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Chen S, Bao J, Hu Z, Liu X, Cheng S, Zhao W, Zhao C. Porous Microspheres as Pathogen Traps for Sepsis Therapy: Capturing Active Pathogens and Alleviating Inflammatory Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38682663 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by pathogen infection, while the current antibiotics mainly utilized in clinical practice to combat infection result in the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the body. Herein, we provide an innovative strategy for controlling sepsis, namely, capturing active pathogens by means of extracorporeal blood purification. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were modified with dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DDA) through γ-ray irradiation-induced graft polymerization to confer a positive charge. Then, CNT-DDAs are blended with polyurethane (PU) to prepare porous microspheres using the electro-spraying method. The obtained microspheres with a pore diameter of 2 μm served as pathogen traps and are termed as PU-CNT-DDA microspheres. Even at a high flow rate of 50 mL·min-1, the capture efficiencies of the PU-CNT-DDAs for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus remained 94.7% and 98.8%, respectively. This approach circumvents pathogen lysis and mortality, significantly curtails the release of PAMPs, and hampers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, hemoperfusion using porous PU-CNT-DDAs as pathogen traps to capture active pathogens and alleviate inflammation opens a new route for sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifan Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianxu Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu, Sichuan 610101, PR China
| | - Xianda Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shengjun Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Lee I, Kim J, Yun S, Jang J, Cho SY, Cho JS, Ryu JH, Choi D, Cho C. Synergistic Combination of Dual Clays in Multilayered Nanocomposites for Enhanced Flame Retardant Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6606-6615. [PMID: 38371790 PMCID: PMC10870267 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to reduce the flammability of synthetic polymeric materials such as cotton fabrics and polyurethane foam (PUF), hybrid nanocoatings are prepared by layer-by-layer assembly. Multilayered nanocomposites of a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), are paired with two kinds of clay nanoplatelets, montmorillonite (MMT) and vermiculite (VMT). The physical properties such as thickness and mass and thermal behaviors in clay-based nanocoatings with and without incorporation of tris buffer are compared to assess the effectiveness of amine salts on flame retardant (FR) performances. A PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT system, in which tris buffer is introduced into the cationic PDDA aqueous solution, produces a thicker and heavier coating. Three different systems, including PDDA/MMT, PDDA/VMT-MMT, and PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT, result in conformal coating, retaining the weave structure of the fabrics after being exposed to a vertical and horizontal flame test, while the uncoated sample is completely burned out. The synergistic effects of dual clay-based hybrid nanocoatings are greatly improved by adding amine salts. Cone calorimetry reveals that the PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT-coated PUF eliminates a second peak heat release rate and significantly reduces other FR performances, compared to those obtained from the clay-based multilayer films with no amine salts added. Ten bilayers of PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT (≈250 nm thick) maintain the shape of foam after exposure to a butane torch flame for 12 s. As for practical use of these nanocomposites in real fire disasters, spray-assisted PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT multilayers on woods exhibit high resistance over flammability. Improved fire resistance in PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT is believed to be due to the enhanced char yield through the addition of tris buffer that promotes the deposition of more clay particles while retaining a highly ordered deposition of a densely packed nanobrick wall structure. This work demonstrates the ability to impart significant fire resistance to synthetic polymer materials in a fully renewable nanocoating that uses environmentally benign chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Kim
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehui Yun
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Wearable
Platform Materials Technology Center (WMC), Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Youn Cho
- Carbon
Composite Materials Research Center, Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sang Cho
- Department
of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chungyeon Cho
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Huang Z, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Wang H, Shi M, Li X, Jiang K, Wu D. "Floating Catalytic Foam" with prominent heat-induced convection for the effective photocatalytic removal of antibiotics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132879. [PMID: 37944238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized photocatalysts represent a promising candidate for the wastewater treatments due to their good reusability, high stability and low eco-risk. Mass transfer within the immobilized catalytic bed is a crucial process that determines the contacting, adsorption, and degradation kinetics in the photodegradation. In this study, a floating catalytic foam (FCF) with a prominent pumping effect was designed to promote mass transfer. The polyurethane foam immobilized with rGO/TiO2/ultrathin-g-C3N4 photocatalyst (PRTCN) was prepared by a simple dip-coating and Uv-light aging process. It was found that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces could not only contribute to the floating of the catalyst but also establish a temperature gradient across the floating immobilized catalyst. In addition, the temperature gradient induced convection could serve as a built-in pump to effectively promote the diffusion and adsorption of target antibiotic molecules during the photocatalytic process. Therefore, the PRTCN demonstrated a high photodegradation and mineralization efficiency with excellent reusability and anti-interference capability. Moreover, the photodegradation mechanism and the intermediates' toxicity of norfloxacin were detailly investigated by ultra-high resolution electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry, density functional theory simulation and ECOSAR estimation. This work proposed a facile and sustainable strategy to enhance the mass transfer problem on immobilized photocatalysts, which could promote the application of the immobilized photocatalysts in the real water-treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
