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Jiang Y, Yue Y, Wang Z, Lu C, Yin Z, Li Y, Ding X. Plant Biostimulant as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative to Modern Agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5107-5121. [PMID: 38428019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of crop production presents a significant challenge to humanity. Pesticides and fertilizers are commonly used to eliminate external interference and provide nutrients, enabling crops to sustain growth and defense. However, the addition of chemical substances does not meet the environmental standards required for agricultural production. Recently, natural sources such as biostimulants have been found to help plants with growth and defense. The development of biostimulants provides new solutions for agricultural product safety and has become a widely utilized tool in agricultural. The review summarizes the classification of biostimulants, including humic-based biostimulant, protein-based biostimulant, oligosaccharide-based biostimulant, metabolites-based biostimulants, inorganic substance, and microbial inoculant. This review attempts to summarize suitable alternative technology that can address the problems and analyze the current state of biostimulants, summarizes the research mechanisms, and anticipates future technological developments and market trends, which provides comprehensive information for researchers to develop biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yingzhe Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, Shandong 271018, China
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Aranaz J, de Hita D, Olaetxea M, Urrutia O, Fuentes M, Baigorri R, Garnica M, Movila M, Zamarreño AM, Erro J, Baquero E, Gonzalez-Gaitano G, Alvarez JI, Garcia-Mina JM. The molecular conformation, but not disaggregation, of humic acid in water solution plays a crucial role in promoting plant development in the natural environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1180688. [PMID: 37206971 PMCID: PMC10190593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the capacity of soil humic substances (HS) to improve plant growth in natural ecosystems. This effect involves the activation of different processes within the plant at different coordinated molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. However, the first event triggered by plant root-HS interaction remains unclear. Some studies suggest the hypothesis that the interaction of HS with root exudates involves relevant modification of the molecular conformation of humic self-assembled aggregates, including disaggregation, which might be directly involved in the activation of root responses. To investigate this hypothesis, we have prepared two humic acids. A natural humic acid (HA) and a transformed humic acid obtained from the treatment of HA with fungal laccase (HA enz). We have tested the capacity of the two humic acids to affect plant growth (cucumber and Arabidopsis) and complex Cu. Laccase-treatment did not change the molecular size but increased hydrophobicity, molecular compactness and stability, and rigidity of HA enz. Laccase-treatment avoided the ability of HA to promote shoot- and root-growth in cucumber and Arabidopsis. However, it does not modify Cu complexation features. There is no molecular disaggregation upon the interaction of HA and HA enz with plant roots. The results indicate that the interaction with plant roots induced in both HA and laccase-treated HA (HA enz), changes in their structural features that showed higher compactness and rigidity. These events might result from the interaction of HA and HA enz with specific root exudates that can promote intermolecular crosslinking. In summary, the results indicate that the weakly bond stabilized aggregated conformation (supramolecular-like) of HA plays a crucial role in its ability to promote root and shoot growth. The results also indicate the presence of two main types of HS in the rhizosphere corresponding to those non-interacting with plant roots (forming aggregated molecular assemblies) and those produced after interacting with plant root exudates (forming stable macromolecules).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Aranaz
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David de Hita
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Olaetxea
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oscar Urrutia
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Garnica
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Movila
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Erro
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Baquero
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Jose Ignacio Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environment BIOMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose M. Garcia-Mina,
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Garnica M, Baigorri R, San Francisco S, Zamarreño AM, Garcia-Mina JM. Humic Acid Alleviates Fe Chlorosis in Graminaceous Plants Through Coordinated Fe-Dependent and Fe-Independent Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:803013. [PMID: 35185979 PMCID: PMC8849133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.803013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the close relationship between the beneficial action of soil and sedimentary humic acids on the growth of plants cultivated in calcareous soils and their ability to improve Fe plant nutrition. These results have been ascribed to the humic acid (HA) capability to improve Fe solubility and bioavailability. However, other effects more related to a humic acid action on the specific mechanisms activated in roots of plants under Fe deficiency cannot be ruled out. Although this question has been studied in dicotyledonous plants, in graminaceous plants there are no specific studies. Here we investigate the ability of a humic acid extracted from peat (HA) to improve Fe nutrition in wheat plants cultivated under Fe deficient and sufficient conditions. The results show that HA can improve the physiological status of Fe deficient wheat plants by alleviating some of the deleterious consequences of Fe deficiency on plant development and increasing the plant ability to secrete phytosiderophores to the nutrient solution. This action of HA is associated with increases in the Fe-active pool in leaves that might be related to the mobilization of the Fe complexed by HA resulting from the interaction of HA with the phytosiderophores in the nutrient solution. The Fe translocation from the root to the shoot may be favored by the action of trans-Zeatin Riboside (tZR) since the leaf concentration of this phytohormone was enhanced by HA in Fe deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garnica
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara San Francisco
