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Gong H, Yan D, Cui Y, Li Y, Yang J, Yang W, Zhan R, Wan Q, Wang X, He H, Chen X, Lutkenhaus J, Yang X, Du S. The divisome is a self-enhancing machine in Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8198. [PMID: 39294118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
During bacterial cytokinesis, polymers of the bacterial tubulin FtsZ coalesce into the Z ring to orchestrate divisome assembly and septal cell wall synthesis. Previous studies have found that Z ring condensation and stability is critical for successful cell division. However, how FtsZ filaments condense into a Z ring remains enigmatic and whether septal cell wall synthesis can feedback to the Z ring has not been investigated. Here, we show that FtsZ-associated proteins (Zaps) play important roles in Z ring condensation and stability, and discover septal cell wall synthesis as a novel player for Z ring condensation and stabilization in Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus. Moreover, we find that the interaction between the Z ring membrane anchor, FtsA, and components of the septal cell wall synthetic complex are critical for septal cell wall synthesis-mediated Z ring condensation. Altogether, these findings suggest that the divisome is a self-enhancing machine in these two gram-negative bacteria, where the Z ring and the septal cell wall synthetic complex communicate with and reinforce each other to ensure robustness of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Environment Monitoring and Public Governance (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Yan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jize Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qianqian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinci Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haofeng He
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xinxing Yang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shishen Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polar Environment Monitoring and Public Governance (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Mediati DG, Blair TA, Costas A, Monahan LG, Söderström B, Charles IG, Duggin IG. Genetic requirements for uropathogenic E. coli proliferation in the bladder cell infection cycle. mSystems 2024:e0038724. [PMID: 39287381 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00387-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) requires an adaptable physiology to survive the wide range of environments experienced in the host, including gut and urinary tract surfaces. To identify UPEC genes required during intracellular infection, we developed a transposon-directed insertion-site sequencing approach for cellular infection models and searched for genes in a library of ~20,000 UTI89 transposon-insertion mutants that are specifically required at the distinct stages of infection of cultured bladder epithelial cells. Some of the bacterial functional requirements apparent in host bladder cell growth overlapped with those for M9-glycerol, notably nutrient utilization, polysaccharide and macromolecule precursor biosynthesis, and cell envelope stress tolerance. Two genes implicated in the intracellular bladder cell infection stage were confirmed through independent gene deletion studies: neuC (sialic acid capsule biosynthesis) and hisF (histidine biosynthesis). Distinct sets of UPEC genes were also implicated in bacterial dispersal, where UPEC erupts from bladder cells in highly filamentous or motile forms upon exposure to human urine, and during recovery from infection in a rich medium. We confirm that the dedD gene linked to septal peptidoglycan remodeling is required during UPEC dispersal from human bladder cells and may help stabilize cell division or the cell wall during envelope stress created by host cells. Our findings support a view that the host intracellular environment and infection cycle are multi-nutrient limited and create stress that demands an array of biosynthetic, cell envelope integrity, and biofilm-related functions of UPEC. IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most frequent infections worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which accounts for ~80% of UTIs, must rapidly adapt to highly variable host environments, such as the gut, bladder sub-surface, and urine. In this study, we searched for UPEC genes required for bacterial growth and survival throughout the cellular infection cycle. Genes required for de novo synthesis of biomolecules and cell envelope integrity appeared to be important, and other genes were also implicated in bacterial dispersal and recovery from infection of cultured bladder cells. With further studies of individual gene function, their potential as therapeutic targets may be realized. This study expands knowledge of the UTI cycle and establishes an approach to genome-wide functional analyses of stage-resolved microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Mediati
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Tamika A Blair
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Ariana Costas
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Leigh G Monahan
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Bill Söderström
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Iain G Duggin
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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3
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Pontejo SM, Martinez S, Zhao A, Barnes K, de Anda J, Alimohamadi H, Lee EY, Dishman AF, Volkman BF, Wong GCL, Garboczi DN, Ballesteros A, Murphy PM. Chemokines Kill Bacteria by Binding Anionic Phospholipids without Triggering Antimicrobial Resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.25.604863. [PMID: 39091850 PMCID: PMC11291121 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.25.604863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Classically, chemokines coordinate leukocyte trafficking during immune responses; however, many chemokines have also been reported to possess direct antibacterial activity in vitro. Yet, the bacterial killing mechanism of chemokines and the biochemical properties that define which members of the chemokine superfamily are antimicrobial remain poorly understood. Here we report that the antimicrobial activity of chemokines is defined by their ability to bind phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, two anionic phospholipids commonly found in the bacterial plasma membrane. We show that only chemokines able to bind these two phospholipids kill Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and that they exert rapid bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against E. coli with a higher potency than the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin 3. Furthermore, our data support that bacterial membrane cardiolipin facilitates the antimicrobial action of chemokines. Both biochemical and genetic interference with the chemokine-cardiolipin interaction impaired microbial growth arrest, bacterial killing, and membrane disruption by chemokines. Moreover, unlike conventional antibiotics, E. coli failed to develop resistance when placed under increasing antimicrobial chemokine pressure in vitro. Thus, we have identified cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol as novel binding partners for chemokines responsible for chemokine antimicrobial action. Our results provide proof of principle for developing chemokines as novel antibiotics resistant to bacterial antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