| | - Zhihao Huang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hongju Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meiqing Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Xiangnan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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Borucka M, Mizera K, Przybysz J, Kozikowski P, Gajek A. Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Plastic Materials Used in Construction and Transport. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2444. [PMID: 36984324 PMCID: PMC10054394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study provides valuable data on the specific toxic products that could be released from the commercially used, flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) during a fire. The steady-state tube furnace (Purser furnace) was used to generate combustion and thermal degradation products under different fire conditions. The concentrations of asphyxiates and irritant gases were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy gas analyser. The volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds released in the fire effluents were collected using the solid-phase microextraction technique and identified by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector. In addition, the thermal stability of the FPUFs was evaluated by simultaneous thermal analysis. The cone calorimetry test was used to determine the flame retardancy of the selected materials. The obtained results show that the emission of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide during the thermal degradation and combustion of the tested foams exceeded the permissible values and pose a serious threat to human life and health. Moreover, substituted benzenes, aldehydes, and polycyclic hydrocarbons were found in the released gases during all of the test conditions.
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Wang H, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang H, Yan S. Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051284. [PMID: 36904525 PMCID: PMC10006967 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (H.L.); (S.Y.)
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6
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Chen T, Tang Y, Zhao H, Zhang K, Meng K. Sustainable wheat gluten foams with self-expansion and water/blood-triggered shape recovery. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1687-1696. [PMID: 36762923 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231154672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A cheap and easily obtainable wheat gluten (WG) was used to fabricate bio-foams via a simple method of stirring, heating, and lyophilization. The foam possesses a 3D layered porous structure with interconnected channels, and the biofoam has excellent mechanical properties through glycerol plasticization and glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. The water absorption and volume expansion rate can reach 793.67 ∼ 918.45% and 201.47 ∼ 239.53% respectively. In dry state, the foams had good compression resilience, and can basically recover its original shape after withstanding 60% compression strain for about 7 h. In wet state, they can withstand 10 cycles of compression test, and had good compressive resilience and durability; they also had fast liquid-triggered shape recovery performance, of which the foams can reabsorb liquid, expand, and recover its original shape within 40 seconds after withstanding 80% compression strain. In addition, The hemolysis rates of red blood cells treated with 1, 3, and 5 mg/mL of 14WG-20g-5GA foam suspension were 0.53 ± 0.12%, 2.12 ± 0.34%, and 3.97 ± 0.21%, respectively, all of which were below the permissible range for biological materials (<5%). The above-mentioned advantages made the sustainable foams be potentially useful for medical dressings, especially for the treatment of non-compressible haemorrhaging, which offered a new field of application for WG protein and its added value was also increased obviously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuying Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huijing Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, 12582Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Jiang Q, Li P, Wang B, She JH, Liu Y, Zhu P. Inorganic-organic hybrid coatings from tea polyphenols and laponite to improve the fire safety of flexible polyurethane foams. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Abrishamkar S, Mohammadi A, De La Vega J, Wang DY, Kalali EN. Layer-by-layer assembly of calixarene modified GO and LDH nanostructures on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and dye adsorption behavior of flexible polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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11
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Development and Characterization of Tailored Polyurethane Foams for Shock Absorption. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, different types of polyurethane foams (PUR) having various chemical compositions have been produced with a specific density to monitor the microstructure as much as possible. The foam may have a preferential orientation in the cell structure. The cellular polyurethane tends to have stubborn, typical cellular systems with strong overlap reversibility. Free expansion under atmospheric pressure enables formulas to grow until they are refined. Moreover, the physicochemical characterization of the developed foams was carried out. They later are described by apparent density, Shore hardness, Raman spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and compression tests. The detailed structural characterization was used by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (MO) to visualize the alveolar polymer’s semi-opened cells, highlighting the opened-cell morphology and chemical irregularities. Polyurethane foams with different structural variables have a spectrum characterization that influences the phase separation and topography of polyurethane foam areas because their bonding capability with hydrogen depends on chain extender nature. These studies may aid in shock absorption production; a methodology of elaboration and characterization of filled polyurethane foams is proposed.
