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Salih E, Mgbeahuruike EE, Prévost-Monteiro S, Sipari N, Väre H, Novak B, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Fyhrqvist P. Polyphenols and Phenolic Glucosides in Antibacterial Twig Extracts of Naturally Occurring Salix myrsinifolia (Salisb.), S. phylicifolia (L.) and S. starkeana (Willd.) and the Cultivated Hybrid S. x pendulina (Wender.). Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:916. [PMID: 39065613 PMCID: PMC11280161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Salix species occurring in Finland have not been well studied for their antimicrobial potential, despite their frequent use for lung and stomach problems in traditional medicine. Thus, twig extracts of three species of Salix that are found naturally in Finland and one cultivated species were screened for their antimicrobial properties against human pathogenic bacteria. S. starkeana and S. x pendulina were screened for antibacterial effects for the first time. (2) Methods: An agar diffusion and a microplate method were used for the screenings. Time-kill effects were measured using a plate-count and a microplate method. A DPPH-method using a qualitative TLC-analysis was used to detect antioxidant compounds in antimicrobial extracts. Metabolites from a S. myrsinifolia extract showing good antibacterial effects were identified using UPLC/QTOF-MS. (3) Results: A methanol extract of S. starkeana was particularly active against B. cereus (MIC 625 µg/mL), and a methanol extract of S. myrsinifolia showed good activity against S. aureus and B. cereus (MIC 1250 µg/mL) and showed bactericidal effects during a 24 h incubation of B. cereus. Moreover, a decoction of S. myrsinifolia resulted in good growth inhibition against P. aeruginosa. Our UPLC/QTOF-MS results indicated that proanthocyanidins (PAs), and especially the dimer procyanidin B1 (m/z 577) and other procyanidin derivatives, including highly polymerized proanthocyanidins, were abundant in S. myrsinifolia methanol extracts. Procyanidin B1 and its monomer catechin, as well as taxifolin and p-hydroxycinnamic acid, all present in S. myrsinifolia twigs, effectively inhibited B. cereus (MIC 250 µg/mL). (4) Conclusions: This study indicates that Finnish Salix species contain an abundance of antibacterial condensed tannins, phenolic acids and other polyphenols that deserve further research for the antibacterial mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enass Salih
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland; (E.E.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Eunice Ego Mgbeahuruike
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland; (E.E.M.); (P.F.)
| | | | - Nina Sipari
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Henry Väre
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Brigita Novak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, 80100 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Pia Fyhrqvist
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland; (E.E.M.); (P.F.)
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Curtasu MV, Nørskov NP. Quantitative distribution of flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, flavonols, flavanone and salicylic acid in five varieties of organic winter dormant Salix spp. by LC-MS/MS. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25129. [PMID: 38333780 PMCID: PMC10850552 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Willow trees (Salix spp.) exhibit remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity, yielding a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds, notably valuable phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins (phenolic polymers), flavonoids, salicylic glucosides, and phenolic compounds. These enhance the economic value of willow crops and make them suitable for circular bioeconomy. Phenolic compounds known for their diverse applications as antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and antiseptics and more, find a natural source in willow. This study aimed to elucidate the composition of 12 flavonoids and salicylic acid in different segments of five organic winter dormant willow species (S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S. dasyclados, S. viminalis, and S. dasyclados x viminalis) using quantitative analysis and providing valuable insights into their high-value phenolic compounds. Separation into buds, wood and bark segments allowed for a precise characterization of the location of certain phenolic compounds and quantification using LC-MS/MS techniques. LC-MS/MS is an analytical technique known for its increased sensitivity and chromatographic precision. Among the findings, catechin emerged as the predominant flavan-3-ol in all Salix species, with the highest concentration in the buds of Salix viminalis (7.26 mg/g DM). Naringenin exhibited species-specific variations, with S. dasyclados and S. viminalis recording the highest levels. Salicylic acid concentrations peaked in S. dasyclados (5.38 mg/g DM) and S. daphnoides (4.43 mg/g DM), particularly within the bark. When evaluating other individual flavonoids and total polyphenol content (TPC), disparities between buds, bark, and wood became evident, with wood consistently displaying the lowest content. Notably, the higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds in willow bark can be attributed to its susceptibility to external threats and its role as a robust defense mechanism against pathogens and herbivores. This study underscores the significance of diverse willow species as a source of high-value phenolic compounds, distributed differentially across plant parts and species. This knowledge holds promise for their potential applications in the circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Victor Curtasu
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Natalja P. Nørskov
