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LaKind JS, Burns CJ, Pottenger LH, Naiman DQ, Goodman JE, Marchitti SA. Does ozone inhalation cause adverse metabolic effects in humans? A systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:467-508. [PMID: 34569909 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1965086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We utilized a practical, transparent approach for systematically reviewing a chemical-specific evidence base. This approach was used for a case study of ozone inhalation exposure and adverse metabolic effects (overweight/obesity, Type 1 diabetes [T1D], Type 2 diabetes [T2D], and metabolic syndrome). We followed the basic principles of systematic review. Studies were defined as "Suitable" or "Supplemental." The evidence for Suitable studies was characterized as strong or weak. An overall causality judgment for each outcome was then determined as either causal, suggestive, insufficient, or not likely. Fifteen epidemiologic and 33 toxicologic studies were Suitable for evidence synthesis. The strength of the human evidence was weak for all outcomes. The toxicologic evidence was weak for all outcomes except two: body weight, and impaired glucose tolerance/homeostasis and fasting/baseline hyperglycemia. The combined epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence was categorized as weak for overweight/obesity, T1D, and metabolic syndrome,. The association between ozone exposure and T2D was determined to be insufficient or suggestive. The streamlined approach described in this paper is transparent and focuses on key elements. As systematic review guidelines are becoming increasingly complex, it is worth exploring the extent to which related health outcomes should be combined or kept distinct, and the merits of focusing on critical elements to select studies suitable for causal inference. We recommend that systematic review results be used to target discussions around specific research needs for advancing causal determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carol J Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Sanford, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel Q Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Haghani A, Morgan TE, Forman HJ, Finch CE. Air Pollution Neurotoxicity in the Adult Brain: Emerging Concepts from Experimental Findings. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:773-797. [PMID: 32538853 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies are associating elevated exposure to air pollution with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. In effect, air pollution accelerates many aging conditions that promote cognitive declines of aging. The underlying mechanisms and scale of effects remain largely unknown due to its chemical and physical complexity. Moreover, individual responses to air pollution are shaped by an intricate interface of pollutant mixture with the biological features of the exposed individual such as age, sex, genetic background, underlying diseases, and nutrition, but also other environmental factors including exposure to cigarette smoke. Resolving this complex manifold requires more detailed environmental and lifestyle data on diverse populations, and a systematic experimental approach. Our review aims to summarize the modest existing literature on experimental studies on air pollution neurotoxicity for adult rodents and identify key gaps and emerging challenges as we go forward. It is timely for experimental biologists to critically understand prior findings and develop innovative approaches to this urgent global problem. We hope to increase recognition of the importance of air pollution on brain aging by our colleagues in the neurosciences and in biomedical gerontology, and to support the immediate translation of the findings into public health guidelines for the regulation of remedial environmental factors that accelerate aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haghani
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Thomson EM. Air Pollution, Stress, and Allostatic Load: Linking Systemic and Central Nervous System Impacts. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:597-614. [PMID: 31127781 PMCID: PMC6598002 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality. A growing literature also links exposure to diverse air pollutants (e.g., nanoparticles, particulate matter, ozone, traffic-related air pollution) with brain health, including increased incidence of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as cognitive decline, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), anxiety, depression, and suicide. A critical gap in our understanding of adverse impacts of pollutants on the central nervous system (CNS) is the early initiating events triggered by pollutant inhalation that contribute to disease progression. Recent experimental evidence has shown that particulate matter and ozone, two common pollutants with differing characteristics and reactivity, can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and release glucocorticoid stress hormones (cortisol in humans, corticosterone in rodents) as part of a neuroendocrine stress response. The brain is highly sensitive to stress: stress hormones affect cognition and mental health, and chronic stress can produce profound biochemical and structural changes in the brain. Chronic activation and/or dysfunction of the HPA axis also increases the burden on physiological stress response systems, conceptualized as allostatic load, and is a common pathway implicated in many diseases. The present paper provides an overview of how systemic stress-dependent biological responses common to particulate matter and ozone may provide insight into early CNS effects of pollutants, including links with oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic processes. Evidence of pollutant effect modification by non-chemical stressors (e.g., socioeconomic position, psychosocial, noise), age (prenatal to elderly), and sex will also be reviewed in the context of susceptibility across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Khamirchi R, Moslem A, Agah J, Pozo ÓJ, Miri M, Dadvand P. Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cortisol level in cord blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136622. [PMID: 31955102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been associated with disorders of the endocrine system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, the available evidence on these associations is still scarce. This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the association of exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, as well as traffic indicators (distance to major roads and total street length in different buffers around maternal residential address) during pregnancy with cortisol level in cord blood samples. This cross-sectional study was carried out based on 150 mother-newborn pairs in Sabzevar, Iran (2018). Land use regression models were applied to estimate air pollution exposure during the entire pregnancy at maternal residential addresses. Multiple linear regression models were applied to estimate the association of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cord blood cortisol levels, controlled for relevant covariates. There was a significant positive association between exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 and cortisol levels in cord blood (β = 2.55, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.57, 4.52, P-value = 0.01, and β = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.28, 4.90, P-value < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, there was a significant positive association between total street length in a 100 m buffer around maternal residence and cortisol level. Each one interquartile range (IQR) increase in distance from home to major roads was associated with a -2.58 (95% CI: -4.85, -0.30, P-value = 0.03) decrease in cord blood cortisol level. The median (IQR) of the cord blood cortisol levels for the first and fourth quartiles of distance to major roads were 50.7 (19.5) and 38.2 (20.4) ng/mL, respectively. The associations for total street length in 300 m and 500 m buffers and PM1 exposure were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest a direct association of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and cortisol levels at cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramezanali Khamirchi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Alireza Moslem
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Jila Agah
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Hajat A, Hazlehurst MF, Golden SH, Merkin SS, Seeman T, Szpiro AA, Kaufman JD, Roux AD. The cross-sectional and longitudinal association between air pollution and salivary cortisol: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105062. [PMID: 31491811 PMCID: PMC6994173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol, a stress hormone released by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is critical to the body's adaptive response to physiological and psychological stress. Cortisol has also been implicated in the health effects of air pollution through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This study evaluates the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between several air pollutants and salivary cortisol. METHODS We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort of 45-85 years old participants from six US cities. Salivary cortisol was evaluated at two time points between 2004 and 2006 and then again from 2010 to 2012. Cortisol samples were taken several times per day on two or three consecutive days. Particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the year prior to cortisol sampling were examined. We used piecewise linear mixed models that were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Longitudinal models evaluated change in cortisol over time. RESULTS The pooled cross-sectional results revealed largely null results with the exception of a 9.7% higher wake-up cortisol associated with a 10 ppb higher NO2 (95% CI, -0.2%, 20.5%). Among all participants, the features of the cortisol curve became flatter over 5 years. The wake-to-bed slope showed a more pronounced flattening over time (0.014, 95% CI, 0.0, 0.03) with a 10 ppb higher NO2 level. Other air pollutants were not associated with change in cortisol over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest only a moderate association between traffic related air pollution and cortisol. Very few epidemiologic studies have examined the long-term impact of air pollution on the stress response systems, thus warranting further exploration of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Marnie F Hazlehurst
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Room 9052, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Sharon Stein Merkin
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Teresa Seeman
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- University of Washington, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Box 354695, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ana Diez Roux
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative Nesbitt Hall 3215 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Snow SJ, Henriquez AR, Costa DL, Kodavanti UP. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:9-20. [PMID: 29846720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutant exposures are linked to cardiopulmonary diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurobehavioral conditions, and reproductive abnormalities. Significant effort is invested in understanding how pollutants encountered by the lung might induce effects in distant organs. The role of circulating mediators has been predicted; however, their origin and identity have not been confirmed. New evidence has emerged which implicates the role of neuroendocrine sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axes in mediating a wide array of systemic and pulmonary effects. Our recent studies using ozone exposure as a prototypical air pollutant demonstrate that increases in circulating adrenal-derived stress hormones (epinephrine and cortisol/corticosterone) contribute to lung injury/inflammation and metabolic effects in the liver, pancreas, adipose, and muscle tissues. When stress hormones are depleted by adrenalectomy in rats, most ozone effects including lung injury/inflammation are diminished. Animals treated with antagonists for adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors show inhibition of the pulmonary and systemic effects of ozone, whereas treatment with agonists restore and exacerbate the ozone-induced injury/inflammation phenotype, implying the role of neuroendocrine activation. The neuroendocrine system is critical for normal homeostasis and allostatic activation; however, chronic exposure to stressors may lead to increases in allostatic load. The emerging mechanisms by which circulating mediators are released and are responsible for producing multiorgan effects of air pollutants insists upon a paradigm shift in the field of air pollution and health. Moreover, since these neuroendocrine responses are linked to both chemical and nonchemical stressors, the interactive influence of air pollutants, lifestyle, and environmental factors requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Daniel L Costa
