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Bhalla M, Herring S, Lenhard A, Wheeler JR, Aswad F, Klumpp K, Rebo J, Wang Y, Wilhelmsen K, Fortney K, Bou Ghanem EN. The prostaglandin D2 antagonist asapiprant ameliorates clinical severity in young hosts infected with invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0052223. [PMID: 38629842 PMCID: PMC11075459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00522-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains a serious cause of pulmonary and systemic infections globally, and host-directed therapies are lacking. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic efficacy of asapiprant, an inhibitor of prostaglandin D2 signaling, against pneumococcal infection. Treatment of young mice with asapiprant after pulmonary infection with invasive pneumococci significantly reduced systemic spread, disease severity, and host death. Protection was specific against bacterial dissemination from the lung to the blood but had no effect on pulmonary bacterial burden. Asapiprant-treated mice had enhanced antimicrobial activity in circulating neutrophils, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung macrophages/monocytes, and improved pulmonary barrier integrity indicated by significantly reduced diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran from lungs into the circulation. These findings suggest that asapiprant protects the host against pneumococcal dissemination by enhancing the antimicrobial activity of immune cells and maintaining epithelial/endothelial barrier integrity in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Bhalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sydney Herring
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Alexsandra Lenhard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joshua R. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fred Aswad
- BIOAGE Labs Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Wang
- BIOAGE Labs Inc., Richmond, California, USA
| | | | | | - Elsa N. Bou Ghanem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Kang YF, Liu JX, Xu K, Li XL, Lu X. sPLA2GIB Promotes PGD2 and IL-13 Production in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:1107-1117. [PMID: 37594194 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secreted phospholipase A2 Group IB (sPLA2GIB) regulates the release of arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and other inflammatory lipid mediators. Although it has been well involved in extensive inflammatory diseases, its specific mechanism in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of sPLA2GIB in the pathophysiology of CRSwNP. METHODS Quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to analyze the expression of sPLA2s, phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in nasal samples. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) and stimulated with various cytokines. The human mast cell line HMC-1 was stimulated with sPLA2GIB, and the expression of PGD2 and cytokines in the culture supernatant was detected by ELISA. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of sPLA2GIB were significantly higher in eosinophilic CRSwNP than in control tissues. sPLA2GIB was predominantly expressed in the nasal epithelial cells. PLA2R mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in both eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP compared with the control groups. IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α, and IL-1β upregulated the expression of sPLA2GIB in ALI-cultured HNECs. sPLA2GIB induced PGD2 and IL-13 production in HMC-1 cells in a hydrolytic activity-independent manner. PGD2 protein expression was elevated in tissue homogenates of eosinophilic CRSwNP, and PGD2 upregulated the expression of IL-13 in HMC-1 cells. CONCLUSION Increased secretion of sPLA2GIB by epithelial cells may promote eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP by enhancing PGD2 and IL-13 production in mast cells via binding to PLA2R. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 134:1107-1117, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Chen W, He S, Xie X, Yang X, Duan C, Ye P, Li X, Lawrence MG, Borish L, Feng X. Over-expression of CRTH2 indicates eosinophilic inflammation and poor prognosis in recurrent nasal polyps. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1046426. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1046426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is often characterized by recurrent nasal polyp (NP) growth following surgical removal, but the mechanisms are still not clear. This study aimed to investigate the expression of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) receptor on NP and the role it plays in eosinophil inflammation and polyp recurrence.MethodsForty-one CRSwNPs patients and seventeen controls were enrolled in this study. mRNA was extracted from nasal tissues and evaluated for expression of CRTH2. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to confirm the distribution and expression of CRTH2 protein. CRTH2 expression on peripheral blood eosinophils was quantified by flow cytometry. The eosinophil count and clinical implications were also evaluated and their correlations with CRTH2 expression were analyzed.ResultsNasal polyps displayed increased expression of CRTH2 in mRNA level compared with control samples, with the highest expression observed in recurrent NP. Immunofluorescence confirmed over-expression of CRTH2 in recurrent NP and this was independent of the concurrent presence of asthma. CRTH2 expression was positively correlated with tissue eosinophil number (Spearman’s ρ=0.69, P<0.001) and the postoperative sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) score (Spearman’s ρ=0.67, P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed CRTH2 was more predictive for NP recurrence compared to either eosinophil number and concomitant asthma, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.9107.ConclusionThe over-expression of CRTH2 in recurrent nasal polyps correlates with greater eosinophilic inflammation and poor prognosis which is independent of concomitant asthma.
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Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Functional Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165219. [PMID: 36014458 PMCID: PMC9413031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae) is commonly found in Asia, Africa, and Europe and has a long history of being used as food and traditional medicine. Recently, this plant is gaining attention as a highly nutritious food, where fresh leaves are dried and used as powder or in other forms. Leaves are rich in many bioactive compounds. This review aims to cover the traditional uses in food and medicine, as well as its nutritional composition, including its bioactive chemical constituents and reported food functional activities. Various bioactive chemical constituents have been isolated from stinging nettle to date, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acid, carotenoids, and fatty acids. Stinging nettle extracts and its compounds, such as rutin, kaempferol, and vitamin A, are also used for their nutritional properties and as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Future studies should focus on the proper formulation and stability testing of the functional foods containing stinging nettle and their detailed activities in clinical studies.
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Gevaert P, Bachert C, Maspero JF, Cuevas M, Steele D, Acharya S, Altman P. Phase 3b randomized controlled trial of fevipiprant in patients with nasal polyposis with asthma (THUNDER). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1675-1682.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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PTGDR2 Expression in Peripheral Blood as a Potential Biomarker in Adult Patients with Asthma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090827. [PMID: 34575604 PMCID: PMC8468563 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Precision medicine is a promising strategy to identify biomarkers, stratify asthmatic patients according to different endotypes, and match them with the appropriate therapy. This proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate whether gene expression in peripheral blood could provide a valuable noninvasive approach for the molecular phenotyping of asthma. Methods: We performed whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing on peripheral blood of 30 non-atopic non-asthmatic controls and 30 asthmatic patients. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation study of PTGDR2 that encodes for CRTH2 receptor, expressed in cells involved in T2 inflammation, was developed in a cohort of 361 independent subjects: 94 non-asthmatic non-atopic controls, 187 asthmatic patients [including 82 with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 24 with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)], 52 with allergic rhinitis, and 28 with CRSwNP without asthma. Results: PTGDR2 was one of the most differentially overexpressed genes in asthmatic patients’ peripheral blood (p-value 2.64 × 106). These results were confirmed by qPCR in the validation study, where PTGDR2 transcripts were significantly upregulated in asthmatic patients (p < 0.001). This upregulation was mainly detected in some subgroups such as allergic asthma, asthma with CRSwNP, AERD, eosinophilic asthma, and severe persistent asthma. PTGDR2 expression was detected in different blood cell types, and its correlation with eosinophil counts showed differences in some groups of asthmatic patients. Conclusions: We found that PTGDR2 expression levels could identify asthma patients, introduce a minimally invasive biomarker for adult asthma molecular phenotyping, and add additional information to blood eosinophils. Although further studies are required, analyzing PTGDR2 expression levels in peripheral blood of asthmatics might assist in selecting patients for treatment with specific antagonists.
