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Melo VSD, Gomes BM, Chambergo FS. Biochemical characterization of a xylose-tolerant GH43 β-xylosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108901. [PMID: 37487384 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are the second most abundant polysaccharide in plant biomass, in which xylan is the main constituent. Aiming at the total degradation of xylan and the obtention of fermentable sugars, several enzymes acting synergistically are required, especially β-xylosidases. In this study, β-xylosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (GtXyl) was expressed in E. coli BL21 and characterized. The enzyme GtXyl has been grouped within the family of glycoside hydrolases 43 (GH43). Results showed that GtXyl obtained the highest activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 60 °C. In the additive's tests, the enzyme remained stable in the presence of metal ions and EDTA, and showed high tolerance to xylose, with a relative activity of 55.4% at 400 mM. The enzyme also presented bifunctional activity of β-xylosidase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, with the highest activity on the substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside. The specific activity on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside was 18.33 U mg-1 and catalytic efficiency of 20.21 mM-1 s-1, which is comparable to other β-xylosidases reported in the literature. Putting together, the GtXyl enzyme presented interesting biochemical characteristics that are desirable for the application in the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass, such as activity at higher temperatures, high thermostability and stability to metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandierly Sampaio de Melo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil
| | - Brisa Moreira Gomes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Santiago Chambergo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Biotechnology, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, São Paulo, CEP: 03828000, Brazil.
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2
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For biotechnological applications: Purification and characterization of recombinant and nanoconjugated xylanase enzyme from thermophilic Bacillus subtilis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Yasar Yildiz S, Finore I, Leone L, Romano I, Lama L, Kasavi C, Nicolaus B, Toksoy Oner E, Poli A. Genomic Analysis Provides New Insights Into Biotechnological and Industrial Potential of Parageobacillus thermantarcticus M1. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923038. [PMID: 35756030 PMCID: PMC9218356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parageobacillus thermantarcticus strain M1 is a Gram-positive, motile, facultative anaerobic, spore forming, and thermophilic bacterium, isolated from geothermal soil of the crater of Mount Melbourne (74°22′ S, 164°40′ E) during the Italian Antarctic Expedition occurred in Austral summer 1986–1987. Strain M1 demonstrated great biotechnological and industrial potential owing to its ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs), ethanol and thermostable extracellular enzymes, such as an xylanase and a β-xylosidase, and intracellular ones, such as xylose/glucose isomerase and protease. Furthermore, recent studies revealed its high potential in green chemistry due to its use in residual biomass transformation/valorization and as an appropriate model for microbial astrobiology studies. In the present study, using a systems-based approach, genomic analysis of P. thermantarcticus M1 was carried out to enlighten its functional characteristics. The elucidation of whole-genome organization of this thermophilic cell factory increased our understanding of biological mechanisms and pathways, by providing valuable information on the essential genes related to the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors, monosaccharide unit assembly, as well as the production of EPSs and ethanol. In addition, gene prediction and genome annotation studies identified genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes that are required for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials to high-value added molecules. Our findings pointed out the significant potential of strain M1 in various biotechnological and industrial applications considering its capacity to produce EPSs, ethanol and thermostable enzymes via the utilization of lignocellulosic waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songul Yasar Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilaria Finore
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Leone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Romano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Lama
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ceyda Kasavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology (IBSB), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barbara Nicolaus
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ebru Toksoy Oner
- Department of Bioengineering, Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology (IBSB), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Annarita Poli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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Marasinghe SD, Jo E, Hettiarachchi SA, Lee Y, Eom TY, Gang Y, Kang YH, Oh C. Characterization of glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Streptomyces sp. strain J103; its synergetic effect with acetyl xylan esterase and enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:129. [PMID: 34238305 PMCID: PMC8265113 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylanase-containing enzyme cocktails are used on an industrial scale to convert xylan into value-added products, as they hydrolyse the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between xylopyranosyl residues. In the present study, we focused on xynS1, the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 11 xylanase gene derived from the Streptomyces sp. strain J103, which can mediate XynS1 protein synthesis and lignocellulosic material hydrolysis. Results xynS1 has an open reading frame with 693 base pairs that encodes a protein with 230 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of the protein were 24.47 kDa and 7.92, respectively. The gene was cloned into the pET-11a expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Recombinant XynS1 (rXynS1) was purified via His-tag affinity column chromatography. rXynS1 exhibited optimal activity at a pH of 5.0 and temperature of 55 °C. Thermal stability was in the temperature range of 50–55 °C. The estimated Km and Vmax values were 51.4 mg/mL and 898.2 U/mg, respectively. One millimolar of Mn2+ and Na+ ions stimulated the activity of rXynS1 by up to 209% and 122.4%, respectively, and 1 mM Co2+ and Ni2+ acted as inhibitors of the enzyme. The mixture of rXynS1, originates from Streptomyces sp. strain J103 and acetyl xylan esterase (AXE), originating from the marine bacterium Ochrovirga pacifica, enhanced the xylan degradation by 2.27-fold, compared to the activity of rXynS1 alone when Mn2+ was used in the reaction mixture; this reflected the ability of both enzymes to hydrolyse the xylan structure. The use of an enzyme cocktail of rXynS1, AXE, and commercial cellulase (Celluclast® 1.5 L) for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass was more effective than that of commercial cellulase alone, thereby increasing the relative activity 2.3 fold. Conclusion The supplementation of rXynS1 with AXE enhanced the xylan degradation process via the de-esterification of acetyl groups in the xylan structure. Synergetic action of rXynS1 with commercial cellulase improved the hydrolysis of pre-treated lignocellulosic biomass; thus, rXynS1 could potentially be used in several industrial applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01619-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svini Dileepa Marasinghe
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jo
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sachithra Amarin Hettiarachchi
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Youngdeuk Lee
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yang Eom
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yehui Gang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeok Kang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 2670, Iljudong-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, (34113) 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Evaluation of temperature, pH and nutrient conditions in bacterial growth and extracellular hydrolytic activities of two Alicyclobacillus spp. strains. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4557-4570. [PMID: 34159433 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extremophile bacteria have developed the metabolic machinery for living in extreme temperatures, pH, and high-salt content. Two novel bacterium strains Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2, were isolated from crater lake El Chichon in Chiapas, Mexico. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on the 16SrRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 were closely related to Alicyclobacillus species (98% identity and 94.73% identity, respectively). Both strains were Gram variable, and colonies were circular, smooth and creamy. Electron microscopy showed than Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 has a daisy-like form and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 is a regular rod. Both strains can use diverse carbohydrates and triglycerides as carbon source and they also can use organic and inorganic nitrogen source. But, the two strains can grow without any carbon or nitrogen sources in the culture medium. Temperature, pH and nutrition condition affect bacterial growth. Maximum growth was produced at 65 °C for Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1 (0.732 DO600) at pH 3 and Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2 (0.725 DO600) at pH 5. Inducible extracellular extremozyme activities were determined for β-galactosidase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 88.07 ± 0.252 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 51.57 ± 0.308 U/mg), cellulose (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 141.20 ± 0.585 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 51.57 ± 0.308 U/mg), lipase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 138.25 ± 0.600 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 175.75 ± 1.387 U/mg), xylanase (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 174.72 ± 1.746 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 172.69 ± 0.855U/mg), and protease (Alicyclobacillus sp. PA1: 15.12 ± 0.121 U/mg, Alicyclobacillus sp. PA2: 15.33 ± 0.284 U/mg). These results provide new insights on extreme enzymatic production on Alicyclobacillus species.
