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Zheng J, Xie X, Li C, Wang H, Yu Y, Huang B. Regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 25:1596-1613. [PMID: 36786203 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2176466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi exist widely in plants and play an important role in the growth and adaptation of plants. They could be used in phytoremediation techniques against heavy metal contaminated soil since beneficial microbial symbionts can endow plants with resistance to external heavy metal stresses. This review summarized the regulation mechanism of plant response to heavy metal stress mediated by endophytic fungi. Potential endophytic fungi in enhancing plant's adaption to heavy metal stresses include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, dark septate endophytic fungi, plant growth promoting endophytic fungi. The mechanisms involve coevolution strategy, immune regulation and detoxification transport to improve the ability of plants to adapt to heavy metal stress. They can increase the synthesis of host hormones and maintaining the balance of endogenous hormones, strengthen osmotic regulation, regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase immune activity, antioxidant enzyme and glutathione activity. They also help to improve the detoxification transport and heavy metal emission capacity of the host by significantly producing iron carrier, metallothionein and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase. The combination of endophytic fungi and hyperaccumulation plants provides a promising technology for the ecological restoration of heavy metal contaminated soil. Endophytic fungi reserves further development on enhancing host plant's adaptability to heavy metal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingguang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaru Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baokang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Gómez-Gallego T, Valderas A, van Tuinen D, Ferrol N. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on maize P 1B-ATPases gene expression and ionome in copper-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113390. [PMID: 35278990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, symbionts of most land plants, increase plant fitness in metal contaminated soils. To further understand the mechanisms of metal tolerance in the AM symbiosis, the expression patterns of the maize Heavy Metal ATPase (HMA) family members and the ionomes of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants grown under different Cu supplies were examined. Expression of ZmHMA5a and ZmHMA5b, whose encoded proteins were predicted to be localized at the plasma membrane, was up-regulated by Cu in non-mycorrhizal roots and to a lower extent in mycorrhizal roots. Gene expression of the tonoplast ZmHMA3a and ZmHMA4 isoforms was up-regulated by Cu-toxicity in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants. AM mitigates the changes induced by Cu toxicity on the maize ionome, specially at the highest Cu soil concentration. Altogether these data suggest that in Cu-contaminated soils, AM increases expression of the HMA genes putatively encoding proteins involved in Cu detoxification and balances mineral nutrient uptake improving the nutritional status of the maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Valderas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- INRAE/AgroSup/Université de Bourgogne UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS, 6300 Dijon, France
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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Gómez-Sagasti MT, Garbisu C, Urra J, Míguez F, Artetxe U, Hernández A, Vilela J, Alkorta I, Becerril JM. Mycorrhizal-Assisted Phytoremediation and Intercropping Strategies Improved the Health of Contaminated Soil in a Peri-Urban Area. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693044. [PMID: 34276742 PMCID: PMC8283827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soils of abandoned and vacant lands in the periphery of cities are frequently subjected to illegal dumping and can undergo degradation processes such as depletion of organic matter and nutrients, reduced biodiversity, and the presence of contaminants, which may exert an intense abiotic stress on biological communities. Mycorrhizal-assisted phytoremediation and intercropping strategies are highly suitable options for remediation of these sites. A two-year field experiment was conducted at a peri-urban site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, to assess the effects of plant growth (spontaneous plant species, Medicago sativa, and Populus × canadensis, alone vs. intercropped) and inoculation of a commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal inoculum. Contaminant degradation, plant performance, and biodiversity, as well as a variety of microbial indicators of soil health (microbial biomass, activity, and diversity parameters) were determined. The rhizosphere bacterial and fungal microbiomes were assessed by measuring the structural diversity and composition via amplicon sequencing. Establishment of spontaneous vegetation led to greater plant and soil microbial diversity. Intercropping enhanced the activity of soil enzymes involved in nutrient cycling. The mycorrhizal treatment was a key contributor to the establishment of intercropping with poplar and alfalfa. Inoculated and poplar-alfalfa intercropped soils had a higher microbial abundance than soils colonized by spontaneous vegetation. Our study provided evidence of the potential of mycorrhizal-assisted phytoremediation and intercropping strategies to improve soil health in degraded peri-urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Garbisu
- Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, NEIKER, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Julen Urra
- Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, NEIKER, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Fátima Míguez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Unai Artetxe
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Vilela
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Itziar Alkorta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - José M. Becerril
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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You Y, Wang L, Ju C, Wang G, Ma F, Wang Y, Yang D. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and toxic element uptake of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud under zinc/cadmium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112023. [PMID: 33578096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in improving plant tolerance and accumulation of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The growth, physiology and absorption of elements and transport in Phragmites australis (P. australis) were investigated under Zn and Cd stress to identify the transport mechanisms of toxic trace elements (TE) under the influence of AMF. Thus, AMF were observed to alleviate the toxic effects of Zn and Cd on P. australis by increasing plant biomass and through different regulatory patterns under different TE concentrations. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased under Zn stress, and the activities of SOD, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and APX significantly increased under high concentrations of Cd. AMF differ in their strategies of regulating the transport of different metals under TE stress. Under Zn stress, the concentration of Zn in P. australis decreased by 10-57%, and the effect on Zn translocation factor (TFZn) was concentration-dependent. AMF increased the TFZn under low concentration stress, but decreased under high concentration stress. Under Cd stress, the concentration of Cd increased by as much as 17-40%, and the TFCd decreased. AMF were also found to change the interaction of Zn×Cd. In the absence of AMF, Cd exposure decreased the Zn concentrations in P. australis at Zn100 mg/L and Zn300 mg/L, while it increased the contents of Zn at Zn700 mg/L. The opposite trend was observed following treatment with AMF. However, regardless of the concentration of Cd, the addition of Zn decreased the concentration of Cd in both treatments in both the presence and absence of AMF. Under different TE stress conditions, the regulation of metal elements by AMF in host plants does not follow a single strategy but a trade-off between different trends of transportations. The findings of our study are important for applying AMF-P. australis systems in the phytoremediation of Zn-Cd co-contaminated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang You
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang Ju
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongguang Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
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Liu S, Yang B, Liang Y, Xiao Y, Fang J. Prospect of phytoremediation combined with other approaches for remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:16069-16085. [PMID: 32173779 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils due to human production activities-mining, fossil fuel combustion, and application of chemical fertilizers/pesticides-results in severe environmental pollution. As the transmission of heavy metals through the food chain and their accumulation pose a serious risk to human health and safety, there has been increasing attention in the investigation of heavy metal pollution and search for effective soil remediation technologies. Here, we summarized and discussed the basic principles, strengths and weaknesses, and limitations of common standalone approaches such as those based on physics, chemistry, and biology, emphasizing their incompatibility with large-scale applications. Moreover, we explained the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of the combinations of common single repair approaches. We highlighted the latest research advances and prospects in phytoremediation-chemical, phytoremediation-microbe, and phytoremediation-genetic engineering combined with remediation approaches by changing metal availability, improving plant tolerance, promoting plant growth, improving phytoextraction and phytostabilization, etc. We then explained the improved safety and applicability of phytoremediation combined with other repair approaches compared to common standalone approaches. Finally, we established a prospective research direction of phytoremediation combined with multi-technology repair strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Swine Production, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang S, Yang C, Chen M, Chen J, Pan Y, Chen Y, Rahman SU, Fan J, Zhang Y. Influence of nitrogen availability on Cd accumulation and acclimation strategy of Populus leaves under Cd exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:439-448. [PMID: 31117015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) plays crucial roles in chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis, and stress tolerance of plant leaves. This study conducted a greenhouse experiment combined with Cd and N treatments to elucidate the mechanism underlying the influence of N on Cd accumulation and acclimation strategy in Populus leaves. Chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rates (A) in leaves were unaltered by Cd exposure regardless of N condition. Nitrogen availability alter acclimation strategy of poplar leaves under cadmium exposure. Under