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- BACh Research Group, Department of Environmental Biology, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (BIOMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation (CMI) – Groupe Roullier, Saint-Maló, France
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Sani MNH, Yong JWH. Harnessing Synergistic Biostimulatory Processes: A Plausible Approach for Enhanced Crop Growth and Resilience in Organic Farming. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010041. [PMID: 35053039 PMCID: PMC8773105 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Demand for organically grown crops has risen globally due to its healthier and safer food products. From a sustainability perspective, organic farming offers an eco-friendly cultivation system that minimizes agrochemicals and producing food with little or no environmental footprint. However, organic agriculture’s biggest drawback is the generally lower and variable yield in contrast to conventional farming. Compatible with organic farming, the selective use of biostimulants can close the apparent yield gap between organic and conventional cultivation systems. A biostimulant is defined as natural microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) or biologically active substances that are able to improve plant growth and yield through several processes. Biostimulants are derived from a range of natural resources including organic materials (composts, seaweeds), manures (earthworms, fish, insects) and extracts derived from microbes, plant, insect or animal origin. The current trend is indicative that a mixture of biostimulants is generally delivering better growth, yield and quality rather than applying biostimulant individually. When used correctly, biostimulants are known to help plants cope with stressful situations like drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and even certain diseases. More research is needed to understand the different biostimulants, key components, and also to adjust the formulations to improve their reliability in the field. Abstract Demand for organically grown food crops is rising substantially annually owing to their contributions to human health. However, organic farm production is still generally lower compared to conventional farming. Nutrient availability, content consistency, uptake, assimilation, and crop responses to various stresses were reported as critical yield-limiting factors in many organic farming systems. In recent years, plant biostimulants (BSs) have gained much interest from researchers and growers, and with the objective of integrating these products to enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE), crop performance, and delivering better stress resilience in organic-related farming. This review gave an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms of microbial and non-microbial BSs in enhancing plant nutrient uptake, physiological status, productivity, resilience to various stressors, and soil-microbe-plant interactions. BSs offer a promising, innovative and sustainable strategy to supplement and replace agrochemicals in the near future. With greater mechanistic clarity, designing purposeful combinations of microbial and non-microbial BSs that would interact synergistically and deliver desired outcomes in terms of acceptable yield and high-quality products sustainably will be pivotal. Understanding these mechanisms will improve the next generation of novel and well-characterized BSs, combining microbial and non-microbial BSs strategically with specific desired synergistic bio-stimulatory action, to deliver enhanced plant growth, yield, quality, and resilience consistently in organic-related cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Nasir Hossain Sani
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
- Correspondence: (M.N.H.S.); (J.W.H.Y.)
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 234 56 Alnarp, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.N.H.S.); (J.W.H.Y.)
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Lamar RT, Monda H, Sleighter R. Use of Ore-Derived Humic Acids With Diverse Chemistries to Elucidate Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of Humic Acids in Plant Phenotypic Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758424. [PMID: 34925408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For legal reasons, the publisher has withdrawn this article from public view. For additional information, please contact the publisher.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiarhi Monda
- Bio Huma Netics, Inc., Gilbert, AZ, United States
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Zhang P, Zhang H, Wu G, Chen X, Gruda N, Li X, Dong J, Duan Z. Dose-Dependent Application of Straw-Derived Fulvic Acid on Yield and Quality of Tomato Plants Grown in a Greenhouse. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736613. [PMID: 34707627 PMCID: PMC8542715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fulvic acids are organic compounds widely distributed in soils, and the application of fulvic acids is thought to increase crop yield and quality. However, the effects vary among various sources and doses of fulvic acids and environmental and growth conditions of crops. Here, we investigated the effects of bioresource-derived (corn straw) fulvic acids on plant production and quality of tomato plants and soil chemical properties in soil cultures while experiments on seed germination and hydroponics were conducted to explore the underlying mechanism. Base dressing with 2.7 g kg-1 increased the yield of tomato by 35.0% at most as increased fruit number. Fulvic acids increased the concentrations of minerals, such as Ca, Fe, and Zn and the concentrations of citric, malic, and some amino acids in berries of tomato but did not affect the concentrations of soluble sugars and aromatic substances in tomato fruits. Similarly, fulvic acids at 80-160 mg L-1 increased germination rate, growth vigor, and radicle elongation of tomato seeds while it increased plant biomass, concentrations of nutrients, and root length of tomato plants in hydroponics to the greatest extent in general. The increases in yield and quality can be attributed to the improvement in root growth and, thus, increased nutrient uptake. In addition, the base application of fulvic acids improved soil cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter to an extent. In conclusion, base dressing and the addition into solution of fulvic acids at moderate doses facilitate root growth and nutrient uptake and, thus, vegetable production and quality; therefore, fulvic acids can be an effective component for designing new biofertilizers for sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO, Beijing, China
| | - Nazim Gruda
