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Tulik M, Jura-Morawiec J. An arrangement of secretory cells involved in the formation and storage of resin in tracheid-based secondary xylem of arborescent plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1268643. [PMID: 37731990 PMCID: PMC10508844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1268643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the vascular system has led to the formation of conducting and supporting elements and those that are involved in the mechanisms of storage and defense against the influence of biotic and abiotic factors. In the case of the latter, the general evolutionary trend was probably related to a change in their arrangement, i.e. from cells scattered throughout the tissue to cells organized into ducts or cavities. These cells, regardless of whether they occur alone or in a cellular structure, are an important defense element of trees, having the ability to synthesize, among others, natural resins. In the tracheid-based secondary xylem of gymnosperms, the resin ducts, which consist of secretory cells, are of two types: axial, interspersed between the tracheids, and radial, carried in some rays. They are interconnected and form a continuous system. On the other hand, in the tracheid-based secondary xylem of monocotyledons, the resin-producing secretory cells do not form specialized structures. This review summarizes knowledge on the morpho-anatomical features of various types of resin-releasing secretory cells in relation to their: (i) location, (ii) origin, (iii) mechanism of formation, (iv) and ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Tulik
- Department of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jura-Morawiec
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Liu F, Ali T, Liu Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase promoter gene from Asarum sieboldii Miq. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:83-96. [PMID: 35244949 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asarum sieboldii Miq., a perennial herb of the family Aristolochiaceae, is widely used in China to treat cold, fever, aphthous stomatitis, toothache, gingivitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Methyleugenol is the most representative pharmacological constituent of this medicinal herb. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), which has been well known for occupying a critical position in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, is also shared with the biosynthesis of methyleugenol. To better understand the regulatory mechanisms of methyleugenol biosynthesis, a 1530-bp long promoter region of the AsCCR1 gene was isolated. PLACE and PlantCARE analysis affirmed the existence of the core promoter elements such as TATA and CAAT boxes, abiotic stress-responsive cis-regulation elements like abscisic acid-responsive element, G-box, and MBS in the isolated sequence. The histochemical assay suggested that it was a constitutive promoter, highly expressed in the root tissue. Moreover, the region of -200 bp to ATG (start codon) was enough to drive the expression of It GUS gene. Treatments with low temperature and high concentration of gibberellin or abscisic acid demonstrated the abiotic stress-induced expression of the AsCCR1 promoter. Overall, this study revealed the isolation and characterization of the AsCCR1 promoter. Moreover, it also provided a candidate gene for molecular breeding in A. sieboldii to enhance its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tahir Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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3
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Li Y, Wu Q, Men X, Wu F, Zhang Q, Li W, Sun L, Xing S. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of lignin biosynthesis mechanism of Platycladus orientalis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14172. [PMID: 36345485 PMCID: PMC9636869 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platycladus orientalis, as an important plant for ecological protection, is a pioneer tree species for afforestation in arid and barren mountainous areas. Lignin has the functions of water and soil conservation, strengthening plant mechanical strength and resisting adverse environmental effects and plays an important role in the ecological protection benefits of P. orientalis. Methods In this study, annual dynamic observations of the lignin content in roots, stems and leaves of one-year-old seedlings of a P. orientalis half-sib family were carried out, and combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses were carried out during three key stages of P. orientalis stem development. Results The lignin contents in roots, stems and leaves of P. orientalis showed extremely significant spatiotemporal differences. In the stems, lignin was mainly distributed in the cell walls of the pith, xylem, phloem, pericyte, and epidermis, with differences in different periods. A total of 226 metabolites were detected in the stem of P. orientalis, which were divided into seven categories, including 10 synthetic precursor compounds containing lignin. Among them, the content of coniferyl alcohol was the highest, accounting for 12.27% of the total content, and caffeyl alcohol was the lowest, accounting for 7.05% only. By annotating the KEGG functions, a large number of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were obtained for the comparison combinations, and seven key enzymes and 24 related genes involved in the process of lignin synthesis in P. orientalis were selected. Conclusions Based on the results of the metabolic mechanism of lignin in P. orientalis by biochemical, anatomical and molecular biological analyzes, the key regulatory pathways of lignin in P. orientalis were identified, which will be of great significance for regulating the lignin content of P. orientalis and improving the adaptability and resistance of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qikui Wu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Men