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Kida M, Nakamura T, Fujiwara Y, Murata T. [Defensive reaction against bee venom]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:277. [PMID: 32612043 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Forese MG, Pellegatta M, Canevazzi P, Gullotta GS, Podini P, Rivellini C, Previtali SC, Bacigaluppi M, Quattrini A, Taveggia C. Prostaglandin D2 synthase modulates macrophage activity and accumulation in injured peripheral nerves. Glia 2019; 68:95-110. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Forese
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paolo Canevazzi
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Giorgia S. Gullotta
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Rivellini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Stefano C. Previtali
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, INSPEIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
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Wu J, Zhang Q, Wu W, Pang T, Hu H, Chan WKB, Ke X, Zhang Y. WDL-RF: predicting bioactivities of ligand molecules acting with G protein-coupled receptors by combining weighted deep learning and random forest. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:2271-2282. [PMID: 29432522 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Precise assessment of ligand bioactivities (including IC50, EC50, Ki, Kd, etc.) is essential for virtual screening and lead compound identification. However, not all ligands have experimentally determined activities. In particular, many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are the largest integral membrane protein family and represent targets of nearly 40% drugs on the market, lack published experimental data about ligand interactions. Computational methods with the ability to accurately predict the bioactivity of ligands can help efficiently address this problem. Results We proposed a new method, WDL-RF, using weighted deep learning and random forest, to model the bioactivity of GPCR-associated ligand molecules. The pipeline of our algorithm consists of two consecutive stages: (i) molecular fingerprint generation through a new weighted deep learning method, and (ii) bioactivity calculations with a random forest model; where one uniqueness of the approach is that the model allows end-to-end learning of prediction pipelines with input ligands being of arbitrary size. The method was tested on a set of twenty-six non-redundant GPCRs that have a high number of active ligands, each with 200-4000 ligand associations. The results from our benchmark show that WDL-RF can generate bioactivity predictions with an average root-mean square error 1.33 and correlation coefficient (r2) 0.80 compared to the experimental measurements, which are significantly more accurate than the control predictors with different molecular fingerprints and descriptors. In particular, data-driven molecular fingerprint features, as extracted from the weighted deep learning models, can help solve deficiencies stemming from the use of traditional hand-crafted features and significantly increase the efficiency of short molecular fingerprints in virtual screening. Availability and implementation The WDL-RF web server, as well as source codes and datasets of WDL-RF, is freely available at https://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/WDL-RF/ for academic purposes. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Wu
- School of Geographic and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Qiuming Zhang
- School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijian Wu
- College of Computer and Information, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Hu
- School of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Wallace K B Chan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Exploring the Potential of Spherical Harmonics and PCVM for Compounds Activity Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092175. [PMID: 31052500 PMCID: PMC6539940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active chemical compounds may provide remedies for several diseases. Meanwhile, Machine Learning techniques applied to Drug Discovery, which are cheaper and faster than wet-lab experiments, have the capability to more effectively identify molecules with the expected pharmacological activity. Therefore, it is urgent and essential to develop more representative descriptors and reliable classification methods to accurately predict molecular activity. In this paper, we investigate the potential of a novel representation based on Spherical Harmonics fed into Probabilistic Classification Vector Machines classifier, namely SHPCVM, to compound the activity prediction task. We make use of representation learning to acquire the features which describe the molecules as precise as possible. To verify the performance of SHPCVM ten-fold cross-validation tests are performed on twenty-one G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Experimental outcomes (accuracy of 0.86) assessed by the classification accuracy, precision, recall, Matthews’ Correlation Coefficient and Cohen’s kappa reveal that using our Spherical Harmonics-based representation which is relatively short and Probabilistic Classification Vector Machines can achieve very satisfactory performance results for GPCRs.
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Oliver ET, Chichester K, Devine K, Sterba PM, Wegner C, Vonakis BM, Saini SS. Effects of an Oral CRTh2 Antagonist (AZD1981) on Eosinophil Activity and Symptoms in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:21-30. [PMID: 30879003 DOI: 10.1159/000496162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50% of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) experience symptoms that are not fully controlled by antihistamines, indicating an unmet clinical need. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of the selective CRTh2 antagonist AZD1981 on symptoms and targeted leukocytes in adults with persistent CSU despite treatment with H1-antihistamines. METHODS We performed a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study involving adult CSU subjects with symptoms despite daily antihistamines. The subjects underwent a 2-week placebo run-in and 4 weeks of double-blinded therapy with either AZD1981 40 mg TID or placebo, followed by a 2-week placebo washout. The primary objective was to assess the effect of AZD1981 on CSU signs and symptoms. Secondary objectives included the effects of AZD1981 on prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-induced eosinophil shape change, circulating leukocyte subsets, CRTh2 expression on blood leukocytes, and total blood leukocyte histamine content. RESULTS Twenty-eight subjects were randomized to AZD1981 or placebo, with 26 subjects completing the study. The urticaria activity scores declined during the treatment phase in both groups, and they were significantly reduced in the AZD1981 group at the end of washout. AZD1981 treatment increased circulating eosinophils and significantly impaired PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change. CRTh2 surface expression rose significantly on blood basophils during active treatment. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a CRTh2 antagonist in antihistamine-refractory CSU. AZD1981 treatment was well tolerated, effectively inhibited PGD2-mediated eosinophil shape change, shifted numbers of circulating eosinophils, and reduced weekly itch scores more than hives during treatment and into washout. Further studies are needed to determine whether inhibition of the PGD2/CRTh2 pathway will be an -effective treatment for CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tyrell Oliver
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Kris Chichester
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Devine
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Meghan Sterba
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig Wegner
- Scientific Partnering and Alliances, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Becky Marie Vonakis
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarbjit Singh Saini
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Magalhães KG, Luna-Gomes T, Mesquita-Santos F, Corrêa R, Assunção LS, Atella GC, Weller PF, Bandeira-Melo C, Bozza PT. Schistosomal Lipids Activate Human Eosinophils via Toll-Like Receptor 2 and PGD 2 Receptors: 15-LO Role in Cytokine Secretion. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3161. [PMID: 30740113 PMCID: PMC6355688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite-derived lipids may play important roles in host-pathogen interactions and immune evasion mechanisms. Remarkable accumulation of eosinophils is a characteristic feature of inflammation associated with parasitic disease, especially caused by helminthes. Infiltrating eosinophils are implicated in the pathogenesis of helminth infection by virtue of their capacity to release an array of tissue-damaging and immunoregulatory mediators. However, the mechanisms involved in the activation of human eosinophils by parasite-derived molecules are not clear. Here we investigated the effects and mechanisms of schistosomal lipids-induced activation of human eosinophils. Our results showed that stimulation of human eosinophils in vitro with total lipid extracts from adult worms of S. mansoni induced direct activation of human eosinophils, eliciting lipid droplet biogenesis, synthesis of leukotriene (LT) C4 and eoxin (EX) C4 (14,15 LTC4) and secretion of eosinophil pre-formed TGFβ. We demonstrated that main eosinophil activating components within S. mansoni lipid extract are schistosomal-derived lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and prostaglandin (PG)D2. Moreover, TLR2 is up-regulated in human eosinophils upon stimulation with schistosomal lipids and pre-treatment with anti-TLR2 inhibited both schistosomal lipids- and LPC-, but not PGD2-, induced lipid droplet biogenesis and EXC4 synthesis within eosinophils, indicating that TLR2 mediates LPC-driven human eosinophil activation. By employing PGD2 receptor antagonists, we demonstrated that DP1 receptors are also involved in various parameters of human eosinophil activation induced by schistosomal lipids, but not by schistosomal LPC. In addition, schistosomal lipids and their active components PGD2 and LPC, triggered 15-LO dependent production of EXC4 and secretion of TGFβ. Taken together, our results showed that schistosomal lipids contain at least two components—LPC and PGD2—that are capable of direct activation of human eosinophils acting on distinct eosinophil-expressed receptors, noticeably TLR2 as well as DP1, trigger human eosinophil activation characterized by production/secretion of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly G Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mesquita-Santos
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas em Análise Clínicas, Unidade de Farmácia, Centro Universitário da Zona Oeste, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Corrêa
- Laboratório Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Allergy and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Maric J, Ravindran A, Mazzurana L, Van Acker A, Rao A, Kokkinou E, Ekoff M, Thomas D, Fauland A, Nilsson G, Wheelock CE, Dahlén SE, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Friberg D, Heinemann A, Konya V, Mjösberg J. Cytokine-induced endogenous production of prostaglandin D 2 is essential for human group 2 innate lymphoid cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:2202-2214.e5. [PMID: 30578872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of type 2 immune responses. The prostaglandin (PG) D2-chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) receptor axis potently induces cytokine production and ILC2 migration. OBJECTIVE We set out to examine PG production in human ILC2s and the implications of such endogenous production on ILC2 function. METHODS The effects of the COX-1/2 inhibitor flurbiprofen, the hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase (HPGDS) inhibitor KMN698, and the CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471 on human ILC2s were determined by assessing receptor and transcription factor expression, cytokine production, and gene expression with flow cytometry, ELISA, and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Concentrations of lipid mediators were measured by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ELISA. RESULTS We show that ILC2s constitutively express HPGDS and upregulate COX-2 upon IL-2, IL-25, and IL-33 plus thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulation. Consequently, PGD2 and its metabolites can be detected in ILC2 supernatants. We reveal that endogenously produced PGD2 is essential in cytokine-induced ILC2 activation because blocking of the COX-1/2 or HPGDS enzymes or the CRTH2 receptor abolishes ILC2 responses. CONCLUSION PGD2 produced by ILC2s is, in a paracrine/autocrine manner, essential in cytokine-induced ILC2 activation. Hence we provide the detailed mechanism behind how CRTH2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic tools for allergic diseases by controlling ILC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Maric