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López-Ortega MA, Chavarría-Hernández N, López-Cuellar MDR, Rodríguez-Hernández AI. A review of extracellular polysaccharides from extreme niches: An emerging natural source for the biotechnology. From the adverse to diverse! Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:559-577. [PMID: 33609577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Every year, new organisms that survive and colonize adverse environments are discovered and isolated. Those organisms, called extremophiles, are distributed throughout the world, both in aquatic and terrestrial environments, such as sulfurous marsh waters, hydrothermal springs, deep waters, volcanos, terrestrial hot springs, marine saltern, salt lakes, among others. According to the ecosystem inhabiting, extremophiles are categorized as thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkalophilic, piezophiles, saccharophiles, metallophiles and polyextremophiles. They have developed chemical adaptation strategies that allow them to maintain their cellular integrity, altering physiology or improving repair capabilities; one of them is the biosynthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), which constitute a slime and hydrated matrix that keep the cells embedded, protecting from environmental stress (desiccation, salinity, temperature, radiation). EPS have gained interest; they are explored by their unique properties such as structural complexity, biodegradability, biological activities, and biocompatibility. Here, we present a review concerning the biosynthesis, characterization, and potential EPS applications produced by extremophile microorganisms, namely, thermophiles, halophiles, and psychrophiles. A bibliometric analysis was conducted, considering research articles published within the last two decades. Besides, an overview of the culture conditions used for extremophiles, the main properties and multiple potential applications of their EPS is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Alejandra López-Ortega
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico.
| | - Norberto Chavarría-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico
| | - Ma Del Rocío López-Cuellar
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico
| | - Adriana Inés Rodríguez-Hernández
- Cuerpo Académico de Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km 1, Exhacienda de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo C.P. 43600, Mexico.
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7
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Saeed AM, El-Shatoury EH, Sayed HAE. Statistical factorial designs for optimum production of thermostable α-amylase by the degradative bacterium Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius Pharon1 isolated from Sinai, Egypt. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:24. [PMID: 33523315 PMCID: PMC7851196 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to isolate potent thermophilic and amylolytic bacteria from a hot spring of Pharaoh's bath, Sinai, Egypt, and screen its degradative activity. The amylolytic activity was further optimized using a statistical full factorial design followed by response surface methodology. RESULTS A thermophilic bacterium was isolated from the hot spring of Pharaoh's Bath, Sinai, Egypt. The isolate produced amylase, cellulase, and caseinase and was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius Pharon1 (MG965879). A growth medium containing 1% soluble starch was found to optimize the amylase production. Dinitrosalycalic acid method (DNS) was used to estimate the amount of reducing sugar produced. Statistical full factorial and response surface designs were employed to optimize physical variables affecting the α-amylase production and determine the significant interactions of the studied variables during the fermentation process. According to the results obtained by the response optimizer, the maximum amylase activity reached 76.07 U/mL/ min at 54.1°C, pH 5.6 after 98.5 h incubation under aerobic conditions. Moreover, the produced enzyme was thermostable and retained most of its activity when exposed to a high temperature of 100°C for 120 min. Maximum enzyme activity was attained when the enzyme was incubated at 70°C for 30 min. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the production of thermostable α-amylase by the potent thermophilic Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. The enzyme endured extreme conditions of temperature and pH which are important criteria for commercial and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Einas H El-Shatoury
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hayam A E Sayed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Effect of Cultural Conditions on Protease Production by a Thermophilic Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4 Isolated from Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park, Malaysia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112609. [PMID: 32512695 PMCID: PMC7321352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress in the fields of agriculture, industry, and biotechnology over the years has influenced the quest for a potent microorganism with favorable properties to be used in scientific research and industry. This study intended to isolate a new thermophilic-protease-producing bacterium and evaluate its growth and protease production under cultural conditions. Protease producing bacteria were successfully isolated from Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park in Perak, Malaysia, and coded as SKF4; they were promising protease producers. Based on microscopic, morphological, and 16S rRNA gene analysis, isolate SKF4 was identified as Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4. The process of isolating SKF4 to grow and produce proteases under different cultural conditions, including temperature, pH, NaCl concentration, carbon and nitrogen sources, and incubation time, was explored. The optimum cultural conditions observed for growth and protease production were at 60 to 65 °C of temperature, pH 7 to 8, and under 1% NaCl concentration. Further, the use of casein and yeast extract as the nitrogen sources, and sucrose and fructose as the carbon sources enhanced the growth and protease production of isolate SKF4. Meanwhile, isolate SKF4 reached maximum growth and protease production at 24 h of incubation time. The results of this study revealed a new potent strain of thermophilic bacterium isolated from Sungai Klah Hot Spring Park in Perak, Malaysia for the first time. The high production of thermostable protease enzyme by G. thermoglucosidasius SKF4 highlighted the promising properties of this bacterium for industrial and biotechnological applications.
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Biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds and phthalates by culturable bacteria isolated from Liometopum apiculatum microbiota. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:73. [PMID: 32385754 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Liometopum apiculatum is a species of ants widely distributed in arid and semi-arid ecosystems where there is a relative food shortage compared with tropical ecosystems. L. apiculatum has established an ecological balance involving symbiotic interactions, which have allowed them to survive through mechanisms that are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the metabolic potential of isolated bacteria from L. apiculatum using enzymatic activity assay and substrate assimilation. Results revealed a complex bacteria consortium belonging to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phylum. Most of the isolated bacteria showed activities associated with biopolymers degradation, from them Exiguobacterium and B. simplex showed the highest amylolytic activity (27 U/mg protein), while A. johnsonii and B. pumulis showed the highest cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities (1 and 2.9 U/mg protein, respectively). By other hand, some microorganisms such as S. ficaria, E. asburiae, P. agglomerans, A. johnsonii, S. rubidaea, S. marcescens, S. warneri, and M. hydrocarbonoxydans were able to grow up to 1000 mg/L of phthalates esters. These results not only revealed the important contribution of the symbionts in L apiculatum ants feeding habits, but also have shown a promising source of enzymes with potential biotechnological applications such as lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis and bioremediation processes.