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fusheng Wu
- Shandong Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Forestry Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weinan Li
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Limin Sun
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shiyan Xing
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Forestry College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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Aubry E, Hoffmann B, Vilaine F, Gilard F, Klemens PAW, Guérard F, Gakière B, Neuhaus HE, Bellini C, Dinant S, Le Hir R. A vacuolar hexose transport is required for xylem development in the inflorescence stem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1229-1247. [PMID: 34865141 PMCID: PMC8825465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Angiosperms, the development of the vascular system is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors. However, how nutrient availability in the vascular cells affects their development remains to be addressed. At the cellular level, cytosolic sugar availability is regulated mainly by sugar exchanges at the tonoplast through active and/or facilitated transport. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), among the genes encoding tonoplastic transporters, SUGAR WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 16 (SWEET16) and SWEET17 expression has been previously detected in the vascular system. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we propose that sugar exchanges at the tonoplast, regulated by SWEET16, are important for xylem cell division as revealed in particular by the decreased number of xylem cells in the swt16 mutant and the accumulation of SWEET16 at the procambium-xylem boundary. In addition, we demonstrate that transport of hexoses mediated by SWEET16 and/or SWEET17 is required to sustain the formation of the xylem secondary cell wall. This result is in line with a defect in the xylem cell wall composition as measured by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the swt16swt17 double mutant and by upregulation of several genes involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Our work therefore supports a model in which xylem development partially depends on the exchange of hexoses at the tonoplast of xylem-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Zhang B, Sztojka B, Escamez S, Vanholme R, Hedenström M, Wang Y, Turumtay H, Gorzsás A, Boerjan W, Tuominen H. PIRIN2 suppresses S-type lignin accumulation in a noncell-autonomous manner in Arabidopsis xylem elements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1923-1935. [PMID: 31625609 PMCID: PMC7027918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PIRIN (PRN) genes encode cupin domain-containing proteins that function as transcriptional co-regulators in humans but that are poorly described in plants. A previous study in xylogenic cell cultures of Zinnia elegans suggested a role for a PRN protein in lignification. This study aimed to identify the function of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PRN proteins in lignification of xylem tissues. Chemical composition of the secondary cell walls was analysed in Arabidopsis stems and/or hypocotyls by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and phenolic profiling. Secondary cell walls of individual xylem elements were chemotyped by Fourier transform infrared and Raman microspectroscopy. Arabidopsis PRN2 suppressed accumulation of S-type lignin in Arabidopsis stems and hypocotyls. PRN2 promoter activity and PRN2:GFP fusion protein were localised specifically in cells next to the vessel elements, suggesting a role for PRN2 in noncell-autonomous lignification of xylem vessels. Accordingly, PRN2 modulated lignin chemistry in the secondary cell walls of the neighbouring vessel elements. These results indicate that PRN2 suppresses S-type lignin accumulation in the neighbourhood of xylem vessels to bestow G-type enriched lignin composition on the secondary cell walls of the vessel elements. Gene expression analyses suggested that PRN2 function is mediated by regulation of the expression of the lignin-biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Bernadette Sztojka
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Sacha Escamez
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
| | | | - Yin Wang
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Halbay Turumtay
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
| | - András Gorzsás
- Department of ChemistryUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyTechnologiepark 719052GhentBelgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Department of Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science CentreUmeå UniversityS‐901 87UmeåSweden
- Present address:
Umeå Plant science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyThe Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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Zhang J, Tuskan GA, Tschaplinski TJ, Muchero W, Chen JG. Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:652. [PMID: 32528504 PMCID: PMC7262965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a heterogeneous polymer of aromatic subunits derived from phenylalanine. It is polymerized in intimate proximity to the polysaccharide components in plant cell walls and provides additional rigidity and compressive strength for plants. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis is important for genetic modification of the plant cell wall for agricultural and industrial applications. Over the past 10 years the transcriptional regulatory model of lignin biosynthesis has been established in plants. However, the role of post-transcriptional regulation is still largely unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that lignin biosynthesis pathway genes are also regulated by alternative splicing, microRNA, and long non-coding RNA. In this review, we briefly summarize recent progress on the transcriptional regulation, then we focus on reviewing progress on the post-transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis pathway genes in the woody model plant Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jin Zhang,