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Avinash Ravindran
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Van Acker
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Rao
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekoff
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Clinical Immunology and transfusion medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project group Translational Medicine & Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Marone G, Galdiero MR, Pecoraro A, Pucino V, Criscuolo G, Triassi M, Varricchi G. Prostaglandin D 2 receptor antagonists in allergic disorders: safety, efficacy, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:73-84. [PMID: 30513028 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1555237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a major cyclooxygenase mediator that is synthesized by activated human mast cells and other immune cells. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), DP2 (CRTH2) and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors that are expressed on several immune and non-immune cells involved in allergic inflammation. PGD2 exerts various proinflammatory effects relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic disorders. Several selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and a small number of DP1 receptor antagonists are being developed for the treatment of allergic disorders. AREAS COVERED The role of DP2 and DP1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. EXPERT OPINION Head-to-head studies that compare DP1 antagonists with the standard treatment for allergic rhinitis are necessary to verify the role of these novel drugs as mono- or combination therapies. Further clinical trials are necessary to verify whether DP2 antagonists as monotherapies or, more likely, as add-on therapies, will be effective for the treatment of different phenotypes of adult and childhood asthma. Long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the safety of targeted anti-PGD2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,b Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- e William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine &Dentistry , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- a Department of Public Health , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- c Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d WAO Center of Excellence , Naples , Italy
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Targeting the PGD 2/CRTH2/DP1 Signaling Pathway in Asthma and Allergic Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Drugs 2018; 77:1281-1294. [PMID: 28612233 PMCID: PMC5529497 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) released by degranulating mast cells is believed to play a key role in orchestrating mechanisms of inflammation in allergies and asthma. The biological effects of PGD2 are mediated by D-prostanoid (DP1), CRTH2 (DP2), and thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors. The CRTH2 receptor is involved in induction of migration and activation of T helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils; up-regulation of adhesion molecules; and promotion of pro-inflammatory Th2-type cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, 5, 13), whereas the DP receptor is associated with relaxation of smooth muscles, vasodilation, inhibition of cell migration, and apoptosis of eosinophils. A number of CRTH2/PGD2 receptor antagonists have been investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. The CRTH2 antagonist (OC000459) or dual CRTH2 and TP receptor antagonist (ramatroban) were effective in reducing eosinophilia, nasal mucosal swelling, and clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis, with the latter drug registered for clinical use in this indication. OC000459 and setipiprant reduced the late but not early phase of response in an allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. In persistent asthma, some molecules induced limited improvement in lung function, quality of life, and asthma symptoms (OC000459, BI671800), but in other trials with AMG 853 and AZ1981 these findings were not confirmed. The clear discrepancy between animal studies and clinical efficacy of CRTH2 antagonism in allergic rhinitis, and lack of efficacy in a general cohort of asthmatics, highlight the issue of patient phenotyping. There is no doubt that the PGD2/CATH2/DP1 pathway plays a key role in allergic inflammation and further studies with selective or combined antagonisms in well defined cohorts of patients are needed.
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16
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Samuchiwal SK, Boyce JA. Role of lipid mediators and control of lymphocyte responses in type 2 immunopathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1182-1190. [PMID: 29477727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunopathology is a cardinal feature of allergic diseases and involves cooperation between adaptive immunity and innate effector responses. Virtually all cell types relevant to this pathology generate leukotriene and/or prostaglandin mediators that derive from arachidonic acid, express receptors for such mediators, or both. Recent studies highlight prominent functions for these mediators in communication between the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as amplification or suppression of type 2 effector responses. This review focuses on recent advances and insights, and highlights existing and potential therapeutic applications of drugs that target these mediators or their receptors, with a special emphasis on their regulation of the innate and adaptive lymphocytes relevant to type 2 immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin K Samuchiwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2) binds to prostaglandin D2. CRTH2 is expressed on various cell types including eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. CRTH2 and prostaglandin D2 are involved in allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation. Orally administered CRTH2 antagonists are in clinical development for the treatment of asthma. The biology and clinical trial data indicate that CRTH2 antagonists should be targeted toward eosinophilic asthma. This article reviews the clinical evidence for CRTH2 involvement in asthma pathophysiology and clinical trials of CRTH2 antagonists in asthma. CRTH2 antagonists could provide a practical alternative to biological treatments for patients with severe asthma. Future perspectives for this class of drug are considered, including the selection of the subgroup of patients most likely to show a meaningful treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Arjun Ravi
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Southworth
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Peinhaupt M, Sturm EM, Heinemann A. Prostaglandins and Their Receptors in Eosinophil Function and As Therapeutic Targets. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:104. [PMID: 28770200 PMCID: PMC5515835 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the known prostanoid receptors, human eosinophils express the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptors DP1 [also D-type prostanoid (DP)] and DP2 (also chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule, expressed on Th2 cells), the prostaglandin E2 receptors EP2 and EP4, and the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor IP. Prostanoids can bind to either one or multiple receptors, characteristically have a short half-life in vivo, and are quickly degraded into metabolites with altered affinity and specificity for a given receptor subtype. Prostanoid receptors signal mainly through G proteins and naturally activate signal transduction pathways according to the G protein subtype that they preferentially interact with. This can lead to the activation of sometimes opposing signaling pathways. In addition, prostanoid signaling is often cell-type specific and also the combination of expressed receptors can influence the outcome of the prostanoid impulse. Accordingly, it is assumed that eosinophils and their (patho-)physiological functions are governed by a sensitive prostanoid signaling network. In this review, we specifically focus on the functions of PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 and their receptors on eosinophils. We discuss their significance in allergic and non-allergic diseases and summarize potential targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Feng X, Ramsden MK, Negri J, Baker MG, Payne SC, Borish L, Steinke JW. Eosinophil production of prostaglandin D 2 in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1089-1097.e3. [PMID: 27423494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) differs from aspirin-tolerant disease in part because of eosinophilic tissue infiltration and overexpression of arachidonic acid metabolic pathway components that lead to enhanced secretion of cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin (PG) D2 observed constitutively and paradoxically in response to aspirin and other COX inhibitors. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of IFN-γ to drive cysteinyl leukotriene expression and response. OBJECTIVE We investigated eosinophils as a source of PGD2 production in patients with AERD. METHODS Eosinophils were enriched from tissue and peripheral blood obtained from control subjects, patients with aspirin-tolerant disease, and patients with AERD. mRNA was extracted and evaluated for expression of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (hPGDS). Expression of hPGDS protein was confirmed with Western hybridization and immunofluorescence staining. Cells were stimulated with aspirin, and secretion of PGD2 was quantified. CD34+ progenitor cells were isolated and matured into eosinophils in the presence or absence of IFN-γ and hPGDS mRNA, and PGD2 release was measured. RESULTS Gene expression analysis revealed that eosinophils from tissue and blood of patients with AERD display increased levels of hPGDS compared with asthmatic and control samples. Western hybridization confirmed the increase in hPGDS mRNA translated to increased protein expression. Immunofluorescence confirmed mast cells and eosinophils from tissue of patients with AERD and asthma demonstrated hPGDS expression, with higher levels in eosinophils from patients with AERD. Incubation of eosinophils from blood and tissue with aspirin stimulated PGD2 release. IFN-γ-matured eosinophil progenitors showed enhanced hPGDS expression and increased levels of PGD2 release at baseline and after aspirin stimulation. CONCLUSIONS In addition to mast cells, eosinophils represent an important source of PGD2 in patients with AERD and identify a new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Madison K Ramsden
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Julie Negri
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Mary Grace Baker
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Spencer C Payne
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Larry Borish
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - John W Steinke
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va.