sufficient N, Cd accumulation in leaves was elevated with increased intensity and duration of Cd exposure; Cd accumulation reached ca. 28 μg g-1 dry weight and 260 μg plant-1 after 60 days of exposure to high level of Cd (20 mg Cd kg-1 soil), and this finding indicates a large potential for Cd phytoextraction. Poplar leaves exhibited high capacity for antioxidant defense and stress tolerance and avoided oxidative damage under high Cd exposure. The levels of phytohormones and antioxidants in leaves and the relative expressions of critical genes encoding antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated under sufficient N condition. Nitrogen deficiency decreased chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rates (A) and interfered with the production of N metabolites, resulting in a low level of phytohormones and antioxidants that are responsible for stress tolerance. The low levels of Cd accumulation in leaves may be a self-protecting strategy to prevent severe oxidative damage due to the decreased capacities for stress tolerance under N deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senmao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuehan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Siddiq Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Junfeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Direct and indirect influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on enhancing metal tolerance of plants. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shi W, Zhang Y, Chen S, Polle A, Rennenberg H, Luo ZB. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in nonmycorrhizal versus mycorrhizal plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1087-1103. [PMID: 30375657 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uptake, translocation, detoxification, and sequestration of heavy metals (HMs) are key processes in plants to deal with excess amounts of HM. Under natural conditions, plant roots often establish ecto- and/or arbuscular-mycorrhizae with their fungal partners, thereby altering HM accumulation in host plants. This review considers the progress in understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in HM accumulation in nonmycorrhizal versus mycorrhizal plants. In nonmycorrhizal plants, HM ions in the cells can be detoxified with the aid of several chelators. Furthermore, HMs can be sequestered in cell walls, vacuoles, and the Golgi apparatus of plants. The uptake and translocation of HMs are mediated by members of ZIPs, NRAMPs, and HMAs, and HM detoxification and sequestration are mainly modulated by members of ABCs and MTPs in nonmycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal-induced changes in HM accumulation in plants are mainly due to HM sequestration by fungal partners and improvements in the nutritional and antioxidative status of host plants. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi can trigger the differential expression of genes involved in HM accumulation in both partners. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie HM accumulation in mycorrhizal plants is crucial for the utilization of fungi and their host plants to remediate HM-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute for Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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Zhang H, Xu N, Li X, Long J, Sui X, Wu Y, Li J, Wang J, Zhong H, Sun GY. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ( Glomus mosseae) Improves Growth, Photosynthesis and Protects Photosystem II in Leaves of Lolium perenne L. in Cadmium Contaminated Soil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1156. [PMID: 30150997 PMCID: PMC6099091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) on the growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of Lolium perenne L. in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil were investigated. The results showed that the root vigor of L. perenne declined, while the chlorophyll content significantly decreased with the increase of Cd content, especially the chlorophyll a content in leaves. The photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity and PSII activity of L. perenne leaves were also significantly inhibited by Cd stress, especially the electron transfer at the receptor side of PSII, which was more sensitive to Cd stress. The infection level of G. mosseae on L. perenne roots was relatively high and inoculation with G. mosseae increased the mycorrhizal infection rate of L. perenne roots up to 50-70%. Due to the impact of the mycorrhizal infection, the Cd content in L. perenne roots was significantly increased compared to non-inoculated treatment; however, the Cd content in the aboveground part of L. perenne was not significantly different compared to the non-inoculated treatment. After inoculation with G. mosseae, the root vigor of L. perenne increased to some extent, alleviating the chlorophyll degradation in L. perenne leaves under Cd contaminated soil. Infection with G. mosseae can improve the stoma limitation of L. perenne leaves in Cd contaminated soil and increase the non-stomatal factors including the tolerance of its photosynthetic apparatus to Cd, to improve photosynthetic capacity. G. mosseae infection can improve the photosynthetic electron transport capacity of PSII in L. perenne leaves under Cd stress and promotes the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex to different degrees at the donor side of PSII and the electron transport capacity from QA to QB on the receptor side of PSII. Thus, this guarantees that L. perenne leaves inoculated with G. mosseae in Cd contaminated soil have relatively higher PSII activity. Therefore, inoculation with G. mosseae can improve the capacity of Cd tolerance of L. perenne with regard to various aspects, such as morphological characteristics and photosynthetic functions, and reduce the toxicity of Cd on L. perenne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinghong Long