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Yeetsorn R, Tungkamani S, Maiket Y. Fabrication of a Ceramic Foam Catalyst Using Polymer Foam Scrap via the Replica Technique for Dry Reforming. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4202-4213. [PMID: 35155913 PMCID: PMC8829922 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Megapores with spherical-like cells connected through windows and high porosities make up catalyst supports in the form of ceramic foams. These characteristics provide significant benefits for catalytic processes that are limited by mass or heat transport. This study focuses on the manufacture of ceramic foam using a polymeric sponge replica process and polymer foams as a template for catalyst supports, which are industrial waste from the packaging sector. To make ceramic foam catalysts, they were dipped in a catalyst solution, followed by a breakdown stage and a sintering process. Experiments focused on determinants that affect the desired characteristics of ceramic foams, such as the types of polymer foams that affect foam morphology, the rheology of catalyst solution that affects catalyst dispersion, and the polymer decomposition rate that affects catalytic performance during dry reforming of the methane process. The cell architectures of polyurethane and polyvinyl alcohol foams are attractive for catalyst support preparation because they have 98-99% porosity and typical cell sizes of 200 and 50 μm, respectively. The polyurethane performance was superior to the performance of polyvinyl alcohol in terms of higher porosity and better catalytic-solution absorption offering high catalyst active areas. The catalyst prepared from concentrated 10 wt % Ni/Al2O3-MgO (10NAM) slurry had the highest surface area (59.18 m2/g) and the highest metal oxide dispersion (5.65%). These results are relevant to the flow behavior of catalyst slurry which plays a key role in coating the catalyst gel on the polymer template. The thermal decomposition rate used to remove the polymer template from the catalyst structure is proportional to the ceramic foam structure (catalyst support structure). The slow decomposition rate bent and fractured foam-cell struts more than the faster rate. On the other hand, achieving good catalyst dispersion on catalyst supports necessitated a high sintering rate. When sintering was adjusted at a high sintering rate, the metal-particle dispersion was relatively high, around 7.44%, and the surface area of ceramic foam catalysts was 64.61 m2/g. Finally, the catalytic behavior toward hydrogen production through the dry reforming of methane using a fixed-bed reactor was evaluated under certain operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungsima Yeetsorn
- The
Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North
Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Sabaithip Tungkamani
- Research
and Development Center for Chemical Engineering Unit Operation and
Catalyst Design (RCC), King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Yaowaret Maiket
- Thai-French
Innovation Institute, King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
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Lu W, Jin Z. Synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardants from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Zhou H, Tan S, Wang C, Wu Y. Enhanced flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam with low loading of liquid halogen-free phosphonium thiocyanate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Chan YY, Ma C, Zhou F, Hu Y, Schartel B. A liquid phosphorous flame retardant combined with expandable graphite or melamine in flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yam Chan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
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16
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Weinbrenner M, Weber R, Neumeyer T, Altstädt V. Influence of foam density on burning behavior of polymer bead foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Regino Weber
- Division Polymers Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas Neumeyer
- Division Polymers Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH Bayreuth Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Division Polymers Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH Bayreuth Germany
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17
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Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Mirski R, Dukarska D, Walkiewicz J, Derkowski A. Waste Wood Particles from Primary Wood Processing as a Filler of Insulation PUR Foams. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174781. [PMID: 34500871 PMCID: PMC8432465 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant part of the work carried out so far in the field of production of biocomposite polyurethane foams (PUR) with the use of various types of lignocellulosic fillers mainly concerns rigid PUR foams with a closed-cell structure. In this work, the possibility of using waste wood particles (WP) from primary wood processing as a filler for PUR foams with open-cell structure was investigated. For this purpose, a wood particle fraction of 0.315–1.25 mm was added to the foam in concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%. The foaming course of the modified PUR foams (PUR-WP) was characterized on the basis of the duration of the process’ successive stages at the maximum foaming temperature. In order to explain the observed phenomena, a cellular structure was characterized using microscopic analysis such as SEM and light microscope. Computed tomography was also applied to determine the distribution of wood particles in PUR-WP materials. It was observed that the addition of WP to the open-cell PUR foam influences the kinetics of the foaming process of the PUR-WP composition and their morphology, density, compressive strength and thermal properties. The performed tests showed that the addition of WP at an the amount of 10% leads to the increase in the PUR foam’s compressive strength by 30% (parallel to foam’s growth direction) and reduce the thermal conductivity coefficient by 10%.