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Cann I, Pereira GV, Abdel-Hamid AM, Kim H, Wefers D, Kayang BB, Kanai T, Sato T, Bernardi RC, Atomi H, Mackie RI. Thermophilic Degradation of Hemicellulose, a Critical Feedstock in the Production of Bioenergy and Other Value-Added Products. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02296-19. [PMID: 31980431 PMCID: PMC7082577 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02296-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewable fuels have gained importance as the world moves toward diversifying its energy portfolio. A critical step in the biomass-to-bioenergy initiative is deconstruction of plant cell wall polysaccharides to their unit sugars for subsequent fermentation to fuels. To acquire carbon and energy for their metabolic processes, diverse microorganisms have evolved genes encoding enzymes that depolymerize polysaccharides to their carbon/energy-rich building blocks. The microbial enzymes mostly target the energy present in cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, three major forms of energy storage in plants. In the effort to develop bioenergy as an alternative to fossil fuel, a common strategy is to harness microbial enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose to glucose for fermentation to fuels. However, the conversion of plant biomass to renewable fuels will require both cellulose and hemicellulose, the two largest components of the plant cell wall, as feedstock to improve economic feasibility. Here, we explore the enzymes and strategies evolved by two well-studied bacteria to depolymerize the hemicelluloses xylan/arabinoxylan and mannan. The sets of enzymes, in addition to their applications in biofuels and value-added chemical production, have utility in animal feed enzymes, a rapidly developing industry with potential to minimize adverse impacts of animal agriculture on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gabriel V Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Hamid
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Wefers
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Boniface B Kayang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Tamotsu Kanai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
- JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rafael C Bernardi
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
- JST, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roderick I Mackie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Tomazini A, Higasi P, Manzine LR, Stott M, Sparling R, Levin DB, Polikarpov I. A novel thermostable GH5 β-xylosidase from Thermogemmatispora sp. T81. N Biotechnol 2019; 53:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Parageobacillus thermantarcticus, an Antarctic Cell Factory: From Crop Residue Valorization by Green Chemistry to Astrobiology Studies. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of Antarctic habitat biodiversity, both marine and terrestrial, has increased considerably in recent years, causing considerable development in the studies of life science related to Antarctica. In the Austral summer 1986–1987, a new thermophilic bacterium, Parageobacillus thermantarcticus strain M1 was isolated from geothermal soil of the crater of Mount Melbourne (74°22′ S, 164°40′ E) during the Italian Antarctic Expedition. In addition to the biotechnological potential due to the production of exopolysaccharides and thermostable enzymes, successful studies have demonstrated its use in the green chemistry for the transformation and valorization of residual biomass and its employment as a suitable microbial model for astrobiology studies. The recent acquisition of its genome sequence opens up new opportunities for the use of this versatile bacterium in still unexplored biotechnology sectors.
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Sechovcová H, Kulhavá L, Fliegerová K, Trundová M, Morais D, Mrázek J, Kopečný J. Comparison of enzymatic activities and proteomic profiles of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens grown on different carbon sources. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:2. [PMID: 31168299 PMCID: PMC6545216 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rumen microbiota is one of the most complex consortia of anaerobes, involving archaea, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and phages. They are very effective at utilizing plant polysaccharides, especially cellulose and hemicelluloses. The most important hemicellulose decomposers are clustered with the genus Butyrivibrio. As the related species differ in their range of hydrolytic activities and substrate preferences, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was selected as one of the most effective isolates and thus suitable for proteomic studies on substrate comparisons in the extracellular fraction. The B. fibrisolvens genome is the biggest in the butyrivibria cluster and is focused on “environmental information processing” and “carbohydrate metabolism”. Methods The study of the effect of carbon source on B. fibrisolvens 3071 was based on cultures grown on four substrates: xylose, glucose, xylan, xylan with 25% glucose. The enzymatic activities were studied by spectrophotometric and zymogram methods. Proteomic study was based on genomics, 2D electrophoresis and nLC/MS (Bruker Daltonics) analysis. Results Extracellular β-endoxylanase as well as xylan β-xylosidase activities were induced with xylan. The presence of the xylan polymer induced hemicellulolytic enzymes and increased the protein fraction in the interval from 40 to 80 kDa. 2D electrophoresis with nLC/MS analysis of extracellular B. fibrisolvens 3071 proteins found 14 diverse proteins with significantly different expression on the tested substrates. Conclusion The comparison of four carbon sources resulted in the main significant changes in B. fibrisolvens proteome occurring outside the fibrolytic cluster of proteins. The affected proteins mainly belonged to the glycolysis and protein synthesis cluster. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12953-019-0150-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sechovcová
- 1Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.,5Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 286 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kulhavá
- 2Institute of Physiology, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.,4Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Fliegerová
- 1Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Trundová
- 3Institute of Biotechnology, CAS, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Morais
- 6Institute of Microbiology, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrázek
- 1Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopečný
- 1Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Draft Genome Sequence of Hyperthermophilic, Halotolerant Parageobacillus toebii PW12, Isolated from the Tattapani Hot Spring, Northwest Himalayas. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:MRA01163-18. [PMID: 30701231 PMCID: PMC6346180 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01163-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the genome sequence of hyperthermophilic and halophilic Parageobacillus toebii PW12, isolated from the Tattapani hot spring in the northwest Himalayas. The genome size of Parageobacillus toebii PW12 is 3,210,377 bp. Here, we report the genome sequence of hyperthermophilic and halophilic Parageobacillus toebii PW12, isolated from the Tattapani hot spring in the northwest Himalayas. The genome size of Parageobacillus toebii PW12 is 3,210,377 bp. The G+C content is 42.05%, and 3,382 coding sequences (CDS), 80 tRNAs, 5 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and 4 CRISPR arrays were predicted.
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Kambourova M. Thermostable enzymes and polysaccharides produced by thermophilic bacteria isolated from Bulgarian hot springs. Eng Life Sci 2018; 18:758-767. [PMID: 32624870 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable enzymes (thermozymes) have been recognized as extremophilic compounds with a greatest biotechnological importance in different industrial areas. Quite recently exopolysaccharides (EPSs) synthesized by thermophiles became an object of increased research interest due to their unique properties appropriate for some specific industrial needs. Thermophilic producers of biotechnologically valuable enzymes and novel EPS were isolated by our group from Bulgarian thermal springs with a diverse geotectonic origin and different water properties. Laboratory reactor processes for their production were developed in batch and continuous cultures. Some of the synthesized thermostable enzymes were among the first described in their groups, for example, the single known thermostable gellan lyase that demonstrated specific activity higher than that of the mesophilic enzymes. Isolated by us thermostable xylanase was able to degrade more than 60% of beechwood xylan in a coprocess with an archaeal β-xylosidase. Lipase purified by us was active between 55 and 90°C with an optimum at 75-80°C in a large pH range. It was able to degrade a broad range of substrates. Isolates from Bulgarian hot springs synthesized EPS with novel composition and high thermostability. Thus, Bulgarian hot springs harbor a wide set of thermophilic producers of novel enzymes and EPS with potential for a large number of biotechnological applications.