| | - Gerald A. Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Timothy J. Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Jin-Gui Chen,
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Zhong TX, Tang R, Song JL, Fu CC, Liu Y, Zhou CC, Zhang XQ, Chen S, Xie XM. Vascular preferential activity of the Pennisetum purpureum cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:357-367. [PMID: 29940472 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the cross talk between the lignin biosynthesis gene promoters and the regulatory proteins that modulate molecular signaling and respond to various stresses. In this study, we characterized the promoter region of the lignin biosynthesis pathway cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) gene in elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum. Quantification of the transcript levels of the PpCAD promoter revealed it is preferentially expressed in vascular tissue, especially xylem. Histochemical and fluorometric assays confirmed the vascular-preferential expression of the PpCAD promoter, as the highest β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was found in the basal stem in transgenic tobacco plants expressing a 1154-bp PpCAD promoter-GUS fusion construct. Moreover, 5'-deleted PpCAD promoter analyses showed that the 1154-bp PpCAD promoter fragment had the highest transcriptional activity, whereas the 2054-bp fragment had multifarious inducible activity responding to gibberellin (GA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), and wounding. The regions from -248 to -243 bp and -1416 to -1411 bp contained W-box cis-elements, which were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The binding effects of the GA-responsive elements (from -561 to -555 bp and -1077 to -1071 bp), MeJA-responsive element (from -1146 to -1142 bp), and the ABA-responsive cis-element (from -1879 to -1874 bp) were also validated by EMSA. Based on our results, we suggest that lignin deposition associated with PpCAD promoter activity adapts to the environment through molecular signaling involving GA, MeJA, and ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiu Zhong
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ran Tang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Ling Song
- Office of Academic Research, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi, 562400, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Fu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhou
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin-Ming Xie
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Keadtidumrongkul P, Suttangkakul A, Pinmanee P, Pattana K, Kittiwongwattana C, Apisitwanich S, Vuttipongchaikij S. Growth modulation effects of CBM2a under the control of AtEXP4 and CaMV35S promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:447-463. [PMID: 28349287 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cell-wall-targeted Carbohydrate Binding Modules (CBMs) can alter cell wall properties and modulate growth and development in plants such as tobacco and potato. CBM2a identified in xylanase 10A from Cellulomonas fimi is of particular interest for its ability to bind crystalline cellulose. However, its potential for promoting plant growth has not been explored. In this work, we tested the ability of CBM2a to promote growth when expressed using both CaMV35S and a vascular tissue-specific promoter derived from Arabidopsis expansin4 (AtEXP4) in three plant species: Arabidopsis, Nicotiana tabacum and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In Arabidopsis, the expression of AtEXP4pro:CBM2a showed trends for growth promoting effects including the increase of root and hypocotyl lengths and the enlargements of the vascular xylem area, fiber cells and vessel cells. However, in N. tabacum, the expression of CBM2a under the control of either CaMV35S or AtEXP4 promoter resulted in subtle changes in the plant growth, and the thickness of secondary xylem and vessel and fiber cell sizes were generally reduced in the transgenic lines with AtEXP4pro:CBM2a. In Eucalyptus, while transgenics expressing CaMV35S:CBM2a showed very subtle changes compared to wild type, those transgenics with AtEXP4pro:CBM2a showed increases in plant height, enlargement of xylem areas and xylem fiber and vessel cells. These data provide comparative effects of expressing CBM2a protein in different plant species, and this finding can be applied for plant biomass improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornthep Keadtidumrongkul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit in Microalgal Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics (MMGFG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Phitsanu Pinmanee
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Pattana
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chokchai Kittiwongwattana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Somsak Apisitwanich
