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Ruiz-Castañeda P, Santiago Molina E, Aguirre Loaiza H, Daza González MT. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia and their relationship with cognitive and emotional executive functions. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:78. [PMID: 35960384 PMCID: PMC9374871 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with significant difficulties in daily functioning, and these difficulties have been associated with impaired executive functions (EEFF). However, specific cognitive and socio-emotional executive deficits have not been fully established. OBJECTIVE The present study has several objectives. First, we aimed to examine the specific deficits in cognitive and socio-emotional EEFF in a group of patients with schizophrenia with a predominance of positive symptoms, as well as to determine if these patients present clinically significant scores in any of the three fronto-subcortical behavioral syndromes: Dorsolateral, Orbitofrontal, or Anterior Cingulate. METHOD The sample consisted of 54 patients, 27 with a predominance of positive symptoms, and 27 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and education. The two groups completed four cognitive and three socio-emotional EEFF tasks. In the group of patients, positive symptoms were evaluated using the scale for the Evaluation of Positive Symptoms (SANS), while the behavioral alterations associated with the three fronto-subcortical syndromes were evaluated using the Frontal System Behavior Scale (FrSBe). RESULTS The patients, in comparison with a control group, presented specific deficits in cognitive and socio-emotional EEFF. In addition, a high percentage of patients presented clinically significant scores on the three fronto-subcortical syndromes. CONCLUSION The affectation that these patients present, in terms of both cognitive and emotional components, highlights the importance of developing a neuropsychological EEFF intervention that promotes the recovery of the affected cognitive capacities and improves the social and emotional functioning of the affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ruiz-Castañeda
- Neuropsychological Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERNEP), University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s / n. La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120, Almeria, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria Spain, Carretera de Sacramento, s /n. La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Encarnación Santiago Molina
- Mental Health Hospitalization Unit of Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Calle Hermandad de Donantes de Sangre, s/n, 04009, Almería, Spain
| | - Haney Aguirre Loaiza
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Pereira, Avenida Sur/Las Americas Cra 21 # 49-95, Pereira, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Daza González
- Neuropsychological Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERNEP), University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento, s / n. La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120, Almeria, Spain.
- Department of Psychology, University of Almeria Spain, Carretera de Sacramento, s /n. La Cañada de San Urbano. 04120, Almeria, Spain.
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Shimizu J, Kuwata H, Kuwata K. Differences in fractal patterns and characteristic periodicities between word salads and normal sentences: Interference of meaning and sound. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247133. [PMID: 33600483 PMCID: PMC7891721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractal dimensions and characteristic periodicities were evaluated in normal sentences, computer-generated word salads, and word salads from schizophrenia patients, in both Japanese and English, using the random walk patterns of vowels. In normal sentences, the walking curves were smooth with gentle undulations, whereas computer-generated word salads were rugged with mechanical repetitions, and word salads from patients with schizophrenia were unreasonably winding with meaningless repetitive patterns or even artistic cohesion. These tendencies were similar in both languages. Fractal dimensions between normal sentences and word salads of schizophrenia were significantly different in Japanese [1.19 ± 0.09 (n = 90) and 1.15 ± 0.08 (n = 45), respectively] and English [1.20 ± 0.08 (n = 91), and 1.16 ± 0.08 (n = 42)] (p < 0.05 for both). Differences in long-range (>10) periodicities between normal sentences and word salads from schizophrenia patients were predominantly observed at 25.6 (p < 0.01) in Japanese and 10.7 (p < 0.01) in English. The differences in fractal dimension and characteristic periodicities of relatively long-range (>10) presented here are sensitive to discriminate between schizophrenia and healthy mental state, and could be implemented in social robots to assess the mental state of people in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shimizu
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kuwata
- Dept. of Pediatric Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kuwata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Edwards CJ, Garety P, Hardy A. The relationship between depressive symptoms and negative symptoms in people with non-affective psychosis: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2486-2498. [PMID: 31530319 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The negative symptoms of psychosis and depressive symptomatology share several features, e.g. low motivation, apathy and reduced activity. Understanding the associations between these two sets of symptoms will support improved assessment and the development of interventions targeting these difficulties in people with psychosis. This is the first large systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the relationship between these two categories of symptoms, as measured in studies to date. PsycInfo, Embase and Medline were systematically searched to identify eligible studies. Inclusion criteria ensured the studies measured both depression and negative symptoms using validated measures in a sample of over 8000 participants with non-affective psychosis diagnoses. The search led to 2020 records being screened and 56 included in the meta-analysis and review. Both meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted to explore the main effect and potential moderating variables. A clear pattern emerges showing that higher ratings of negative symptoms are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, with a small effect [standardised effect size = 0.19, p < 0.05). This did not vary greatly with the measures used (SES = 0.19-0.26) and was not moderated by demographic variables or quality ratings. Interestingly, higher depressive symptoms predict a significant relationship with co-occurring negative symptoms. However, higher negative symptoms predict that it is less likely there will be a relationship with co-occurring depressive symptoms. Heterogeneity was high across these analyses. The findings support the adoption of a symptom-specific approach to understanding the interplay between negative and depressive symptoms in psychosis, to improve assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Jane Edwards