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Li Q, Wu T, Qi Z, Zhao L, Pei J, Tang F. Characterization of a novel thermostable and xylose-tolerant GH 39 β-xylosidase from Dictyoglomus thermophilum. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:29. [PMID: 29783967 PMCID: PMC5963010 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background β-D-xylosidase is a vital exoglycosidase with the ability to hydrolyze xylooligosaccharides to xylose and to biotransform some saponins by cleaving outer β-xylose. β-D-xylosidase is widely used as one of the xylanolytic enzymes in a diverse range of applications, such as fuel, food and the pharmaceutical industry; therefore, more and more studies have focused on the thermostable and xylose-tolerant β-D-xylosidases. Results A thermostable β-xylosidase gene (xln-DT) of 1509 bp was cloned from Dictyoglomus thermophilum and expressed in E.coli BL21. According to the amino acid and phylogeny analyses, the β-xylosidase Xln-DT is a novel β-xylosidase of the GH family 39. The recombinant β-xylosidase was purified, showing unique bands on SDS-PAGE, and had a protein molecular weight of 58.7 kDa. The β-xylosidase Xln-DT showed an optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 75 °C, with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (pNPX) as a substrate. Xln-DT displayed stability over a pH range of 4.0-7.5 for 24 h and displayed thermotolerance below 85 °C. The values of the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for pNPX were 1.66 mM and 78.46 U/mg, respectively. In particular, Xln-DT displayed high tolerance to xylose, with 60% activity in the presence of 3 M xylose. Xln-DT showed significant effects on the hydrolyzation of xylobiose. After 3 h, all the xylobiose tested was degraded into xylose. Moreover, β-xylosidase Xln-DT had a high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moieties of natural saponins, such as notoginsenoside R1 and astragaloside IV, which produced the ginsenoside Rg1 with stronger anti-fatigue activity and produced cycloastragenol with stronger anti-aging activity, respectively. Conclusion This study provides a novel GH 39 β-xylosidase displaying extraordinary properties of highly catalytic activity at temperatures above 75 °C, remarkable hydrolyzing activity of xylooligosaccharides and rare saponins producing ability in the pharmaceutical and commercial industries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0440-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhipeng Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jianjun Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Feng Tang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, 8 Fu Tong East Street, Beijing, 100714, China
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Zhang J, Cui T, Li X. Screening and identification of an Enterobacter ludwigii strain expressing an active β-xylosidase. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Characterisation of novel biomass degradation enzymes from the genome of Cellulomonas fimi. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 113:9-17. [PMID: 29602392 PMCID: PMC5892457 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Identified over 90 putative polysaccharide degrading ORFs in C. fimi genome. Cloned 14 putative cellulolytic ORFs as BioBricks, screened them for activity. Partially purified AfsB, BxyF, BxyH and XynF and characterised them further. BxyH proved highly temperature and alkaline pH tolerant. BioBricks are an easy method for screening genes for specific activities.
Recent analyses of genome sequences belonging to cellulolytic bacteria have revealed many genes potentially coding for cellulosic biomass degradation enzymes. Annotation of these genes however, is based on few biochemically characterised examples. Here we present a simple strategy based on BioBricks for the rapid screening of candidate genes expressed in Escherichia coli. As proof of principle we identified over 70 putative biomass degrading genes from bacterium Cellulomonas fimi, expressing a subset of these in BioBrick format. Six novel genes showed activity in E. coli. Four interesting enzymes were characterised further. α-l-arabinofuranosidase AfsB, β-xylosidases BxyF and BxyH and multi-functional β-cellobiosidase/xylosidase XynF were partially purified to determine their optimum pH, temperature and kinetic parameters. One of these enzymes, BxyH, was unexpectedly found to be highly active at strong alkaline pH and at temperatures as high as 100 °C. This report demonstrates a simple method of quickly screening and characterising putative genes as BioBricks.
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Prajapati AS, Pawar VA, Panchal KJ, Sudhir AP, Dave BR, Patel DH, Subramanian RB. Effects of substrate binding site residue substitutions of xynA from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on substrate specificity. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:9. [PMID: 29439688 PMCID: PMC5812043 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aromatic residues of xylanase enzyme, W187, Y124, W144, Y128 and W63 of substrate binding pocket from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were investigated for their role in substrate binding by homology modelling and sequence analysis. These residues are highly conserved and play an important role in substrate binding through steric hindrance. The substitution of these residues with alanine allows the enzyme to accommodate nonspecific substrates. RESULTS Wild type and mutated genes were cloned and overexpressed in BL21. Optimum pH and temperature of rBAxn exhibited pH 9.0 and 50 °C respectively and it was stable up to 215 h. Along with the physical properties of rBAxn, kinetic parameters (Km 19.34 ± 0.72 mg/ml; kcat 6449.12 ± 155.37 min- 1 and kcat/Km 333.83 ± 6.78 ml min- 1 mg- 1) were also compared with engineered enzymes. Out of five mutations, W63A, Y128A and W144A lost almost 90% activity and Y124A and W187A retained almost 40-45% xylanase activity. CONCLUSIONS The site-specific single mutation, led to alteration in substrate specificity from xylan to CMC while in case of double mutant the substrate specificity was altered from xylan to CMC, FP and avicel, indicating the role of aromatic residues on substrate binding, catalytic process and overall catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil S. Prajapati
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
| | - Vishakha A. Pawar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
| | - Ketankumar J. Panchal
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
| | - Ankit P. Sudhir
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
| | - Bhaumik R. Dave
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
| | - Darshan H. Patel
- P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - R. B. Subramanian
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, UGC-Centre of advanced studies, Satellite campus, Sardar Patel University, Sardar Patel Maidan, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388 120 India
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Huang D, Liu J, Qi Y, Yang K, Xu Y, Feng L. Synergistic hydrolysis of xylan using novel xylanases, β-xylosidases, and an α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6023-6037. [PMID: 28616644 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from various types of wood has become a renewable resource for production of biofuels and biobased chemicals. Because xylan is the major component of wood hemicelluloses, highly efficient enzymes to enhance xylan hydrolysis can improve the use of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, a xylanolytic gene cluster was identified from the crude oil-degrading thermophilic strain Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2. The enzymes involved in xylan hydrolysis, which include two xylanases (XynA1, XynA2), three β-xylosidases (XynB1, XynB2, XynB3), and one α-L-arabinofuranosidase (AbfA), have many unique features, such as high pH tolerance, high thermostability, and a broad substrate range. The three β-xylosidases were highly resistant to inhibition by product (xylose) accumulation. Moreover, the combination of xylanase, β-xylosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase exhibited the largest synergistic action on xylan degradation (XynA2, XynB1, and AbfA on oat spelt or beechwood xylan; XynA2, XynB3, and AbfA on birchwood xylan). We have demonstrated that the proposed enzymatic cocktail almost completely converts complex xylan to xylose and arabinofuranose and has great potential for use in the conversion of plant biomass into biofuels and biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Qi
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Xu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Di Donato P, Romano I, Mastascusa V, Poli A, Orlando P, Pugliese M, Nicolaus B. Survival and Adaptation of the Thermophilic Species Geobacillus thermantarcticus in Simulated Spatial Conditions. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2017; 48:141-158. [PMID: 28593333 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-017-9540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Astrobiology studies the origin and evolution of life on Earth and in the universe. According to the panspermia theory, life on Earth could have emerged from bacterial species transported by meteorites, that were able to adapt and proliferate on our planet. Therefore, the study of extremophiles, i.e. bacterial species able to live in extreme terrestrial environments, can be relevant to Astrobiology studies. In this work we described the ability of the thermophilic species Geobacillus thermantarcticus to survive after exposition to simulated spatial conditions including temperature's variation, desiccation, X-rays and UVC irradiation. The response to the exposition to the space conditions was assessed at a molecular level by studying the changes in the morphology, the lipid and protein patterns, the nucleic acids. G. thermantarcticus survived to the exposition to all the stressing conditions examined, since it was able to restart cellular growth in comparable levels to control experiments carried out in the optimal growth conditions. Survival was elicited by changing proteins and lipids distribution, and by protecting the DNA's integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Donato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples "Parthenope", Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ida Romano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Mastascusa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Poli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Orlando