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Curtasu MV, Nørskov NP. Comprehensive quantification of flavonoids and salicylic acid representative of Salix spp. using microLiquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: the importance of drying procedures and extraction solvent when performing classical solid-liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464139. [PMID: 37352692 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Willow (Salix spp.) is gaining an increasing interest as a fast-growing tree with high biomass yield from low agricultural inputs, which contains potentially bioactive compounds. The present work aimed to develop a high-yield extraction procedure combined with robust, sensitive and fast microLiquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based method for comprehensively quantifying flavonoids and salicylic acid in the bark of Salix spp. We have investigated the effect of freeze- and oven-drying procedures and five extraction solvents on the yield of individual flavonoid and salicylic acid when performing classical solid-liquid extraction. The freeze-drying was the best drying procedure for preserving monomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols, whereas other flavonoids were less affected. Salicylic acid was not affected by the drying procedures. The best extraction solvent in terms of the yield of individual flavonoid among the tested solvents in this study was the combination of methanol acidified with 1% hydrochloric acid. LC-MS/MS method has shown a high recovery percentage (≥80%), good precision and overall robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Victor Curtasu
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
| | - Natalja P Nørskov
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
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Elyasi L, Rosenholm JM, Jesmi F, Jahanshahi M. The Antioxidative Effects of Picein and Its Neuroprotective Potential: A Review of the Literature. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196189. [PMID: 36234724 PMCID: PMC9571929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the main cause of dementia in the elderly, having no cure to date, as the currently available therapies focus on symptom remission. Most NDDs will progress despite treatment and eventually result in the death of the patient after several years of a burden on both the patient and the caregivers. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate agents that tackle the disease pathogenesis and can efficiently slow down or halt disease progression, with the hope of curing the patients and preventing further burden and mortality. Accordingly, recent research has focused on disease-modifying treatments with neuroregenerative or neuroprotective effects. For this purpose, it is necessary to understand the pathogenesis of NDDs. It has been shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the damage to the central nervous system and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of unfolded proteins, including beta-amyloid (Aβ), tau proteins, and α-synuclein, have been suggested. Accordingly, cellular and molecular studies have investigated the efficacy of several natural compounds (herbs and nutritional agents) for their neuroprotective and antioxidative properties. The most popular herbs suggested for the treatment and/or prevention of NDDs include Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, Baccopa monnieri, and Ginkgo biloba. In some herbs, such as ginseng, preclinical and clinical evidence are available for supporting its effectiveness; however, in some others, only cellular and animal studies are available. In line with the scant literature in terms of the effectiveness of herbal compounds on NDDs, there are also other herbal agents that have been disregarded. Picein is one of the herbal agents that has been investigated in only a few studies. Picein is the active ingredient of several herbs and can be thus extracted from different types of herbs, which makes it more available. It has shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in cellular and plant studies; however, to date, only one study has suggested its neuroprotective properties. Furthermore, some cellular studies have shown no anti-inflammatory effect of picein. Therefore, a review of the available literature is required to summarize the results of studies on picein. To date, no review study seems to have addressed this issue. Thus, in the present study, we gather the available information about the antioxidative and potential neuroprotective properties of picein and its possible effectiveness in treating NDDs. We also summarize the plants from which picein can be extracted in order to guide researchers for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Elyasi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4917955315, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +98-17-32453515
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Jesmi
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1415944911, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 4917955315, Iran
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Singh S, Sharma A, Monga V, Bhatia R. Compendium of naringenin: potential sources, analytical aspects, chemistry, nutraceutical potentials and pharmacological profile. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8868-8899. [PMID: 35357240 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin is flavorless, water insoluble active principle belonging to flavanone subclass. It exhibits a diverse pharmacological profile as well as divine nutraceutical values. Although several researchers have explored this phytoconstituent to evaluate its promising properties, still it has not gained recognition at therapeutic levels and more clinical investigations are still required. Also the neutraceutical potential has limited marketed formulations. This compilation includes the description of reported therapeutic potentials of naringenin in variety of pathological conditions alongwith the underlying mechanisms. Details of various analytical investigations carried on this molecule have been provided along with brief description of chemistry and structural activity relationship. In the end, various patents filed and clinical trial data has been provided. Naringenin has revealed promising pharmacological activities including cardiovascular diseases, neuroprotection, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activity. It has been marketed in the form of nanoformulations, co-crystals, solid dispersions, tablets, capsules and inclusion complexes. It is also available in various herbal formulations as nutraceutical supplement. There