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19
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Thompson AL, Kim I, Hamins A, Bundy M, Zammarano M. Performance and Failure Mechanism of Fire Barriers in Full-Scale Chair Mock-ups. FIRE AND MATERIALS 2021; 46:10.1002/fam.3007. [PMID: 35002025 PMCID: PMC8739864 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and the failure mechanism of fire barriers in residential upholstered furniture were investigated by full-scale flaming tests on upholstered chair mock-ups. Six commercial fire barriers were tested in this study. Fire barriers were screened for (1) the presence of elements that are typically used in fire retardants and, (2) the presence of targeted fire retardants. For each fire barrier, triplicate flammability tests were run on chair mock-ups where polyurethane foam and polyester fiber fill were used as the padding materials, and each chair component was fully wrapped with the fire barrier of choice and a polypropylene cover fabric. The ignition source was an 18 kW square propane burner, impinging on the top surface of the seat cushion for 80 s. Results showed all six fire barriers reduced the peak heat release rate (as much as ≈ 64 %) and delayed its occurrence (up to ≈ 19 min) as compared to the control chair mock-ups. The heat release rate remained at a relatively low plateau level until liquid products (generated by either melting or pyrolysis of the padding material) percolated through the fire barrier at the bottom of the seat cushion and ignited, while the fire barrier was presumably intact. The flaming liquid products dripped and quickly formed a pool fire under the chair and the peak heat release rate occurred shortly thereafter. Ultimately, the ignition of the percolating liquid products at the bottom of the seat cushion was identified as the mechanism triggering the failure of the fire barrier.
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20
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One-step synthesis and characteristics of LiOH-castor oil based stable polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foam with Keratin and Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091380. [PMID: 33922625 PMCID: PMC8122959 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic polyurethane (VEPUR) foams with increased thermal resistance are presented in this article. VEPUR foams were manufactured with the use of various types of flame retardant additives and keratin fibers. The structure of the modified foams was determined by spectrophotometric-(FTIR), thermal-(DSC), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also assessed the fire resistance, hardness, and comfort coefficient (SAG factor). It was found that the use of keratin filler and flame retardant additives changed the foams’ structure and properties as well as their burning behavior. The highest fire resistance was achieved for foams containing keratin and expanding graphite, for which the reduction in heat release rate (HRR) compared to VEPUR foams reached 75%.
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22
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Effects of Graphite Oxide Nanoparticle Size on the Functional Properties of Layer-by-Layer Coated Flexible Foams. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020266. [PMID: 33498492 PMCID: PMC7909570 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of self-assembled coatings comprising graphite oxide (GO) nanoplates has been recently demonstrated as a promising route to improve the fire safety of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams. However, limited knowledge has been gathered on the correlations between the physical and chemical properties of different GO grades and the performance obtained in this application. This work addresses the effects of the nanoparticle dimensions on the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and flame-retardant properties of GO-based coatings deposited on PU foams. To this aim, three GO bearing different lateral sizes and thicknesses were selected and LbL-assembled with chitosan (CHIT). Coating growth and morphology were evaluated by FTIR and FESEM, respectively. The resulting CHIT/GO assemblies were demonstrated to be capable of slowing down the combustion of the PU both in flammability and forced combustion tests. In addition, compressive stress/strain tests pointed out that the LbL-coated foams (22-24 kg/m3) could easily replace denser commercial PU foam (40-50 kg/m3) with weight reduction potentials in the transport field. These results are correlated with the properties of the employed GO. The production of assemblies characterized by a high density of CHIT/GO interfaces is identified as the main parameter controlling the FR efficiency and the mechanical properties of the coatings.