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Philippa Garety
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Amy Hardy
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, BR3 3BX, UK
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Fleischhacker W, Galderisi S, Laszlovszky I, Szatmári B, Barabássy Á, Acsai K, Szalai E, Harsányi J, Earley W, Patel M, Németh G. The efficacy of cariprazine in negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Post hoc analyses of PANSS individual items and PANSS-derived factors. Eur Psychiatry 2019; 58:1-9. [PMID: 30738380 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are heterogeneous and multidimensional; effective treatments are lacking. Cariprazine, a dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, was significantly more effective than risperidone in treating negative symptoms in a prospectively designed trial in patients with schizophrenia and persistent, predominant negative symptoms. METHODS Using post hoc analyses, we evaluated change from baseline at week 26 in individual items of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and PANSS-derived factor models using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (cariprazine = 227; risperidone = 227). RESULTS Change from baseline was significantly different in favor of cariprazine versus risperidone on PANSS items N1-N5 (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking) (P < .05), but not on N6 (lack of spontaneity/flow of conversation) or N7 (stereotyped thinking). On all PANSS-derived negative symptom factor models evaluated (PANSS-Factor Score for Negative Symptoms, Liemburg factors, Khan factors, Pentagonal Structure Model Negative Symptom factor), statistically significant improvement was demonstrated for cariprazine versus risperidone (P < .01). Small and similar changes in positive/depressive/EPS symptoms suggested that negative symptom improvement was not pseudospecific. Change from baseline was significantly different for cariprazine versus risperidone on PANSS-based factors evaluating other relevant symptom domains (disorganized thoughts, prosocial function, cognition; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Since items representing different negative symptom dimensions may represent different fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms, significant improvement versus risperidone on most PANSS Negative Subscale items and across all PANSS-derived factors suggests broad-spectrum efficacy for cariprazine in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fleischhacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Károly Acsai
- Medical Division, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - György Németh
- Medical Division, Gedeon Richter Plc, Budapest, Hungary
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Huang TL, Lin CJ, Lin CC, Hung YY, Tsai MC, Wang YL, Tsai MC, Liu MH, Lee YH. The correlations between results of short-form wechsler adult intelligence Scale-III and demographic/clinical factors in patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Thoma RJ, Haghani-Tehrani P, Turner J, Bigelow R, Lewine JD, Clark VP, Yeo RA, Stephen J, Stephen J. Neuropsychological analysis of auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:459-460. [PMID: 28461117 PMCID: PMC5788735 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuropsychological studies have distinguished deficits in verbal working memory, verbal memory, and confrontation naming from other neuropsychological domains as specifically related to the severity of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia (Gisselgard et al., 2014; Siddi et al., 2017). To extend this research, it was hypothesized that AVH severity would be related only to measures within the language domain and the test battery was augmented with the [CTOPP2 and COWAT…define?] to more comprehensively define the language processing functions most predictive of AVH. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to a group of adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (N = 30), who continued to experience AVH despite clinical treatment. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that poorer performance on measures of verbal working memory and verbal immediate memory significantly predicted greater AVH severity. Going beyond the prior studies, it was also shown that greater impairment of semantic fluency and lesser impairment in delayed general memory were also significant predictors of AVH. Intellectual ability and executive functioning, considered as covariates, were not significant predictors and their inclusion in regression analyses did not affect the pattern of results. Lastly, when cognitive predictors were accounted for, a trend toward an effect of medication (assessed as olanzapine equivalents) emerged such that higher dose predicted less severe AVH. Taken together, better performance on measures of linguistic processes associated with verbal working memory, semantic fluency and verbal learning predicts less severe AVH, perhaps most consistent with limited capacity language processing models. The finding that better delayed memory predicted more severe AVH is consistent with AVH memory models suggesting that AVH are dependent upon information recalled from memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 09 5030, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Poone Haghani-Tehrani
- Department of Psychiatry, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 09 5030, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rose Bigelow
- Department of Psychiatry, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC 09 5030, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lewine
- Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ronald A. Yeo
- Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The Lovelace Family of Companies, 1101 Yale NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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O’Tuathaigh CMP, Mathur N, O’Callaghan MJ, MacIntyre L, Harvey R, Lai D, Waddington JL, Pickard BS, Watson DG, Moran PM. Specialized Information Processing Deficits and Distinct Metabolomic Profiles Following TM-Domain Disruption of Nrg1. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1100-1113. [PMID: 28338897 PMCID: PMC5581893 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although there is considerable genetic and pathologic evidence for an association between neuregulin 1 (NRG1) dysregulation and schizophrenia, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Mutant mice containing disruption of the transmembrane (TM) domain of the NRG1 gene constitute a heuristic model for dysregulation of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in schizophrenia. The present study focused on hitherto uncharacterized information processing phenotypes in this mutant line. Using a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we also quantified levels of unique metabolites in brain. Across 2 different sites and protocols, Nrg1 mutants demonstrated deficits in prepulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating, that is, disrupted in schizophrenia; these deficits were partially reversed by acute treatment with second, but not first-, generation antipsychotic drugs. However, Nrg1 mutants did not show a specific deficit in latent inhibition, a measure of selective attention that is also disrupted in schizophrenia. In contrast, in a "what-where-when" object recognition memory task, Nrg1 mutants displayed sex-specific (males only) disruption of "what-when" performance, indicative of impaired temporal aspects of episodic memory. Differential metabolomic profiling revealed that these behavioral phenotypes were accompanied, most prominently, by alterations in lipid metabolism pathways. This study is the first to associate these novel physiological mechanisms, previously independently identified as being abnormal in schizophrenia, with disruption of NRG1 function. These data suggest novel mechanisms by which compromised neuregulin function from birth might lead to schizophrenia-relevant behavioral changes in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naina Mathur
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Lynsey MacIntyre
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Lai
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - David G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 44-115-95-15312, fax: 44-115-95-15324, e-mail:
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8
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Jenkins LM, Bodapati AS, Sharma RP, Rosen C. Working memory predicts presence of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 40:84-94. [PMID: 28562181 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2017.1321106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent dramatic increase in research investigating auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) has broadened the former narrow focus on schizophrenia to incorporate additional populations that experience these symptoms. However, an understanding of potential shared mechanisms remains elusive. Based on theories suggesting a failure of top-down cognitive control, we aimed to compare the relationship between AVHs and cognition in two categorical diagnoses of psychosis, schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. METHOD A total of 124 adults aged 21-60 participated, of whom 76 had present-state psychosis (schizophrenia, n = 53; bipolar disorder with psychosis, n = 23), and 48 were non-clinical controls. Diagnosis and hallucination presence was determined using the Structured Clinical Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV TR. AVHs severity was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Participants also completed the MATRICS cognitive battery. RESULTS The bipolar disorder with psychosis group performed better than the schizophrenia group for cognitive domains of Processing speed, Attention, Working memory (WM), and Visual memory. Hierarchical binary logistic regression found that WM significantly predicted presence of AVHs in both psychotic groups, but diagnosis did not significantly increase the predictive value of the model. A hierarchical multiple linear regression found that schizophrenia diagnosis was the only significant predictor of hallucination severity. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study-the first, to our knowledge, to compare the relationship between AVHs and MATRICS domains across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis-support theories that deficits in WM underly the genesis of AVHs. WM potentially represents a shared mechanism of AVHs across diagnoses, supporting dimensional classifications of these psychotic disorders. However, non-cognitive factors predictive of hallucination severity may be specific to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M Jenkins
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Anjuli S Bodapati
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Rajiv P Sharma
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Cherise Rosen
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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Evidence that communication impairment in schizophrenia is associated with generalized poor task performance. Psychiatry Res 2017; 249:172-179. [PMID: 28104564 PMCID: PMC5452682 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia exhibit wide-ranging cognitive deficits, including slower processing speed and decreased cognitive control. Disorganized speech symptoms, such as communication impairment, have been associated with poor cognitive control task performance (e.g., goal maintenance and working memory). Whether communication impairment is associated with poorer performance on a broader range of non-cognitive control measures is unclear. In the current study, people with schizophrenia (n =51) and non-psychiatric controls (n =26) completed speech interviews allowing for reliable quantitative assessment of communication impairment. Participants also completed multiple goal maintenance and working memory tasks. In addition, we also examined (a) simple measures of processing speed involving highly automatic prepotent responses and (b) a non-cognitive control measure of general task performance. Schizophrenia communication impairment was significantly associated with poor performance in all cognitive domains, with the largest association found with processing speed (rs =-0.52). Further, communication impairment was also associated with the non-cognitive control measure of poor general task performance (rs =-0.43). In contrast, alogia, a negative speech symptom, and positive symptoms were less if at all related to cognitive task performance. Overall, this study suggests that communication impairment in schizophrenia may be associated with relatively generalized poor cognitive task performance.