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Santini G, Mores N, Malerba M, Mondino C, Macis G, Montuschi P. Investigational prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists for airway inflammation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:639-52. [PMID: 27094922 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1175434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION By activating DP1 and DP2 receptors on immune and non-immune cells, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a major metabolic product of cyclo-oxygenase pathway released after IgE-mediated mast cell activation, has pro-inflammatory effects, which are relevant to the pathophysiology of allergic airway disease. At least 15 selective, orally active, DP2 receptor antagonists and one DP1 receptor antagonist (asapiprant) are under development for asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors cover the pharmacology of PGD2 and PGD2 receptor antagonists and look at the preclinical, phase I and phase II studies with selective DP1 and DP2 receptor antagonists. EXPERT OPINION Future research should aim to develop once daily compounds and increase the drug clinical potency which, apart from OC000459 and ADC-3680, seems to be relatively low. Further research and development of DP2 receptor antagonists is warranted, particularly in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma, whose management is a top priority. Pediatric studies, which are not available, are required for assessing the efficacy and safety of this novel drug class in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Studies on the efficacy of DP2 receptor antagonists in various asthma phenotypes including: smokers, obese subjects, early vs late asthma onset, fixed vs reversible airflow limitation, are required for establishing their pharmacotherapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Santini
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Chiara Mondino
- c Department of Allergology , 'Bellinzona e Valli' Hospital , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Macis
- d Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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Effect of the potent and selective DP1 receptor antagonist, asapiprant (S-555739), in animal models of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:15-23. [PMID: 26277322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 elicits responses through either the DP1 and/or DP2 receptor. Experimental evidence suggests that stimulation of the DP1 receptor contributes to allergic responses, such that antagonists are considered to be directed therapies for allergic diseases. In this study, we demonstrate the activity of a novel synthetic DP1 receptor antagonist termed asapiprant (S-555739) for the DP1 receptor and other receptors in vitro, and assess the efficacy of asapiprant in several animal models of allergic diseases. We determined the affinity and selectivity of asapiprant for the DP1 receptor in binding assays. In the animal models of allergic rhinitis, changes in nasal resistance, nasal secretion, and cell infiltration in nasal mucosa were assessed after antigen challenge with and without asapiprant. Similarly, in the animal models of asthma, the effect of antigen challenge with and without asapiprant on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, airway hyper-responsiveness, mucin production, and cell infiltration in lung were assessed. In binding studies, asapiprant exhibited high affinity and selectivity for the DP1 receptor. Significant suppression of antigen-induced nasal resistance, nasal secretion, and cell infiltration in nasal mucosa was observed with asapiprant treatment. In addition, treatment with asapiprant suppressed antigen-induced asthmatic responses, airway hyper-responsiveness, and cell infiltration and mucin production in lung. These results show that asapiprant is a potent and selective DP1 receptor antagonist, and exerts suppressive effects in the animal models of allergic diseases. Thus, asapiprant has potential as a novel therapy for allergic airway diseases.
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Kulinski JM, Muñoz-Cano R, Olivera A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and other lipid mediators generated by mast cells as critical players in allergy and mast cell function. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:56-67. [PMID: 25941085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), platelet activating factor (PAF) and eicosanoids are bioactive lipid mediators abundantly produced by antigen-stimulated mast cells that exert their function mostly through specific cell surface receptors. Although it has long been recognized that some of these bioactive lipids are potent regulators of allergic diseases, their exact contributions to disease pathology have been obscured by the complexity of their mode of action and the regulation of their metabolism. Indeed, the effects of such lipids are usually mediated by multiple receptor subtypes that may differ in their signaling mechanisms and functions. In addition, their actions may be elicited by cell surface receptor-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, these lipids may be converted into metabolites that exhibit different functionalities, adding another layer of complexity to their overall biological responses. In some instances, a second wave of lipid mediator synthesis by both mast cell and non-mast cell sources may occur late during inflammation, bringing about additional roles in the altered environment. New evidence also suggests that bioactive lipids in the local environment can fine-tune mast cell maturation and phenotype, and thus their responsiveness. A better understanding of the subtleties of the spatiotemporal regulation of these lipid mediators, their receptors and functions may aid in the pursuit of pharmacological applications for allergy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kulinski
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ana Olivera
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are among the first cell types associated with allergies and asthma. Studies in human asthma have identified their presence in the lung submucosa and smooth muscle and also in the airway epithelium. As our understanding of the distribution and location of these MCs in the human airway has increased, it is clear that much remains to be understood regarding the presence and subtype of these MCs in relationship to asthma phenotypes, defined both clinically and on the basis of immunologic pathways. Human MCs have traditionally been divided into two major subtypes based on the protease granule content, with tryptase representing total MCs. There is emerging evidence that in the epithelium, MCs of an altered subtype (with tryptase, chymase, and/or carboxypeptidase A3) may play a role in the pathophysiology of poorly controlled, severe, Th2-associated asthma.