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit in Microalgal Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics (MMGFG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Special Research Unit in Microalgal Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics (MMGFG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Lion C, Simon C, Huss B, Blervacq AS, Tirot L, Toybou D, Spriet C, Slomianny C, Guerardel Y, Hawkins S, Biot C. BLISS: A Bioorthogonal Dual-Labeling Strategy to Unravel Lignification Dynamics in Plants. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:326-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Nguyen VP, Cho JS, Choi YI, Lee SW, Han KH, Ko JH. Evaluation of a novel promoter from Populus trichocarpa for mature xylem tissue specific gene delivery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 104:226-233. [PMID: 27038601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood (i.e., secondary xylem) is an important raw material for many industrial applications. Mature xylem (MX) tissue-specific genetic modification offers an effective means to improve the chemical and physical properties of the wood. Here, we describe a promoter that drives strong gene expression in a MX tissue-specific manner. Using whole-transcriptome genechip analyses of different tissue types of poplar, we identified five candidate genes that had strong expression in the MX tissue. The putative promoter sequences of the five MX-specific genes were evaluated for their promoter activity in both transgenic Arabidopsis and poplar. Among them, we found the promoter of Potri.013G007900.1 (called the PtrMX3 promoter) had the strongest activity in MX and thus was further characterized. In the stem and root tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the PtrMX3 promoter activity was found exclusively in MX tissue. MX-specific activity of the promoter was reproduced in the stem tissue of transgenic poplar plants. The PtrMX3 promoter activity was not influenced by abiotic stresses or exogenously applied growth regulators, indicating the PtrMX3 promoter is bona fide MX tissue-specific. Our study provides a strong MX-specific promoter for MX-specific modifications of woody biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phap Nguyen
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Im Choi
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Li S, Huang Q, Zhang B, Zhang J, Liu X, Lu M, Hu Z, Ding C, Su X. Small GTP-binding protein PdRanBP regulates vascular tissue development in poplar. BMC Genet 2016; 17:96. [PMID: 27357205 PMCID: PMC4928302 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated that ectopic expression of Ran-binding protein (RanBP) in Arabidopsis results in more axillary buds and reduced apical dominance compared to WT plants. However, the function of RanBP in poplar, which has very typical secondary growth, remains unclear. Here, the Populus deltoides (Marsh.) RanBP gene (PdRanBP) was isolated and functionally characterized by ectopic expression in a hybrid poplar (P. davidiana Dode × P. bolleana Lauche). RESULTS PdRanBP was predominantly expressed in leaf buds and tissues undergoing secondary wall expansion, including immature xylem and immature phloem in the stem. Overexpression of PdRanBP in poplar increased the number of sylleptic branches and the proportion of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, retarded plant growth, consistently decreased the size of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem zones, and reduced the expression levels of cell wall biosynthesis genes. The downregulation of PdRanBP facilitated secondary wall expansion and increased stem height, the sizes of the xylem and phloem zones, and the expression levels of cell wall biosynthesis genes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PdRanBP influences the apical and radial growth of poplar trees and that PdRanBP may regulate cell division during cell cycle progression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PdRanBP is a nuclear, vascular tissue development-associated protein in P. deltoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina, 28081, USA.,Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zanmin Hu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Plasencia A, Soler M, Dupas A, Ladouce N, Silva-Martins G, Martinez Y, Lapierre C, Franche C, Truchet I, Grima-Pettenati J. Eucalyptus hairy roots, a fast, efficient and versatile tool to explore function and expression of genes involved in wood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1381-93. [PMID: 26579999 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus are of tremendous economic importance being the most planted hardwoods worldwide for pulp and paper, timber and bioenergy. The recent release of the Eucalyptus grandis genome sequence pointed out many new candidate genes potentially involved in secondary growth, wood formation or lineage-specific biosynthetic pathways. Their functional characterization is, however, hindered by the tedious, time-consuming and inefficient transformation systems available hitherto for eucalypts. To overcome this limitation, we developed a fast, reliable and efficient protocol to obtain and easily detect co-transformed E. grandis hairy roots using fluorescent markers, with an average efficiency of 62%. We set up conditions both to cultivate excised roots in vitro and to harden composite plants and verified that hairy root morphology and vascular system anatomy were similar to wild-type ones. We further demonstrated that co-transformed hairy roots are suitable for medium-throughput functional studies enabling, for instance, protein subcellular localization, gene expression patterns through RT-qPCR and promoter expression, as well as the modulation of endogenous gene expression. Down-regulation of the Eucalyptus cinnamoyl-CoA reductase1 (EgCCR1) gene, encoding a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, led to transgenic roots with reduced lignin levels and thinner cell walls. This gene was used as a proof of concept to demonstrate that the function of genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and wood formation can be elucidated in transgenic hairy roots using histochemical, transcriptomic and biochemical approaches. The method described here is timely because it will accelerate gene mining of the genome for both basic research and industry purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Plasencia
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Marçal Soler
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Annabelle Dupas