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Hinzen W, Rosselló J. The linguistics of schizophrenia: thought disturbance as language pathology across positive symptoms. Front Psychol 2015; 6:971. [PMID: 26236257 PMCID: PMC4503928 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that linguistic (dis-)organization in the schizophrenic brain plays a more central role in the pathogenesis of this disease than commonly supposed. Against the standard view, that schizophrenia is a disturbance of thought or selfhood, we argue that the origins of the relevant forms of thought and selfhood at least partially depend on language. The view that they do not is premised by a theoretical conception of language that we here identify as 'Cartesian' and contrast with a recent 'un-Cartesian' model. This linguistic model empirically argues for both (i) a one-to-one correlation between human-specific thought or meaning and forms of grammatical organization, and (ii) an integrative and co-dependent view of linguistic cognition and its sensory-motor dimensions. Core dimensions of meaning mediated by grammar on this model specifically concern forms of referential and propositional meaning. A breakdown of these is virtually definitional of core symptoms. Within this model the three main positive symptoms of schizophrenia fall into place as failures in language-mediated forms of meaning, manifest either as a disorder of speech perception (Auditory Verbal Hallucinations), abnormal speech production running without feedback control (Formal Thought Disorder), or production of abnormal linguistic content (Delusions). Our hypothesis makes testable predictions for the language profile of schizophrenia across symptoms; it simplifies the cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia while not being inconsistent with a pattern of neurocognitive deficits and their correlations with symptoms; and it predicts persistent findings on disturbances of language-related circuitry in the schizophrenic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Hinzen
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain
- Department of Philosophy, University of DurhamDurham, UK
- Department of Linguistics, Grammar & Cognition Lab, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Rosselló
- Department of Linguistics, Grammar & Cognition Lab, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Lückhoff M, Koen L, Jordaan E, Niehaus D. Attempted suicide in a Xhosa schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder population. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2014; 44:167-74. [PMID: 24286498 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Suicide risk behavior is a significant contributor to the mortality and morbidity of schizophrenia. We previously reported affected sibship status in a Xhosa schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder sample to be protective in nature; given the counterintuitive nature of this finding, we expanded the sample size to seek further clarification. Subjects were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies and then stratified into two groups: with (n = 137) or without (n = 837) a previous suicide attempt. The presence of lifetime bizarre behavior (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.12-1.87) or cannabis use or abuse (OR 1.2; 95% CI 10.01-1.47) was a significant predictor of suicide attempts, while a higher global alogia score (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.74-0.96) was a protective factor. Our data seem to support that in this population, encouraging family members to report bizarre behavior and implementing dual diagnosis interventions for cannabis use or abuse could be an appropriate starting point toward developing a targeted suicide prevention program for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlize Lückhoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Bhargava K, Nath R, Seth PK, Pant KK, Dixit RK. Molecular Docking studies of D2 Dopamine receptor with Risperidone derivatives. Bioinformation 2014; 10:8-12. [PMID: 24516319 PMCID: PMC3916812 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, 3D model of D2 dopamine receptor was determined by comparative homology modeling program MODELLER. The
computed model's energy was minimized and validated using PROCHECK and Errat tool to obtain a stable model structure and
was submitted in Protein Model Database (PMDB-ID: PM0079251). Stable model was used for molecular docking against
Risperidone and their 15 derivatives using AutoDock 4.2, which resulted in energy-based descriptors such as Binding Energy,
Ligand Efficiency, Inhib Constant, Intermol energy, vdW + Hbond + desolv Energy, Electrostatic Energy, Total Internal Energy and
Torsional Energy. After that, we have built quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model, which was trained and tested
on Risperidone and their 15 derivatives having activity value pKi in µM. For QSAR modeling, Multiple Linear Regression model
was engendered using energy-based descriptors yielding correlation coefficient r2 of 0.513. To assess the predictive performance of
QSAR models, different cross-validation procedures were adopted. Our results suggests that ligand-receptor binding interactions
for D2 employing QSAR modeling seems to be a promising approach for prediction of pKi value of novel antagonists against D2
receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bhargava
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | - Rajendra Nath
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | | | - Kamlesh Kumar Pant
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, King George's Medical University Erstwhile CSMMU, Lucknow 226003, UP,India
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Lee JS, Chun JW, Lee SH, Kang DI, Kim JJ. Association of impaired reality processing with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:721-8. [PMID: 23992791 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reality evaluation (i.e., the discrimination of things existing outside of oneself and figments of others' imagination) may be impaired in patients with schizophrenia, and impairment in reality evaluation may be related to psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. In this study, we investigated the nature of impairment of reality processing and its relationship with hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy controls completed the reality evaluation task, in which subjects judged whether scenes in a series of drawings were real or unreal and whether they were familiar or novel. The patient group exhibited significantly lower accuracy in reality evaluation than the control group, and lower accuracy in the patient group was related to more severe hallucinations and delusions. These findings provide preliminary evidence that impaired reality evaluation is related to the formation or maintenance of hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Suk Lee
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seohyeon-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Poletti M, Sambataro F. The development of delusion revisited: a transdiagnostic framework. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:1245-59. [PMID: 23978732 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a transdiagnostic framework for delusion development, analysing psychiatric (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) and neurological disorders (stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases) in which delusions are predominant. Our aim is to identify a transdiagnostic core of neural and cognitive alterations associated with delusions across distinct clinical disorders. Reviewed empirical evidence suggests delusions are associated: on the neural level with changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) networks, and on the neuropsychological level with dysfunction in the processes (generation of affective value, the construction of internal models of the world, and the reflection about Self and/or Other's mental states) that these network mediate. The concurrent aberration of all these processes could be critical for the clinical transition to a psychotic delusional state. In particular, delusions could become clinically manifest when (1) stimuli are attributed an aberrant affective salience, that (2) is explained by the patient within distorted explanatory internal models that (3) are poorly inhibited by cognitive control systems. This framework extends the two-factor account of delusion model and suggests that common neural mechanisms for the delusions in psychiatric and in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, AUSL of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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15
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Brichant-Petitjean C, Legauffre C, Ramoz N, Ades J, Gorwood P, Dubertret C. Memory deficits in late-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 151:85-90. [PMID: 24129041 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset schizophrenia (LOS) is a controversial diagnosis, mainly characterized by more positive symptoms and less deterioration. LOS could be considered as either an extreme of typical schizophrenia (but for old age patients, and short duration of the disorder), or an independent group of patients with a specific diagnosis, with no clear evidence in favor or against any of these hypotheses. The aim of the present study is to characterize the memory cognitive profile of LOS patients without related organic factors (N=25), compared to early-onset schizophrenic patients (EOS, N=44), matched for the duration of the disorder, and healthy controls (HC, N=23), matched for the age of patients. Lifetime clinical symptoms and functioning were collected using the DIGS and the PANSS, and components of memory capacity were assessed with the Forward and Backward Digit Span Tasks, Rey Complex Figure and Verbal Fluency Tests. LOS patients were performing significantly better than EOS patients on the digit span task, Rey's complex figure at T1 score and phonemic verbal fluency. However, LOS had significantly lower performances than healthy controls on the digit span task and on both verbal fluency tests. This study provides evidence that LOS had intermediate outcome compared to EOS and controls. LOS can therefore be in line with a dimensional clinical approach of schizophrenia, whereby it presents few memory deficits and few disorganization and negative symptoms with mostly positive symptoms and possibly etiopathogenic specificities. Further studies including more specific memory assessment tests and larger samples are needed to confirm the present finding.