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4
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Jeong S, Singh H, Jung JH, Jung KW, Ryu S, Lim S. Comparative genomics of Deinococcus radiodurans: unveiling genetic discrepancies between ATCC 13939K and BAA-816 strains. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1410024. [PMID: 38962131 PMCID: PMC11219805 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1410024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Deinococcus genus is renowned for its remarkable resilience against environmental stresses, including ionizing radiation, desiccation, and oxidative damage. This resilience is attributed to its sophisticated DNA repair mechanisms and robust defense systems, enabling it to recover from extensive damage and thrive under extreme conditions. Central to Deinococcus research, the D. radiodurans strains ATCC BAA-816 and ATCC 13939 facilitate extensive studies into this remarkably resilient genus. This study focused on delineating genetic discrepancies between these strains by sequencing our laboratory's ATCC 13939 specimen (ATCC 13939K) and juxtaposing it with ATCC BAA-816. We uncovered 436 DNA sequence differences within ATCC 13939K, including 100 single nucleotide variations, 278 insertions, and 58 deletions, which could induce frameshifts altering protein-coding genes. Gene annotation revisions accounting for gene fusions and the reconciliation of gene lengths uncovered novel protein-coding genes and refined the functional categorizations of established ones. Additionally, the analysis pointed out genome structural variations due to insertion sequence (IS) elements, underscoring the D. radiodurans genome's plasticity. Notably, ATCC 13939K exhibited a loss of six ISDra2 elements relative to BAA-816, restoring genes fragmented by ISDra2, such as those encoding for α/β hydrolase and serine protease, and revealing new open reading frames, including genes imperative for acetoin decomposition. This comparative genomic study offers vital insights into the metabolic capabilities and resilience strategies of D. radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Jeong
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, India
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Biotechnology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiation Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Alcorlo M, Martínez-Caballero S, Li J, Sham LT, Luo M, Hermoso JA. Modulation of the lytic apparatus by the FtsEX complex within the bacterial division machinery. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38849310 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The FtsEX membrane complex constitutes an essential component of the ABC transporter superfamily, widely distributed among bacterial species. It governs peptidoglycan degradation for cell division, acting as a signal transmitter rather than a substrate transporter. Through the ATPase activity of FtsE, it facilitates signal transmission from the cytosol across the membrane to the periplasm, activating associated peptidoglycan hydrolases. This review concentrates on the latest structural advancements elucidating the architecture of the FtsEX complex and its interplay with lytic enzymes or regulatory counterparts. The revealed three-dimensional structures unveil a landscape wherein a precise array of intermolecular interactions, preserved across diverse bacterial species, afford meticulous spatial and temporal control over the cell division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Alcorlo
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Siseth Martínez-Caballero
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Chen Y, Gu J, Yang B, Yang L, Pang J, Luo Q, Li Y, Li D, Deng Z, Dong C, Dong H, Zhang Z. Structure and activity of the septal peptidoglycan hydrolysis machinery crucial for bacterial cell division. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002628. [PMID: 38814940 PMCID: PMC11139282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan (PG) layer is a critical component of the bacterial cell wall and serves as an important target for antibiotics in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The hydrolysis of septal PG (sPG) is a crucial step of bacterial cell division, facilitated by FtsEX through an amidase activation system. In this study, we present the cryo-EM structures of Escherichia coli FtsEX and FtsEX-EnvC in the ATP-bound state at resolutions of 3.05 Å and 3.11 Å, respectively. Our PG degradation assays in E. coli reveal that the ATP-bound conformation of FtsEX activates sPG hydrolysis of EnvC-AmiB, whereas EnvC-AmiB alone exhibits autoinhibition. Structural analyses indicate that ATP binding induces conformational changes in FtsEX-EnvC, leading to significant differences from the apo state. Furthermore, PG degradation assays of AmiB mutants confirm that the regulation of AmiB by FtsEX-EnvC is achieved through the interaction between EnvC-AmiB. These findings not only provide structural insight into the mechanism of sPG hydrolysis and bacterial cell division, but also have implications for the development of novel therapeutics targeting drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatian Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayue Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danyang Li
- The Cryo-EM Center, Core facility of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjiang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Radler P, Loose M. A dynamic duo: Understanding the roles of FtsZ and FtsA for Escherichia coli cell division through in vitro approaches. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151380. [PMID: 38218128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria divide by binary fission. The protein machine responsible for this process is the divisome, a transient assembly of more than 30 proteins in and on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. Together, they constrict the cell envelope and remodel the peptidoglycan layer to eventually split the cell into two. For Escherichia coli, most molecular players involved in this process have probably been identified, but obtaining the quantitative information needed for a mechanistic understanding can often not be achieved from experiments in vivo alone. Since the discovery of the Z-ring more than 30 years ago, in vitro reconstitution experiments have been crucial to shed light on molecular processes normally hidden in the complex environment of the living cell. In this review, we summarize how rebuilding the divisome from purified components - or at least parts of it - have been instrumental to obtain the detailed mechanistic understanding of the bacterial cell division machinery that we have today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Radler
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria.