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Efficacy of the oral chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule on TH2 cells antagonist BI 671800 in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:414-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lone AM, Taskén K. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory roles of eicosanoids in T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:130. [PMID: 23760108 PMCID: PMC3671288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators primarily generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 to ω-3 and ω-6 C20 fatty acids that next are converted to leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclins (PCs), and thromboxanes (TXAs). The rate-limiting and tightly regulated lipoxygenases control synthesis of LTs while the equally well-controlled cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 generate prostanoids, including PGs, PCs, and TXAs. While many of the classical signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, pain, and heat are caused by eicosanoid species with vasoactive, pyretic, and pain-inducing effects locally, some eicosanoids also regulate T cell functions. Here, we will review eicosanoid production in T cell subsets and the inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of LTs, PGs, PCs, and TXAs in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mari Lone
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Fajt ML, Gelhaus SL, Freeman B, Uvalle CE, Trudeau JB, Holguin F, Wenzel SE. Prostaglandin D₂ pathway upregulation: relation to asthma severity, control, and TH2 inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1504-12. [PMID: 23506843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid prostaglandin D₂(PGD₂) levels are increased in patients with severe, poorly controlled asthma in association with epithelial mast cells (MCs). PGD₂, which is generated by hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS), acts on 3 G protein-coupled receptors, including chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on TH2 lymphocytes (CRTH2) and PGD₂ receptor 1 (DP1). However, much remains to be understood regarding the presence and activation of these pathway elements in asthmatic patients. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare the expression and activation of PGD₂ pathway elements in bronchoscopically obtained samples from healthy control subjects and asthmatic patients across a range of disease severity and control, as well as in relation to TH2 pathway elements. METHODS Epithelial cells and BAL fluid were evaluated for HPGDS (quantitative real-time PCR/immunohistochemistry [IHC]) and PGD₂ (ELISA/liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) in relation to levels of MC proteases. Expression of the 2 inflammatory cell receptors DP1 and CRTH2 was evaluated on luminal cells. These PGD₂ pathway markers were then compared with asthma severity, level of control, and markers of TH2 inflammation (blood eosinophils and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide). RESULTS Confirming previous results, BAL fluid PGD₂ levels were highest in patients with severe asthma (overall P = .0001). Epithelial cell compartment HPGDS mRNA and IHC values differed among groups (P = .008 and P < .0001, respectively) and correlated with MC protease mRNA. CRTH2 mRNA and IHC values were highest in patients with severe asthma (P = .001 and P = .0001, respectively). Asthma exacerbations, poor asthma control, and TH2 inflammatory markers were associated with higher PGD₂, HPGDS, and CRTH2 levels. CONCLUSION The current study identifies coordinated upregulation of the PGD₂ pathway in patients with severe, poorly controlled, TH2-high asthma despite corticosteroid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merritt L Fajt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC/University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Yang Y, Tang LQ, Wei W. Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:14-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.752003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Campos Alberto E, MacLean E, Davidson C, Palikhe NS, Storie J, Tse C, Brenner D, Mayers I, Vliagoftis H, El-Sohemy A, Cameron L. The single nucleotide polymorphism CRTh2 rs533116 is associated with allergic asthma and increased expression of CRTh2. Allergy 2012; 67:1357-64. [PMID: 22947041 DOI: 10.1111/all.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRTh2 (chemoattractant-receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) is expressed by Th2 cells and other cells involved in allergic inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRTh2 (rs11571288, rs545659, rs634681) have been associated with various phenotypes of allergy in ethnically distinct populations. Here, we assessed the association between CRTh2 rs533116 and allergic asthma, expression of CRTh2 and Th2 cytokine production. METHODS CRTh2 rs533116 was genotyped in an ethnically diverse population (n = 1282). The proportion of cells expressing CRTh2 was determined in peripheral blood from subjects with allergic airways disease and controls as well as with in vitro differentiated Th2 cells. Receptor function was assessed by stimulating Th2 cells with the CRTh2-specific agonist 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD(2) (DK-PGD(2) ) and measuring IL-4 and IL-13 by intracellular staining and ELISA. RESULTS CRTh2 rs533116 was associated with allergic asthma in White people (2.67 [1.09-6.55], P < 0.05), and expression of CRTh2 was higher in subjects with allergic airways disease compared to controls (P < 0.05). Among allergic individuals, the AA genotype was significantly associated with more eosinophils and higher expression of CRTh2 by both CD4(+) T cells and eosinophils (P < 0.05). In vitro, the AA genotype was associated with a higher proportion of CRTh2(+) cells during Th2 differentiation as well as more IL-4 and IL-13 expression following DK-PGD(2) stimulation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings show an association between CRTh2 rs533116 and allergic asthma and suggest this may be mediated by elevated expression of CRTh2, leading to higher numbers of circulating eosinophils and Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Campos Alberto
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - E. MacLean
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - C. Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - N. S. Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - J. Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - C. Tse
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - D. Brenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - I. Mayers
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - H. Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - A. El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - L. Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
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Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 51:97-133. [PMID: 22520473 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396493-9.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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31
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Luna-Gomes T, Magalhães KG, Mesquita-Santos FP, Bakker-Abreu I, Samico RF, Molinaro R, Calheiros AS, Diaz BL, Bozza PT, Weller PF, Bandeira-Melo C. Eosinophils as a novel cell source of prostaglandin D2: autocrine role in allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6518-26. [PMID: 22102725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGD(2) is a key mediator of allergic inflammatory diseases that is mainly synthesized by mast cells, which constitutively express high levels of the terminal enzyme involved in PGD(2) synthesis, the hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS). In this study, we investigated whether eosinophils are also able to synthesize, and therefore, supply biologically active PGD(2). PGD(2) synthesis was evaluated within human blood eosinophils, in vitro differentiated mouse eosinophils, and eosinophils infiltrating inflammatory site of mouse allergic reaction. Biological function of eosinophil-derived PGD(2) was studied by employing inhibitors of synthesis and activity. Constitutive expression of H-PGDS was found within nonstimulated human circulating eosinophils. Acute stimulation of human eosinophils with A23187 (0.1-5 μM) evoked PGD(2) synthesis, which was located at the nuclear envelope and was inhibited by pretreatment with HQL-79 (10 μM), a specific H-PGDS inhibitor. Prestimulation of human eosinophils with arachidonic acid (10 μM) or human eotaxin (6 nM) also enhanced HQL-79-sensitive PGD(2) synthesis, which, by acting on membrane-expressed specific receptors (D prostanoid receptors 1 and 2), displayed an autocrine/paracrine ability to trigger leukotriene C(4) synthesis and lipid body biogenesis, hallmark events of eosinophil activation. In vitro differentiated mouse eosinophils also synthesized paracrine/autocrine active PGD(2) in response to arachidonic acid stimulation. In vivo, at late time point of the allergic reaction, infiltrating eosinophils found at the inflammatory site appeared as an auxiliary PGD(2)-synthesizing cell population. Our findings reveal that eosinophils are indeed able to synthesize and secrete PGD(2), hence representing during allergic inflammation an extra cell source of PGD(2), which functions as an autocrine signal for eosinophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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IFN-γ and TNF-α potentiate prostaglandin D2-induced human eosinophil chemotaxis through up-regulation of CRTH2 surface receptor. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1864-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen JJ, Budelsky AL. Prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 50:49-107. [PMID: 21315928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381290-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jeffrey Chen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Sedej M, Schröder R, Bell K, Platzer W, Vukoja A, Kostenis E, Heinemann A, Waldhoer M. D-type prostanoid receptor enhances the signaling of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:492-500, 500.e1-9. [PMID: 21930295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) is substantially involved in allergic responses and signals through the 7 transmembrane-spanning/G protein-coupled receptors, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2), and D-type prostanoid (DP) receptor. OBJECTIVE Although the proinflammatory function of CRTH2 is well recognized and CRTH2 is hence considered an important emerging pharmacotherapeutic target, the role of the DP receptor in mediating the biological effects of PGD(2) in patients with allergic inflammation has remained unclear. METHODS The cross-talk of CRTH2 and DP receptors was investigated by using both a recombinant HEK293 cell model and human eosinophils in Ca(2+) mobilization assays, coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, radioligand binding, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We show that CRTH2 and DP receptors modulate one another's signaling properties and form CRTH2/DP heteromers without altering their ligand-binding capacities. We find that the DP receptor amplifies the CRTH2-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and coincidentally forfeits its own signaling potency. Moreover, desensitization or pharmacologic blockade of the DP receptor hinders CRTH2-mediated signal transduction. However, CRTH2 internalization occurs independently of the DP receptor. In cells that express both receptors, pharmacologic blockade of Gα(q/11) proteins abolishes the Ca(2+) response to both CRTH2 and DP agonists, whereas inhibition of Gα(i) proteins selectively attenuates the CRTH2-mediated response but not the DP signal. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the capacity of DP receptors to amplify the biological response to CRTH2 activation. Therefore the CRTH2/DP heteromer might not only represent a functional signaling unit for PGD(2) but also a potential target for the development of heteromer-directed therapies to treat allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sedej