are some pharmacokinetic issue with naringenin like poor absorption and low dissolution rate. Although these issues have been sorted out upto certain extent still further research to investigate the bioavailability of naringenin from herbal supplements and its clinical efficacy is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Tienaho J, Reshamwala D, Sarjala T, Kilpeläinen P, Liimatainen J, Dou J, Viherä-Aarnio A, Linnakoski R, Marjomäki V, Jyske T. Salix spp. Bark Hot Water Extracts Show Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities-The Bioactive Properties of 16 Clones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:797939. [PMID: 34976988 PMCID: PMC8716786 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.797939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the bark of Salix L. species (Salicaceae family) is rich in extractives, such as diverse bioactive phenolic compounds. However, we lack knowledge on the bioactive properties of the bark of willow species and clones adapted to the harsh climate conditions of the cool temperate zone. Therefore, the present study aimed to obtain information on the functional profiles of northern willow clones for the use of value-added bioactive solutions. Of the 16 willow clones studied here, 12 were examples of widely distributed native Finnish willow species, including dark-leaved willow (S. myrsinifolia Salisb.) and tea-leaved willow (S. phylicifolia L.) (3 + 4 clones, respectively) and their natural and artificial hybrids (3 + 2 clones, respectively). The four remaining clones were commercial willow varieties from the Swedish willow breeding program. Hot water extraction of bark under mild conditions was carried out. Bioactivity assays were used to screen antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, yeasticidal, and antioxidant activities, as well as the total phenolic content of the extracts. Additionally, we introduce a fast and less labor-intensive steam-debarking method for Salix spp. feedstocks. Clonal variation was observed in the antioxidant properties of the bark extracts of the 16 Salix spp. clones. High antiviral activity against a non-enveloped enterovirus, coxsackievirus A9, was found, with no marked differences in efficacy between the native clones. All the clones also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, whereas no antifungal (Aspergillus brasiliensis) or yeasticidal (Candida albicans) efficacy was detected. When grouping the clone extract results into Salix myrsinifolia, Salix phylicifolia, native hybrid, artificial hybrid, and commercial clones, there was a significant difference in the activities between S. phylicifolia clone extracts and commercial clone extracts in the favor of S. phylicifolia in the antibacterial and antioxidant tests. In some antioxidant tests, S. phylicifolia clone extracts were also significantly more active than artificial clone extracts. Additionally, S. myrsinifolia clone extracts showed significantly higher activities in some antioxidant tests than commercial clone extracts and artificial clone extracts. Nevertheless, the bark extracts of native Finnish willow clones showed high bioactivity. The obtained knowledge paves the way towards developing high value-added biochemicals and other functional solutions based on willow biorefinery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Tienaho
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tytti Sarjala
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Liimatainen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anneli Viherä-Aarnio
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Linnakoski
- Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Sas E, Hennequin LM, Frémont A, Jerbi A, Legault N, Lamontagne J, Fagoaga N, Sarrazin M, Hallett JP, Fennell PS, Barnabé S, Labrecque M, Brereton NJB, Pitre FE. Biorefinery potential of sustainable municipal wastewater treatment using fast-growing willow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148146. [PMID: 34146806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of willow plantations can be a sustainable approach for treating primary municipal wastewater, potentially reducing both the environmental and economic burdens associated with conventional treatment. However, the impact of wastewater irrigation upon the willow biorefinery potential has not yet been established. To investigate this effect, three-year-old field grown willows were harvested from plots kept as either controls or irrigated with primary municipal wastewater effluent at 29.5 million L ha-1 yr-1. Biomass compositional analysis, ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification were assessed and differential abundance of persistent extractable phytochemicals was evaluated using untargeted metabolite profiling. Glucan significantly increased by 8% in wastewater treated trees, arabinose and galactose were significantly decreased by 8 and 29%, respectively, while xylose, mannose and lignin content were unaltered. Ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification efficiencies did not vary significantly, releasing >95% of the cell wall glucose and recovering 35% of the lignin. From a total of 213 phytochemical features, 83 were significantly depleted and 14 were significantly enriched due to wastewater irrigation, including flavonoids and lignan derivatives. Considered alongside increased biomass yield from wastewater irrigation (+200%), lignocellulosic bioenergy yields increased to 8.87 t glucose ha-1 yr-1 and 1.89 t ha-1 yr-1 recovered lignin, while net extractives yields increased to 1.48 t ha-1 yr-1, including phytochemicals of interest. The maintenance of glucose accessibility after low-cost ionic liquid pretreatment is promising evidence that sustainable lignocellulose bioenergy production can complement wastewater treatment. Untargeted metabolite assessment revealed some of the phytochemical toolkit employed by wastewater irrigated willows, including accumulation of flooding and salinity tolerance associated flavonoids glabraoside A and glabrene. The extractable phytochemicals underpin a novel high biomass phenotype in willow and, alongside lignocellulosic yields, could help enhance the economic feasibility of this clean wastewater treatment biotechnology through integration with sustainable biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sas
