel derivatives 3a-k inspired by 2-BFI scaffold to assess imidazoline molecules as D(2)-like dopamine receptor ligands. Conservative chemical modifications of the lead structure, such as the introduction of an hydroxy group in the aromatic ring alone or associated with N-benzyl substitution, provided partial (3f) or nearly full (3e and 3h) agonists, all endowed with D(2)-like potency comparable to that of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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