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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35
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Choi YH, Lee SN, Aoyagi H, Yamasaki Y, Yoo JY, Park B, Shin DM, Yoon HG, Yoon JH. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase/ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 cascade phosphorylates cAMP response element-binding protein to induce MUC5B gene expression via D-prostanoid receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34199-214. [PMID: 21832046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent feature of respiratory diseases, and MUC5B is a major airway mucin. Mucin gene expression can be affected by inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin (PG) D(2,) an inflammatory mediator synthesized by hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS). PGD(2) binds to either D-prostanoid receptor (DP1) or chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTH2). We investigated the mechanisms by which PGD(2) induces MUC5B gene expression in airway epithelial cells. Western blot analysis showed that H-PGDS was highly expressed in nasal polyps. Similar results were obtained for PGD(2) expression. In addition, we could clearly detect the expressions of both H-PGDS and DP1 in nasal epithelial cells but not CRTH2. We demonstrated that PGD(2) increased MUC5B gene expression in normal human nasal epithelial cells as well as in NCI-H292 cells in vitro. S5751, a DP1 antagonist, inhibited PGD(2)-induced MUC5B expression, whereas a CRTH2 antagonist (OC0459) did not. These data suggest that PGD(2) induced MUC5B expression via DP1. Pretreatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD98059) blocked both PGD(2)-induced ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and MUC5B expression. Proximity ligation assays showed direct interaction between RSK1 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Stimulation with PGD(2) caused an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, whereas intracellular Ca(2+) did not have such an effect. PGD(2)-induced MUC5B mRNA levels were regulated by CREB via direct interaction with two cAMP-response element sites (-921/-914 and -900/-893). Finally, we demonstrated that PGD(2) can induce MUC5B overproduction via ERK MAPK/RSK1/CREB signaling and that DP1 receptor may have suppressive effects in controlling MUC5B overproduction in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ho Choi
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Kogiso M, Nishiyama A, Shinohara T, Nakamura M, Mizoguchi E, Misawa Y, Guinet E, Nouri-Shirazi M, Dorey CK, Henriksen RA, Shibata Y. Chitin particles induce size-dependent but carbohydrate-independent innate eosinophilia. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:167-76. [PMID: 21447645 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine Mϕ that phagocytose CMP develop into M1; this response depends on the size and the chemical composition of the particles. In contrast, recent studies concluded that chitin particles induce M2 and eosinophil migration, promoting acquired Th2 immune responses against chitin-containing microbes or allergens. This study examined whether these apparently inconsistent responses to chitin could be induced by variation in the size and chemical composition of the chitin particles. We compared the responses of Mϕ with CMP, LCB, and Sephadex G-100 beads (>40 μm). Beads were given i.p. to WT mice and to mice deficient in a CRTH2, a receptor for the eosinophil chemoattractant PGD(2). In contrast to the M1 activation induced by CMP, i.p. administration of LCB or Sephadex beads induced within 24 h a CRTH2-dependent peritoneal eosinophilia, as well as CRTH2-independent activation of peritoneal Mϕ that expressed Arg I, an M2 phenotype. LCB-induced Mϕ exhibited elevated Arg I and a surface MR, reduced surface TLR2 levels, and no change in the levels of CHI3L1 or IL-10 production. Our results indicate that the effects of chitin in vivo are highly dependent on particle size and that large, nonphagocytosable beads, independent of their chemical composition, induce innate eosinophilia and activate Mϕ expressing several M2, but not M1, phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kogiso
- Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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38
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The opposing role of two prostaglandin D2 receptors, DP and CRTH2, in human eosinophil migration. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:511-7. [PMID: 21624751 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) regulates various immunological responses via two distinct PGD2 receptors, prostaglandin D receptor (DP), and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). Recent studies have demonstrated that PGD2 induces the migration of eosinophils through CRTH2. Although human eosinophils express both DP and CRTH2, it is unclear whether the function of DP is involved in eosinophil migration. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the roles of DP and CRTH2 in eosinophil migration by using selective agonists and antagonists. METHODS Eosinophils were isolated from human subjects with mild eosinophilia by modified CD16-negative selection. After stimulation with or without DP receptor agonist, eosinophil migration was measured by Boyden chamber. The effect of DP agonists on CRTH2-induced eosinophil migration was studied in terms of CRTH2 expression, Ca2+ mobilization, ERK/MAPK phosphorylation, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. RESULTS Treatment with DP agonists inhibited CRTH2-induced chemotaxis of eosinophils. Furthermore, we showed that DP agonists enhanced cAMP production in CRTH2 agonist stimulation without increasing CRTH2 expression. DP mediates eosinophils through the elevation of intracellular cAMP production but does not change CRTH2 expression. CONCLUSION Taken together, the balance between DP and CRTH2 could influence the degree of PGD2-induced eosinophil migration and DP agonist might regulate eosinophil activation.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) is a major prostanoid, produced mainly by mast cells, in allergic diseases, including bronchial asthma. PGD₂-induced vasodilatation and increased permeability are well-known classical effects that may be involved in allergic inflammation. Recently, novel functions of PGD₂ have been identified. To date, D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2) have been shown to be major PGD₂-related receptors. These two receptors have pivotal roles mediating allergic diseases by regulating the functions of various cell types, such as T(H)2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. This review will focus on the current understanding of the roles of PGD₂ and its metabolites in T(H)2 inflammation and the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Arima
- Department of Developmental Genetics (H2), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
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40
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Eguchi M, Kariya S, Okano M, Higaki T, Makihara S, Fujiwara T, Nagata K, Hirai H, Narumiya S, Nakamura M, Nishizaki K. Lipopolysaccharide induces proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in experimental otitis media through the prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP)-dependent pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:260-9. [PMID: 21166666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media is one of the most common and intractable ear diseases, and is the major cause of hearing loss, especially in children. Multiple factors affect the onset or development of otitis media. Prostaglandin D₂ is the major prostanoid involved in infection and allergy. However, the role of prostaglandin D₂ and prostaglandin D2 receptors on the pathogenesis of otitis media remains to be determined. Recent studies show that D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 (Th2) cells (CRTH2) are major prostaglandin D₂ receptors. In this study, homozygous DP single gene-deficient (DP⁻(/)⁻) mice, CRTH2 single gene-deficient (CRTH2⁻(/)⁻) mice and DP/CRTH2 double gene-deficient (DP⁻(/)⁻ CRTH2⁻(/)⁻) mice were used to investigate the role of prostaglandin D₂ and its receptors in otitis media. We demonstrate that prostaglandin D₂ is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of Gram-negative bacteria, and that transtympanic injection of prostaglandin D₂ up-regulates macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the middle ear. We also show that middle ear inflammatory reactions, including infiltration of inflammatory cells and expression of MIP-2, IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS, are reduced significantly in DP⁻(/)⁻ mice and DP⁻(/)⁻ CRTH2⁻(/)⁻ mice. CRTH2⁻(/)⁻ mice display inflammatory reactions similar to wild-type mice. These findings indicate that prostaglandin D₂ may play significant roles in LPS-induced experimental otitis media via DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Ulven T, Kostenis E. Novel CRTH2 antagonists: a review of patents from 2006 to 2009. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1505-30. [PMID: 20946089 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.525506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The receptor CRTH2 (also known as DP₂) is an important mediator of the inflammatory effects of prostaglandin D₂ and has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for the treatment of conditions such as asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target and the early antagonists are summarized, CRTH2 antagonists published in the patent literature from 2006 to 2009 are comprehensively covered and a general update on the recent progress in the development of CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases is provided. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Insight into the validation of CRTH2 as a therapeutic target, a comprehensive overview of the development of new CRTH2 ligands between 2006 and 2009, and a general overview of the state of the art. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Many diverse potent CRTH2 antagonists are now available, and several are in or on the way into the clinic. It is still early to draw final conclusions, but preliminary results give reason for optimism, and the prospect that we will see new CRTH2 antagonists reaching the market for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and/or COPD seems good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Denmark.