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - L M Hennequin
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Frémont
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - A Jerbi
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N Legault
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - J Lamontagne
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N Fagoaga
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Institut de recherche en économie contemporaine (IRÉC), 10555 Avenue de Bois-de-Boulogne, Montreal, QC H4N 1L4, Canada
| | - M Sarrazin
- Collège de Maisonneuve, CÉPROCQ, 6220 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1N 1C1, Canada
| | - J P Hallett
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - P S Fennell
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Barnabé
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - N J B Brereton
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - F E Pitre
- University of Montreal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale (IRBV), 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada; Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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8
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Hollá M, Bílková A, Jakubec P, Košková S, Kočová Vlčková H, Šatínský D, Švec F, Sklenářová H. Benefits and Pitfalls of HPLC Coupled to Diode-Array, Charged Aerosol, and Coulometric Detections: Effect of Detection on Screening of Bioactive Compounds in Apples. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113246. [PMID: 34071301 PMCID: PMC8199029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The new screening method for rapid evaluation of major phenolic compounds in apples has been developed. Suitability of coupling HPLC/UHPLC separation with the diode-array detection and universal charged aerosol detection with respect to the presence of interfering substances was tested. Characteristics of both detection techniques were compared and method linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, and selectivity of them determined. Student t-test based on slopes of calibration plots was applied for the detailed comparison. The diode-array detection provided the best results regarding sensitivity and selectivity of the developed method in terms of evaluation of phenolics profiles. The response of the charged aerosol detector was negatively affected by co-eluting substances during rapid-screening analyses. Coulometric detection was used for advanced characterization of extracts in terms of antioxidant content and strength to obtain more complex information concerning sample composition. This detection also allowed evaluation of unidentified compounds with antioxidant activity. HPLC/UHPLC separation using a combination of diode-array and coulometric detectors thus represented the best approach enabling quick, yet complex characterization of bioactive compounds in apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Hollá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - Aneta Bílková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., 50801 Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jakubec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - Stanislava Košková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - Dalibor Šatínský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
| | - Hana Sklenářová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (A.B.); (P.J.); (S.K.); (H.K.V.); (D.Š.); (F.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495-067-453
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Lorini A, Damin FM, de Oliveira DN, Crizel RL, Godoy HT, Galli V, Meinhart AD. Characterization and quantification of bioactive compounds from Ilex paraguariensis residue by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS from plants cultivated under different cultivation systems. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1599-1619. [PMID: 33822383 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ilex paraguariensis is a perennial plant used in the production of mate tea, "chimarrão" and "tererê," cosmetics, and other food products. Its leaves are harvested every 12 or 18 months. Approximately 2 to 5 tons of residue are generated per hectare during the harvest. The bioactive composition of this residue has not been characterized to date. Therefore, this paper presents for the first time, the simultaneous characterization of the bioactive compounds of the leaves, thin branches, and thick branches (residue) from I. paraguariensis grown under two cultivation systems: "full sun" and "shaded." The identification and quantification of the compounds was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). Consequently, 35 compounds were identified. The average dry weight of phenolic compounds in the residue was 4.1 g/100 g, whereas that in the bark of the residue was 12.9 g/100 g, which was similar to the content found in leaves. The same compounds were identified in the two cultivation systems but with a difference in their contents. While the "full sun" cultivation had a higher content of phenolic acids, the "shaded" cultivation had a higher content of flavonoids and saponins. It was found that the I. paraguariensis residue, particularly the bark, is rich in bioactive compounds, such as quinic, 3-caffeoylquinic, 5-cafefoylquinic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acids as well as rutin, and their contents vary according to the cultivation system. Therefore, this residue is an underutilized natural resource with a potential for industrial applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Yerba mate producers will be able to choose the best cultivation system ("full sun" or "shaded") to increase the content of bioactive compounds. New products may be developed with yerba mate residue due to its high concentration of compounds that are beneficial to the human health. New destinations may be applied to yerba mate residue from the harvest pruning, adding commercial value to this unexplored natural resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lorini
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mateus Damin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Diogo Noin de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Rosane Lopes Crizel