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Cao XY, Li Z, Metcalfe HM, Yang TX, Tan SP, Wang Y, Hong XH, Li ZJ, Yu X, Cheung EFC, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. The nature and extent of working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psych J 2013; 2:175-82. [PMID: 26271362 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine verbal and visual-spatial working memory (WM) dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. We compared 60 patients with schizophrenia with 57 healthy controls (matched for age, educational level, and IQ) on three WM tasks. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly more poorly than healthy controls on verbal, visual, and spatial WM tests. Moreover, WM deficits were inversely associated with both the positive and negative symptoms of the patients. Taken together, these findings suggest that there are pervasive WM impairments in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, clinical features may play a significant role in the expression of WM deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Cao
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hugo M Metcalfe
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hong
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Li
- Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David L Neumann
- Behavioural Basis of Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Behavioural Basis of Health Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Becker TM, Cicero DC, Cowan N, Kerns JG. Cognitive control components and speech symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 196:20-6. [PMID: 22365272 PMCID: PMC4445960 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous schizophrenia research suggests poor cognitive control is associated with schizophrenia speech symptoms. However, cognitive control is a broad construct. Two important cognitive control components are poor goal maintenance and poor verbal working memory storage. In the current research, people with schizophrenia (n=45) performed three cognitive tasks that varied in their goal maintenance and verbal working memory storage demands. Speech symptoms were assessed using clinical rating scales, ratings of disorganized speech from typed transcripts, and self-reported disorganization. Overall, alogia was associated with both goal maintenance and verbal working memory tasks. Objectively rated disorganized speech was associated with poor goal maintenance and with a task that included both goal maintenance and verbal working memory storage demands. In contrast, self-reported disorganization was unrelated to either amount of objectively rated disorganized speech or to cognitive control task performance, instead being associated with negative mood symptoms. Overall, our results suggest that alogia is associated with both poor goal maintenance and poor verbal working memory storage and that disorganized speech is associated with poor goal maintenance. In addition, patients' own assessment of their disorganization is related to negative mood, but perhaps not to objective disorganized speech or to cognitive control task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Becker
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - David C. Cicero
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Nelson Cowan
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - John G. Kerns
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
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Daalman K, van Zandvoort M, Bootsman F, Boks M, Kahn R, Sommer I. Auditory verbal hallucinations and cognitive functioning in healthy individuals. Schizophr Res 2011; 132:203-7. [PMID: 21839618 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a characteristic symptom in schizophrenia, and also occur in the general, non-clinical population. In schizophrenia patients, several specific cognitive deficits, such as in speech processing, working memory, source memory, attention, inhibition, episodic memory and self-monitoring have been associated with auditory verbal hallucinations. Such associations are interesting, as they may identify specific cognitive traits that constitute a predisposition for AVH. However, it is difficult to disentangle a specific relation with AVH in patients with schizophrenia, as so many other factors can affect the performance on cognitive tests. Examining the cognitive profile of healthy individuals experiencing AVH may reveal a more direct association between AVH and aberrant cognitive functioning in a specific domain. For the current study, performance in executive functioning, memory (both short- and long-term), processing speed, spatial ability, lexical access, abstract reasoning, language and intelligence performance was compared between 101 healthy individuals with AVH and 101 healthy controls, matched for gender, age, handedness and education. Although performance of both groups was within the normal range, not clinically impaired, significant differences between the groups were found in the verbal domain as well as in executive functioning. Performance on all other cognitive domains was similar in both groups. The predisposition to experience AVH is associated with lower performance in executive functioning and aberrant language performance. This association might be related to difficulties in the inhibition of irrelevant verbal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Daalman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Division, University Medical Center Utrecht & Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Phencyclidine withdrawal disrupts episodic-like memory in rats: reversal by donepezil but not clozapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:1011-20. [PMID: 20236574 PMCID: PMC6485542 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic memory is the capacity to recall an event in time and place (What? Where? When?). Impaired episodic memory is a debilitating cognitive symptom in schizophrenia but is poorly controlled by currently available antipsychotic drugs. Consistent with glutamatergic abnormality in schizophrenia, the NDMA receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), induces persistent 'schizophrenia-like' symptoms including memory deficits in humans and rodents and is widely used as an animal model of the disorder. However, in contrast to humans, PCP and PCP withdrawal-induced memory deficits in rodents are reversed by antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine. One possible explanation is that the memory tasks used in animal studies do not simultaneously test the What? Where? When? components that characterize episodic memory in human tasks. We investigated whether subchronic PCP withdrawal disrupts memory in rats in a task that requires simultaneous integration of memory for object, place and context. Rats learn to discriminate objects under specific spatial and contextual conditions analogous to the What? Where? When? components of human episodic memory. We found that PCP withdrawal impaired performance on this task and that the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine did not reverse this impairment. However the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) donepezil, which has been shown to improve episodic memory in humans did reverse the effect of PCP. This suggests that PCP withdrawal disruption of object-place-context recognition in rats may prove to be a useful model to investigate episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia and supports the suggestion that AChEIs could prove to be a useful pharmacological strategy to specifically treat episodic memory problems in schizophrenia.
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