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ISASI-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariagabriella Pugliese
- Department of Physics "Ettore Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Nicolaus
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry ICB-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Sofijan H, Shun TJ, Abbasiliasi S, Mustafa S, Puspaningsih NT, Kadkhodaei S, Ariff AB. Recovery and partial purification of thermophilic β-xylosidase derived from recombinant Bacillus megaterium MS941 by aqueous two-phase system. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1268159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Sofijan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya East Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Tan Joo Shun
- Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sahar Abbasiliasi
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya East Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Saeid Kadkhodaei
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arbakariya B. Ariff
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kumar S, Arumugam N, Permaul K, Singh S. Chapter 5 Thermostable Enzymes and Their Industrial Applications. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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Gene cloning, expression, immobilization and characterization of endo-xylanase from Geobacillus sp. TF16 and investigation of its industrial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Galanopoulou AP, Moraïs S, Georgoulis A, Morag E, Bayer EA, Hatzinikolaou DG. Insights into the functionality and stability of designer cellulosomes at elevated temperatures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8731-43. [PMID: 27207145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic breakdown of lignocellulose is a major limiting step in second generation biorefineries. Assembly of the necessary activities into designer cellulosomes increases the productivity of this step by enhancing enzyme synergy through the proximity effect. However, most cellulosomal components are obtained from mesophilic microorganisms, limiting the applications to temperatures up to 50 °C. We hypothesized that a scaffoldin, comprising modular components of mainly mesophilic origin, can function at higher temperatures when combined with thermophilic enzymes, and the resulting designer cellulosomes could be employed in higher temperature reactions. For this purpose, we used a tetravalent scaffoldin constituted of three cohesins of mesophilic origin as well as a cohesin and cellulose-binding module derived from the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum. The scaffoldin was combined with four thermophilic enzymes from Geobacillus and Caldicellulosiruptor species, each fused with a dockerin whose specificity matched one of the cohesins. We initially verified that the biochemical properties and thermal stability of the resulting chimeric enzymes were not affected by the presence of the mesophilic dockerins. Then we examined the stability of the individual single-enzyme-scaffoldin complexes and the full tetravalent cellulosome showing that all complexes are stable and functional for at least 6 h at 60 °C. Finally, within this time frame and conditions, the full complex appeared over 50 % more efficient in the hydrolysis of corn stover compared to the free enzymes. Overall, the results support the utilization of scaffoldin components of mesophilic origin at relatively high temperatures and provide a framework for the production of designer cellulosomes suitable for high temperature biorefinery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia P Galanopoulou
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology Group, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Zografou, Attica, Greece
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anastasios Georgoulis
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology Group, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Zografou, Attica, Greece
| | - Ely Morag
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dimitris G Hatzinikolaou
- Faculty of Biology, Microbiology Group, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784, Zografou, Attica, Greece.
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Zhang L, Ma Y, Zhao C, He B, Zhu X, Yang W. Entrapment of Xylanase within a Polyethylene Glycol Net-Cloth Grafted on Polypropylene Nonwoven Fabrics with Exceptional Operational Stability and Its Application for Hydrolysis of Corncob Hemicelluloses. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin He
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing
Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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27
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Pontonio E, Mahony J, Di Cagno R, O'Connell Motherway M, Lugli GA, O'Callaghan A, De Angelis M, Ventura M, Gobbetti M, van Sinderen D. Cloning, expression and characterization of a β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus rossiae DSM 15814(T). Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:72. [PMID: 27142164 PMCID: PMC4855831 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the oligosaccharides that may positively affect the gut microbiota, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) possess promising functional properties. Ingestion of XOS has been reported to contribute to anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, immune-modulatory and anti-diabetic activities. Because of the structural complexity and chemical heterogeneity, complete degradation of xylan-containing plant polymers requires the synergistic activity of several enzymes. Endo-xylanases and β-D-xylosidases, collectively termed xylanases, represent the two key enzymes responsible for the sequential hydrolysis of xylan. Xylanase cocktails are used on an industrial scale for biotechnological purposes. Lactobacillus rossiae DSM 15814(T) can utilize an extensive set of carbon sources, an ability that is likely to contribute to its adaptive ability. In this study, the capacity of this strain to utilize XOS, xylan, D-xylose and L-arabinose was investigated. RESULTS Genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the presence of two gene clusters, designated xyl and ara, encoding proteins predicted to be responsible for XOS uptake and hydrolysis and D-xylose utilization, and L-arabinose metabolism, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of one of the genes of the xyl gene cluster, LROS_1108 (designated here as xylA), shows high similarity to (predicted) β-D-xylosidases encoded by various lactic acid bacteria, and belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 43. Heterologously expressed XylA was shown to completely hydrolyse XOS to xylose and showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C. Furthermore, β-D-xylosidase activity of L. rossiae DSM 15814(T) was also measured under sourdough conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the ability of L. rossiae DSM 15814(T) to utilize XOS, which is a very useful trait when selecting starters with specific metabolic performances for sourdough fermentation or as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Pontonio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Mary O'Connell Motherway
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gabriele Andrea Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Amy O'Callaghan
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Rahimpour F, Hatti-Kaul R, Mamo G. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling of an aqueous two-phase system for purification of a recombinant alkaline active xylanase. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Siles JA, Cajthaml T, Minerbi S, Margesin R. Effect of altitude and season on microbial activity, abundance and community structure in Alpine forest soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw008. [PMID: 26787774 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current context of climate change, the study of microbial communities along altitudinal gradients is especially useful. Only few studies considered altitude and season at the same time. We characterized four forest sites located in the Italian Alps, along an altitude gradient (545-2000 m a.s.l.), to evaluate the effect of altitude in spring and autumn on soil microbial properties. Each site in each season was characterized with regard to soil temperature, physicochemical properties, microbial activities (respiration, enzymes), community level physiological profiles (CLPP), microbial abundance and community structure (PLFA). Increased levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients were found at higher altitudes and in autumn, resulting in a significant increase of (soil dry-mass related) microbial activities and abundance at higher altitudes. Significant site- and season-specific effects were found for enzyme production. The significant interaction of the factors site and incubation temperature for soil microbial activities indicated differences in microbial communities and their responses to temperature among sites. CLPP revealed site-specific effects. Microbial community structure was influenced by altitudinal, seasonal and/or site-specific effects. Correlations demonstrated that altitude, and not season, was the main factor determining the changes in abiotic and biotic characteristics at the sites investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Siles