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Galli
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Adriana Dillenburg Meinhart
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96010-610, Brazil
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10
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Kim J, Pälijärvi M, Karonen M, Salminen JP. Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112501. [PMID: 32877871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we screened 287 plant tissue samples from 175 plant species for their phenolic profiles. The samples were oxidized enzymatically in planta or at high pH in vitro to determine how these two oxidative conditions would alter the initial polyphenol profiles of the plant. Compounds that contained a pyrogallol or dihydroxyphenethyl group were highly active at pH 10. Enzymatic oxidation favored compounds that contained a catechol group, whereas compounds containing a pyrogallol group or monohydroxysubstituted phenolic moieties at most were oxidized less frequently. This study gives a broad overview of the distribution and alkaline oxidative activities of water-soluble phenolic compounds in plants as well as the enzymatic oxidative activities of various plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorma Kim
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Maija Pälijärvi
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland.
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11
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Piątczak E, Dybowska M, Płuciennik E, Kośla K, Kolniak-Ostek J, Kalinowska-Lis U. Identification and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves and bark of Salix alba (L.) and their biological potential. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1391. [PMID: 33003576 PMCID: PMC7600001 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examines the phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of Salix alba (L.) leaves and bark as well as their antioxidant activity and cytotoxic potential. UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS analysis showed a total of 29 phenolic compounds in leaves and 34 in bark. Total phenolic compound content was 5575.96 mg/100 g of dry weight (DW) in leaves and 2330.31 mg/100 g DW in bark. The compounds were identified as derivatives of phenolic acids (seven in leaves and five in bark), flavanols and procyanidins (eight in leaves and 26 in bark) and flavonols (14 in leaves and three in bark). Both extracts exhibited strong antioxidant potential, assessed by radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), but the bark extract was even stronger than the ascorbic acid used as a standard. The cytotoxicity of both extracts was evaluated against human skin fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes cell lines using the Presto Blue cell viability assay. The keratinocytes were more resistant to tested extracts than fibroblasts. The leaf and bark extracts at concentrations which exhibited antioxidant activity were also not toxic against the keratinocyte cell line. Thus, S. alba extracts, especially the leaf extract, offer promise as a nontoxic natural antioxidant, in cosmetic products or herbal medicines, and as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piątczak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Monika Dybowska
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (E.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (E.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Joanna Kolniak-Ostek
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceuticals Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Urszula Kalinowska-Lis
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
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Räisänen R, Primetta A, Nikunen S, Honkalampi U, Nygren H, Pihlava JM, Vanden Berghe I, von Wright A. Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E266. [PMID: 32443886 PMCID: PMC7277368 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocolourants have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic dyes. However, natural origin per se is not a label of harmlessness and research is needed to obtain safe dyes. We studied the cytotoxicity of the extracts from fungal (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Tapinella atrotomentosa) and plant (Tanacetum vulgare, Salix phylicifolia) sources and the woollen fabrics dyed with the extracts. Cytotoxicity in vitro using hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells for 24 h and 72 h exposure was observed as the highest tolerated dose. All biocolourants produced intensive colour on fabrics with fastness properties from moderate to good. The Salix and Cortinarius samples did not show any cytotoxic effects, whereas the Tanacetum and Tapinella samples had slightly higher test values but were not interpreted as being significantly toxic. Higher than zero values of the undyed fabrics showed the importance of examining their toxicity as well. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the samples dyed with the biocolourants did not differ significantly from the undyed wool fabric. The concentrations of dyes used in the assays were very low, imitating the dose of the user. In addition to colouring properties, natural dyes may have pharmaceutical and antibacterial properties which would enhance the interest in using them in products for added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Räisänen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Anja Primetta
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Nikunen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (A.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Ulla Honkalampi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
| | - Heli Nygren
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, 02044 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Juha-Matti Pihlava
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | - Ina Vanden Berghe
- Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (IRPA/KIK), Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Atte von Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (U.H.); (A.v.W.)