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Division of Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengqiang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Nardi S, Schiavon M, Francioso O. Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Humic Substances Define Their Role as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082256. [PMID: 33924700 PMCID: PMC8070081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) are dominant components of soil organic matter and are recognized as natural, effective growth promoters to be used in sustainable agriculture. In recent years, many efforts have been made to get insights on the relationship between HS chemical structure and their biological activity in plants using combinatory approaches. Relevant results highlight the existence of key functional groups in HS that might trigger positive local and systemic physiological responses via a complex network of hormone-like signaling pathways. The biological activity of HS finely relies on their dosage, origin, molecular size, degree of hydrophobicity and aromaticity, and spatial distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. The molecular size of HS also impacts their mode of action in plants, as low molecular size HS can enter the root cells and directly elicit intracellular signals, while high molecular size HS bind to external cell receptors to induce molecular responses. Main targets of HS in plants are nutrient transporters, plasma membrane H+-ATPases, hormone routes, genes/enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, cell division, and development. This review aims to give a detailed survey of the mechanisms associated to the growth regulatory functions of HS in view of their use in sustainable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenella Nardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Università degli Studi di Padova, V.le dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Michela Schiavon
- Department of di of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2 (già Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44), 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ornella Francioso
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Baigorri R, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM. The Singular Molecular Conformation of Humic Acids in Solution Influences Their Ability to Enhance Root Hydraulic Conductivity and Plant Growth. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010003. [PMID: 33374946 PMCID: PMC7792592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported that the capacity of humic substances to improve plant growth is dependent on their ability to increase root hydraulic conductivity. It was proposed that this effect is directly related to the structural conformation in solution of these substances. To study this hypothesis, the effects on root hydraulic conductivity and growth of cucumber plants of a sedimentary humic acid and two polymers—polyacrylic acid and polyethylene glycol—presenting a molecular conformation in water solution different from that of the humic acid have been studied. The results show that whereas the humic acid caused an increase in root hydraulic conductivity and plant growth, both the polyacrylic acid and the polyethylene glycol did not modify plant growth and caused a decrease in root hydraulic conductivity. These results can be explained by the different molecular conformation in water solution of the three molecular systems. The relationships between these biological effects and the molecular conformation of the three molecular systems in water solution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (J.M.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-680-70-82-59 (M.O.); +34-630-062-439 (J.M.G.-M.)
| | - Veronica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant-Microorganism Interaction Laboratory, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina;
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Jose M. García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, BIOMA Institut, Sciences School, University of Navarra, 31007 Pamplona, Spain; (R.B.); (A.M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (J.M.G.-M.); Tel.: +34-680-70-82-59 (M.O.); +34-630-062-439 (J.M.G.-M.)
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De Corato U. Agricultural waste recycling in horticultural intensive farming systems by on-farm composting and compost-based tea application improves soil quality and plant health: A review under the perspective of a circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139840. [PMID: 32531600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The vegetables supply chain of intensive farming systems has gained huge relevance due to environmental pollution, residual toxicity towards microorganisms and humans, development of plant pathogen resistance, biodiversity loss, and hazard to human health. Studies addressed to clean from misuse of plant fungicides, soil fumigants, and fertilizers have encouraged the search of eco-friendly alternatives. This paper aims to give deeper understand of new insights for on-farm composting and compost-based tea application for soil and plant through the virtuous reuse of agricultural waste. On-farm composting is viable option thanks to benefits on soil quality and plant health which valorize underused biomass. This paper critically discusses and compares the most promising technologies in order to recycle in situ residual biomass into high-value added products for soil amendment (compost) and plant treatment (compost-based tea). Compost contains minerals, heavy metals, humic substances, and endogenous microorganisms to improve soil quality. Compost application had many benefits against plant pathogens and diseases due to innovative tailored formulates. Compost can be employed either alone or in combination with exogenous microbial consortia (protists, fungi, oomycetes, yeast, actinomycetes, and bacteria) acting as biological control agents by fitting the agrochemical market requirements for improving soil quality and plant health. Liquid formulations made of crude compost-based teas and/or tailored mixtures of humic acids, fulvic acids, humin, macro-micronutrients, and endogenous microbiota have many benefits for plant growth and crop health. Nonetheless, the complex European regulations and national laws, manure surplus, variability in availability and transporting of compost, variability in compost quality and feedstock composition, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy requirement were very hard barriers for on-farm composting and compost derivatives application. Recommendations, novelties, innovations, sustainability, and directions of future researches that may help to solve a number of these issues under the new perspective of a circular economy system were presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo De Corato
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Department of Bioenergy, Biorefinery and Green Chemistry (DTE-BBC-BIC), Territorial Office of Bari, Via Giulio Petroni 15/F, Bari 70124, Italy.