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tomas Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, CZ-128 01 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Minerbi
- Division Forestry, Autonomous Province of Bozen/Bolzano, Brennerstrasse 6, I-39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rosa Margesin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Amel BD, Nawel B, Khelifa B, Mohammed G, Manon J, Salima KG, Farida N, Hocine H, Bernard O, Jean-Luc C, Marie-Laure F. Characterization of a purified thermostable xylanase from Caldicoprobacter algeriensis sp. nov. strain TH7C1(T). Carbohydr Res 2015; 419:60-8. [PMID: 26687892 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the purification and biochemical characterization of an extracellular thermostable xylanase (called XYN35) from Caldicoprobacter algeriensis sp. nov., strain TH7C1(T), a thermophilic, anaerobic strain isolated from the hydrothermal hot spring of Guelma (Algeria). The maximum xylanase activity recorded after 24 h of incubation at 70 °C and in an optimized medium containing 10 g/L mix birchwood- and oats spelt-xylan was 250 U/mL. The pure protein was obtained after heat treatment (1 h at 70 °C), followed by sequential column chromatographies on Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and Mono-S Sepharose anion-exchange. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis indicated that the purified enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 35,075.10 Da. The results from amino-acid sequence analysis revealed high homology between the 21 NH2-terminal residues of XYN35 and those of bacterial xylanases. The enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 11 and 70 °C. While XYN35 was activated by Ca(2+), Mn(2+), and Mg(2+), it was completely inhibited by Hg(2+) and Cd(2+). The xylanase showed higher specific activity on soluble oat-spelt xylan, followed by beechwood xylan. This enzyme was also noted to obey the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with Km and kcat values on oat-spelt xylan being 1.33 mg/mL and 400 min(-1), respectively. Thin-layer chromatography soluble oat-spelt xylan (TLC) analysis showed that the final hydrolyzed products of the enzyme from birchwood xylan were xylose, xylobiose, and xylotriose. Taken together, the results indicated that the XYN35 enzyme has a number of attractive biochemical properties that make it a potential promising candidate for future application in the pulp bleaching industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouanane-Darenfed Amel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria; Aix Marseille University-IRD-University of Toulon-CNRS-Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Boucherba Nawel
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature Science and Life, University of Bejaia, Targa Ouzemmour, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Bouacem Khelifa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gagaoua Mohammed
- Maquav Team, Bioqual Laboratory, INATAA, Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 University, Ain El-Bey Street, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Joseph Manon
- Aix Marseille University-IRD-University of Toulon-CNRS-Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Kebbouche-Gana Salima
- Laboratory of Biological Resources Conservation and Valuation, Faculty of Sciences, M'Hamed Bougara-Boumerdes University, 06000 Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Nateche Farida
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hacene Hocine
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Ollivier Bernard
- Aix Marseille University-IRD-University of Toulon-CNRS-Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Cayol Jean-Luc
- Aix Marseille University-IRD-University of Toulon-CNRS-Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Fardeau Marie-Laure
- Aix Marseille University-IRD-University of Toulon-CNRS-Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
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31
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Highly Thermostable Xylanase Production from A Thermophilic Geobacillus sp. Strain WSUCF1 Utilizing Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:84. [PMID: 26137456 PMCID: PMC4468944 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars requires a complete repertoire of biomass deconstruction enzymes. Hemicellulases play an important role in hydrolyzing hemicellulose component of lignocellulose to xylooligosaccharides and xylose. Thermostable xylanases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life at high temperatures. Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 produced thermostable xylanase activity (crude xylanase cocktail) when grown on xylan or various inexpensive untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomasses such as prairie cord grass and corn stover. The optimum pH and temperature for the crude xylanase cocktail were 6.5 and 70°C, respectively. The WSUCF1 crude xylanase was found to be highly thermostable with half-lives of 18 and 12 days at 60 and 70°C, respectively. At 70°C, rates of xylan hydrolysis were also found to be better with the WSUCF1 secretome than those with commercial enzymes, i.e., for WSUCF1 crude xylanase, Cellic-HTec2, and AccelleraseXY, the percent xylan conversions were 68.9, 49.4, and 28.92, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, WSUCF1 crude xylanase cocktail is among the most thermostable xylanases produced by thermophilic Geobacillus spp. and other thermophilic microbes (optimum growth temperature ≤70°C). High thermostability, activity over wide range of temperatures, and better xylan hydrolysis than commercial enzymes make WSUCF1 crude xylanase suitable for thermophilic lignocellulose bioconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Peoria, IL , USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, SD , USA
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Mastascusa V, Romano I, Di Donato P, Poli A, Della Corte V, Rotundi A, Bussoletti E, Quarto M, Pugliese M, Nicolaus B. Extremophiles survival to simulated space conditions: an astrobiology model study. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2015; 44:231-7. [PMID: 25573749 PMCID: PMC4669584 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-014-9397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work we investigated the ability of four extremophilic bacteria from Archaea and Bacteria domains to resist to space environment by exposing them to extreme conditions of temperature, UV radiation, desiccation coupled to low pressure generated in a Mars’ conditions simulator. All the investigated extremophilic strains (namely Sulfolobus solfataricus, Haloterrigena hispanica, Thermotoga neapolitana and Geobacillus thermantarcticus) showed a good resistance to the simulation of the temperature variation in the space; on the other hand irradiation with UV at 254 nm affected only slightly the growth of H. hispanica, G. thermantarcticus and S. solfataricus; finally exposition to Mars simulated condition showed that H. hispanica and G. thermantarcticus were resistant to desiccation and low pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mastascusa
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Na, Italy,
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Bhalla A, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Highly thermostable GH39 β-xylosidase from a Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:963. [PMID: 25532585 PMCID: PMC4300165 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan to xylose requires the action of endoxylanase and β-xylosidase. β-xylosidases play an important part in hydrolyzing xylo-oligosaccharides to xylose. Thermostable β-xylosidases have been a focus of attention as industrially important enzymes due to their long shelf life and role in the relief of end-product inhibition of xylanases caused by xylo-oligosaccharides. Therefore, a highly thermostable β-xylosidase with high specific activity has significant potential in lignocellulose bioconversion. Results A gene encoding a highly thermostable GH39 β-xylosidase was cloned from Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant β-xylosidase was active over a wide range of temperatures and pH with optimum temperature of 70°C and pH 6.5. It exhibited very high thermostability, retaining 50% activity at 70°C after 9 days. WSUCF1 β-xylosidase is more thermostable than β-xylosidases reported from other thermophiles (growth temperature ≤ 70°C). Specific activity was 133 U/mg when incubated with p-nitrophenyl xylopyranoside, with Km and Vmax values of 2.38 mM and 147 U/mg, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the recombinant enzyme had a mass of 58 kDa, but omitting heating prior to electrophoresis increased the apparent mass to 230 kDa, suggesting the enzyme exists as a tetramer. Enzyme exhibited high tolerance to xylose, retained approximately 70% of relative activity at 210 mM xylose concentration. Thin layer chromatography showed that the enzyme had potential to convert xylo-oligomers (xylobiose, triose, tetraose, and pentaose) into fermentable xylose. WSUCF1 β-xylosidase along with WSUCF1 endo-xylanase synergistically converted the xylan into fermentable xylose with more than 90% conversion. Conclusions Properties of the WSUCF1 β-xylosidase i.e. high tolerance to elevated temperatures, high specific activity, conversion of xylo-oligomers to xylose, and resistance to inhibition from xylose, make this enzyme potentially suitable for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA. .,Present address: Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kenneth M Bischoff
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Rajesh K Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA.
