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Kumari S, Nazir F, Maheshwari C, Kaur H, Gupta R, Siddique KHM, Khan MIR. Plant hormones and secondary metabolites under environmental stresses: Enlightening defense molecules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108238. [PMID: 38064902 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The climatic changes have great threats to sustainable agriculture and require efforts to ensure global food and nutritional security. In this regard, the plant strategic responses, including the induction of plant hormones/plant growth regulators (PGRs), play a substantial role in boosting plant immunity against environmental stress-induced adversities. In addition, secondary metabolites (SMs) have emerged as potential 'stress alleviators' that help plants to adapt against environmental stressors imposing detrimental impacts on plant health and survival. The introduction of SMs in plant biology has shed light on their beneficial effects in mitigating environmental crises. This review explores SMs-mediated plant defense responses and highlights the crosstalk between PGRs and SMs under diverse environmental stressors. In addition, genetic engineering approaches are discussed as a potential revenue to enhance plant hormone-mediated SM production in response to environmental cues. Thus, the present review aims to emphasize the significance of SMs implications with PGRs association and genetic approachability, which could aid in shaping the future strategies that favor agro-ecosystem compatibility under unpredictable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Kumari
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Faroza Nazir
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirag Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Harmanjit Kaur
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea.
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Berková V, Berka M, Kameniarová M, Kopecká R, Kuzmenko M, Shejbalová Š, Abramov D, Čičmanec P, Frejlichová L, Jan N, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Salicylic Acid Treatment and Its Effect on Seed Yield and Seed Molecular Composition of Pisum sativum under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5454. [PMID: 36982529 PMCID: PMC10049190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The reproductive stage of plant development has the most critical impact on yield. Flowering is highly sensitive to abiotic stress, and increasing temperatures and drought harm crop yields. Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that regulates flowering and promotes stress resilience in plants. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and the level of protection are far from understood and seem to be species-specific. Here, the effect of salicylic acid was tested in a field experiment with Pisum sativum exposed to heat stress. Salicylic acid was administered at two different stages of flowering, and its effect on the yield and composition of the harvested seeds was followed. Plants treated with salicylic acid produced larger seed pods, and a significant increase in dry weight was found for the plants with a delayed application of salicylic acid. The analyses of the seed proteome, lipidome, and metabolome did not show any negative impact of salicylic treatment on seed composition. Identified processes that could be responsible for the observed improvement in seed yields included an increase in polyamine biosynthesis, accumulation of storage lipids and lysophosphatidylcholines, a higher abundance of components of chromatin regulation, calmodulin-like protein, and threonine synthase, and indicated a decrease in sensitivity to abscisic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marharyta Kuzmenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šarlota Shejbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Abramov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Čičmanec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Frejlichová
- Mendeleum—Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University in Brno, Valtická 334, 69144 Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic
| | - Novák Jan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Raghavan I, Ravi Gopal B, Carroll E, Wang ZQ. Cardenolide Increase in Foxglove after 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Treatment Reveals a Potential Link between Cardenolide and Phytosterol Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:107-116. [PMID: 36222367 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardenolides are steroidal metabolites in Digitalis lanata with potent cardioactive effects on animals. In plants, cardenolides are likely involved in various stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of cardenolide increase during stresses is mostly unknown. Additionally, cardenolides are proposed to arise from cholesterol, but indirect results show that phytosterols may also be substrates for cardenolide biosynthesis. Here, we show that cardenolides increased after methyl jasmonate (MJ), sorbitol, potassium chloride (KCl) and salicylic acid analog [2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH)] treatments. However, the expression of three known genes for cardenolide biosynthesis did not correlate well with these increases. Specifically, the expression of progesterone-5β-reductases (P5βR and P5βR2) did not correlate with the cardenolide increase. The expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) correlated with changes in cardenolide levels only during the BTH treatment. Mining the D. lanata transcriptome identified genes involved in cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis: C24 sterol sidechain reductase 1 (SSR1), C4 sterol methyl oxidase 1, and 3 (SMO1 and SMO3). Surprisingly, the expression of all three genes correlated well with the cardenolide increase after the BTH treatment. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SSR1 is likely involved in both cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In addition, SMO1 is likely specific to phytosterol biosynthesis, and SMO3 is specific to cholesterol biosynthesis. These results suggest that stress-induced increase of cardenolides in foxglove may correlate with cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In summary, this work shows that cardenolides are important for stress responses in D. lanata and reveals a potential link between phytosterol and cardenolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Raghavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Baradwaj Ravi Gopal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Zhen Q Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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4
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Sun Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. Plant secondary metabolic responses to global climate change: A meta-analysis in medicinal and aromatic plants. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:477-504. [PMID: 36271675 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in plant-environment interactions and contribute greatly to human health. Global climate changes are expected to dramatically affect plant secondary metabolism, yet a systematic understanding of such influences is still lacking. Here, we employed medicinal and aromatic plants (MAAPs) as model plant taxa and performed a meta-analysis from 360 publications using 1828 paired observations to assess the responses of different SMs levels and the accompanying plant traits to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2 ), elevated temperature (eT), elevated nitrogen deposition (eN) and decreased precipitation (dP). The overall results showed that phenolic and terpenoid levels generally respond positively to eCO2 but negatively to eN, while the total alkaloid concentration was increased remarkably by eN. By contrast, dP promotes the levels of all SMs, while eT exclusively exerts a positive influence on the levels of phenolic compounds. Further analysis highlighted the dependence of SM responses on different moderators such as plant functional types, climate change levels or exposure durations, mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. Moreover, plant phenolic and terpenoid responses to climate changes could be attributed to the variations of C/N ratio and total soluble sugar levels, while the trade-off supposition contributed to SM responses to climate changes other than eCO2 . Taken together, our results predicted the distinctive SM responses to diverse climate changes in MAAPs and allowed us to define potential moderators responsible for these variations. Further, linking SM responses to C-N metabolism and growth-defence balance provided biological understandings in terms of plant secondary metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources/The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Rudić J, Dragićević MB, Momčilović I, Simonović AD, Pantelić D. In Silico Study of Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Potato and Effects of Elevated Temperature and Salicylic Acid on Gene Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030488. [PMID: 35326138 PMCID: PMC8944489 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important vegetable crop globally and is very susceptible to high ambient temperatures. Since heat stress causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), investigations regarding major enzymatic components of the antioxidative system are of the essence. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) represent the first line of defense against ROS but detailed in silico analysis and characterization of the potato SOD gene family have not been performed thus far. We have analyzed eight functional SOD genes, three StCuZnSODs, one StMnSOD, and four StFeSODs, annotated in the updated version of potato genome (Spud DB DM v6.1). The StSOD genes and their respective proteins were analyzed in silico to determine the exon-intron organization, splice variants, cis-regulatory promoter elements, conserved domains, signals for subcellular targeting, 3D-structures, and phylogenetic relations. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed higher induction of StCuZnSODs (the major potato SODs) and StFeSOD3 in thermotolerant cultivar Désirée than in thermosensitive Agria and Kennebec during long-term exposure to elevated temperature. StMnSOD was constitutively expressed, while expression of StFeSODs was cultivar-dependent. The effects of salicylic acid (10−5 M) on StSODs expression were minor. Our results provide the basis for further research on StSODs and their regulation in potato, particularly in response to elevated temperatures.
