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Nahavandi N, Gorji MA. The impact of inspection policies on reducing disease prevalence in public buildings: A systems dynamics approach. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 223:109398. [PMID: 35937086 PMCID: PMC9338836 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed new dimensions of urban resilience to communities. Failure to implement health protocols in public buildings has had a significant impact on the spread of the disease, and inspection has become necessary to enforce the rules. This study presents different inspection policies of public buildings to reduce disease prevalence. It evaluates and compares the implementation of these policies in the long run based on the systems dynamics approach. First, baseline modeling was performed without inspection to analyze the proposed policies, and disease prevalence was investigated. Then various proposed inspection and fines policies, including fixed inspection and fines rate (FIFF), fixed inspection rate with the variable fine rate (FIVF), and variable inspection and fines rate (VIVF), are introduced, and their system dynamics models are presented. The impact of each inspection policy on the violations rate and disease prevalence in public buildings has been investigated using long-term simulation. Based on the results, regulatory agencies can significantly reduce the rate of violations in public buildings and improve urban resilience to the epidemic by adopting proper inspection policies. The results can help city managers to adopt appropriate inspection policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Nahavandi
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14117-13116, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Gorji
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14117-13116, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Imam T, Uddin S. How do economic and public finance statuses affect policy responses during a pandemic? - learning from the COVID-19 first wave. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:785. [PMID: 35440081 PMCID: PMC9016378 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the time of a pandemic, it is typical for public health bodies to collaborate with epidemiologists to design health policies both at national and international levels for controlling the spread. A point largely overlooked in literature is the extent economic capability and public finance status can influence the policy responses of countries during a pandemic situation. This article fills this gap by considering 12 public health and 7 economic measures (i.e., policies) in 200 countries during the COVID-19 first wave, with countries grouped across income categories. METHODS We apply statistical analysis, inclusive of regression models, to assess the impact of economic capability and public finance status on policy responses. Multiple open-access datasets are used in this research, and information from the hybrid sources are cumulated as samples. In our analysis, we consider variables including population characteristics (population size, density) and economic and public finance status (GDR, current account balance, government surplus/deficit) further to policy responses across public health and economic measures. Additionally, we consider infection rates across countries and the institution of the measures relative to infection rate. RESULTS Results suggest that countries from all income groups have favoured public health measures like school closures and travel bans, and economic measures like influencing interest rates. However, strong economy countries have more adopted technological monitoring than low-income countries. Contrarily, low-income countries have preferred traditional measures like curfew and obligatory mask-wearing. GDP per capita was a statistically significant factor influencing the institution of both public health and economic measures. Government finance statuses like current account balance and surplus/deficit were also significant factors influencing economic measures. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the research reveals that, further to biological characteristics, policymakers and epidemiologists can consider the economic and public finance contexts when suggesting health responses to a pandemic. This, in turn, calls for more international cooperation on economic terms further to public health terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasadduq Imam
- School of Business and Law, CQUniversity (Melbourne Campus), Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Shahadat Uddin
- School of Project Management, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Forest Lodge, NSW, 2037, Australia
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3
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Bosire EN, Kamau LW, Bosire VK, Mendenhall E. Social risks, economic dynamics and the local politics of COVID-19 prevention in Eldoret town, Kenya. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:325-340. [PMID: 34962853 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.2020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A steady and consistent national and local government leadership is crucial in times of crisis. The trust in government - which can be so fragile - was strong in Eldoret town, a large municipal in western Kenya widely known for ethnic conflicts. In our interviews with 20 business people and 30 community members from Eldoret town, we found that the trust built early in the pandemic was broken due to individual leaders who eventually dismissed public health promotion and engaged in politics and corruption of funds for COVID-19 relief. When leadership was strong, locals in Eldoret town (and especially business owners) engaged in public health prevention measures for the greater good. But when leadership slipped, people complained and eventually ignored public health prevention measures at home, on the bus, and in businesses around town, causing the intensification of outbreaks. This was most common among those engaged in the formal economy as those in the informal economy were more likely to mistrust the government altogether. We show who falls through the cracks when government policy targets viral threats and suggest how local government and public health agencies might work to control COVID-19 infections while ensuring that all Eldoret residents are cared for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N Bosire
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA.,Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.,Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, East Africa.,SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Violet K Bosire
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Emily Mendenhall
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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A Review of Research on Tourism Industry, Economic Crisis and Mitigation Process of the Loss: Analysis on Pre, During and Post Pandemic Situation. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Throughout time, the global tourism industry and economy have been significantly affected by disasters and crises. At present, COVID-19 represents one of these disasters as it has been causing a serious economic downturn with huge implications in tourism. In this review paper, we have analysed more than 100 papers regarding the effect and consequences of a pandemic on tourism and related industries, the economic situation in countries and areas, and mitigation of the loss incurred due to pandemic situations. The article (1) is based on past research on tourism and economy, (2) examines the effects of a pandemic on listed sectors and mitigation processes, and (3) suggests future research and approaches to help progress the field. We have gathered and categorised the literature reviews into several parts. In addition, we have listed the name of authors, journal names, books, websites, and relevant data.