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Ladouce
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Guilherme Silva-Martins
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- FRAIB, CNRS, Cell Imaging Plateform, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Science, Jean-Pierre Bourgin Institute (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | | | - Isabelle Truchet
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- UMR5546, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University-CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France
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13
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Voxeur A, Wang Y, Sibout R. Lignification: different mechanisms for a versatile polymer. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:83-90. [PMID: 25449731 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignins are cell wall phenolic polymers resulting from monolignol radical coupling. They have characteristically high diversity in their structures which is a direct consequence of the versatile character of the lignification mechanisms discussed in this review. We will relate the latest discoveries regarding the main participants involved in lignin deposition in various tissues. Lignification is often described as a cell autonomous event occurring progressively in all cell wall layers during lignifying cell life and stopping with the cell death. However, recent data combined to old data from studies of tree lignification and zinnia cultures challenged these entrenched views and showed that the lignification process is cell-type dependent and can involve neighboring cells. Therefore, we consider recent data on cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous lignification processes. We conclude that the role of lignins still need to be assessed during plant development and that control of polymerization/lignin deposition remains elusive and need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Voxeur
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Yin Wang
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
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14
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Ratke C, Pawar PMA, Balasubramanian VK, Naumann M, Duncranz ML, Derba-Maceluch M, Gorzsás A, Endo S, Ezcurra I, Mellerowicz EJ. Populus GT43 family members group into distinct sets required for primary and secondary wall xylan biosynthesis and include useful promoters for wood modification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:26-37. [PMID: 25100045 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant GT43 protein family includes xylosyltransferases that are known to be required for xylan backbone biosynthesis, but have incompletely understood specificities. RT-qPCR and histochemical (GUS) analyses of expression patterns of GT43 members in hybrid aspen, reported here, revealed that three clades of the family have markedly differing specificity towards secondary wall-forming cells (wood and extraxylary fibres). Intriguingly, GT43A and B genes (corresponding to the Arabidopsis IRX9 clade) showed higher specificity for secondary-walled cells than GT43C and D genes (IRX14 clade), although both IRX9 and IRX14 are required for xylosyltransferase activity. The remaining genes, GT43E, F and G (IRX9-L clade), showed broad expression patterns. Transient transactivation analyses of GT43A and B reporters demonstrated that they are activated by PtxtMYB021 and PNAC085 (master secondary wall switches), mediated in PtxtMYB021 activation by an AC element. The high observed secondary cell wall specificity of GT43B expression prompted tests of the efficiency of its promoter (pGT43B), relative to the CaMV 35S (35S) promoter, for overexpressing a xylan acetyl esterase (CE5) or downregulating REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION (RWA) family genes and thus engineering wood acetylation. CE5 expression was weaker when driven by pGT43B, but it reduced wood acetyl content substantially more efficiently than the 35S promoter. RNAi silencing of the RWA family, which was ineffective using 35S, was achieved when using GT43B promoter. These results show the utility of the GT43B promoter for genetically engineering properties of wood and fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ratke
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Wang Y, Chantreau M, Sibout R, Hawkins S. Plant cell wall lignification and monolignol metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:220. [PMID: 23847630 PMCID: PMC3705174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are built of various specialized cell types that differ in their cell wall composition and structure. The cell walls of certain tissues (xylem, sclerenchyma) are characterized by the presence of the heterogeneous lignin polymer that plays an essential role in their physiology. This phenolic polymer is composed of different monomeric units - the monolignols - that are linked together by several covalent bonds. Numerous studies have shown that monolignol biosynthesis and polymerization to form lignin are tightly controlled in different cell types and tissues. However, our understanding of the genetic control of monolignol transport and polymerization remains incomplete, despite some recent promising results. This situation is made more complex since we know that monolignols or related compounds are sometimes produced in non-lignified tissues. In this review, we focus on some key steps of monolignol metabolism including polymerization, transport, and compartmentation. As well as being of fundamental interest, the quantity of lignin and its nature are also known to have a negative effect on the industrial processing of plant lignocellulose biomass. A more complete view of monolignol metabolism and the relationship that exists between lignin and other monolignol-derived compounds thereby appears essential if we wish to improve biomass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Maxime Chantreau