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Cha JY, Kang SH, Ali I, Lee SC, Ji MG, Jeong SY, Shin GI, Kim MG, Jeon JR, Kim WY. Humic acid enhances heat stress tolerance via transcriptional activation of Heat-Shock Proteins in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15042. [PMID: 32929162 PMCID: PMC7490348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) is composed of a complex supramolecular association and is produced by humification of organic matters in soil environments. HA not only improves soil fertility, but also stimulates plant growth. Although numerous bioactivities of HA have been reported, the molecular evidences have not yet been elucidated. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis to identify the HA-prompted molecular mechanisms in Arabidopsis. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that HA up-regulates diverse genes involved in the response to stress, especially to heat. Heat stress causes dramatic induction in unique gene families such as Heat-Shock Protein (HSP) coding genes including HSP101, HSP81.1, HSP26.5, HSP23.6, and HSP17.6A. HSPs mainly function as molecular chaperones to protect against thermal denaturation of substrates and facilitate refolding of denatured substrates. Interestingly, wild-type plants grown in HA were heat-tolerant compared to those grown in the absence of HA, whereas Arabidopsis HSP101 null mutant (hot1) was insensitive to HA. We also validated that HA accelerates the transcriptional expression of HSPs. Overall, these results suggest that HSP101 is a molecular target of HA promoting heat-stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Our transcriptome information contributes to understanding the acquired genetic and agronomic traits by HA conferring tolerance to environmental stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yung Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Imdad Ali
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Ji
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Jeong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Im Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Rok Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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De Hita D, Fuentes M, Zamarreño AM, Ruiz Y, Garcia-Mina JM. Culturable Bacterial Endophytes From Sedimentary Humic Acid-Treated Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:837. [PMID: 32636861 PMCID: PMC7316998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The global decrease in soil fertility leads to a new agricultural scenario where eco-friendly solutions play an important role. The plant growth promotion through the use of microbes, especially endophytes and rhizosphere microbiota, has been proposed as a useful solution. Several studies have shown that humic substances are suitable vehicles for the inoculation of plant growth promoting bacteria, and that this combination has an enhanced effect on the stimulation of plant development. In this work, cucumber plants grown hydroponically have been pre-treated with a sedimentary humic acid (SHA) with known plant growth-enhancing effects, and culturable bacterial endophytes have been isolated from these plants. The hypothesis was that this pre-treatment with SHA could lead to the isolation of certain endophytic taxa whose proliferation within the plant could have been promoted as a result of the effects of the treatment with SHA, and that could eventually reinforce a potential synergistic effect of a combined application of those endophytic bacteria and SHA. The culturable endophytes that have been isolated from humic acid-treated cucumber plants have been identified as members of four main phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Isolates were characterized according to the following plant growth-promoting traits: nitrogen fixation/scavenging, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and plant hormone production. Most of the isolates were able to fix/scavenge nitrogen and to produce plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid and several cytokinins), whereas few isolates were able to solubilize phosphate and/or produce siderophores. The most promising endophyte isolates for its use in futures investigations as plant growth-promoting bacterial inocula were Pseudomonas sp. strains (that showed all traits), Sphingomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas sp. strains, or some Arthrobacter sp. and Microbacterium sp. isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Hita
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yaiza Ruiz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Garcia-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre Mondial de I’lnnovation (CMI) – Groupe Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
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12
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De Hita D, Fuentes M, Fernández V, Zamarreño AM, Olaetxea M, García-Mina JM. Discriminating the Short-Term Action of Root and Foliar Application of Humic Acids on Plant Growth: Emerging Role of Jasmonic Acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:493. [PMID: 32411165 PMCID: PMC7199506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HS, fulvic and humic acids) are widely used as fertilizers or plant growth stimulants, although their mechanism of action still remains partially unknown. Humic substances may be applied either directly to the soil or as foliar sprays. Despite both kind of application are commonly used in agricultural practices, most of the studies regarding the elicited response in plants induced by HS are based on the root-application of these substances. The present work aimed at discriminating between the mechanisms of action of foliar application versus root application of a sedimentary humic acid (SHA) on plant development. For this purpose, six markers related to plant phenotype, plant morphology, hormonal balance and root-plasma membrane H+-ATPase were selected. Both application strategies improved the shoot and root growth. Foliar applied- and root applied-SHA shared the capacity to increase the concentration of indole-3-acetic acid in roots and cytokinins in shoots. However, foliar application did not lead to short-term increases in either abscisic acid root-concentration or root-plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity which are, however, two crucial effects triggered by SHA root-application. Both application modes increased the root concentrations of jasmonic acid and jasmonoyl-isoleucine. These hormonal changes caused by foliar application could be a stress-related symptom and connected to the loss of leaves trichomes and the diminution of chloroplasts size seen by scanning electron microscopy. These results support the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of SHA applied to roots or leaves may result from plant adaptation to a mild transient stress caused by SHA application.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Hita
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel M. Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose M. García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centre Mondial de I’lnnovation Roullier, Saint-Malo, France
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13