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Chaudhry S, Sidhu GPS. Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in plants: a comprehensive review. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1-31. [PMID: 34351488 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is identified as a major threat to survival of natural ecosystems. Climate change is a dynamic, multifaceted system of alterations in environmental conditions that affect abiotic and biotic components of the world. It results in alteration in environmental conditions such as heat waves, intensity of rainfall, CO2 concentration and temperature that lead to rise in new pests, weeds and pathogens. Climate change is one of the major constraints limiting plant growth and development worldwide. It impairs growth, disturbs photosynthesis, and reduces physiological responses in plants. The variations in global climate have gained the attention of researchers worldwide, as these changes negatively affect the agriculture by reducing crop productivity and food security. With this background, this review focuses on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, drought and salinity on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of plants. Furthermore, this paper outlines an overview on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and their impact on the biochemical and molecular status of plants with increased climatic variations. Also additionally, different tolerance strategies adopted by plants to combat environmental adversities have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Chaudhry
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
- Centre for Applied Biology in Environment Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Centre for Applied Biology in Environment Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
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Sameeullah M, Yildirim M, Aslam N, Baloğlu MC, Yucesan B, Lössl AG, Saba K, Waheed MT, Gurel E. Plastidial Expression of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Progesterone 5β-Reductase Genes Confer Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11736. [PMID: 34769166 PMCID: PMC8584194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) gene family is widely distributed in all kingdoms of life. The SDR genes, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and progesterone 5-β-reductases (P5βR1, P5βR2) play a crucial role in cardenolide biosynthesis pathway in the Digitalis species. However, their role in plant stress, especially in salinity stress management, remains unexplored. In the present study, transplastomic tobacco plants were developed by inserting the 3β-HSD, P5βR1 and P5βR2 genes. The integration of transgenes in plastomes, copy number and transgene expression at transcript and protein level in transplastomic plants were confirmed by PCR, end-to-end PCR, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis showed that 3β-HSD and P5βR1 are cytoplasmic, and P5βR2 is tonoplast-localized. Transplastomic lines showed enhanced growth in terms of biomass and chlorophyll content compared to wild type (WT) under 300 mM salt stress. Under salt stress, transplastomic lines remained greener without negative impact on shoot or root growth compared to the WT. The salt-tolerant transplastomic lines exhibited enhanced levels of a series of metabolites (sucrose, glutamate, glutamine and proline) under control and NaCl stress. Furthermore, a lower Na+/K+ ratio in transplastomic lines was also observed. The salt tolerance, mediated by plastidial expression of the 3β-HSD, P5βR1 and P5βR2 genes, could be due to the involvement in the upregulation of nitrogen assimilation, osmolytes as well as lower Na+/K+ ratio. Taken together, the plastid-based expression of the SDR genes leading to enhanced salt tolerance, which opens a window for developing saline-tolerant plants via plastid genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sameeullah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.S.); (N.A.)
- Center for Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application and Research, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey;
| | - Noreen Aslam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Baloğlu
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 14030, Turkey;
| | - Buhara Yucesan
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey;
| | - Andreas G. Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Kiran Saba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Ekrem Gurel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Turkey; (M.S.); (N.A.)
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Ali B. Salicylic acid: An efficient elicitor of secondary metabolite production in plants. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ahmadi SZ, Ghorbanpour M, Aghaee A, Hadian J. Deciphering morpho-physiological and phytochemical attributes of Tanacetum parthenium L. plants exposed to C60 fullerene and salicylic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127406. [PMID: 32585459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of C60 fullerene concentrations (0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) and salicylic acid (0 and 0.2 mM) on growth and phytochemical accumulation of two feverfew genotypes (Pharmasaat and Jelitto) in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. According to the ANOVA, triple interaction of treatments were significant on morphological and phytochmical traits, however, the main effect of treatments only affected physiological attributes. Application of salicylic acid differentially influenced the effects of various concentrations of C60 fullerene on growth traits of both genotypes. In Pharmasaat, foliar application of salicylic acid increased growth traits of plants exposed to C60 fullerene at all concentrations, however, it improved the growth of Jelitto at higher levels of fullerene. The maximum increase of flower + leaf dry weight was recorded at 1000 mg/L C60 fullerene in combination with salicylic acid compared to control for Jelitto. In Pharmasaat, the parthenolide content significantly increased following increase of C60 fullerene up to 250 mg/L with salicylic acid, but a rapid decrease followed at 500-1000 mg/L. SEM images showed a wider deposition (many spheres with different sizes) of C60 fullerene on leaf tissue of Pharmasaat exposed to high concentration, involving changes in trichome density and tissue rupture. The essential oil content was not significantly increased upon experimental treatments compared to control. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis, C60 fullerene and salicylic acid treatments caused to a co-induction of ion leakage, chlorophyll a, essential oil and parthenoloide in Pharmasaat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Aghaee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Javad Hadian
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Daniel D, de Alkimin GD, Nunes B. Single and combined effects of the drugs salicylic acid and acetazolamide: Adverse changes in physiological parameters of the freshwater macrophyte, Lemna gibba. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:103431. [PMID: 32479818 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drugs are among the most used chemicals, for human and veterinary medicines, aquaculture and agriculture. Pharmaceuticals are biologically active molecules, having also environmental persistence, thereby exerting biological effects on non-target species. Among the most used pharmaceuticals, one may find salicylic acid (SA), a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetazolamide (ACZ), a diuretic drug that acts by inhibiting the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA). In this work, single and combined effects of SA and ACZ were assessed in the aquatic macrophyte Lemna gibba L., focusing on physiological parameters, namely photosynthetic pigments, (chlorophyll a, b and total (Chl a, b and TChl) as well as carotenoids (Car)). In addition, chemical biomarkers, namely, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), catalase (CAT) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities, were also determined. The highest concentrations of ACZ, caused a decrease in the contents of all chlorophylls; this effect was however reverted by SA exposure. Both ACZ and SA levels caused a decrease in CA activity. Nevertheless, when in combination, this inhibition was not observed in plants exposed to the lowest concentration of these drugs. In conclusion, both pharmaceuticals have the capacity to cause alterations in L. gibba enzymatic activity and photosynthetic pigments content. Additionally, SA seems to exert a protective effect on this species against deleterious effects caused by ACZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Daniel
- Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campusde Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Dias de Alkimin
- Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campusde Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro De Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus De Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento De Biologia, Universidade De Aveiro, Campusde Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Centro De Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar (CESAM), Universidade De Aveiro, Campus De Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Safari F, Akramian M, Salehi-Arjmand H, Khadivi A. Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying salicylic acid-mitigated mercury toxicity in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109542. [PMID: 31401333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals with strong negative effects on the plant growth and functions. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule which confers tolerance to metal toxicities but little is known about the mechanisms of SA-mediated alleviation of Hg stress. Here, physiochemical and molecular responses of Hg-stressed lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) to exogenous SA were investigated to reveal SA-induced tolerance mechanisms. The CHLG gene of lemon balm which encodes chlorophyll synthase was also partly isolated and sequenced for the first time. Hg stress markedly decreased growth, relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments of the plant. However, exogenous SA significantly mitigated the toxic effects of mercury on the growth and RWC and enabled plant to maintain chlorophylls to the similar levels of unstressed plants. Hg-induced oxidative damage was also reduced following treatment with SA and treated plants showed the lower extent of lipid peroxidation which was accompanied with the higher free proline and phenolics contents and elevation of the antioxidant capacity as evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Moreover, SA treatment resulted in up-regulation of CHLG and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes as key components of chlorophyll and phenylpropanoid routes, respectively. Our results collectively indicate the ameliorative effects of exogenous SA in mercury toxicity through coordinated alternations in plant metabolic processes which provide insights to better understand mechanisms of Hg tolerance in lemon balm plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Safari
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran
| | - Morteza Akramian
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran.
| | - Hossein Salehi-Arjmand
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Khadivi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349, Arak, Iran
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12
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Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B. Response of Phenylpropanoid Pathway and the Role of Polyphenols in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:E2452. [PMID: 31277395 PMCID: PMC6651195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced under optimal and suboptimal conditions in plants and play key roles in developmental processes like cell division, hormonal regulation, photosynthetic activity, nutrient mineralization, and reproduction. Plants exhibit increased synthesis of polyphenols such as phenolic acids and flavonoids under abiotic stress conditions, which help the plant to cope with environmental constraints. Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway is activated under abiotic stress conditions (drought, heavy metal, salinity, high/low temperature, and ultraviolet radiations) resulting in accumulation of various phenolic compounds which, among other roles, have the potential to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species. Deepening the research focuses on the phenolic responses to abiotic stress is of great interest for the scientific community. In the present article, we discuss the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related to the activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and we describe phenolic-mediated stress tolerance in plants. An attempt has been made to provide updated and brand-new information about the response of phenolics under a challenging environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Li Q, Wang G, Wang Y, Guan C, Ji J. Foliar application of salicylic acid alleviate the cadmium toxicity by modulation the reactive oxygen species in potato. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:317-325. [PMID: 30721875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the main factors that limit crop growth and yield in the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is thought to be a plant hormone that plays an important role in plant growth, development, and resistance to abiotic stresses. To uncover the toxic alleviation effects of SA on potato plants to cadmium (Cd) stress, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical indexes including antioxidant defense system were assayed in potato plants under 200 μM Cd stress in 1/2 Hoagland solution with foliar application of 600 μM SA concentration (10 ml/plant). Interestingly, exogenous SA treatment mitigated Cd toxicity by increasing the relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, proline, and endogenous SA contents along with decline in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion radicals (O2-). Correspondingly, our study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) in potato plants subjected to Cd stress. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes relate to SA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism (StSABP2, StSOD and StAPX) were enhanced in SA-treated potato plants under Cd stress, indicating that SA treatment regulated the expression of these genes, which in turn enhanced potato tolerance to Cd stress. Taken together, our results indicated that exogenous SA can play a positive regulatory role in alleviating Cd toxicity in potato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yurong Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California USA
| | - Chunfeng Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Cardenolides: Insights from chemical structure and pharmacological utility. Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:123-175. [PMID: 30579976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are a class of naturally occurring steroid-like compounds, and members of this class have been in clinical use for more than 1500 years. They have been used in folk medicine as arrow poisons, abortifacients, heart tonics, emetics, and diuretics as well as in other applications. The major use of CGs today is based on their ability to inhibit the membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme, and they are regarded as an effective treatment for congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiac arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, increasing evidence has indicated the potential cytotoxic effects of CGs against various types of cancer. In this review, we highlight some of the structural features of this class of natural products that are crucial for their efficacy, some methods of isolating these compounds from natural resources, and the structural elucidation tools that have been used. We also describe their physicochemical properties and several modern biotechnological approaches for preparing CGs that do not require plant sources.