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5
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Chen S, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Fung H, Han Y, Law CK, Li Z. Coordinated Management of COVID-19 Response: Lessons From Whole-of-Society and Whole-of-Health Strategies in Wuhan, China. Front Public Health 2021; 9:664214. [PMID: 34414153 PMCID: PMC8369203 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.664214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been challenging globally following the scarcity of medical resources after a surge in demand. As the pandemic continues, the question remains on how to accomplish more with the existing resources and improve the efficiency of existing health care delivery systems worldwide. In this study, we reviewed the experience from Wuhan - the first city to experience a COVID-19 outbreak – that has presently shown evidence for efficient and effective local control of the epidemic. Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective qualitative study based on the document analysis of COVID-19-related materials and interviews with first-line people in Wuhan. Results: We extracted two themes (the evolution of Wuhan's prevention and control strategies on COVID-19 and corresponding effectiveness) and four sub-themes (routine prevention and control period, exploration period of targeted prevention and control strategies, mature period of prevention and control strategies, and recovery period). How Wuhan combatted COVID-19 through multi-tiered and multi-sectoral collaboration, overcoming its fragmented, hospital-centered, and treatment-dominated healthcare system, was illustrated and summarized. Conclusion: Four lessons for COVID-19 prevention and control were summarized: (a) Engage the communities and primary care not only in supporting but also in screening and controlling, and retain community and primary care as among the first line of COVID-19 defense; (b) Extend and stratify the existing health care delivery system; (c) Integrate person-centered integrated care into the whole coordination; and (d) Delink the revenue relationship between doctors and patients and safeguard the free-will of physicians when treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pan Zhang
- Institute of Hospital Management, ZhongNan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Program in Public Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Hong Fung
- Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of CUHK Medical Centre (CUMC), Hong Kong, China.,Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Han
- Institute of Hospital Management, ZhongNan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Kin Law
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Vice-President of Dongxihu Fangcang Hospital, Wuhan, China.,Vice-President of Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Zhou L, Wu Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, McGoogan JM, Li Q, Dong X, Ren R, Feng L, Qi X, Xi J, Cui Y, Tan W, Shi G, Wu G, Xu W, Wang X, Ma J, Su X, Feng Z, Gao GF. One Hundred Days of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention and Control in China. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:332-339. [PMID: 33501949 PMCID: PMC7314211 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of novel coronavirus disease was first reported in China in late December 2019 and was brought under control after some 2 months in China. However, it has become a global pandemic, and the number of cases and deaths continues to increase outside of China. We describe the emergence of the pandemic, detail the first 100 days of China's response as a phase 1 containment strategy followed by phase 2 containment, and briefly highlight areas of focus for the future. Specific, simple, and pragmatic strategies used in China for risk assessment, prioritization, and deployment of resources are described. Details of implementation, at different risk levels, of the traditional public health interventions are shared. Involvement of society in mounting a whole country response and challenges experienced with logistics and supply chains are described. Finally, the methods China is employing to cautiously restart social life and economic activity are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qun Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Shi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Ma
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Su
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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7
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Zhou S, Greene CM, Song Y, Zhang R, Rodewald LE, Feng L, Millman AJ. Review of the status and challenges associated with increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:602-611. [PMID: 31589548 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1664230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women in China remains low. In this review, we first provide an overview of the evidence for the use of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Second, we discuss influenza vaccination policy and barriers to increased seasonal influenza vaccination coverage in pregnant women in China. Third, we provide case studies of successes and challenges of programs for increasing seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnant women from other parts of Asia with lessons learned for China. Finally, we assess opportunities and challenges for increasing influenza vaccination coverage among pregnant women in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suizan Zhou
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Greene
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Song
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ran Zhang
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance E Rodewald
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander J Millman
- Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Feng L, Feng S, Chen T, Yang J, Lau YC, Peng Z, Li L, Wang X, Wong JYT, Qin Y, Bond HS, Zhang J, Fang VJ, Zheng J, Yang J, Wu P, Jiang H, He Y, Cowling BJ, Yu H, Shu Y, Lau EHY. Burden of influenza-associated outpatient influenza-like illness consultations in China, 2006-2015: A population-based study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:162-172. [PMID: 31872547 PMCID: PMC7040965 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human influenza virus infections cause a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Understanding regional influenza-associated outpatient burden is crucial for formulating control strategies against influenza viruses. METHODS We extracted the national sentinel surveillance data on outpatient visits due to influenza-like-illness (ILI) and virological confirmation of sentinel specimens from 30 provinces of China from 2006 to 2015. Generalized additive regression models were fitted to estimate influenza-associated excess ILI outpatient burden for each individual province, accounting for seasonal baselines and meteorological factors. RESULTS Influenza was associated with an average of 2.5 excess ILI consultations per 1000 person-years (py) in 30 provinces of China each year from 2006 to 2015. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 led to a higher number of influenza-associated ILI consultations in 2009 across all provinces compared with other years. The excess ILI burden was 4.5 per 1000 py among children aged below 15 years old, substantially higher than that in adults. CONCLUSIONS Human influenza viruses caused considerable impact on population morbidity, with a consequent healthcare and economic burden. This study provided the evidence for planning of vaccination programs in China and a framework to estimate burden of influenza-associated outpatient consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Shuo Feng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Tao Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionCollaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiu Chung Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Zhibin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Li Li
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Xiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jessica Y. T. Wong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Ying Qin
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Helen S. Bond
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Vicky J. Fang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Jiandong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Jing Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionCollaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Peng Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
| | - Yangni He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early‐warning on Infectious DiseaseDivision of Infectious DiseaseChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Public Health SafetyMinistry of EducationSchool of Public HealthFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionCollaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Eric H. Y. Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthLi Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
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9
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One Hundred Years of Influenza Since the 1918 Pandemic - Is China Prepared Today? China CDC Wkly 2019; 1:56-61. [PMID: 34594605 PMCID: PMC8422199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 100 years after the 1918 influenza pandemic, China experienced its largest, most widespread epidemic of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9), the influenza virus with the greatest pandemic potential of all influenza viruses assessed to date by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Influenza Risk Assessment Tool. This historical review describes how China was affected by the 1918, 1958, 1968, and 2009 influenza pandemics, records milestones in China's capacity to detect and respond to influenza threats, and identifies remaining challenges for pandemic preparedness. This review suggests that past influenza pandemics have improved China's national capabilities such that China has become a global leader in influenza detection and response. Further enhancing China's pandemic preparedness to address remaining challenges requires government commitment and increased investment in China's public health and healthcare systems.
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10
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Cai J, Xu B, Chan KKY, Zhang X, Zhang B, Chen Z, Xu B. Roles of Different Transport Modes in the Spatial Spread of the 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Pandemic in Mainland China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E222. [PMID: 30646629 PMCID: PMC6352022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about another influenza pandemic in China. However, the understanding of the roles of transport modes in the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic spread across mainland China is limited. Herein, we collected 127,797 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in mainland China from May 2009 to April 2010. Arrival days and peak days were calculated for all 340 prefectures to characterize the dissemination patterns of the pandemic. We first evaluated the effects of airports and railway stations on arrival days and peak days, and then we applied quantile regressions to quantify the relationships between arrival days and air, rail, and road travel. Our results showed that early arrival of the virus was not associated with an early incidence peak. Airports and railway stations in prefectures significantly advanced arrival days but had no significant impact on peak days. The pandemic spread across mainland China from the southeast to the northwest in two phases that were split at approximately 1 August 2009. Both air and road travel played a significant role in accelerating the spread during phases I and II, but rail travel was only significant during phase II. In conclusion, in addition to air and road travel, rail travel also played a significant role in accelerating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 spread between prefectures. Establishing a multiscale mobility network that considers the competitive advantage of rail travel for mid to long distances is essential for understanding the influenza pandemic transmission in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bo Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Karen Kie Yan Chan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Ziyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing 100875, China.