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Jindo K, Olivares FL, Malcher DJDP, Sánchez-Monedero MA, Kempenaar C, Canellas LP. From Lab to Field: Role of Humic Substances Under Open-Field and Greenhouse Conditions as Biostimulant and Biocontrol Agent. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:426. [PMID: 32528482 PMCID: PMC7247854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The demand for biostimulants has been growing at an annual rate of 10 and 12.4% in Europe and Northern America, respectively. The beneficial effects of humic substances (HS) as biostimulants of plant growth have been well-known since the 1980s, and they can be supportive to a circular economy if they are extracted from different renewable resources of organic matter including harvest residues, wastewater, sewage sludge, and manure. This paper presents an overview of the scientific outputs on application methods of HS in different conditions. Firstly, the functionality of HS in the primary and secondary metabolism under stressed and non-stressed cropping conditions is discussed along with crop protection against pathogens. Secondly, the advantages and limitations of five different types of HS application under open-fields and greenhouse conditions are described. Key factors, such as the chemical structure of HS, application method, optimal rate, and field circumstances, play a crucial role in enhancing plant growth by HS treatment as a biostimulant. If we can get a better grip on these factors, HS has the potential to become a part of circular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Jindo
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fábio Lopes Olivares
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura (NUDIBA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deyse Jacqueline da Paixão Malcher
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura (NUDIBA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Sánchez-Monedero
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafolog a y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient ficas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Angel Sánchez-Monedero,
| | - Corné Kempenaar
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura (NUDIBA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, UENF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Bacaicoa E, Baigorri R, Garnica M, Fuentes M, Zamarreño AM, Spíchal L, García‐Mina JM. Root ABA and H +-ATPase are key players in the root and shoot growth-promoting action of humic acids. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00175. [PMID: 31624800 PMCID: PMC6785783 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the ability of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) to improve plant growth has been demonstrated, knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the direct effects of HA and FA on the promotion of plant growth is scarce and fragmentary. Our study investigated the causal role of both root PM H+-ATPase activity and ABA in the SHA-promoting action on both root and shoot growth. The involvement of these processes in the regulation of shoot cytokinin concentration and activity was also studied. Our aim was to integrate such plant responses for providing new insights to the current model on the mode of action of HA for promoting root and shoot growth. Experiments employing specific inhibitors and using Cucumis sativus L. plants show that both the root PM H+-ATPase activity and root ABA play a crucial role in the root growth-promoting action of SHA. With regard to the HA-promoting effects on shoot growth, two pathways of events triggered by the interaction of SHA with plant roots are essential for the increase in root PM H+-ATPase activity-which also mediates an increase in cytokinin concentration and action in the shoot-and the ABA-mediated increase in hydraulic conductivity (Lpr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Verónica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant‐Microorganism Interaction LaboratoryInstituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Eva Bacaicoa
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Technical and Development DepartmentTimac Agro EspañaLodosaSpain
| | - Maria Garnica
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Angel Maria Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics Palacký University, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacky´ UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - José María García‐Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
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15
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Zanin L, Tomasi N, Cesco S, Varanini Z, Pinton R. Humic Substances Contribute to Plant Iron Nutrition Acting as Chelators and Biostimulants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:675. [PMID: 31178884 PMCID: PMC6538904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of plant iron nutrition as a consequence of metal complexation by humic substances (HS) extracted from different sources has been widely reported. The presence of humified fractions of the organic matter in soil sediments and solutions would contribute, depending on the solubility and the molecular size of HS, to build up a reservoir of Fe available for plants which exude metal ligands and to provide Fe-HS complexes directly usable by plant Fe uptake mechanisms. It has also been shown that HS can promote the physiological mechanisms involved in Fe acquisition acting at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, the distribution and allocation of Fe within the plant could be modified when plants were supplied with water soluble Fe-HS complexes as compared with other natural or synthetic chelates. These effects are in line with previous observations showing that treatments with HS were able to induce changes in root morphology and modulate plant membrane activities related to nutrient acquisition, pathways of primary and secondary metabolism, hormonal and reactive oxygen balance. The multifaceted action of HS indicates that soluble Fe-HS complexes, either naturally present in the soil or exogenously supplied to the plants, can promote Fe acquisition in a complex way by providing a readily available iron form in the rhizosphere and by directly affecting plant physiology. Furthermore, the possibility to use Fe-HS of different sources, size and solubility may be considered as an environmental-friendly tool for Fe fertilization of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zanin
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
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16