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Fan L, Wang R, Zhang Q, Liu S, He R, Zhang R, Shen M, Xiang X, Zhou Y. In situ self-foaming preparation of hydrophobic polyurethane foams for oil/water separation. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams with excellent oil–water separation performance were prepared using hydrophobic raw materials with the assistance of a physical cooling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
| | - Rui Wang
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Shuaizhuo Liu
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Ruijie He
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Ruiyang Zhang
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Min Shen
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Xin Xiang
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
- School of New Energy and Materials
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
- The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology
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24
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Baguian AF, Ouiminga SK, Longuet C, Caro-Bretelle AS, Corn S, Bere A, Sonnier R. Influence of Density on Foam Collapse under Burning. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E13. [PMID: 33375196 PMCID: PMC7793110 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fire behaviour of flexible polyurethane foams was studied using a cone calorimeter, with a special emphasis on the collapse step. Only one peak of heat release rate, ranging from 200 to 450 kW/m2, is observed for thin foams, depending on the foam density and the heat flux. On the contrary, heat release rate (HRR) curves exhibit two peaks for 10 cm-thick foams, the second one corresponding to the pool fire formed after foam collapse. In all cases, the collapse occurs at a constant rate through the whole thickness. The rate of the recession of the front was calculated using digital and infrared cameras. Interestingly, its value is relatively constant whatever the heat flux (especially between 25 and 35 kW/m2), probably because of the very low heat conductivity preventing heat transfer through the thickness. The rate increases for the lightest foam but the fraction of burnt polymer during collapse is constant. Therefore, the pool fire is more intense for the densest foam. A simple macroscopic model taking into account only the heat transfer into the foam leads to much lower front recession rates, evidencing that the collapse is piloted by the cell walls' rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Fayçal Baguian
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Salifou Koucka Ouiminga
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Claire Longuet
- IMT—Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Caro-Bretelle
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Université Montpellier, CNRS, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France; (A.-S.C.-B.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Corn
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Université Montpellier, CNRS, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France; (A.-S.C.-B.); (S.C.)
| | - Antoine Bere
- Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.F.B.); (S.K.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT—Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès CEDEX, France;
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25
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Vincent T, Vincent C, Dumazert L, Otazaghine B, Sonnier R, Guibal E. Fire behavior of innovative alginate foams. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116910. [PMID: 33049885 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new biosourced composite foam (AF, associating foamed alginate matrix and orange peel filler) is successfully tested for fire-retardant properties. This material having similar thermal insulating properties and density than fire-retardant polyurethane foam (FR-PUF, a commercial product) shows promising enhanced properties for flame retardancy, as assessed by different methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and a newly designed apparatus called RAPACES for investigating large-scale samples. All these methods confirm the promising properties of this alternative material in terms of fire protection (pHRR, THR, EHC, time-to-ignition, flame duration or production of residue), especially for heat flux not exceeding 50 kW m-2. At higher heat flux (i.e., 75 kW m-2), flame retardant properties tend to decrease but maintain at a higher level than FR-PUF. The investigation of the effect of AF thickness shows that the critical thickness (CT) is close to 1.5-1.7 cm: heat diffusion and material combustion are limited to the CT layer that protects the underlying layers from combustion. A multiplicity of factors can explain this behavior, such as: (a) negligible heat conduction, (b) low heat of combustion, (c) charring formation, and (d) water release. Water being released from underlying layers, dilutes the gases emitted during the combustion of superficial layers and promotes the flame extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Chloë Vincent
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France
| | - Eric Guibal
- IMT - Mines Ales, Polymers Hybrids and Composites (PCH), 6 Avenue De Clavières, F-30319 Alès Cedex, France.
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26
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Chen MJ, Lazar S, Kolibaba TJ, Shen R, Quan Y, Wang Q, Chiang HC, Palen B, Grunlan JC. Environmentally Benign and Self-Extinguishing Multilayer Nanocoating for Protection of Flammable Foam. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49130-49137. [PMID: 33064444 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most current flame-retardant nanocoatings for flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) consist of passive barriers, such as clay, graphene oxide, or metal hydroxide. In an effort to develop a polymeric and environmentally benign nanocoating for PUF, positively charged chitosan (CH) and anionic sodium hexametaphosphate (PSP) were deposited using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Only six bilayers of CH/PSP film can withstand flame penetration during exposure to a butane torch (∼1400 °C) for 10 s and stop flame spread on the foam. Additionally, cone calorimetry reveals that the fire growth rate, peak heat release rate, and maximum average rate of heat emission are reduced by 55, 43, and 38%, respectively, compared with uncoated foam. This multilayer thin film quickly dehydrates to form an intumescent charred exoskeleton on the surface of the open-celled structure of polyurethane, inhibiting heat transfer and completely eliminating melt dripping. This entirely polymeric nanocoating provides a safe and effective alternative for reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foam that is widely used for cushioning and insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Chen
- School of Science, Xihua University, 9999 Hongguang Road, Chengdu 610039, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Simone Lazar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Thomas J Kolibaba
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yufeng Quan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hsu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bethany Palen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jaime C Grunlan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3123 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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27