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Wang H, Mi Q, Mao Y, Tan Y, Yang M, Liu W, Wang N, Tian X, Huang L. Streptothricin-F Inhibition of FtsZ Function: A Promising Approach for Controlling Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2624-2633. [PMID: 38277222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a significant pathogenic bacterium affecting the kiwifruit industry. This study investigated the target sites of streptothricin-F (ST-F), produced by Streptomyces lavendulae gCLA4. The inhibition of ST-F on Psa was examined by the microscopic structural differences of Psa before and after treatment with ST-F, as well as the interaction between ST-F and cell division-related proteins. The results revealed filamentation of Psa after ST-F treatment, and fluorescence microscopy showed that ST-F inhibited the formation of the Z-ring composed of FtsZ protein. In vitro experiments and molecular docking demonstrated that ST-F can bind to FtsZ with a binding energy of 0.4 μM and inhibit FtsZ's GTP-dependent polymerization reaction. In addition, ST-F does not exert inhibitory effects on cell division in Psa strains overexpressing ftsZ. In conclusion, FtsZ is one of the target sites for ST-F inhibition of Psa, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for controlling Psa-induced kiwifruit bacterial canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yiru Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yunxiao Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Nana Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi Province 712100, P. R. China
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9
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Hao A, Suo Y, Lee SY. Structural insights into the FtsEX-EnvC complex regulation on septal peptidoglycan hydrolysis in Vibrio cholerae. Structure 2024; 32:188-199.e5. [PMID: 38070498 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
During bacterial cell division, hydrolysis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) is crucial for cell separation. This sPG hydrolysis is performed by the enzyme amidases whose activity is regulated by the integral membrane protein complex FtsEX-EnvC. FtsEX is an ATP-binding cassette transporter, and EnvC is a long coiled-coil protein that interacts with and activates the amidases. The molecular mechanism by which the FtsEX-EnvC complex activates amidases remains largely unclear. We present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the FtsEX-EnvC complex from the pathogenic bacteria V. cholerae (FtsEX-EnvCVC). FtsEX-EnvCVC in the presence of ADP adopts a distinct conformation where EnvC is "horizontally extended" rather than "vertically extended". Subsequent structural studies suggest that EnvC can swing between these conformations in space in a nucleotide-dependent manner. Our structural analysis and functional studies suggest that FtsEX-EnvCVC employs spatial control of EnvC for amidase activation, providing mechanistic insights into the FtsEX-EnvC regulation on septal peptidoglycan hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Hao
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yang Suo
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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10
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Gómez Borrego J, Torrent Burgas M. Structural assembly of the bacterial essential interactome. eLife 2024; 13:e94919. [PMID: 38226900 PMCID: PMC10863985 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of protein interactions in living organisms is fundamental for understanding biological processes and central metabolic pathways. Yet, our knowledge of the bacterial interactome remains limited. Here, we combined gene deletion mutant analysis with deep-learning protein folding using AlphaFold2 to predict the core bacterial essential interactome. We predicted and modeled 1402 interactions between essential proteins in bacteria and generated 146 high-accuracy models. Our analysis reveals previously unknown details about the assembly mechanisms of these complexes, highlighting the importance of specific structural features in their stability and function. Our work provides a framework for predicting the essential interactomes of bacteria and highlight the potential of deep-learning algorithms in advancing our understanding of the complex biology of living organisms. Also, the results presented here offer a promising approach to identify novel antibiotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gómez Borrego
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | - Marc Torrent Burgas
- Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biosciences Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del VallèsSpain
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11
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Li J, Xu X, Shi J, Hermoso JA, Sham LT, Luo M. Regulation of the cell division hydrolase RipC by the FtsEX system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7999. [PMID: 38044344 PMCID: PMC10694151 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The FtsEX complex regulates, directly or via a protein mediator depending on bacterial genera, peptidoglycan degradation for cell division. In mycobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, the FtsEX system directly activates peptidoglycan-hydrolases by a mechanism that remains unclear. Here we report our investigation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis FtsEX as a non-canonical regulator with high basal ATPase activity. The cryo-EM structures of the FtsEX system alone and in complex with RipC, as well as the ATP-activated state, unveil detailed information on the signal transduction mechanism, leading to the activation of RipC. Our findings indicate that RipC is recognized through a "Match and Fit" mechanism, resulting in an asymmetric rearrangement of the extracellular domains of FtsX and a unique inclined binding mode of RipC. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of FtsEX and RipC regulation in the context of a critical human pathogen, guiding the design of drugs targeting peptidoglycan remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Shi
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física "Blas Cabrera", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Zhao X, Xu D, Xia W, Hu M, Peng X, Liu X, Ran T, Wang W. Multicopy expression of sigma factor RpoH reduces prodigiosin biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens FS14. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:1197-1208. [PMID: 37728826 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of prodigiosin biosynthesis is received wide attention due to the antimicrobial, immunosuppressive and anticancer activities of prodigiosin. Here, we constructed a transposon mutant library in S. marcescens FS14 to identify genes involved in the regulation of prodigiosin biosynthesis. 