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Kaur P, Bali S, Sharma A, Kohli SK, Vig AP, Bhardwaj R, Thukral AK, Abd Allah EF, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Cd induced generation of free radical species in Brassica juncea is regulated by supplementation of earthworms in the drilosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:663-675. [PMID: 30476847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant defense system of Brassica juncea under Cd stress was examined on supplementation of earthworms in the rhizosphere at different concentrations of Cd (0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mM i.e. 56, 84, 112 and 140 mg kg-1 respectively). Seedlings were raised in small pots containing soil spiked with Cd and earthworms under controlled conditions for 15 days. Improved Cd accumulation, as well as enhanced plant dry weight and metal tolerance were observed following the addition of earthworms. Earthworm supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by 7.3% for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 7.1% for superoxide anion (O2-), and 8.4% for malondialdehyde (MDA) in plants treated with 1.25 mM (140 mg kg-1) Cd. Confocal microscopy revealed improved cell viability and reduced H2O2 content due to enhanced antioxidative activity. Activity and expression levels of genes coding for antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase; CAT, guaicol peroxidase; POD, glutathione reductase; GR, and glutathione-S-transferase; GST) were higher in plants raised in soils inoculated with earthworms, with expression of SOD increasing by 58.8%, CAT by 75%, POD by 183%, GR by 106.6%, and GST by 11.8%. Moreover, plant pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) concentrations increased by 8%, 9.1%, 9.1%, and 7.7% respectively, in plants grown in soils supplemented with earthworms. The results of our study suggest that the addition of earthworms to soil increases antioxidative enzyme activities, gene expression in plants, and ROS inhibition, which enhances tolerance to Cd during the phytoextraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Shagun Bali
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Adarsh Pal Vig
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar Thukral
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leonard Wijaya
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar 190001, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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17
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Cieschi MT, Polyakov AY, Lebedev VA, Volkov DS, Pankratov DA, Veligzhanin AA, Perminova IV, Lucena JJ. Eco-Friendly Iron-Humic Nanofertilizers Synthesis for the Prevention of Iron Chlorosis in Soybean ( Glycine max) Grown in Calcareous Soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:413. [PMID: 31024589 PMCID: PMC6460895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a frequent problem for many crops, particularly in calcareous soils and iron humates are commonly applied in the Mediterranean basin in spite of their lesser efficiency than iron synthetic chelates. Development and application of new fertilizers using nanotechnology are one of the potentially effective options of enhancing the iron humates, according to the sustainable agriculture. Particle size, pH, and kinetics constrain the iron humate efficiency. Thus, it is relevant to understand the iron humate mechanism in the plant-soil system linking their particle size, characterization and iron distribution in plant and soil using 57Fe as a tracer tool. Three hybrid nanomaterials (F, S, and M) were synthesized as iron-humic nanofertilizers (57Fe-NFs) from leonardite potassium humate and 57Fe used in the form of 57Fe(NO3)3 or 57Fe2(SO4)3. They were characterized using Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tested for iron availability in a calcareous soil pot experiment carried out under growth chamber conditions. Three doses (35, 75, and 150 μmol pot-1) of each iron-humic material were applied to soybean iron deficient plants and their iron nutrition contributions were compared to 57FeEDDHA and leonardite potassium humate as control treatments. Ferrihydrite was detected as the main structure of all three 57Fe-NFs and the plants tested with iron-humic compounds exhibited continuous long-term statistically reproducible iron uptake and showed high shoot fresh weight. Moreover, the 57Fe from the humic nanofertilizers remained available in soil and was detected in soybean pods. The Fe-NFs offers a natural, low cost and environmental option to the traditional iron fertilization in calcareous soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T. Cieschi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Yu Polyakov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Lebedev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Volkov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Soils, V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Pankratov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina V. Perminova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Irina V. Perminova, Juan J. Lucena,
| | - Juan J. Lucena
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Irina V. Perminova, Juan J. Lucena,
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18
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Cieschi MT, Lucena JJ. Iron and Humic Acid Accumulation on Soybean Roots Fertilized with Leonardite Iron Humates under Calcareous Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13386-13396. [PMID: 30507177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron humates are eco-friendly fertilizers that are less efficient than iron synthetic chelates at correcting iron chlorosis. The aim of this work was to improve the efficiency of a leonardite iron humate (LIH), by studying the relationship among humic acid (HA) accumulation, iron biomineralization on soybean roots, and iron nutrition in soybean plants under calcareous conditions. Two hydroponic experiments were performed: a short-term bioassay (21 days) with several doses (10, 20, 50, and 100 μmol of Fe pot-1) of LIH applied once a week and a long-term bioassay (60 days) with just one application of LIH (250 μmol of Fe pot-1). When LIH was applied several times, it precipitated on the root, blocking the cell wall pores and reducing iron transport in plants, while these effects decreased when LIH was applied just once, thus favoring iron uptake by the plants and avoiding HA accumulation. Jarosite was observed on the surface of soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Cieschi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science , Autonomous University of Madrid , c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan José Lucena
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science , Autonomous University of Madrid , c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid , Spain
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19
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Shah ZH, Rehman HM, Akhtar T, Alsamadany H, Hamooh BT, Mujtaba T, Daur I, Al Zahrani Y, Alzahrani HAS, Ali S, Yang SH, Chung G. Humic Substances: Determining Potential Molecular Regulatory Processes in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:263. [PMID: 29593751 PMCID: PMC5861677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HSs) have considerable effects on soil fertility and crop productivity owing to their unique physiochemical and biochemical properties, and play a vital role in establishing biotic and abiotic interactions within the plant rhizosphere. A comprehensive understanding of the mode of action and tissue distribution of HS is, however, required, as this knowledge could be useful for devising advanced rhizospheric management practices. These substances trigger various molecular processes in plant cells, and can strengthen the plant's tolerance to various kinds of abiotic stresses. HS manifest their effects in cells through genetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications of signaling entities that trigger different molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes. Understanding of such fundamental mechanisms will provide a better perspective for defining the cues and signaling crosstalk of HS that mediate various metabolic and hormonal networks operating in plant systems. Various regulatory activities and distribution strategies of HS have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M. Rehman