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Carron CP, Trujillo JI, Olson KL, Huang W, Hamper BC, Dice T, Neal BE, Pelc MJ, Day JE, Rohrer DC, Kiefer JR, Moon JB, Schweitzer BA, Blake TD, Turner SR, Woerndle R, Case BL, Bono CP, Dilworth VM, Funckes-Shippy CL, Hood BL, Jerome GM, Kornmeier CM, Radabaugh MR, Williams ML, Davies MS, Wegner CD, Welsch DJ, Abraham WM, Warren CJ, Dowty ME, Hua F, Zutshi A, Yang JZ, Thorarensen A. Discovery of an Oral Potent Selective Inhibitor of Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS). ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:59-63. [PMID: 24900177 DOI: 10.1021/ml900025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS) is primarly expressed in mast cells, antigen-presenting cells, and Th-2 cells. HPGDS converts PGH2 into PGD2, a mediator thought to play a pivotal role in airway allergy and inflammatory processes. In this letter, we report the discovery of an orally potent and selective inhibitor of HPGDS that reduces the antigen-induced response in allergic sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Carron
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - John I. Trujillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Kirk L. Olson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Wei Huang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Bruce C. Hamper
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Tom Dice
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Bradley E. Neal
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Matthew J. Pelc
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Jacqueline E. Day
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Douglas C. Rohrer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Joseph B. Moon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Barbara A. Schweitzer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Tanisha D. Blake
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Steve R. Turner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Rhonda Woerndle
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Brenda L. Case
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Christine P. Bono
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Vickie M. Dilworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | | | - Becky L. Hood
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Gina M. Jerome
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Christine M. Kornmeier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Melissa R. Radabaugh
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Melanie L. Williams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Michael S. Davies
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Craig D. Wegner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Dean J. Welsch
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - William M. Abraham
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Road, Miami Beach, Florida 33140
| | - Chad J. Warren
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Martin E. Dowty
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Fengmei Hua
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Anup Zutshi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Jerry Z. Yang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Atli Thorarensen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
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Pérez-Novo CA, Holtappels G, Vinall SL, Xue L, Zhang N, Bachert C, Pettipher R. CRTH2 mediates the activation of human Th2 cells in response to PGD(2) released from IgE/anti-IgE treated nasal polyp tissue. Allergy 2010; 65:304-10. [PMID: 19839971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells release mediators upon stimulation that contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic airway disease, including the recruitment and activation of Th2 lymphocytes. The objective was to determine the involvement of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) and its receptors in the chemotaxis of Th2 cells, using nasal polyp tissue. METHODS Tissue explants from ten patients with nasal polyposis were incubated with RPMI alone or RPMI containing IgE/anti-IgE for 30 min. Some samples were treated with diclofenac to inhibit the production of PGD(2). Supernatants were assayed for PGD(2) content and for their ability to promote human Th2 cell chemotaxis in the presence and absence of a CRTH2 antagonist. Transcript levels of D protanoid receptor type 1 (DP(1)), chemoattractant receptor-homologous receptor expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) and PGD(2) synthase were analysed by real time PCR. RESULTS Increased release of PGD(2) by nasal polyp tissue treated with IgE/anti-IgE was significantly inhibited by preincubation of the tissue with diclofenac. Transcript levels of PGD(2) synthase, DP(1) and CRTH2 receptors increased after stimulation with IgE/anti-IgE. Supernatants from IgE/anti-IgE-stimulated nasal polyp tissue caused significantly increased chemotaxis of Th2 cells. The levels of PGD(2) produced and the degree of Th2 cell chemotaxis were highly correlated. Diclofenac inhibited the production of Th2 cell chemotactic activity, and the chemotactic effect of the supernatant on Th2 cells was inhibited by the CRTH2 antagonist ramatroban. CONCLUSION These data suggest that in immunologically activated nasal polyp tissue, PGD(2) produced by mast cells promotes the migration of Th2 cells through a CRTH2 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pérez-Novo
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Cameron L, Depner M, Kormann M, Klopp N, Illig T, Von Mutius E, Kabesch M. Genetic variation in CRTh2 influences development of allergic phenotypes. Allergy 2009; 64:1478-1485. [PMID: 19392992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic disorders are characterized by an increase in the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, produced primarily by Th2 cells. These cells are marked by the expression of CRTh2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells), a receptor for prostaglandin D(2). As genetic variation plays a significant role in the predisposition for allergic disorders, we investigated the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRTh2. METHODS In a large study population of German children (n = 4264) from the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children (ISAAC II), six polymorphisms in CRTh2 were genotyped. Statistical analyses were performed using single SNP and haplotype analyses. RESULTS Uncorrected associations among -6373G>A, +1431G>C and +1538A>G were observed with a number of allergic phenotypes (P < 0.05). After correction, association between +1431C and specific IgE to food allergens remained significant (P = 0.04). Associations of haplotype (H)3 (containing +1538G) with reduced risk for asthma and H2 (containing +1431C) with increased risk for specific IgE to food allergens also remained significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation within CRTh2 modifies the development of allergic sensitization and asthma in a population of German children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M. Depner
- University Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximillian’s University, Munich, Germany
| | - M. Kormann
- University Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximillian’s University, Munich, Germany
| | - N. Klopp
- Institute of Epidemiology, GSF – Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - T. Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, GSF – Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E. Von Mutius
- University Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximillian’s University, Munich, Germany
| | - M. Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Neonatology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Philip G, van Adelsberg J, Loeys T, Liu N, Wong P, Lai E, Dass SB, Reiss TF. Clinical studies of the DP1 antagonist laropiprant in asthma and allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:942-8.e1-9. [PMID: 19748656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D(2) is a proinflammatory mediator believed to be important in asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). Allelic variants in the prostaglandin D(2) receptor type 1 (DP1) gene (PTGDR) have been suggested to be associated with asthma susceptibility. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the efficacy of the DP1 antagonist laropiprant (alone or with montelukast) in asthma and seasonal AR and explore whether sequence variations in PTGDR are associated with asthma severity. METHODS For asthma, in a double-blind crossover study, 100 patients with persistent asthma were randomized to placebo or laropiprant, 300 mg/d for 3 weeks, followed by addition of montelukast, 10 mg/d for 2 weeks. PTGDR promoter haplotypes were categorized as high, medium, or low transcriptional efficiency. The primary efficacy end point was FEV(1). For AR, in a double-blind parallel-group study, 767 patients sensitized to a regionally prevalent fall allergen with symptomatic fall rhinitis were allocated to laropiprant, 25 mg/d or 100 mg/d; cetirizine, 10mg/d; or placebo for 2 weeks. The primary end point was the Daytime Nasal Symptoms Score. RESULTS For asthma, no significant differences in FEV(1) or asthma symptoms were noted for laropiprant versus placebo or laropiprant plus montelukast vs montelukast (differences between montelukast and placebo: P <or= .001). No clear association was seen between haplotype pair (ie, diplotype) and asthma severity. For AR, although cetirizine (vs placebo) demonstrated an improvement in the Daytime Nasal Symptoms Score (P < .001), laropiprant did not. CONCLUSION Laropiprant did not demonstrate efficacy in asthmatic patients or patients with AR. Variations in PTGDR did not appear related to baseline asthma severity or treatment response (NCT00533208; NCT00783601).