62 strains with apparently different colors were obtained. Identification of the transposon insertion sites revealed that they are classified into three groups: the coding region of cyaA and two component system eepS/R and the promoter region of rpoH. Since the effect of cyaA and eepS/R genes on prodigiosin was extensively investigated in Serratia marcescens, we chose the mutant of rpoH for further investigation. Further deletion mutation of rpoH gene showed no effect on prodigiosin production suggesting that the effect on prodigiosin production caused by transposon insertion is not due to the deletion of RpoH. We further demonstrated that multicopy expression of RpoH reduced prodigiosin biosynthesis indicating that transposon insertion caused RpoH enhanced expression. Previous results indicate that RpoS is the sigma factor for transcription of pig gene cluster in FS14, to test whether the enhanced expression of RpoH prevents prodigiosin by competing with RpoS, we found that multicopy expression of RpoS could alleviate the prodigiosin production inhibition by enhanced RpoH. We proposed that multicopy expressed RpoH competes with RpoS for core RNA polymerase (RNAP) resulting in decreased transcription of pig gene cluster and prodigiosin production reduction. We also demonstrated that RpoH is not directly involved in prodigiosin biosynthesis. Our results suggest that manipulating the transcription level of sigma factors may be applied to regulate the production of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiao Xia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghua Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuede Peng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences,, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Harpring M, Cox JV. Plasticity in the cell division processes of obligate intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1205488. [PMID: 37876871 PMCID: PMC10591338 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1205488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria divide through a highly conserved process called binary fission, in which there is symmetric growth of daughter cells and the synthesis of peptidoglycan at the mid-cell to enable cytokinesis. During this process, the parental cell replicates its chromosomal DNA and segregates replicated chromosomes into the daughter cells. The mechanisms that regulate binary fission have been extensively studied in several model organisms, including Eschericia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Caulobacter crescentus. These analyses have revealed that a multi-protein complex called the divisome forms at the mid-cell to enable peptidoglycan synthesis and septation during division. In addition, rod-shaped bacteria form a multi-protein complex called the elongasome that drives sidewall peptidoglycan synthesis necessary for the maintenance of rod shape and the lengthening of the cell prior to division. In adapting to their intracellular niche, the obligate intracellular bacteria discussed here have eliminated one to several of the divisome gene products essential for binary fission in E. coli. In addition, genes that encode components of the elongasome, which were mostly lost as rod-shaped bacteria evolved into coccoid organisms, have been retained during the reductive evolutionary process that some coccoid obligate intracellular bacteria have undergone. Although the precise molecular mechanisms that regulate the division of obligate intracellular bacteria remain undefined, the studies summarized here indicate that obligate intracellular bacteria exhibit remarkable plasticity in their cell division processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John V. Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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14
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Xu X, Li J, Chua WZ, Pages MA, Shi J, Hermoso JA, Bernhardt T, Sham LT, Luo M. Mechanistic insights into the regulation of cell wall hydrolysis by FtsEX and EnvC at the bacterial division site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301897120. [PMID: 37186861 PMCID: PMC10214136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301897120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall produced by the bacterial division machinery is initially shared between the daughters and must be split to promote cell separation and complete division. In gram-negative bacteria, enzymes that cleave PG called amidases play major roles in the separation process. To prevent spurious cell wall cleavage that can lead to cell lysis, amidases like AmiB are autoinhibited by a regulatory helix. Autoinhibition is relieved at the division site by the activator EnvC, which is in turn regulated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-like complex called FtsEX. EnvC is also known to be autoinhibited by a regulatory helix (RH), but how its activity is modulated by FtsEX and the mechanism by which it activates the amidases have remained unclear. Here, we investigated this regulation by determining the structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FtsEX alone with or without bound ATP, in complex with EnvC, and in a FtsEX-EnvC-AmiB supercomplex. In combination with biochemical studies, the structures reveal that ATP binding is likely to activate FtsEX-EnvC and promote its association with AmiB. Furthermore, the AmiB activation mechanism is shown to involve a RH rearrangement. In the activated state of the complex, the inhibitory helix of EnvC is released, freeing it to associate with the RH of AmiB, which liberates its active site for PG cleavage. These regulatory helices are found in many EnvC proteins and amidases throughout gram-negative bacteria, suggesting that the activation mechanism is broadly conserved and a potential target for lysis-inducing antibiotics that misregulate the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543
| | - Wan-Zhen Chua
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545, Singapore
| | - Martin A. Pages
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Jian Shi
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore117543
| | - Juan A. Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Thomas Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- HHMI, MA02115, Boston
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore117545, Singapore
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore117543
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore117543
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15
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Computational Analysis of the Ligand-Binding Sites of the Molecular Chaperone OppA from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044023. [PMID: 36835435 PMCID: PMC9967938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of chaperones is to correct or degrade misfolded proteins inside the cell. Classic molecular chaperones such as GroEL and DnaK have not been found in the periplasm of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some periplasmic substrate-binding proteins could be bifunctional, such as OppA. Using bioinformatic tools, we try to elucidate the nature of the interactions between OppA and ligands from four proteins with different oligomeric states. Using the crystal structure of the proteins Mal12 alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C, LDH rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase, EcoRI endonuclease from Escherichia coli and THG Geotrichum candidum lipase, a hundred models were obtained in total, including five different ligands from each enzyme with five conformations of each ligand. The best values for Mal12 stem from ligands 4 and 5, with conformation 5 for both; for LDH, ligands 1 and 4, with conformations 2 and 4, respectively; for EcoRI, ligands 3 and 5, with conformation 1 for both; and for THG, ligands 2 and 3, with conformation 1 for both. The interactions were analyzed with LigProt, and the length of the hydrogen bridges has an average of 2.8 to 3.0 Å. The interaction within the OppA pocket is energetically favored due to the formation of hydrogen bonds both of OppA and of the selected enzymes. The Asp 419 residue is important in these junctions.