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Zhang S, Wang H, Shi P, Xu B, Bai Y, Luo H, Yao B. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostable β-xylosidase from thermoacidophilic Alicyclobacillus sp. A4. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lama L, Tramice A, Finore I, Anzelmo G, Calandrelli V, Pagnotta E, Tommonaro G, Poli A, Di Donato P, Nicolaus B, Fagnano M, Mori M, Impagliazzo A, Trincone A. Degradative actions of microbial xylanolytic activities on hemicelluloses from rhizome of Arundo donax. AMB Express 2014; 4:55. [PMID: 25024928 PMCID: PMC4086442 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharidases from extremophiles are remarkable for specific action, resistance to different reaction conditions and other biotechnologically interesting features. In this article the action of crude extracts of thermophilic microorganisms (Thermotoga neapolitana, Geobacillus thermantarcticus and Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercoris) is studied using as substrate hemicellulose from one of the most interesting biomass crops, the giant reed (Arundo donax L.). This biomass can be cultivated without competition and a huge amount of rhizomes remains in the soil at the end of cropping cycle (10–15 years) representing a further source of useful molecules. Optimization of the procedure for preparation of the hemicellulose fraction from rhizomes of Arundo donax, is studied. Polysaccharidases from crude extracts of thermophilic microorganisms revealed to be suitable for total degradative action and/or production of small useful oligosaccharides from hemicelluloses from A. donax. Xylobiose and interesting tetra- and pentasaccharide are obtained by enzymatic action in different conditions. Convenient amount of raw material was processed per mg of crude enzymes. Raw hemicelluloses and pretreated material show antioxidant activity unlike isolated tetra- and pentasaccharide. The body of results suggest that rhizomes represent a useful raw material for the production of valuable industrial products, thus allowing to increase the economic efficiency of A. donax cultivation.
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Discovery and characterization of endo-xylanase and β-xylosidase from a highly xylanolytic bacterium in the hindgut of Holotrichia parallela larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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GH52 xylosidase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus: characterization and introduction of xylanase activity by site‑directed mutagenesis of Tyr509. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:65-74. [PMID: 24122394 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A xylosidase gene, gsxyn, was cloned from the deep-sea thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which consisted of 2,118 bp and encoded a protein of 705 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 79.8 kDa. The GSxyn of glycoside hydrolase family 52 (GH52) displayed its maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 5.5. The K m and k cat values of GSxyn for ρNPX were 0.48 mM and 36.64 s−1, respectively. Interestingly, a new exo-xylanase activity was introduced into GSxyn by mutating the tyrosine509 into glutamic acid, whereas the resultant enzyme variant, Y509E, retained the xylosidase activity. The optimum xylanase activity of theY509E mutant displayed at pH 6.5 and 50 °C, and retained approximately 45 % of its maximal activity at 55 °C, pH 6.5 for 60 min. The K m and k cat values of the xylanase activity of Y509E mutant for beechwood xylan were 5.10 mg/ml and 22.53 s−1, respectively. The optimum xylosidase activity of theY509E mutant displayed at pH 5.5 and 60 °C. The K m and k cat values of the xylosidase activity of Y509E mutant for ρNPX were 0.51 mM and 22.53 s−1, respectively. This report demonstrated that GH52 xylosidase has provided a platform for generating bifunctional enzymes for industrially significant and complex substrates, such as plant cell wall.
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Yang X, Shi P, Huang H, Luo H, Wang Y, Zhang W, Yao B. Two xylose-tolerant GH43 bifunctional β-xylosidase/α-arabinosidases and one GH11 xylanase from Humicola insolens and their synergy in the degradation of xylan. Food Chem 2014; 148:381-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bankeeree W, Lotrakul P, Prasongsuk S, Chaiareekij S, Eveleigh DE, Kim SW, Punnapayak H. Effect of polyols on thermostability of xylanase from a tropical isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans and its application in prebleaching of rice straw pulp. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:37. [PMID: 24478945 PMCID: PMC3901851 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to find a thermostable xylanase enzyme for potential application in the pretreatment prior to H2O2 bleaching of paper pulp for industry, an extracellular xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans CBS 135684 was purified 17.3-fold to apparent homogeneity with a recovery yield of 13.7%. Its molecular mass was approximately 72 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature for activity of the purified enzyme were pH 6.0 and 70°C, respectively. The enzyme was relatively stable at 50°C, retaining more than half of its original activity after 3-h incubation. The thermostability of the enzyme was improved by the addition of 0.75 mM sorbitol prolonging the enzyme's activity up to 10-fold at 70°C. When the potential of using the enzyme in pretreatment of rice straw pulp prior to bleaching was evaluated, the greatest efficiency was obtained in a mixture containing xylanase and sorbitol. Treatment of the rice straw pulp with xylanase prior to treatment with 10% (v/v) H2O2 and production of hand sheets increased the ISO sheet brightness by 13.5% and increased the tensile and tear strengths of the pulp by up to 1.16 and 1.71-fold, respectively, compared with pulps treated with H2O2 alone. The results suggested the potential application of the enzyme before the bleaching process of paper pulp when the maintenance of high temperature and enzyme stability are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichanee Bankeeree
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ; Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Pongtharin Lotrakul
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Sehanat Prasongsuk
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Somporn Chaiareekij
- Department of Imaging and Printing Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Douglas E Eveleigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Rutgers, NJ 08901-8525 USA
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hunsa Punnapayak
- Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Purification and Characterization of the Xylanase Produced by Jonesia denitrificans BN-13. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:2694-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Zeigler DR. The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet? Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1-11. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.071696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Geobacillus comprises endospore-forming obligate thermophiles. These bacteria have been isolated from cool soils and even cold ocean sediments in anomalously high numbers, given that the ambient temperatures are significantly below their minimum requirement for growth. Geobacilli are active in environments such as hot plant composts, however, and examination of their genome sequences reveals that they are endowed with a battery of sensors, transporters and enzymes dedicated to hydrolysing plant polysaccharides. Although they appear to be relatively minor members of the plant biomass-degrading microbial community, Geobacillus bacteria have achieved a significant population with a worldwide distribution, probably in large part due to adaptive features of their spores. First, their morphology and resistance properties enable them to be mobilized in the atmosphere and transported long distances. Second, their longevity, which in theory may be extreme, enables them to lie quiescent but viable for long periods of time, accumulating gradually over time to achieve surprisingly high population densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Zeigler