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tasneem Akhtar
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hameed Alsamadany
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahget T. Hamooh
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Mujtaba
- Plant and Forest Biotechnology Umeå, Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ihsanullah Daur
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Al Zahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind A. S. Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Seung H. Yang
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Gyuhwa Chung,
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20
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Wang C, Ma C, Jia W, Wang D, Sun H, Xing B. Combined effects of dissolved humic acids and tourmaline on the accumulation of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'- hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) in Lactuca sativa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:68-77. [PMID: 28787706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dissolved humic acid (DHA) and tourmaline on uptake of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'- hexabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-153) by Lactuca sativa, different fractions of DHA, including DHA1 and DHA4, as well as different doses of tourmaline were introduced into BDE-153 contaminated solutions for plant growth. The levels of BDE-153 in L. sativa tissues were positively correlated with the Fe levels (R2 = 0.9264) in seedings of the treatments with different doses of tourmaline. However, when adding DHA1 and DHA4 into the system, the correlation coefficients (R2) decreased to 0.6976 and 0.5451 from 0.9264, respectively. In contrast with the Fe contents, the presence of DHAs didn't affect the R2 between the levels of BDE-153 and the lipid contents in plant tissues. Our results indicated that both DHA1 and DHA4 could severely alter the BDE-153 uptake by L. sativa through reducing the Fe uptake instead of the lipid contents. Additionally, DHA4 exhibited much stronger abilities to alter the BDE-153 accumulation than DHA1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that either DHA1 or tourmaline or co-treatment with DHA and tourmaline had no negative impact on L. sativa at the cellular level. The present study provides important information for the impacts of different fractions of DHA extracted from soil on the BDE-153 migration in plant systems. Moreover, we elucidated the importance of the iron in tourmaline for migration of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
| | - Weili Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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21
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Kulikova NA, Abroskin DP, Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Korobkov VI, Beer AS, Tsvetkova EA, Senik SV, Klein OI, Perminova IV. Label Distribution in Tissues of Wheat Seedlings Cultivated with Tritium-Labeled Leonardite Humic Acid. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28869. [PMID: 27350412 PMCID: PMC4924103 DOI: 10.1038/srep28869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) play important roles in the biotic-abiotic interactions of the root plant and soil contributing to plant adaptation to external environments. However, their mode of action on plants remains largely unknown. In this study the HS distribution in tissues of wheat seedlings was examined using tritium-labeled humic acid (HA) derived from leonardite (a variety of lignites) and microautoradiography (MAR). Preferential accumulation of labeled products from tritiated HA was found in the roots as compared to the shoots, and endodermis was shown to be the major control point for radial transport of label into vascular system of plant. Tritium was also found in the stele and xylem tissues indicating that labeled products from tritiated HA could be transported to shoot tissues via the transpiration stream. Treatment with HA lead to an increase in the content of polar lipids of photosynthetic membranes. The observed accumulation of labeled HA products in root endodermis and positive impact on lipid synthesis are consistent with prior reported observations on physiological effects of HS on plants such as enhanced growth and development of lateral roots and improvement/repairs of the photosynthetic status of plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kulikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Soil Science, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of RAS, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Dmitry P Abroskin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Soil Science, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady A Badun
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G Chernysheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor I Korobkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton S Beer
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana V Senik
- Komarov Botanical Institute of RAS, 2 Professor Popov str., St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Olga I Klein
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of RAS, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V Perminova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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22
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García AC, de Souza LGA, Pereira MG, Castro RN, García-Mina JM, Zonta E, Lisboa FJG, Berbara RLL. Structure-Property-Function Relationship in Humic Substances to Explain the Biological Activity in Plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20798. [PMID: 26862010 PMCID: PMC4748406 DOI: 10.1038/srep20798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the structure-property-function relationship of humic substances (HSs) is key for understanding their role in soil. Despite progress, studies on this topic are still under discussion. We analyzed 37 humic fractions with respect to their isotopic composition, structural characteristics, and properties responsible for stimulating plant root parameters. We showed that regardless of the source of origin of the carbon (C3 or C4), soil-extracted HSs and humic acids (HAs) are structurally similar to each other. The more labile and functionalized HS fraction is responsible for root emission, whereas the more recalcitrant and less functionalized HA fraction is related to root growth. Labile structures promote root stimulation at lower concentrations, while recalcitrant structures require higher concentrations to promote a similar stimulus. These findings show that lability and recalcitrance, which are derived properties of humic fractions, are related to the type and intensity of their bioactivity. In summary, the comparison of humic fractions allowed a better understanding of the relationship between the source of origin of plant carbon and the structure, properties, and type and intensity of the bioactivity of HSs in plants. In this study, scientific concepts are unified and the basis for the agronomic use of HSs is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Calderín García