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Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael M, Alberte RS. Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis. Phytother Res 2009; 23:920-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Shirasaki H, Kikuchi M, Kanaizumi E, Himi T. Accumulation of CRTH2-positive leukocytes in human allergic nasal mucosa. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:110-5. [PMID: 19230460 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) has been thought to be a potent mediator involved in allergic rhinitis because PGD2 has been recovered from the nasal lavage fluid of patients with allergic rhinitis after allergen provocation and because PGD2 receptor antagonists relieved nasal allergic symptoms in an animal model of allergic rhinitis. The inflammatory effects of PGD2 are exerted through high-affinity interactions with 2 G protein-coupled receptors: D-prostanoid receptor 1 and chemoattractant-homologous receptor expressed on TH2 cells (CRTH2). CRTH2 may mediate the recruitment of leukocytes during a nasal allergic response. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the number of CRTH2-expressing cells in allergic and nonallergic human nasal mucosa by means of immunohistochemical analysis. METHODS Human turbinates were obtained after turbinectomy from 14 patients with nasal obstruction refractory to medical therapy. To identify cells expressing the CRTH2 protein, double immunostaining was performed using anti-CRTH2 antibody and monoclonal anti-leukocyte antibodies. RESULTS The immunohistochemical study revealed that anti-CRTH2 antibody labeled eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and submucosal glands in the nasal mucosa. CRTH2 expressions of these leukocytes in allergic nasal mucosa are significantly up-regulated compared with those in nonallergic nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CRTH2 may play an important role in the recruitment of leukocytes into allergic nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shirasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Lukacs NW, Berlin AA, Franz-Bacon K, Sásik R, Sprague LJ, Ly TW, Hardiman G, Boehme SA, Bacon KB. CRTH2 antagonism significantly ameliorates airway hyperreactivity and downregulates inflammation-induced genes in a mouse model of airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L767-79. [PMID: 18757520 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90351.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2), the ligand for the G protein-coupled receptors DP1 and CRTH2, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the allergic response in diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. This prostanoid also fulfills a number of physiological, anti-inflammatory roles through its receptor DP1. We investigated the role of PGD(2) and CRTH2 in allergic pulmonary inflammation by using a highly potent and specific antagonist of CRTH2. Administration of this antagonist ameliorated inflammation caused by either acute or subchronic sensitization using the cockroach egg antigen. Gene expression and ELISA analysis revealed that there was reduced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA or protein produced, as well as a wide array of genes associated with the Th2-type proinflammatory response. Importantly, the CRTH2 antagonist reduced antigen-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody levels as well as decreased mucus deposition and leukocyte infiltration in the large airways. Collectively, these findings suggest that the PGD(2)-CRTH2 activation axis has a pivotal role in mediating the inflammation and the underlying immune response in a T cell-driven model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Nomiya R, Okano M, Fujiwara T, Maeda M, Kimura Y, Kino K, Yokoyama M, Hirai H, Nagata K, Hara T, Nishizaki K, Nakamura M. CRTH2 plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of Cry j 1-induced pollinosis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5680-8. [PMID: 18390753 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGD(2) is the major prostanoid produced during the acute phase of allergic reactions. Two PGD(2) receptors have been isolated, DP and CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells), but whether they participate in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases remains unclear. We investigated the role of CRTH2 in the initiation of allergic rhinitis in mice. First, we developed a novel murine model of pollinosis, a type of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Additionally, pathophysiological differences in the pollinosis were compared between wild-type and CRTH2 gene-deficient mice. An effect of treatment with ramatroban, a CRTH2/T-prostanoid receptor dual antagonist, was also determined. Repeated intranasal sensitization with Cry j 1, the major allergen of Cryptomeria japonica pollen, in the absence of adjuvants significantly exacerbated nasal hyperresponsive symptoms, Cry j 1-specific IgE and IgG1 production, nasal eosinophilia, and Cry j 1-induced in vitro production of IL-4 and IL-5 by submandibular lymph node cells. Additionally, CRTH2 mRNA in nasal mucosa was significantly elevated in Cry j 1-sensitized mice. Following repeated intranasal sensitization with Cry j 1, CRTH2 gene-deficient mice had significantly weaker Cry j 1-specific IgE/IgG1 production, nasal eosinophilia, and IL-4 production by submandibular lymph node cells than did wild-type mice. Similar results were found in mice treated with ramatroban. These results suggest that the PGD(2)-CRTH2 interaction is elevated following sensitization and plays a proinflammatory role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis, especially pollinosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nomiya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Schratl P, Royer JF, Kostenis E, Ulven T, Sturm EM, Waldhoer M, Hoefler G, Schuligoi R, Lippe IT, Peskar BA, Heinemann A. The role of the prostaglandin D2 receptor, DP, in eosinophil trafficking. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4792-9. [PMID: 17878378 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is a major mast cell product that acts via two receptors, the D-type prostanoid (DP) and the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) receptors. Whereas CRTH2 mediates the chemotaxis of eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes, the role of DP has remained unclear. We report in this study that, in addition to CRTH2, the DP receptor plays an important role in eosinophil trafficking. First, we investigated the release of eosinophils from bone marrow using the in situ perfused guinea pig hind limb preparation. PGD2 induced the rapid release of eosinophils from bone marrow and this effect was inhibited by either the DP receptor antagonist BWA868c or the CRTH2 receptor antagonist ramatroban. In contrast, BWA868c did not inhibit the release of bone marrow eosinophils when this was induced by the CRTH2-selective agonist 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2. In additional experiments, we isolated bone marrow eosinophils from the femoral cavity and found that these cells migrated toward PGD2. We also observed that BWA868c inhibited this response to a similar extent as ramatroban. Finally, using immunohistochemistry we could demonstrate that eosinophils in human bone marrow specimens expressed DP and CRTH2 receptors at similar levels. Eosinophils isolated from human peripheral blood likewise expressed DP receptor protein but at lower levels than CRTH2. In agreement with this, the chemotaxis of human peripheral blood eosinophils was inhibited both by BWA868c and ramatroban. These findings suggest that DP receptors comediate with CRTH2 the mobilization of eosinophils from bone marrow and their chemotaxis, which might provide the rationale for DP antagonists in the treatment of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schratl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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