- Lille 1 UMR 1281, UniversitéLille Nord de FranceVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1281, Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Lille 1 UMR 1281, UniversitéLille Nord de FranceVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1281, Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
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16
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Pesquet E, Zhang B, Gorzsás A, Puhakainen T, Serk H, Escamez S, Barbier O, Gerber L, Courtois-Moreau C, Alatalo E, Paulin L, Kangasjärvi J, Sundberg B, Goffner D, Tuominen H. Non-cell-autonomous postmortem lignification of tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1314-28. [PMID: 23572543 PMCID: PMC3663270 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem lignification of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) has been debated for decades. Here, we provide evidence in Zinnia elegans TE cell cultures, using pharmacological inhibitors and in intact Z. elegans plants using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, that TE lignification occurs postmortem (i.e., after TE programmed cell death). In situ RT-PCR verified expression of the lignin monomer biosynthetic cinnamoyl CoA reductase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in not only the lignifying TEs but also in the unlignified non-TE cells of Z. elegans TE cell cultures and in living, parenchymatic xylem cells that surround TEs in stems. These cells were also shown to have the capacity to synthesize and transport lignin monomers and reactive oxygen species to the cell walls of dead TEs. Differential gene expression analysis in Z. elegans TE cell cultures and concomitant functional analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in identification of several genes that were expressed in the non-TE cells and that affected lignin chemistry on the basis of pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. These data suggest that living, parenchymatic xylem cells contribute to TE lignification in a non-cell-autonomous manner, thus enabling the postmortem lignification of TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden.
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17
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Schuetz M, Smith R, Ellis B. Xylem tissue specification, patterning, and differentiation mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:11-31. [PMID: 23162114 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants (Tracheophytes) have adapted to a variety of environments ranging from arid deserts to tropical rainforests, and now comprise >250,000 species. While they differ widely in appearance and growth habit, all of them share a similar specialized tissue system (vascular tissue) for transporting water and nutrients throughout the organism. Plant vascular systems connect all plant organs from the shoot to the root, and are comprised of two main tissue types, xylem and phloem. In this review we examine the current state of knowledge concerning the process of vascular tissue formation, and highlight important mechanisms underlying key steps in vascular cell type specification, xylem and phloem tissue patterning, and, finally, the differentiation and maturation of specific xylem cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schuetz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Barakat A, Yassin NBM, Park JS, Choi A, Herr J, Carlson JE. Comparative and phylogenomic analyses of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamoyl-CoA-reductase-like gene family in land plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:249-57. [PMID: 21763535 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of monolignols, the main components of lignin, involves many intermediates and enzymes. The cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cinnamoyl-CoAs to cinnamaldehydes, i.e. the first specific step in lignin synthesis. The CCR and CCR-like gene family was studied partially in several plant species. This is a comprehensive study of the CCR and CCR-like gene family including genome organization, gene structure, phylogeny across land plant species, and, expression profiling in Populus. Analysis of amino acid motifs enabled the identification of sequence variations in the CCR catalytic site and annotates CCR and CCR-like genes. CCR and CCR-like genes were distributed in three major phylogenetic classes of which one includes the bona fide CCR genes. The other two classes include CCR and CCR-like, of which several genes present a high similarity to cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, or dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) genes. All CCR, CCR-like, and DFR classes were deeply rooted in the phylogeny of land plants suggesting that their evolution preceded the evolution of lycophytes. Over two thirds of CCR and CCR-like Populus genes were physically distributed on duplicated regions. This suggests that these duplication/retention processes contributed significantly to the size of the CCR and CCR-like gene family. The Populus CCR and CCR-like genes showed six expression patterns in the tissues studied with a preferential expression of PoptrCCR12 in xylem. The other genes present divergent expression profiles with some preferentially expressed in leaves, bark, or both. Several CCR and CCR-like genes were induced or repressed under various abiotic stresses suggesting that their duplication was followed by the evolution of divergent expression profiles and divergence of functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Barakat