- Emeritus, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711
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Rider CF, Carlsten C. Air pollution and resistance to inhaled glucocorticoids: Evidence, mechanisms and gaps to fill. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:1-21. [PMID: 30138638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoke exposure induces resistance to glucocorticoids, the primary maintenance medication in asthma treatment. Modest evidence also suggests that air pollution may reduce the effectiveness of these critical medications. Cigarette smoke, which has clear parallels with air pollution, has been shown to induce glucocorticoid resistance in asthma and it has been speculated that air pollution may have similar effects. However, the literature on an association of air pollution with glucocorticoid resistance is modest to date. In this review, we detail the evidence for, and against, the effects of air pollution on glucocorticoid effectiveness, focusing on results from epidemiology and controlled human exposure studies. Epidemiological studies indicate a correlation between increased air pollution exposure and worse asthma symptoms. But these studies also show a mix of beneficial and harmful effects of glucocorticoids on spirometry and asthma symptoms, perhaps due to confounding influences, or the induction of glucocorticoid resistance. We describe mechanisms that may contribute to reductions in glucocorticoid responsiveness following air pollution exposure, including changes to phosphorylation or oxidation of the glucocorticoid receptor, repression by cytokines, or inflammatory pathways, and epigenetic effects. Possible interactions between air pollution and respiratory infections are also briefly discussed. Finally, we detail a number of therapies that may boost glucocorticoid effectiveness or reverse resistance in the presence of air pollution, and comment on the beneficial effects of engineering controls, such as air filtration and asthma action plans. We also call attention to the benefits of improved clean air policy on asthma. This review highlights numerous gaps in our knowledge of the interactions between air pollution and glucocorticoids to encourage further research in this area with a view to reducing the harm caused to those with airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Rider
- Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease (COERD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease (COERD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Wing SE, Bandoli G, Telesca D, Su JG, Ritz B. Chronic exposure to inhaled, traffic-related nitrogen dioxide and a blunted cortisol response in adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:201-207. [PMID: 29454852 PMCID: PMC5878732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic health effects of traffic-related air pollution, like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are well-documented. Animal models suggested that NO2 exposures dysregulate cortisol function. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between traffic-related NO2 exposure and adolescent human cortisol concentrations, utilizing measures of the cortisol diurnal slope. METHODS 140 adolescents provided repeated salivary cortisol samples throughout one day. We built a land use regression model to estimate chronic NO2 exposures based on home and school addresses. We then generated model-based estimates of the association between cortisol and NO2 exposure one year prior to cortisol sampling, examining changes in cortisol diurnal slope. The final model was adjusted other criteria pollutants, measures of psychosocial stress, anthropometry, and other demographic and covariates. RESULTS We observed a decrease in diurnal slope in cortisol for adolescents exposed to the estimated 75th percentile of ambient NO2 (high exposure) relative to those exposed at the 25th percentile (low exposure). For a highly exposed adolescent, the log cortisol was lower by 0.06 µg/dl at waking (95% CI: -0.15, 0.02), 0.07 µg/dl at 30 min post waking (95% CI: -0.15, 0.02), and higher by 0.05 µg/dl at bedtime (95% CI: 0.05, 0.15), compared to a low exposed adolescent. For an additional interquartile range of exposure, the model-based predicted diurnal slope significantly decreased by 0.12 (95% CI: -0.23, -0.01). CONCLUSIONS In adolescents, we found that increased, chronic exposure to NO2 and the mixture of pollutants from traffic sources was associated with a flattened diurnal slope of cortisol, a marker of an abnormal cortisol response which we hypothesize may be a mechanism through which air pollution may affect respiratory function and asthma in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam E Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Gretchen Bandoli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0828 La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Donatello Telesca
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jason G Su