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Soil Science Dept. Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Gervasio Pereira
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Soil Science Dept. Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Department, Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - José María García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group-CMI Roullier, Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Everaldo Zonta
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Soil Science Dept. Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Francy Junior Gonçalves Lisboa
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Soil Science Dept. Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luis Louro Berbara
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Soil Science Dept. Rodovia BR 465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, CEP 23890-000, Brazil
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23
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David J, Šmejkalová D, Hudecová Š, Zmeškal O, von Wandruszka R, Gregor T, Kučerík J. The physico-chemical properties and biostimulative activities of humic substances regenerated from lignite. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:156. [PMID: 24790812 PMCID: PMC4000601 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The positive effect of humic acids on the growth of plant roots is well known, however, the mechanisms and role of their physical structure in these processes have not been fully explained yet. In this work, South-Moravian lignite was oxidized by means of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide to produce a set of regenerated humic acids. The elemental composition, solid state stability and solution characteristics were determined and correlated in vitro with their biological activity. A modified hydroponic method was applied to determine the effects of their potassium salts on Zea mays seedlings roots with respect to the plant weight, root length, root division, and starch and protein content. The relations between the determined parameters were evaluated through Principal Component Analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The results indicated that the most important factor determining the biological activity of South-Moravian lignite potassium humates is related to the nature of self-assemblies, while the chemical composition had no direct connection with the root growth of Zea mays seedlings. It was demonstrated a controlled processing that provided humic substances with different chemical and physicochemical properties and variable biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David
- />Institute of Environmental Sciences, Soil and Environmental Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D–76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Daniela Šmejkalová
- />Contipro Pharma, Dolní Dobrouč 401, CZ–561 02 Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Hudecová
- />Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Charles University in Prague, Sokolovská 83, CZ–186 75 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Zmeškal
- />Institute of Environmental Sciences, Soil and Environmental Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D–76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ray von Wandruszka
- />College of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, 804 South Rayburn Street, Renfrew Hall Rm 116, PO Box 442343, Moscow, 83844-2343 ID USA
| | - Tomáš Gregor
- />Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ–613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kučerík
- />Institute of Environmental Sciences, Soil and Environmental Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, D–76829 Landau, Germany
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24
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Zha Q, Wang Y, Zhang XZ, Han ZH. Both immanently high active iron contents and increased root ferrous uptake in response to low iron stress contribute to the iron deficiency tolerance in Malus xiaojinensis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 214:47-56. [PMID: 24268163 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the mechanism of low-iron stress tolerance in Malus xiaojinensis, the differences in physiological parameters and gene expression between an iron deficiency-sensitive species, Malus baccata, and an iron deficiency-tolerant species, M. xiaojinensis were investigated under low-iron (4 μM Fe) conditions. Under iron sufficient conditions, the expressions of iron uptake- and transport-related genes, i.e. FIT1, IRT1, CS1, FRD3 and NRMAP1, and the immanent leaf and root active iron contents were higher in M. xiaojinensis than those in M. baccata. However, on the first three days of low iron stress, the rhizospheric pH decreased and the root ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity and the expression of ferrous uptake- and iron transport-related genes in the roots increased significantly only in M. xiaojinensis. Leaf chlorosis occurred on the 3rd and the 9th day after low-iron treatment in M. baccata and M. xiaojinensis, respectively. The expression of iron relocalization-related genes, such as NAS1, FRD3 and NRMAP3, increased after the 5th or 6th day of low iron stress in leaves of M. xiaojinensis, whereas the expression of NAS1, FRD3 and NRMAP3 in the leaves of M. baccata increased immediately after the onset of low iron treatment. Conclusively, the relative high active iron contents caused by the immanently active root ferrous uptake and the increased root ferrous uptake in response to low iron stress were the dominant mechanisms for the tolerance to iron deficiency in M. xiaojinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zha
- Institute of Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Trevisan S, Francioso O, Quaggiotti S, Nardi S. Humic substances biological activity at the plant-soil interface: from environmental aspects to molecular factors. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:635-43. [PMID: 20495384 PMCID: PMC3001551 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.6.11211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) represent the organic material mainly widespread in nature. HS have positive effects on plant physiology by improving soil structure and fertility and by influencing nutrient uptake and root architecture. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these events are only partially known. HS have been shown to contain auxin and an "auxin-like" activity of humic substances has been proposed, but support to this hypothesis is fragmentary. In this review article, we are giving an overview of available data concerning molecular structures and biological activities of humic substances, with special emphasis on their hormone-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trevisan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova) Italy
| | - Ornella Francioso
- Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology; University of Bologna Viale Fanin; Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova) Italy
| | - Serenella Nardi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova) Italy
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