- The Department of Bioenergy Science & Technology. Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Gago J, Grima-Pettenati J, Gallego PP. Vascular-specific expression of GUS and GFP reporter genes in transgenic grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albariño) conferred by the EgCCR promoter of Eucalyptus gunnii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:413-9. [PMID: 21393008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the view of the economic importance of grapevine and the increasing threaten represented by vascular diseases, transgenic grapevine with enhanced tolerance could represent an attractive opportunity. Hitherto, constitutive promoters have been used generally to study the effects of transgene expression in grapevine. Given the fact that constitutive gene expression may be harmful to the host plant, affecting plant growth and development, the use of tissue -specific promoters restricting gene expression to tissues of interest and at given developmental stages could be more appropriate. For this purpose, we decided to study in grapevine the activity of the Eucalyptus gunnii CCR promoter that was previously reported to be vascular-preferential. We transformed grapevine with the "Sonication assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation" (SAAT) method and a construct where both GUS and GFP (green fluorescent protein) marker genes were under control of the EgCCR promoter. High GUS and GFP activities were found to be associated with the newly formed vascular tissues in stems, leaves and petioles of transformed grapevine, suggesting a preferential activity of the EgCCR promoter in the vascular tissues of grapevine. These results suggest the tissue-specificity of this promoter from eucalyptus is conserved in grapevine and that it could be used to drive expression of defense genes in order to enhance resistance against vascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gago
- Applied Plant and Soil Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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20
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Rahantamalala A, Rech P, Martinez Y, Chaubet-Gigot N, Grima-Pettenati J, Pacquit V. Coordinated transcriptional regulation of two key genes in the lignin branch pathway--CAD and CCR--is mediated through MYB- binding sites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:130. [PMID: 20584286 PMCID: PMC3017776 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamoyl CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyze the final steps in the biosynthesis of monolignols, the monomeric units of the phenolic lignin polymers which confer rigidity, imperviousness and resistance to biodegradation to cell walls. We have previously shown that the Eucalyptus gunnii CCR and CAD2 promoters direct similar expression patterns in vascular tissues suggesting that monolignol production is controlled, at least in part, by the coordinated transcriptional regulation of these two genes. Although consensus motifs for MYB transcription factors occur in most gene promoters of the whole phenylpropanoid pathway, functional evidence for their contribution to promoter activity has only been demonstrated for a few of them. Here, in the lignin-specific branch, we studied the functional role of MYB elements as well as other cis-elements identified in the regulatory regions of EgCAD2 and EgCCR promoters, in the transcriptional activity of these gene promoters. RESULTS By using promoter deletion analysis and in vivo footprinting, we identified an 80 bp regulatory region in the Eucalyptus gunnii EgCAD2 promoter that contains two MYB elements, each arranged in a distinct module with newly identified cis-elements. A directed mutagenesis approach was used to introduce block mutations in all putative cis-elements of the EgCAD2 promoter and in those of the 50 bp regulatory region previously delineated in the EgCCR promoter. We showed that the conserved MYB elements in EgCAD2 and EgCCR promoters are crucial both for the formation of DNA-protein complexes in EMSA experiments and for the transcriptional activation of EgCAD2 and EgCCR promoters in vascular tissues in planta. In addition, a new regulatory cis-element that modulates the balance between two DNA-protein complexes in vitro was found to be important for EgCAD2 expression in the cambial zone. CONCLUSIONS Our assignment of functional roles to the identified cis-elements clearly demonstrates the importance of MYB cis-elements in the transcriptional regulation of two genes of the lignin-specific pathway and support the hypothesis that MYB elements serve as a common means for the coordinated regulation of genes in the entire lignin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjanirina Rahantamalala
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Rech
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, EAC7180 CNRS, UR5, Mécanismes de la Régénération des Plantes, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicole Chaubet-Gigot
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Pacquit
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; UMR 5546; BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Muñiz LM, Royo J, Gómez E, Baudot G, Paul W, Hueros G. Atypical response regulators expressed in the maize endosperm transfer cells link canonical two component systems and seed biology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:84. [PMID: 20459670 PMCID: PMC3017813 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two component systems (TCS) are phosphotransfer-based signal transduction pathways first discovered in bacteria, where they perform most of the sensing tasks. They present a highly modular structure, comprising a receptor with histidine kinase activity and a response regulator which regulates gene expression or interacts with other cell components. A more complex framework is usually found in plants and fungi, in which a third component transfers the phosphate group from the receptor to the response regulator. They play a central role in cytokinin mediated functions in plants, affecting processes such as meristem growth, phyllotaxy, seed development, leaf senescence or tissue differentiation. We have previously reported the