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11
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Orset C. People's perception and cost-effectiveness of home confinement during an influenza pandemic: evidence from the French case. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2018; 19:1335-1350. [PMID: 29687269 PMCID: PMC7087704 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-018-0978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In France, home confinement is not a common preventive measure against an influenza pandemic, although it is used around the world. Based on a stated method approach, we analyze the attitude that the French would adopt if this measure were put in place. Next, we propose a cost-benefit analysis to discuss the cost-effectiveness of this measure. We find that over three-quarters of respondents report complying with home confinement. Their choice depends on their individual characteristics, the interaction they may have with an infected person and home confinement conditions, but not their experience with preventive measures. We find that behaviors such as sensitivity to certainty, selfishness and altruism emerge. As far as cost-effectiveness is concerned, our study shows that home confinement is a prevention path that should not be neglected and should even be prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Orset
- Économie Publique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
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12
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Minchole E, Figueredo AL, Omeñaca M, Panadero C, Royo L, Vengoechea JJ, Fandos S, de Pablo F, Bello S. Seasonal Influenza A H1N1pdm09 Virus and Severe Outcomes: A Reason for Broader Vaccination in Non-Elderly, At-Risk People. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165711. [PMID: 27832114 PMCID: PMC5104455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent pandemics of influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus have caused severe illness, especially in young people. Very few studies on influenza A H1N1pdm09 in post-pandemic periods exist, and there is no information on the severity of both seasonal influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) from the same season, adjusting for potential confounders, including vaccine. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective observational study of adults hospitalized during the 2014 season with influenza A(H1N1) or A(H3N2). All patients underwent the same diagnostic and therapeutic protocol in a single hospital, including early Oseltamivir therapy. We included 234 patients: 146 (62.4%) influenza A(H1N1) and 88 (37.6%) A(H3N2). A(H1N1) patients were younger (p<0.01), developed more pneumonia (p<0.01), respiratory complications (p = 0.015), ARDS (p = 0.047), and septic shock (p = 0.049), were more frequently admitted to the ICU (p = 0.022), required IMV (p = 0.049), and were less frequently vaccinated (p = 0.008). After adjusting for age, comorbidities, time from onset of illness, and vaccine status, influenza A(H1N1) (OR, 2.525), coinfection (OR, 2.821), and no vaccination (OR, 3.086) were independent risk factors for severe disease. Conclusions Hospitalized patients with influenza A(H1N1) were more than twice as likely to have severe influenza. They were younger and most had not received the vaccine. Our findings suggest that seasonal influenza A(H1N1) maintains some features of pandemic viruses, and recommend wider use of vaccination in younger adult high-risk patients.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza, Human/complications
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Middle Aged
- Oseltamivir/therapeutic use
- Pneumonia/etiology
- Pneumonia/virology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/virology
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Seasons
- Shock, Septic/etiology
- Shock, Septic/virology
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Minchole
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana L. Figueredo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Omeñaca
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Panadero
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Royo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose J. Vengoechea
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Fandos
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco de Pablo
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Bello
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Shimada T, Sunagawa T, Taniguchi K, Yahata Y, Kamiya H, Yamamoto KU, Yasui Y, Okabe N. Description of hospitalized cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection on the basis of the national hospitalized-case surveillance, 2009-2010, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 68:151-8. [PMID: 25672359 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection analyzed on the basis of surveillance data collected from July 24, 2009, the date on which the hospital-based surveillance of influenza cases was implemented in Japan, to September 5, 2010. During the study period, 13,581 confirmed cases were reported. Among those cases with information regarding the reason for hospitalization, 39% were admitted to hospitals for non-therapeutic purposes such as medical observation and laboratory testing. The overall hospitalization rate was 5.8 cases per 100,000 population when cases hospitalized for non-therapeutic purposes were excluded. While those aged under 20 years accounted for over 85% of hospitalized cases, the largest proportion of fatal cases was observed in those aged over 65 years. The overall case fatality rate for all hospitalized cases was 1.5%. The year-round surveillance for hospitalized influenza-like illness cases was launched in 2011, and it was expected that this surveillance system could add value by monitoring changes in the epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized cases of seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Shimada
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Department of Infections Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School Medicine, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan.