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16
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Disparate Regions of the Human Chemokine CXCL10 Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity against Biodefense and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 9:122-139. [PMID: 36475632 PMCID: PMC9841529 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCL10 is a pro-inflammatory chemokine produced by the host in response to microbial infection. In addition to canonical, receptor-dependent actions affecting immune-cell migration and activation, CXCL10 has also been found to directly kill a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Prior investigations suggest that the bactericidal effects of CXCL10 occur through two distinct pathways that compromise the cell envelope. These observations raise the intriguing notion that CXCL10 features a separable pair of antimicrobial domains. Herein, we affirm this possibility through peptide-based mapping and structure/function analyses, which demonstrate that discrete peptides derived from the N- and C-terminal regions of CXCL10 mediate bacterial killing. The N-terminal derivative, peptide P1, exhibited marked antimicrobial activity against Bacillus anthracis vegetative bacilli and spores, as well as antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus, among others. At bactericidal concentrations, peptide P1 had a minimal degree of chemotactic activity, but did not cause red blood cell hemolysis or cytotoxic effects against primary human cells. The C-terminal derivative, peptide P9, exhibited antimicrobial effects, but only against Gram-negative bacteria in low-salt medium─conditions under which the peptide can adopt an α-helical conformation. The introduction of a hydrocarbon staple induced and stabilized α-helicity; accordingly, stapled peptide P9 displayed significantly improved bactericidal effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in media containing physiologic levels of salt. Together, our findings identify and characterize the antimicrobial regions of CXCL10 and functionalize these novel determinants as discrete peptides with potential therapeutic utility against difficult-to-treat pathogens.
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17
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Lamanna MM, Manzoor I, Joseph M, Ye ZA, Benedet M, Zanardi A, Ren Z, Wang X, Massidda O, Tsui HT, Winkler ME. Roles of RodZ and class A PBP1b in the assembly and regulation of the peripheral peptidoglycan elongasome in ovoid-shaped cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:336-368. [PMID: 36001060 PMCID: PMC9804626 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RodZ of rod-shaped bacteria functions to link MreB filaments to the Rod peptidoglycan (PG) synthase complex that moves circumferentially perpendicular to the long cell axis, creating hoop-like sidewall PG. Ovoid-shaped bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus; Spn) that lack MreB, use a different modality for peripheral PG elongation that emanates from the midcell of dividing cells. Yet, S. pneumoniae encodes a RodZ homolog similar to RodZ in rod-shaped bacteria. We show here that the helix-turn-helix and transmembrane domains of RodZ(Spn) are essential for growth at 37°C. ΔrodZ mutations are suppressed by Δpbp1a, mpgA(Y488D), and ΔkhpA mutations that suppress ΔmreC, but not ΔcozE. Consistent with a role in PG elongation, RodZ(Spn) co-localizes with MreC and aPBP1a throughout the cell cycle and forms complexes and interacts with PG elongasome proteins and regulators. Depletion of RodZ(Spn) results in aberrantly shaped, non-growing cells and mislocalization of elongasome proteins MreC, PBP2b, and RodA. Moreover, Tn-seq reveals that RodZ(Spn), but not MreCD(Spn), displays a specific synthetic-viable genetic relationship with aPBP1b, whose function is unknown. We conclude that RodZ(Spn) acts as a scaffolding protein required for elongasome assembly and function and that aPBP1b, like aPBP1a, plays a role in elongasome regulation and possibly peripheral PG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Lamanna
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Irfan Manzoor
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Merrin Joseph
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Ziyun A. Ye
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Mattia Benedet
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Alessia Zanardi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Zhongqing Ren
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Xindan Wang
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Orietta Massidda
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO)University of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Ho‐Ching T. Tsui
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Malcolm E. Winkler
- Department of BiologyIndiana University BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
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18
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Männik J, Pichoff S, Lutkenhaus J, Männik J. Cell Cycle-Dependent Recruitment of FtsN to the Divisome in Escherichia coli. mBio 2022; 13:e0201722. [PMID: 35968943 PMCID: PMC9426451 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02017-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in Escherichia coli starts with the formation of an FtsZ protofilament network at midcell, the Z ring. However, only after a considerable lag period does the cell start to form a midcell constriction. The onset of constriction depends upon the arrival of so-called late divisome proteins, among which, FtsN is the last essential one. The timing and dependency of FtsN arrival to the divisome, along with genetic evidence, suggests it triggers cell division. In this study, we used high-throughput fluorescence microscopy to determine the arrival of FtsN and the early divisome protein ZapA to midcell at a single-cell level during the cell cycle. Our data show while the recruitment of ZapA/FtsZ is gradual in the cell cycle, recruitment of FtsN is rapid and begins at about the onset of constriction. At this time, the fraction of ZapA/FtsZ in the Z ring approaches its peak value. We also find a second increase in FtsN recruitment to the divisome, which begins once the amount of ZapA/FtsZ at midcell starts decreasing. Increasing hypermorphic FtsA* (FtsA R286W), but not FtsA, accelerates FtsN