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Machado I, Hsieh I, Calado V, Chapin T, Ishida H. Nacre-Mimetic Green Flame Retardant: Ultra-High Nanofiller Content, Thin Nanocomposite as an Effective Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2351. [PMID: 33066458 PMCID: PMC7602158 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A nacre-mimetic brick-and-mortar structure was used to develop a new flame-retardant technology. A second biomimetic approach was utilized to develop a non-flammable elastomeric benzoxazine for use as a polymer matrix that effectively adheres to the hydrophilic laponite nanofiller. A combination of laponite and benzoxazine is used to apply an ultra-high nanofiller content, thin nanocomposite coating on a polyurethane foam. The technology used is made environmentally friendly by eliminating the need to add any undesirable flame retardants, such as phosphorus additives or halogenated compounds. The very-thin coating on the polyurethane foam (PUF) is obtained through a single dip-coating. The structure of the polymer has been confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flammability of the polymer and nanocomposite was evaluated by heat release capacity using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). A material with heat release capacity (HRC) lower than 100 J/Kg is considered non-ignitable. The nanocomposite developed exhibits HRC of 22 J/Kg, which is well within the classification of a non-ignitable material. The cone calorimeter test was also used to investigate the flame retardancy of the nanocomposite's thin film on polyurethane foam. This test confirms that the second peak of the heat release rate (HRR) decreased 62% or completely disappeared for the coated PUF with different loadings. Compression tests show an increase in the modulus of the PUF by 88% for the 4 wt% coating concentration. Upon repeated modulus tests, the rigidity decreases, approaching the modulus of the uncoated PUF. However, the effect of this repeated mechanical loading does not significantly affect the flame retarding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irlaine Machado
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
| | - Isabel Hsieh
- Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA;
| | - Veronica Calado
- School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Horácio Macedo 2030, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil;
| | - Thomas Chapin
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL), 2500 Dundee Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062S, USA;
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7202, USA;
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Synthesis and Properties of Moisture-Cured Reactive Polyurethane Containing Castor Oil and Oxime Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081838. [PMID: 32824552 PMCID: PMC7463777 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive polyurethane hot-melt resin (moisture-cured reactive polyurethane, PUR) could successfully be prepared from poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG), castor oil and dimethylglyoxime (DMG) by one or two-stage synthesis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the synthesis resins belonged to NCO-capped castor oil-based polyurethane. The thermal behaviors of the cured PUR were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) instruments. The results showed that the cured resin provided remeltable properties under the dosages of 3 wt% DMG. Furthermore, the phenomenon could be proved by FTIR analysis according to the characteristic absorption peak of NCO groups after the cured resin was heated. Comparing different syntheses, the resin prepared by one-stage synthesis showed random distribution of DMG with PUR structure and that prepared by two-stage synthesis had distribution of DMG with branching structure in the prepolymer. The former obtained lower remeltable temperatures from 90 to 130 °C than the latter temperatures, which had temperatures above 125 °C. The tensile test showed that all of the PUR films exhibited typical tough behavior. Thus, the cured resin with DMG dosages of 3 wt% provided remeltable and mechanical properties at the same time. Overall, the crosslinking density and numbers of dynamic bonds should be kept in balance for preparation of remeltable PUR.
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29
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Xu W, Chen R, Du Y, Wang G. Design water-soluble phenolic/zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 flame retardant coating via layer-by-layer assembly technology: Enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Pan Y, Cai W, Du J, Song L, Hu Y, Zhao H. Lanthanum phenylphosphonate–based multilayered coating for reducing flammability and smoke production of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental EngineeringHangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou China
| | - Wei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Jia Du
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental EngineeringHangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Materials and Applications, College of Materials and Environmental EngineeringHangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou China
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33
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Švagelj Z, Mandić V, Ćurković L, Biošić M, Žmak I, Gaborardi M. Titania-Coated Alumina Foam Photocatalyst for Memantine Degradation Derived by Replica Method and Sol-Gel Reaction. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010227. [PMID: 31947990 PMCID: PMC6982083 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, alumina (Al2O3) foam was prepared by the replica method where a polyurethane (PU) foam (30 pores per inch (ppi)) template was impregnated with a 60 wt.% Al2O3 suspension. Sintered Al2O3 foam was used as substrate for the deposition of sol-gel derived titania (TiO2) film using dip coating. For the preparation of TiO2 sol, titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti-iPrOH) was used as the precursor. The common problem of qualification and quantification of a crystalline coating on a highly porous 3D substrate with an uneven surface was addressed using a combination of different structural characterization methods. Using Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and synchrotron Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) on bulk and powdered Al2O3 foam and TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam samples, it was determined Al2O3 foam crystallizes to corundum and coating to anatase, which was also confirmed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed the structural and microstructural properties of the substrate and coating. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to clarify the evolution of the porous microstructure. The Al2O3-TiO2 composite was evaluated as a photocatalyst candidate for the degradation of the micropollutant medication memantine. The degradation rate was monitored using a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp operating at electromagnetic (EM) wavelength of 365 nm. The photocatalytic activity of sol-gel-derived TiO2 film immobilized on the Al2O3 foam was compared with commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles, P25-Degussa, in the form of a suspension. The levels of memantine were monitored by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The efficiency and rate of the memantine photodegradation by suspended TiO2 nanoparticles is higher than the TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam. But, from the practical point of view, TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam is more appropriate as a valuable photocatalytic composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Švagelj
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Š.); (I.Ž.)