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Tarayre C, Brognaux A, Brasseur C, Bauwens J, Millet C, Mattéotti C, Destain J, Vandenbol M, Portetelle D, De Pauw E, Haubruge E, Francis F, Thonart P. Isolation and Cultivation of a Xylanolytic Bacillus subtilis Extracted from the Gut of the Termite Reticulitermes santonensis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:225-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 128:751-9. [PMID: 23246299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Second-generation feedstock, especially nonfood lignocellulosic biomass is a potential source for biofuel production. Cost-intensive physical, chemical, biological pretreatment operations and slow enzymatic hydrolysis make the overall process of lignocellulosic conversion into biofuels less economical than available fossil fuels. Lignocellulose conversions carried out at ≤ 50 °C have several limitations. Therefore, this review focuses on the importance of thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes to overcome the limitations of existing lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes. The influence of high temperatures on various existing lignocellulose conversion processes and those that are under development, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and extremophilic consolidated bioprocess are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
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44
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Lasrado LD, Gudipati M. Purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis grown on xylo-oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1978-83. [PMID: 23399247 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of oligosaccharides as prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota with an aim to improve the gut health. Though xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) have been increasingly used as prebiotics, information pertaining to the enzymes used by lactobacilli to degrade these substrates is scanty. Present investigation reports the purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis NCDC01 grown on XOS. Three sequential steps consisting of ultra-filtration, DEAE cellulose ion-exchange and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatographies were employed to purify the enzyme to apparent homogeneity and it was found to be monomeric on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of ~58.0 kDa. The pH and temperature optima were 6.0 and 40 °C respectively. The enzyme remained stable over a pH range of 5.5-7.5 and up to 50 °C for 30 min. Under optimum pH and temperature with p-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside as a substrate, the enzyme exhibited a K(m) of 0.87 mM. The enzyme does not require any metal ion for activity or stability but is completely inhibited by Hg(2+), Pb(2+), p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), oxalic acid and citric acid. This is perhaps the first report on the purification and characterization of β-D-xylosidase from Lactobacillus brevis NCDC01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyned D Lasrado
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
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Divalent metal activation of a GH43 β-xylosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 52:84-90. [PMID: 23273276 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Depolymerization of xylan, a major fraction of lignocellulosic biomass, releases xylose which can be converted into transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks. A requisite enzyme for the breakdown of xylan is β-xylosidase. A gene encoding the 324-amino acid β-xylosidase, RS223-BX, was cloned from an anaerobic mixed microbial culture. This glycoside hydrolase belongs to family 43. Unlike other GH43 enzymes, RS223-BX can be strongly activated by exogenously supplied Ca(2+), Co(2+), Fe(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+) and Ni(2+) (e.g., 28-fold by Mg(2+)) and it is inhibited by Cu(2+) or Zn(2+). Sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation experiments indicated that the divalent metal cations mediate multimerization of the enzyme from a dimeric to a tetrameric state, which have equal catalytic activity on an active-site basis. Compared to the determined active sites of other GH43 β-xylosidases, the predicted active site of RS223-BX contains two additional amino acids with carboxylated side chains that provide potential sites for divalent metal cations to reside. Thus, the divalent metal cations likely occupy the active site and participate in the catalytic mechanism. RS223-BX accepts as substrate xylobiose, arabinobiose, 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, and 4-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside. Additionally, the enzyme has good pH and temperature stabilities and a large K(i) for D-glucose (1.3 M), favorable properties for performance in saccharification reactors.
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Alkaline xylanases from Bacillus mojavensis A21: Production and generation of xylooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Graciano L, Corrêa JM, Gandra RF, Seixas FAV, Kadowaki MK, Sampaio SC, da Conceição Silva JL, Osaku CA, Simão RDCG. The cloning, expression, purification, characterization and modeled structure of Caulobacter crescentus β-Xylosidase I. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2879-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Assessment of the biomass hydrolysis potential in bacterial isolates from a volcanic environment: biosynthesis of the corresponding activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2889-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Bao L, Huang Q, Chang L, Sun Q, Zhou J, Lu H. Cloning and Characterization of Two β-Glucosidase/Xylosidase Enzymes from Yak Rumen Metagenome. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:72-86. [PMID: 22020745 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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50
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Akhavan Sepahy A, Ghazi S, Akhavan Sepahy M. Cost-Effective Production and Optimization of Alkaline Xylanase by Indigenous Bacillus mojavensis AG137 Fermented on Agricultural Waste. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:593624. [PMID: 21904670 PMCID: PMC3166571 DOI: 10.4061/2011/593624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A xylanase producer Bacillus mojavensis strain, called AG137, isolated from cotton farm (Kashan-Iran). The optimal xylanase activity reached at 55°C & pH 9.0. Enzyme yield was studied using a medium with different agricultural wastes as inducers. Xylanase production of about 249.308 IU/mL was achieved at pH 8 and 37°C, within 48 h submerged fermentation in enzyme production medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) oat bran as an optimum carbon source. A mixture of 1% (w/v) yeast extract and 1% (w/v) tryptone as optimum nitrogen sources, agitation speed 200 rpm, and inoculum size 2% (v/v) were the optimums for maximum production. Accordingly, xylanase yield from 194.68 IU/mL under non-optimized fermentation condition enhanced to 302.466 IU/mL in optimized condition. Screened xylanase is thermostable, presenting 70% stability at 60°C during 30 min. Further enzyme incubation in higher temperature caused a decrease in the residual enzyme activity, yet it retained 68%–50% of its activity after 1 hour from 45°C to 55°C. Besides, it is stable in pH 9 and 10, maintaining over 70% of its activity for 2 h. The enzyme also could preserve 71% and 63% of its initial activity after 3 hours of pre-incubation in the same alkaline condition. Produced xylanase therefore was introduced as an alkaline-active and stable one, displaying suitable thermostability feature, confirmed by HPLC analysis. Hence, all xylanase properties highlight its promising uses in industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Akhavan Sepahy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, 16 South Makran St., Heravi Sq., Pasdaran, Tehran 19585, Iran
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