recruitment but not constriction. This finding is consistent with FtsA* recruiting FtsN with some other divisome component being rate-limiting for constriction under these conditions. Finally, our data support the recently proposed idea that ZapA/FtsZ and FtsN are part of physically separate complexes in midcell throughout the whole septation process. IMPORTANCE Cell division in most bacteria starts with the formation of an FtsZ protofilament network at midcell, the Z ring. However, cells only start to constrict after a considerable lag. A factor thought to trigger the onset of constriction in Escherichia coli is FtsN, which is the last essential protein to be recruited to the Z ring. Using a high-throughput quantitative fluorescence microscopy, we determine the cell cycle-dependent recruitment of FtsN to the Z ring. Our data show rapid accumulation of FtsN to the Z ring about a quarter of the cell cycle after the formation of the Z ring. This initial wave is followed by another increase in FtsN recruitment once the FtsZ protofilament network starts to disassemble. The presence of FtsA* accelerates FtsN recruitment to the Z ring but does not lead to earlier constrictions. Our data furthermore suggest FtsZ and FtsN are part of physically separate complexes throughout the division process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Männik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sebastien Pichoff
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jaan Männik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Hammond LR, Sacco MD, Khan SJ, Spanoudis C, Hough-Neidig A, Chen Y, Eswara PJ. GpsB Coordinates Cell Division and Cell Surface Decoration by Wall Teichoic Acids in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0141322. [PMID: 35647874 PMCID: PMC9241681 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01413-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is a complex and highly regulated process requiring the coordination of many different proteins. Despite substantial work in model organisms, our understanding of the systems regulating cell division in noncanonical organisms, including critical human pathogens, is far from complete. One such organism is Staphylococcus aureus, a spherical bacterium that lacks known cell division regulatory proteins. Recent studies on GpsB, a protein conserved within the Firmicutes phylum, have provided insight into cell division regulation in S. aureus and other related organisms. It has been revealed that GpsB coordinates cell division and cell wall synthesis in multiple species. In S. aureus, we have previously shown that GpsB directly regulates FtsZ polymerization. In this study, using Bacillus subtilis as a tool, we isolated spontaneous suppressors that abrogate the lethality of S. aureus GpsB overproduction in B. subtilis. Through characterization, we identified several residues important for the function of GpsB. Furthermore, we discovered an additional role for GpsB in wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis in S. aureus. Specifically, we show that GpsB directly interacts with the WTA export protein TarG. We also identified a region in GpsB that is crucial for this interaction. Analysis of TarG localization in S. aureus suggests that WTA machinery is part of the divisome complex. Taken together, this research illustrates how GpsB performs an essential function in S. aureus by directly linking the tightly regulated cell cycle processes of cell division and WTA-mediated cell surface decoration. IMPORTANCE Cytokinesis in bacteria involves an intricate orchestration of several key cell division proteins and other factors involved in building a robust cell envelope. Presence of teichoic acids is a signature characteristic of the Gram-positive cell wall. By characterizing the role of Staphylococcus aureus GpsB, an essential cell division protein in this organism, we have uncovered an additional role for GpsB in wall teichoic acid (WTA) biosynthesis. We show that GpsB directly interacts with TarG of the WTA export complex. We also show that this function of GpsB may be conserved in other GpsB homologs as GpsB and the WTA exporter complex follow similar localization patterns. It has been suggested that WTA acts as a molecular signal to control the activity of autolytic enzymes, especially during the separation of conjoined daughter cells. Thus, our results reveal that GpsB, in addition to playing a role in cell division, may also help coordinate WTA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Michael D. Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sebastian J. Khan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Catherine Spanoudis
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Abigail Hough-Neidig
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Prahathees J. Eswara
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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20
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Boelter G, Bryant JA, Doherty H, Wotherspoon P, Alodaini D, Ma X, Alao MB, Moynihan PJ, Moradigaravand D, Glinkowska M, Knowles TJ, Henderson IR, Banzhaf M. The lipoprotein DolP affects cell separation in Escherichia coli, but not as an upstream regulator of NlpD. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35604759 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial amidases are essential to split the shared envelope of adjunct daughter cells to allow cell separation. Their activity needs to be precisely controlled to prevent cell lysis. In Escherichia coli, amidase activity is controlled by three regulatory proteins NlpD, EnvC and ActS. However, recent studies linked the outer membrane lipoprotein DolP (formerly YraP) as a potential upstream regulator of NlpD. In this study we explored this link in further detail. To our surprise DolP did not modulate amidase activity in vitro and was unable to interact with NlpD in pull-down and MST (MicroScale Thermophoresis) assays. Next, we excluded the hypothesis that ΔdolP phenocopied ΔnlpD in a range of envelope stresses. However, morphological analysis of double deletion mutants of amidases (AmiA, AmiB AmiC) and amidase regulators with dolP revealed that ΔamiAΔdolP and ΔenvCΔdolP mutants display longer chain length compared to their parental strains indicating a role for DolP in cell division. Overall, we present evidence that DolP does not affect NlpD function in vitro, implying that DolP is not an upstream regulator of NlpD. However, DolP may impact daughter cell separation by interacting directly with AmiA or AmiC, or by a yet undiscovered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Boelter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jack A Bryant