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Yining Wu
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haixiu Zhong
- Institute of Natural Resources and Ecology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guang Y. Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Yadav S, Srivastava J. Cadmium Phytoextraction and Induced Antioxidant Gene Response in Moringa oleifera Lam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajpp.2017.58.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ferrol N, Tamayo E, Vargas P. The heavy metal paradox in arbuscular mycorrhizas: from mechanisms to biotechnological applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6253-6265. [PMID: 27799283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses that involve most plants and Glomeromycota fungi are integral and functional parts of plant roots. In these associations, the fungi not only colonize the root cortex but also maintain an extensive network of hyphae that extend out of the root into the surrounding environment. These external hyphae contribute to plant uptake of low mobility nutrients, such as P, Zn, and Cu. Besides improving plant mineral nutrition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can alleviate heavy metal (HM) toxicity to their host plants. HMs, such as Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, play essential roles in many biological processes but are toxic when present in excess. This makes their transport and homeostatic control of particular importance to all living organisms. AMF play an important role in modulating plant HM acquisition in a wide range of soil metal concentrations and have been considered to be a key element in the improvement of micronutrient concentrations in crops and in the phytoremediation of polluted soils. In the present review, we provide an overview of the contribution of AMF to plant HM acquisition and performance under deficient and toxic HM conditions, and summarize current knowledge of metal homeostasis mechanisms in arbuscular mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Tamayo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Paola Vargas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C. Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Merlos MA, Zitka O, Vojtech A, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis differentially regulates the copper response of two maize cultivars differing in copper tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:68-76. [PMID: 27968998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza can increase plant tolerance to heavy metals. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on plant metal tolerance vary depending on the fungal and plant species involved. Here, we report the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on the physiological and biochemical responses to Cu of two maize genotypes differing in Cu tolerance, the Cu-sensitive cv. Orense and the Cu-tolerant cv. Oropesa. Development of the symbiosis confers an increased Cu tolerance to cv. Orense. Root and shoot Cu concentrations were lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants of both cultivars. Shoot lipid peroxidation increased with soil Cu content only in non-mycorrhizal plants of the Cu-sensitive cultivar. Root lipid peroxidation increased with soil Cu content, except in mycorrhizal plants grown at 250mg Cu kg-1soil. In shoots of mycorrhizal plants of both cultivars, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities were not affected by soil Cu content. In Cu-supplemented soils, total phytochelatin content increased in shoots of mycorrhizal cv. Orense but decreased in cv. Oropesa. Overall, these data suggest that the increased Cu tolerance of mycorrhizal plants of cv. Orense could be due to an increased induction of shoot phytochelatin biosynthesis by the symbiosis in this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Merlos
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Vojtech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Concepción Azcón-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Fuentes A, Ortiz J, Saavedra N, Salazar LA, Meneses C, Arriagada C. Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR in Solanum lycopersicum L. inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 101:124-131. [PMID: 26874621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gene expression stability of candidate reference genes in the roots and leaves of Solanum lycopersicum inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was investigated. Eight candidate reference genes including elongation factor 1 α (EF1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Acs), ribosomal protein L2 (RPL2), β-tubulin (TUB), ubiquitin (UBI) and actin (ACT) were selected, and their expression stability was assessed to determine the most stable internal reference for quantitative PCR normalization in S. lycopersicum inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The stability of each gene was analysed in leaves and roots together and separated using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Differences were detected between leaves and roots, varying among the best-ranked genes depending on the algorithm used and the tissue analysed. PGK, TUB and EF1 genes showed higher stability in roots, while EF1 and UBI had higher stability in leaves. Statistical algorithms indicated that the GAPDH gene was the least stable under the experimental conditions assayed. Then, we analysed the expression levels of the LePT4 gene, a phosphate transporter whose expression is induced by fungal colonization in host plant roots. No differences were observed when the most stable genes were used as reference genes. However, when GAPDH was used as the reference gene, we observed an overestimation of LePT4 expression. In summary, our results revealed that candidate reference genes present variable stability in S. lycopersicum arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis depending on the algorithm and tissue analysed. Thus, reference gene selection is an important issue for obtaining reliable results in gene expression quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Fuentes