| | - Vilko Mandić
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Non-Metals, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (L.Ć.); Tel.: +385-1-4597-226 (V.M.); +385-1-6168-183 (L.Ć.)
| | - Lidija Ćurković
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Š.); (I.Ž.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (L.Ć.); Tel.: +385-1-4597-226 (V.M.); +385-1-6168-183 (L.Ć.)
| | - Martina Biošić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Irena Žmak
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Z.Š.); (I.Ž.)
| | - Mattia Gaborardi
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, 4149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy;
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34
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Meng J, Zeng Y, Chen P, Zhang J, Yao C, Fang Z, Guo K. New ultrastiff bio-furan epoxy networks with high Tg: Facile synthesis to excellent properties. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Huang D, Hu Y, Yu Y, Yuan Q, Wang S, Shen L, Shi L. Influences of surface material on the fire behaviors of two-layer combustibles under autoignition conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:539-549. [PMID: 30818118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Upholstered furniture usually has a typical two-layer structure with an ultra-thin surface layer. The surface layer can significantly affect the overall fire behaviors of the upholstered furniture. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the fire behaviors of six two-layer combustibles based on a cone calorimeter. An empirical model was proposed to predict the heat release rate of two-layer combustibles. The predictions of the model are fitting quite well with experimental data. It was also known that the ignition time of the two-layer combustis dbles is controlled by those surface fabric materials. The shrink rate and the properties of the residues of those surface fabrics show obvious influences on the combustion processes. Comparing to those uncovered natural latex foam samples, it was known that the peak heat release rate decreases about 26.9% and 11.7% for the samples with natural and synthetic species covers, respectively; and the duration of the burning process increases about 41.7% and 15.4%, respectively. A combustion factor was proposed and a heat transfer model was developed to reflect the contribution of the surface and the second layers to the combustion processes. The combustion factor is within 0.7-0.9 for the six types of surface fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Huang
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Yiwei Hu
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yinfei Yu
- Fire Prevention and Supervision Division, Fire Department of ZheJiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Liming Shen
- Xilinmen Furniture Co., Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Shi
- Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
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36
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Qiu X, Li Z, Li X, Yu L, Zhang Z. Construction and flame‐retardant performance of layer‐by‐layer assembled hexagonal boron nitride coatings on flexible polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Qiu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Laigui Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid NanomaterialsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Material and Applications of Henan ProvinceHenan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
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37
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Wang Y, Kang W, Chen C, Zhang X, Yang L, Chen X, Cui G, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Li S. Combustion behaviour and dominant shrinkage mechanism of flexible polyurethane foam in the cone calorimeter test. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:395-404. [PMID: 30448552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The shrinkage is an important thermal response of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) in fire, which couples its first combustion stage and influences the initial fire spread. In this paper the combustion and shrinkage behaviours are quantitatively investigated and the shrinkage mechanisms are discussed. The critical heat flux for the shrinkage is about 13 kW/m2, between the critical heat flux for piloted ignition and that for non-piloted ignition. Above the critical value the shrinkage rate increases linearly with increasing the heat flux. As the foam density decreases both the shrinkage rate and the first peak of Figra curve which reflects the initial fire spread rate increase. The perceptible shrinkage originates from the decomposition via which the struts convert to the melts. Both the shrinking of struts and the gasification play a minor role. The collapse of porous structure, namely the melts filling into the pores to form the tar layer, dominates the shrinkage. The tar is composed of polyols produced after the first decomposition stage. Beneath the tar layer the porous structure is unchanged. To reduce the fire hazards of FPUF by its heat insulation merit it needs to maintain the porous structure at the first decomposition stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Wendong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China; School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Gongyousheng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266042, China
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38