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Post-pandemic assessment of public knowledge, behavior, and skill on influenza prevention among the general population of Beijing, China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 24:1-5. [PMID: 24735679 PMCID: PMC7110801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, behavioral, and skill responses toward influenza in the general population of Beijing after pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Beijing, China, in January 2011. A survey was conducted in which information was collected using a standardized questionnaire. A comprehensive evaluation index system of health literacy related to influenza was built to evaluate the level of health literacy regarding influenza prevention and control among residents in Beijing. Results Thirteen thousand and fifty-three valid questionnaires were received. The average score for the sum of knowledge, behavior, and skill was 14.12 ± 3.22, and the mean scores for knowledge, behavior, and skill were 4.65 ± 1.20, 7.25 ± 1.94, and 2.21 ± 1.31, respectively. The qualified proportions of these three sections were 23.7%, 11.9%, and 43.4%, respectively, and the total proportion with a qualified level was 6.7%. There were significant differences in health literacy level related to influenza among the different gender, age, educational level, occupational status, and location groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between knowledge and behavior (r = 0.084, p < 0.001), and knowledge and skill (r = 0.102, p < 0.001). Conclusions The health literacy level remains low among the general population in Beijing and the extent of relativities in knowledge, behavior, and skill about influenza was found to be weak. Therefore, improvements are needed in terms of certain aspects, particularly for the elderly and the population of rural districts. Educational level, as a significant factor in reducing the spread of influenza, should be considered seriously when intervention strategies are implemented.
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Redlberger-Fritz M, Hirk S, Buchinger D, Haberl R, Hell M, Perkmann-Nagele N, Kundi M, Popow-Kraupp T. Distinct differences in clinical manifestation and viral laboratory parameters between children and adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection--a retrospective comparative analysis. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1048-55. [PMID: 24615722 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During the influenza pandemic 2009 children and adults differed in the clinical course of the influenza disease. In following the question arose, if the case definitions used within the national and international organizations are an adequate tool for the clinical diagnosis of influenza in children as well as in adults. Therefore medical charts from 146 children and 229 adults were retrospectively analyzed. In addition, the initial viral loads of all 375 patients and the duration of virus shedding of a subset of 79 patients were also investigated. Children show a wider clinical spectrum including gastro enteric symptoms and also a different spectrum of laboratory parameters like elevated CRP-levels, leucocytosis, and higher viral loads. Further, children show significantly more often complications, for example, myositis that may be underdiagnosed. In patients receiving antiviral-therapy complications occurred significantly less often and the presence of symptoms was significantly shorter compared to the untreated group (2.3 days vs. 6.0 days). In summary, the differences in the clinical picture between children and adults should be taken into consideration for the clinical diagnosis of influenza and also for a future discussion on age specific influenza case definitions.
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Zhou L, Situ S, Feng Z, Atkins CY, Fung ICH, Xu Z, Huang T, Hu S, Wang X, Meltzer MI. Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for annual influenza vaccination among children aged 6 months to 14 years in four provinces in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87590. [PMID: 24498145 PMCID: PMC3909220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To support policy making, we developed an initial model to assess the cost-effectiveness of potential strategies to increase influenza vaccination rates among children in China. Methods We studied on children aged 6 months to 14 years in four provinces (Shandong, Henan, Hunan, and Sichuan), with a health care system perspective. We used data from 2005/6 to 2010/11, excluding 2009/10. Costs are reported in 2010 U.S. dollars. Results In comparison with no vaccination, the mean (range) of Medically Attended Cases averted by the current self-payment policy for the two age groups (6 to 59 months and 60 months to 14 years) was 1,465 (23∼11,132) and 792 (36∼4,247), and the cost effectiveness ratios were $ 0 (-11-51) and $ 37 (6-125) per case adverted, respectively. In comparison with the current policy, the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of alternative strategies, OPTION One-reminder and OPTION Two-comprehensive package, decreased as vaccination rate increased. The ICER for children aged 6 to 59 months was lower than that for children aged 60 months to 14 years. Conclusions The model is a useful tool in identifying elements for evaluating vaccination strategies. However, more data are needed to produce more accurate cost-effectiveness estimates of potential vaccination policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZF); (LZ)
| | - Sujian Situ
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Public Health Emergency Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZF); (LZ)
| | - Charisma Y. Atkins
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Division of Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Martin I. Meltzer