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah Doherty
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Wotherspoon
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dema Alodaini
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xuyu Ma
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Micheal B Alao
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrick J Moynihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Danesh Moradigaravand
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Monika Glinkowska
- Department of Bacterial Molecular Genetics, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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21
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Xu M, Wang W, Wright GD. Glycopeptide antibiotic discovery in the genomic era. Methods Enzymol 2022; 665:325-346. [PMID: 35379441 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. There is a continuous need for new antibiotics, including GPAs, to address emerging resistance and offer desirable pharmacological profiles for improved efficacy. Microbial natural products are proven sources of antibiotics, and this source has dominated drug discovery over the past century. Bacteria from the phylum Actinobacteria are particularly renowned for producing a diverse range of bioactive natural products including glycopeptide antibiotics. The traditional approach to mining this resource is through the culture and extraction of natural products followed by assay for cell-killing activity. Unfortunately, this method no longer efficiently yields new antibiotic leads, delivering instead known compounds. Whole-genome sequencing programs on the other hand are revealing thousands of unexplored natural product biosynthetic gene clusters in the chromosomes of Actinobacteria. These gene clusters encode the necessary enzymes, transport and resistance mechanisms, along with regulatory elements for the biosynthesis of a variety of antibiotics. Identification of uncharacterized or cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters to unlock the chemical "dark matter" represents a new direction for the discovery of new drug candidates. This chapter discusses the identification of glycopeptide antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters in microbial genomes, the improved production of these antibiotics using the GPAHex synthetic biology platform, and methods for their purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wenliang Wang
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Center for Antibiotic Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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22
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Alcorlo M, Martínez-Caballero S, Molina R, Hermoso JA. Regulation of Lytic Machineries by the FtsEX Complex in the Bacterial Divisome. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:285-315. [PMID: 36151380 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The essential membrane complex FtsE/FtsX (FtsEX), belonging to the ABC transporter superfamily and widespread among bacteria, plays a relevant function in some crucial cell wall remodeling processes such as cell division, elongation, or sporulation. FtsEX plays a double role by recruiting proteins to the divisome apparatus and by regulating lytic activity of the cell wall hydrolases required for daughter cell separation. Interestingly, FtsEX does not act as a transporter but uses the ATPase activity of FtsE to mechanically transmit a signal from the cytosol, through the membrane, to the periplasm that activates the attached hydrolases. While the complete molecular details of such mechanism are not yet known, evidence has been recently reported that clarify essential aspects of this complex system. In this chapter we will present recent structural advances on this topic. The three-dimensional structure of FtsE, FtsX, and some of the lytic enzymes or their cognate regulators revealed an unexpected scenario in which a delicate set of intermolecular interactions, conserved among different bacterial genera, could be at the core of this regulatory mechanism providing exquisite control in both space and time of this central process to assist bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Alcorlo
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Siseth Martínez-Caballero
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Chemistry of Biomacromolecules, Universidade Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Molina
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Briggs NS, Bruce KE, Naskar S, Winkler ME, Roper DI. The Pneumococcal Divisome: Dynamic Control of Streptococcus pneumoniae Cell Division. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737396. [PMID: 34737730 PMCID: PMC8563077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is performed and regulated by a protein complex consisting of at least 14 different protein elements; known as the divisome. Recent findings have advanced our understanding of the molecular events surrounding this process and have provided new understanding of the mechanisms that occur during the division of pneumococcus. This review will provide an overview of the key protein complexes and how they are involved in cell division. We will discuss the interaction of proteins in the divisome complex that underpin the control mechanisms for cell division and cell wall synthesis and remodelling that are required in S. pneumoniae, including the involvement of virulence factors and capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Briggs
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin E. Bruce
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Souvik Naskar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm E. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - David I. Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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24