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Wang X, Shi Y, Liu Y, Wang Q. Recycling of waste melamine formaldehyde foam as flame-retardant filler for polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Carosio F, Ghanadpour M, Alongi J, Wågberg L. Layer-by-layer-assembled chitosan/phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils as a bio-based and flame protecting nano-exoskeleton on PU foams. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 202:479-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Günther M, Lorenzetti A, Schartel B. Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101166. [PMID: 30961091 PMCID: PMC6403833 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and water-blown polyurethane (PUR) as well as pentane-blown polyisocyanurate polyurethane (PIR) foams with densities ranging from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied using thermogravimetry (TG); flammability and fire behaviour were investigated by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and a cone calorimeter. Temperature development in burning cone calorimeter specimens was monitored with thermocouples inside the foam samples and visual investigation of quenched specimens’ cross sections gave insight into the morphological changes during burning. A comprehensive investigation is presented, illuminating the processes taking place during foam combustion. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor in estimating the time to ignition. Cross sections examined with an electron scanning microscope (SEM) revealed a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath, and temperature measurement inside burning specimens indicated that, as foam density increased, their burning behaviour shifted towards that of solid materials. The superior fire performance of PIR foams was found to be based on the cellular structure, which is retained in the residue to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Günther
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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41
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Xia Z, Kiratitanavit W, Facendola P, Thota S, Yu S, Kumar J, Mosurkal R, Nagarajan R. Fire resistant polyphenols based on chemical modification of bio-derived tannic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Layer-by-layer assembly of efficient flame retardant coatings based on high aspect ratio graphene oxide and chitosan capable of preventing ignition of PU foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Effects of the NCO/OH molar ratio and the silica contained on the properties of waterborne polyurethane resins. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Sonnier R, Viretto A, Otazaghine B, Dumazert L, Evstratov A, Roux JC, Heruijing C, Presti C, Alauzun JG, Mutin PH, Vahabi H. Studying the thermo-oxidative stability of chars using pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Bryśkiewicz A, Zieleniewska M, Przyjemska K, Chojnacki P, Ryszkowska J. Modification of flexible polyurethane foams by the addition of natural origin fillers. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Pan H, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Construction of β-FeOOH nanorod-filled layer-by-layer coating with effective structure to reduce flammability of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering; China University of Geosciences; Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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47
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Espadas-Escalante JJ, Avilés F, Gonzalez-Chi PI, Oliva AI. Thermal conductivity and flammability of multiwall carbon nanotube/polyurethane foam composites. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16644893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity and fire response of multiwall carbon nanotube/polyurethane foam composites are investigated for ∼45 kg/m3 foams with multiwall carbon nanotube concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 2 wt.%. The thermal conductivity of such nanocomposites shows a modest increase with increased multiwall carbon nanotube content, which is explained by a high value of interfacial thermal resistance, as predicted by existent thermal models. A strong correlation between multiwall carbon nanotube content, foam’s cellular morphology, and fire behavior was observed. The flame propagation speed increases with the addition of 0.1 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes and then reduces as the multiwall carbon nanotube content increases. The mass lost after flame extinction reduces with the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes, suggesting an increased resistance to flame attack due the multiwall carbon nanotube presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- JJ Espadas-Escalante
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Materiales, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - F Avilés
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Materiales, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - PI Gonzalez-Chi
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Materiales, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - AI Oliva
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, Depto. de Física Aplicada, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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48
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Constructing polyurethane foams of strong mechanical property and thermostability by two novel environment friendly bio-based polyols. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Bellayer S, Jimenez M, Barrau S, Bourbigot S. Fire retardant sol–gel coatings for flexible polyurethane foams. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated flexible polyurethane foams used in upholstered products are prone to rapid fire growth. Sol–gel process was evaluated to flame retard it. A successful intumescent formulation gave 60% reduction of the peak of heat release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bellayer
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - M. Jimenez
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - S. Barrau
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- Mechanic of Complex Macromolecular Systems Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
| | - S. Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET)
- Team Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP)
- R2Fire Group
- CNRS-UMR 8207
- ENSCL
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50
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Pan H, Yu B, Wang W, Pan Y, Song L, Hu Y. Comparative study of layer by layer assembled multilayer films based on graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on flexible polyurethane foam: flame retardant and smoke suppression properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardant multilayer films based on graphene materials were deposited on the surface of flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam by an advanced layer by layer assembly method (hybrid bilayer approach) in an effort to reduce its flammability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bihao Yu
- Faculty of Engineering
- China University of Geosciences
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety
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