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Zhang WD, Zu ZH, Xu Q, Xu ZJ, Liu JJ, Zheng T. Optimized strategy for the control and prevention of newly emerging influenza revealed by the spread dynamics model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84694. [PMID: 24392151 PMCID: PMC3879330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
No matching vaccine is immediately available when a novel influenza strain breaks out. Several nonvaccine-related strategies must be employed to control an influenza epidemic, including antiviral treatment, patient isolation, and immigration detection. This paper presents the development and application of two regional dynamic models of influenza with Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to determine the optimal control strategies for an epidemic and the corresponding minimum antiviral stockpiles. Antiviral treatment was found to be the most effective measure to control new influenza outbreaks. In the case of inadequate antiviral resources, the preferred approach was the centralized use of antiviral resources in the early stage of the epidemic. Immigration detection was the least cost-effective; however, when used in combination with the other measures, it may play a larger role. The reasonable mix of the three control measures could reduce the number of clinical cases substantially, to achieve the optimal control of new influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Dou Zhang
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Hu Zu
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jing Xu
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jie Liu
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Center for Biosecurity Strategy Management, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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Simonsen L, Spreeuwenberg P, Lustig R, Taylor RJ, Fleming DM, Kroneman M, Van Kerkhove MD, Mounts AW, Paget WJ. Global mortality estimates for the 2009 Influenza Pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study. PLoS Med 2013; 10:e1001558. [PMID: 24302890 PMCID: PMC3841239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the mortality impact of the 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09) is essential for optimizing public health responses to future pandemics. The World Health Organization reported 18,631 laboratory-confirmed pandemic deaths, but the total pandemic mortality burden was substantially higher. We estimated the 2009 pandemic mortality burden through statistical modeling of mortality data from multiple countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS We obtained weekly virology and underlying cause-of-death mortality time series for 2005-2009 for 20 countries covering ∼35% of the world population. We applied a multivariate linear regression model to estimate pandemic respiratory mortality in each collaborating country. We then used these results plus ten country indicators in a multiple imputation model to project the mortality burden in all world countries. Between 123,000 and 203,000 pandemic respiratory deaths were estimated globally for the last 9 mo of 2009. The majority (62%-85%) were attributed to persons under 65 y of age. We observed a striking regional heterogeneity, with almost 20-fold higher mortality in some countries in the Americas than in Europe. The model attributed 148,000-249,000 respiratory deaths to influenza in an average pre-pandemic season, with only 19% in persons <65 y. Limitations include lack of representation of low-income countries among single-country estimates and an inability to study subsequent pandemic waves (2010-2012). CONCLUSIONS We estimate that 2009 global pandemic respiratory mortality was ∼10-fold higher than the World Health Organization's laboratory-confirmed mortality count. Although the pandemic mortality estimate was similar in magnitude to that of seasonal influenza, a marked shift toward mortality among persons <65 y of age occurred, so that many more life-years were lost. The burden varied greatly among countries, corroborating early reports of far greater pandemic severity in the Americas than in Australia, New Zealand, and Europe. A collaborative network to collect and analyze mortality and hospitalization surveillance data is needed to rapidly establish the severity of future pandemics. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lone Simonsen
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Sage Analytica, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Roger Lustig
- Sage Analytica, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Madelon Kroneman
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria D. Van Kerkhove
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony W. Mounts
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - W. John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Li X, Geng W, Tian H, Lai D. Was mandatory quarantine necessary in China for controlling the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4690-700. [PMID: 24084677 PMCID: PMC3823329 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese government enforced mandatory quarantine for 60 days (from 10 May to 8 July 2009) as a preventative strategy to control the spread of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Such a prevention strategy was stricter than other non-pharmaceutical interventions that were carried out in many other countries. We evaluated the effectiveness of the mandatory quarantine and provide suggestions for interventions against possible future influenza pandemics. We selected one city, Beijing, as the analysis target. We reviewed the epidemiologic dynamics of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and the implementation of quarantine measures in Beijing. The infectious population was simulated under two scenarios (quarantined and not quarantined) using a deterministic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model. The basic reproduction number R0 was adjusted to match the epidemic wave in Beijing. We found that mandatory quarantine served to postpone the spread of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in Beijing by one and a half months. If mandatory quarantine was not enforced in Beijing, the infectious population could have reached 1,553 by 21 October, i.e., 5.6 times higher than the observed number. When the cost of quarantine is taken into account, mandatory quarantine was not an economically effective intervention approach against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. We suggest adopting mitigation methods for an influenza pandemic with low mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Li