expression and cellular localization of a type A response regulator, ZmTCRR-1, in the transfer cells of the maize seed, a tissue critical for seed filling and development, and described its regulation by a tissue specific transcription factor. In this work we investigate the expression and localization of other components of the TCS signalling routes in the maize seed and initiate the characterization of their interactions. RESULTS The discovery of a new type A response regulator, ZmTCRR-2, specifically expressed in the transfer cells and controlled by a tissue specific transcription factor suggests a previously unknown role for TCS in the biology of transfer cells. We have characterized other canonical TCS molecules, including 6 histidine kinases and 3 phosphotransfer proteins, potentially involved in the atypical transduction pathway defined by ZmTCRR-1 and 2. We have identified potential upstream interactors for both proteins and shown that they both move into the developing endosperm. Furthermore, ZmTCRR-1 expression in an heterologous system (Arabidopsis thaliana) is directed to xylem parenchyma cells, probably involved in transport processes, one of the major roles attributed to the transfer cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Our data prove the expression of the effector elements of a TCS route operating in the transfer cells under developmental control. Its possible role in integrating external signals with seed developmental processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M Muñiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera de Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Joaquín Royo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera de Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera de Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gaelle Baudot
- Biogemma SAS, 24 Avenue des Landais 63, 170 Aubière, France
| | - Wyatt Paul
- Biogemma SAS, 24 Avenue des Landais 63, 170 Aubière, France
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera de Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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Bedon F, Levasseur C, Grima-Pettenati J, Séguin A, MacKay J. Sequence analysis and functional characterization of the promoter of the Picea glauca Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase gene in transgenic white spruce plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:787-800. [PMID: 19288108 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyses the last step of lignin monomer synthesis, and is considered as a molecular marker of cell wall lignification in different plants species. Here, we report the isolation and analysis of 5' flanking genomic DNA regions upstream to the CAD gene, from two conifers, i.e. white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Sequence comparisons with available CAD gene promoters from angiosperms highlighted the conservation of cis-elements matching MYB, WRKY and bHLH binding sites. Functional characterization of the P. glauca CAD promoter used P. glauca seedlings stably transformed with a DNA fragment of 1,163 base pairs (PgCAD) fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Histochemical observations of different vegetative organs of the transgenic trees showed that this sequence was sufficient to drive GUS expression in lignifying tissues, and more specifically in differentiating xylem cells. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments also indicated that the native CAD gene was preferentially expressed in differentiating xylem both in stems and roots. In addition, GUS expression driven by the PgCAD promoter was wound-inducible which was consistent with the accumulation of CAD mRNA in response to jasmonate application and mechanical wounding. The spruce CAD promoter represents a valuable tool for research and biotechnology applications related to xylem and wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bedon
- Centre d'Etude de la Forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Creux NM, Ranik M, Berger DK, Myburg AA. Comparative analysis of orthologous cellulose synthase promoters from Arabidopsis, Populus and Eucalyptus: evidence of conserved regulatory elements in angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:722-737. [PMID: 18547376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
* The cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family encodes the catalytic subunits of a large protein complex responsible for the deposition of cellulose into plant cell walls. Early in vascular plant evolution, the gene family diverged into distinct members with conserved structures and functions (e.g. primary or secondary cell wall biosynthesis). Although the functions and expression domains of CesA genes have been extensively studied in plants, little is known about transcriptional regulation and promoter evolution in this gene family. * Here, comparative sequence analysis of orthologous CesA promoters from three angiosperm genera, Arabidopsis, Populus and Eucalyptus, was performed to identify putative cis-regulatory sequences. The promoter sequences of groups of Arabidopsis genes that are co-expressed with the primary or secondary cell wall-related CesA genes were also analyzed. * Reporter gene analysis of newly isolated promoter regions of six E. grandis CesA genes in Arabidopsis revealed the conserved functionality of the promoter sequences. Comparative sequence analysis identified 71 conserved sequence motifs, of which 66 were significantly over-represented in either primary or secondary wall-associated promoters. * The presence of conserved cis-regulatory elements in the evolutionary distant CesA promoters of Arabidopsis, Populus and Eucalyptus suggests an ancient transcriptional network regulating cellulose biosynthesis in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Kenneth Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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