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Sarmadi M, Karimi N, Palazón J, Ghassempour A, Mirjalili MH. The effects of salicylic acid and glucose on biochemical traits and taxane production in a Taxus baccata callus culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:271-280. [PMID: 30240989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of elicitors can be an effective way to increase the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) in plant cell, tissue and organ cultures. This study investigated the effects of a salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment and different glucose levels on the growth, biochemical traits and taxane production in a Taxus baccata callus culture. For this purpose, after a pretreatment with SA (5 μM), three-month-old calli were cultured on B5 medium fortified with different concentrations of glucose (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3%), and they were compared with calli cultured on a B5 medium supplemented only with glucose. When the calli were harvested at 21 days, their fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and cell viability (%) had decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the higher glucose concentrations. The glucose treatment increased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and caused oxidative stress in treated tissues. The lower H2O2 content and oxidative stress was associated with an increased antioxidant enzyme activity in the SA-pretreated samples, which resulted in less membrane damage and improved growth and cell viability under the glucose treatment compared to the control. By reducing the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the SA pretreatment reduced the production and oxidation of phenolic compounds under the glucose treatment; this decrease was associated with less browning of tissues and higher viability. Increases in taxol (5.1-fold) and total taxanes (3.5-fold) in the SA-pretreated calli cultured on the medium containing 2% glucose, compared to the control, indicated that the two treatments had a significant effect on taxane production in the T. baccata callus culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Sarmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Naser Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Javier Palazón
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran.
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Feng B, Zhang C, Chen T, Zhang X, Tao L, Fu G. Salicylic acid reverses pollen abortion of rice caused by heat stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:245. [PMID: 30340520 PMCID: PMC6194599 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremely high temperatures are becoming an increasingly severe threat to crop yields. It is well documented that salicylic acid (SA) can enhance the stress tolerance of plants; however, its effect on the reproductive organs of rice plants has not been described before. To investigate the mechanism underlying the SA-mediated alleviation of the heat stress damage to rice pollen viability, a susceptible cultivar (Changyou1) was treated with SA at the pollen mother cell (PMC) meiosis stage and then subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for 10 d until 1d before flowering. RESULTS Under control conditions, no significant difference was found in pollen viability and seed-setting rate in SA treatments. However, under heat stress conditions, SA decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in anthers to prevent tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degradation. The genes related to tapetum development, such as EAT1 (Eternal Tapetum 1), MIL2 (Microsporeless 2), and DTM1 (Defective Tapetum and Meiocytese 1), were found to be involved in this process. When rice plants were exogenously sprayed with SA or paclobutrazol (PAC, a SA inhibitor) + H2O2 under heat stress, a significantly higher pollen viability was found compared to plants sprayed with H2O, PAC, or SA + dimethylthiourea (DMTU, an H2O2 and OH· scavenger). Additionally, a sharp increase in H2O2 was observed in the SA or PAC+ H2O2 treatment groups compared to other treatments. CONCLUSION We suggest that H2O2 may play an important role in mediating SA to prevent pollen abortion caused by heat stress through inhibiting the tapetum PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Longxing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanfu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310006 People’s Republic of China
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