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
| | - Wenjun Geng
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., 9 Huiou Road, Nanjing Economic Development Zone, Nanjing 210038, China; E-Mail:
| | - Huidong Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
| | - Dejian Lai
- School of Public Health, University of Texas, 1200 Herman Pressler Street, Suite 1006 Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail:
- Faculty of Statistics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang 330013, China
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Yu H, Feng L, Viboud CG, Shay DK, Jiang Y, Zhou H, Zhou M, Xu Z, Hu N, Yang W, Nie S. Regional variation in mortality impact of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic in China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1350-60. [PMID: 23668477 PMCID: PMC4634298 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory-confirmed deaths grossly underestimate influenza mortality burden, so that reliable burden estimates are derived from indirect statistical studies, which are scarce in low- and middle-income settings. OBJECTIVES Here, we used statistical excess mortality models to estimate the burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza in China. METHODS We modeled data from a nationally representative population-based death registration system, combined with influenza virological surveillance data, to estimate influenza-associated excess mortality for the 2004-2005 through 2009-2010 seasons, by age and region. RESULTS The A(H1N1) pandemic was associated with 11·4-12·1 excess respiratory and circulatory (R&C) deaths per 100,000 population in rural sites of northern and southern China during 2009-2010; these rates were 2·2-2·8 times higher than those of urban sites (P<0·01). Influenza B accounted for a larger proportion of deaths than pandemic A(H1N1) in 2009-2010 in some regions. Nationally, we attribute 126,200 (95% CI, 61,000-248,400) excess R&C deaths (rate of 9·4/100,000) and 2,323,000 (1,166,000-4,533,000) years of life lost (YLL) to the first year of A(H1N1)pdm circulation. CONCLUSIONS The A(H1N1) pandemic posed a mortality and YLL burden comparable to that of interpandemic influenza in China. Our high burden estimates in rural areas highlight the need to enhance epidemiological surveillance and healthcare services, in underdeveloped and remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Public Health School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Choi JK, Lee SW, Choi BY. Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Influenza A (H1N1) Cases during the 2009 Pandemic in Korea. Epidemiol Health 2012; 34:e2012009. [PMID: 23316418 PMCID: PMC3535160 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quarantine measure for prevention of epidemic disease and further evaluations of their efficiency are possible only by elaborating analyses of imported cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze descriptive epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) cases imported to Korea. METHODS We collected two sets of data. The first set, comprised daily reported cases of H1N1 obtained from local cities in accordance with government policy about mandatory reporting of all H1N1 cases during May 1 to August 19, 2009. The second set, including 372 confirmed imported H1N1 cases, identified from 13 National Quarantine Stations in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from May 24 to December 31, 2009. However, given the lack of information on the nature of the imported H1N1 cases from the two data sets during the over lapping period from May 24 to August 19, we express the number of imported cases as a range for this period. RESULTS We estimated that the number of imported H1N1 cases from May 1 to August 19, 2009, was between 1,098 and 1,291 and the total number of cases was 2,409 to 2,580. We found the number of imported cases was beginning to diminish as of August. A analysis of the second data set showed that the distribution of sex was similar (males 50.7%, females 49.3%) and the age distribution from 20 to 59 was 61.5% and that of 60 and over was 0.8% of the 372 cases. We identified 25 countries where people infected with H1N1 traveled and 67.5% were in Asia. But the proportion of cases (/1,000) by region shows Oceania (0.199), South America (0.118), Southeast Asia (0.071), North America (0.049), Europe (0.035), and Northeast Asia (0.016) in that order. The order of H1N1 peaking was the Southern Hemisphere, Tropics, and the Nothern Hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS This study provided information that could make possible the evaluation of the government quarantine measure for stopping imported disease from causing community-acquired spread in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kil Choi
- Division of Quarantine Support, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongwon, Korea
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