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Martrette JM, Egloff C, Clément C, Yasukawa K, Thornton SN, Trabalon M. Effects of prolonged exposure to CO 2 on behaviour, hormone secretion and respiratory muscles in young female rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:257-262. [PMID: 28501558 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased significantly over the last century and continuing increases are expected to have significant effects on current ecosystems. This study evaluated the behavioural and physiological (hormone status, muscle structure) effects of prolonged CO2 exposure in young female Wistar rats exposed at 700ppm of CO2 during 6h a day for 15days. Prolonged CO2 exposure, though not continuous, produced significant disturbances in behaviour with an increase in drinking, grooming and resting, and a reduction in rearing, jumping-play and locomotor activity. Furthermore, CO2 exposure was accompanied by increased plasma levels of corticosterone, suggesting that prolonged exposure to CO2 was stressful. The muscular structure can also be modified also when respiratory working conditions change. The expression of myosin heavy chain was significantly affected in the diaphragm and oral respiratory muscles: Masseter Superficialis and Anterior Digastric. Modified behaviour and hormonal changes both appear to be at the origin of the observed muscular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Martrette
- EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - C Egloff
- UMR 7039 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - C Clément
- EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - K Yasukawa
- EA 3450 DevAH, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - S N Thornton
- INSERM U_1116, Université de Lorraine, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Trabalon
- UMR 6552 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
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Ozone Therapy in Ethidium Bromide-Induced Demyelination in Rats: Possible Protective Effect. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:943-954. [PMID: 26467344 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is characterized by excessive demyelination. The study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of ozone (O3) therapy in ethidium bromide (EB)-induced demyelination in rats either alone or in combination with corticosteroids in order to decrease the dose of steroid therapy. Rats were divided into Group (1) normal control rats received saline, Group (2) Sham-operated rats received saline, Group (3) Sham-operated rats received vehicle (oxygen), Group (4) EB-treated rats received EB, Group (5) EB-treated rats received O3, Group (6) EB-treated rats received methylprednisolone (MP), and Group (7) EB-treated rats received half the dose of MP concomitant with O3. EB-treated rats showed a significant increase in the number of footfalls in the grid walk test, decreased brain GSH, and paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity, whereas brain MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, INF-γ, Cox-2 immunoreactivity, and p53 protein levels were increased. A significant decline in brain serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and MBP immunoreactivity was also reported. Significant improvement of the above-mentioned parameters was demonstrated with the administration of either MP or O3, whereas best amelioration was achieved by combining half the dose of MP with ozone.
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Chounlamountry K, Boyer B, Penalba V, François-Bellan AM, Bosler O, Kessler JP, Strube C. Remodeling of glial coverage of glutamatergic synapses in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii after ozone inhalation. J Neurochem 2015; 134:857-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bénédicte Boyer
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M; UMR 7286; Marseille France
| | - Virginie Penalba
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M; UMR 7286; Marseille France
| | | | - Olivier Bosler
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M; UMR 7286; Marseille France
| | | | - Caroline Strube
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS; CRN2M; UMR 7286; Marseille France
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13
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Thomson EM, Vladisavljevic D, Mohottalage S, Kumarathasan P, Vincent R. Mapping acute systemic effects of inhaled particulate matter and ozone: multiorgan gene expression and glucocorticoid activity. Toxicol Sci 2013; 135:169-81. [PMID: 23805001 PMCID: PMC3748763 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between air pollution and adverse effects that extend beyond respiratory and cardiovascular disease, including low birth weight, appendicitis, stroke, and neurological/neurobehavioural outcomes (e.g., neurodegenerative disease, cognitive decline, depression, and suicide). To gain insight into mechanisms underlying such effects, we mapped gene profiles in the lungs, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, cerebral hemisphere, and pituitary of male Fischer-344 rats immediately and 24h after a 4-h exposure by inhalation to particulate matter (0, 5, and 50mg/m3 EHC-93 urban particles) and ozone (0, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm). Pollutant exposure provoked differential expression of genes involved in a number of pathways, including antioxidant response, xenobiotic metabolism, inflammatory signalling, and endothelial dysfunction. The mRNA profiles, while exhibiting some interorgan and pollutant-specific differences, were remarkably similar across organs for a set of genes, including increased expression of redox/glucocorticoid-sensitive genes and decreased expression of inflammatory genes, suggesting a possible hormonal effect. Pollutant exposure increased plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and the glucocorticoid corticosterone, confirming activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and there was a corresponding increase in markers of glucocorticoid activity. Although effects were transient and presumably represent an adaptive response to acute exposure in these healthy animals, chronic activation and inappropriate regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are associated with adverse neurobehavioral, metabolic, immune, developmental, and cardiovascular effects. The experimental data are consistent with epidemiological associations of air pollutants with extrapulmonary health outcomes and suggest a mechanism through which such health effects may be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol M Thomson
- Hazard Identification Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada.
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