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13
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Miranda LL, Guimarães-Lopes VDP, Altoé LS, Sarandy MM, Melo FCSA, Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV. Plant Extracts in the Bone Repair Process: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1296153. [PMID: 31885494 PMCID: PMC6899290 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1296153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone lesions are an important public health problem, with high socioeconomic costs. Bone tissue repair is coordinated by an inflammatory dynamic process mediated by osteoprogenitor cells of the periosteum and endosteum, responsible for the formation of a new bone matrix. Studies using antioxidant products from plants for bone lesion treatment have been growing worldwide. We developed a systematic review to compile the results of works with animal models investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts in the treatment of bone lesions and analyze the methodological quality of the studies on this subject. Studies were selected in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases according to the PRISMA statement. The research filters were constructed using three parameters: animal model, bone repair, and plant extracts. 31 full-text articles were recovered from 10 countries. Phytochemical prospecting was reported in 15 studies (48.39%). The most common secondary metabolites were flavonoids, cited in 32.26% studies (n = 10). Essential criteria to in vivo animal studies were frequently underreported, suggesting publication bias. The animals treated with plant extracts presented positive results in the osteoblastic proliferation, and consequently, this treatment accelerated osteogenic differentiation and bone callus formation, as well as bone fracture repair. Possibly, these results are associated with antioxidant, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory power of the extracts. The absence or incomplete characterization of the animal models, treatment protocols, and phytochemical and toxicity analyses impairs the internal validity of the evidence, making it difficult to determine the effectiveness and safety of plant-derived products in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyvia Lopes Miranda
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Schulthais Altoé
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariáurea Matias Sarandy
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130-001, Brazil
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Noleto-Dias C, Wu Y, Bellisai A, Macalpine W, Beale MH, Ward JL. Phenylalkanoid Glycosides (Non-Salicinoids) from Wood Chips of Salix triandra × dasyclados Hybrid Willow. Molecules 2019; 24:E1152. [PMID: 30909533 PMCID: PMC6470679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix triandra (almond leaved willow) is an established crop, grown in coppicing regimes for basket-making materials. It is known as a source of non-salicinoid phenolic glycosides, such as triandrin and salidroside. A spontaneous natural hybrid of S. triandra and S. dasyclados was subjected to metabolite profiling by high resolution LC-MS, and 22 phenolic glycosides, including 18 that are new to the Salicaceae, were identified. Structures were determined by HPLC isolation and NMR methods. The hybridisation process has introduced novel chemistry into the Salix phenolic glycoside palette, in particular, the ability to generate disaccharide conjugates where the glycosyl group is further extended by a range of sugars, including apiose, rhamnose, xylose, and arabinose. Also of note is the appearance of chavicol derivatives, also not previously seen in Salix spp. The work demonstrates the plasticity of the phenolic glycoside biosynthetic pathway, and the potential to improve established crops such as S. triandra and S. dasyclados, via high-value metabolites, for both basketry and bioenergy markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanqi Wu
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Alice Bellisai
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - William Macalpine
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Michael H Beale
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Jane L Ward
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK.
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