- Laboratorio Biorremediacion, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Javier Ortiz
- Laboratorio Biorremediacion, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Nicolás Saavedra
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis A Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal. Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Arriagada
- Laboratorio Biorremediacion, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
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Transcriptome analysis of Glomus mosseae/Medicago sativa mycorrhiza on atrazine stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20245. [PMID: 26833403 PMCID: PMC4735738 DOI: 10.1038/srep20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) protect host plants against diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, and promote biodegradation of various contaminants. In this study effect of Glomus mosseae/Medicago sativa mycorrhiza on atrazine degradation was investigated. It was observed that the atrazine degradation rates with any addition level in mycorrhizal treatments were all significantly higher than those in non-mycorrhizal treatments. When atrazine was applied at 20 mg kg(-1), the removal efficiency was up to 74.65%. Therefore, G. mosseae can be considered as ideal inhabitants of technical installations to facilitate phytoremediation. Furthermore, a total of 10.4 Gb was used for de novo transcriptome assembly, resulting in a comprehensive data set for the identification of genes corresponding to atrazine stress in the AM association. After comparative analysis with edgeR, a total of 2,060 differential expressed genes were identified, including 570 up-regulated genes and 1490 down-regulated genes. After excluding 'function unknown' and 'general function predictions only' genes, 172 up-regulated genes were obtained. The differentially expressed genes in AM association with and without atrazine stress were associated with molecular processes/other proteins, zinc finger protein, intracellular/extracellular enzymes, structural proteins, anti-stress/anti-disease protein, electron transport-related protein, and plant growth associated protein. Our results not only prove AMF has important ecological significance on atrazine degradation but also provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms of atrazine degradation by AMF.
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Plouznikoff K, Declerck S, Calonne-Salmon M. Mitigating Abiotic Stresses in Crop Plants by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. BELOWGROUND DEFENCE STRATEGIES IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42319-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen L, Hu X, Yang W, Xu Z, Zhang D, Gao S. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on sex-specific responses to Pb pollution in Populus cathayana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:460-8. [PMID: 25553418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Using fast-growing trees to remediate soils polluted by heavy metals (HMs) has received increasingly more attention, especially for recalcitrant Pb, as one of the most seriously toxic HMs. However, little is known about the responses of plants to a diffused level of Pb pollution, and a more combined phytoremediation technique is needed to explore. In this study, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), i.e., Funneliformis mosseae, isolated from Populus euphratica distributed in a tailing of Pb/Zn ore, was introduced to investigate its effects on sex-specific responses of P. cathayana in morphology, physiology, and Pb phytoremediation capacity, when exposed to a diffused level of Pb pollution (100mg Pb(2+) kg(-1) dry soil). Symbiosis with exotic AMF did not significantly affect growth of both sexes and biomass allocation. However, when inoculated with AMF, both sexes absorbed more P, but not N in the roots, especially when exposed to the exogenous addition of Pb. The improvement of nutrient status under such conditions might be associated with a further increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes (particularly for superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), and the mitigation of oxidation stress induced by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also observed that exotic AMF could promote the uptake and accumulation of Pb in roots of females, but not in that of males. Therefore, under this diffused pollution level, the infected females might be more suitable for remediation of this metal than infected males, due to the higher capacity of HM accumulation without obvious negative effects on growth and physiological traits. Moreover, field surveys are needed to testify our experimental results, due to diversity of soil microbial community and complexities of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Chen
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangwei Hu
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wanqin Yang
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Danju Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shun Gao
- Institute of Ecological Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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