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Wysocka A, Jagielska E, Łężniak Ł, Sabała I. Two New M23 Peptidoglycan Hydrolases With Distinct Net Charge. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719689. [PMID: 34630350 PMCID: PMC8498115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases play an essential role in cell wall metabolism during bacterial growth, division, and elongation (autolysins) or in the elimination of closely related species from the same ecological niche (bacteriocins). Most studies concerning the peptidoglycan hydrolases present in Gram-positive bacteria have focused on clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus or the model organism Bacillus subtilis, while knowledge relating to other species remains limited. Here, we report two new peptidoglycan hydrolases from the M23 family of metallopeptidases derived from the same staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi. They share modular architecture, significant sequence identity (60%), catalytic and binding residue conservation, and similar modes of activation, but differ in gene distribution, putative biological role, and, strikingly, in their isoelectric points (pIs). One of the peptides has a high pI, similar to that reported for all M23 peptidases evaluated to date, whereas the other displays a low pI, a unique feature among M23 peptidases. Consequently, we named them SpM23_B (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi M23 "Basic") and SpM23_A (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi M23 "Acidic"). Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we have characterized these two novel lytic enzymes, both in vitro and in their physiological context. Our study presents a detailed characterization of two novel and clearly distinct peptidoglycan hydrolases to understand their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wysocka
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jagielska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łężniak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sabała
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Oswald J, Njenga R, Natriashvili A, Sarmah P, Koch HG. The Dynamic SecYEG Translocon. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:664241. [PMID: 33937339 PMCID: PMC8082313 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.664241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal coordination of protein transport is an essential cornerstone of the bacterial adaptation to different environmental conditions. By adjusting the protein composition of extra-cytosolic compartments, like the inner and outer membranes or the periplasmic space, protein transport mechanisms help shaping protein homeostasis in response to various metabolic cues. The universally conserved SecYEG translocon acts at the center of bacterial protein transport and mediates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into and across the cytoplasmic membrane. The ability of the SecYEG translocon to transport an enormous variety of different substrates is in part determined by its ability to interact with multiple targeting factors, chaperones and accessory proteins. These interactions are crucial for the assisted passage of newly synthesized proteins from the cytosol into the different bacterial compartments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about SecYEG-mediated protein transport, primarily in the model organism Escherichia coli, and describe the dynamic interaction of the SecYEG translocon with its multiple partner proteins. We furthermore highlight how protein transport is regulated and explore recent developments in using the SecYEG translocon as an antimicrobial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZMBZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Njenga
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZMBZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Natriashvili
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZMBZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pinku Sarmah
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZMBZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZMBZ), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Ranava D, Yang Y, Orenday-Tapia L, Rousset F, Turlan C, Morales V, Cui L, Moulin C, Froment C, Munoz G, Rech J, Marcoux J, Caumont-Sarcos A, Albenne C, Bikard D, Ieva R. Lipoprotein DolP supports proper folding of BamA in the bacterial outer membrane promoting fitness upon envelope stress. eLife 2021; 10:67817. [PMID: 33847565 PMCID: PMC8081527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Proteobacteria, integral outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are crucial for the maintenance of the envelope permeability barrier to some antibiotics and detergents. In Enterobacteria, envelope stress caused by unfolded OMPs activates the sigmaE (σE) transcriptional response. σE upregulates OMP biogenesis factors, including the β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) that catalyses OMP folding. Here we report that DolP (formerly YraP), a σE-upregulated and poorly understood outer membrane lipoprotein, is crucial for fitness in cells that undergo envelope stress. We demonstrate that DolP interacts with the BAM complex by associating with outer membrane-assembled BamA. We provide evidence that DolP is important for proper folding of BamA that overaccumulates in the outer membrane, thus supporting OMP biogenesis and envelope integrity. Notably, mid-cell recruitment of DolP had been linked to regulation of septal peptidoglycan remodelling by an unknown mechanism. We now reveal that, during envelope stress, DolP loses its association with the mid-cell, thereby suggesting a mechanistic link between envelope stress caused by impaired OMP biogenesis and the regulation of a late step of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ranava
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yiying Yang
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Luis Orenday-Tapia
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Rousset
- Synthetic Biology Group, Microbiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Turlan
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Violette Morales
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lun Cui
- Synthetic Biology Group, Microbiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Moulin
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Froment
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Munoz
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Rech
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Marcoux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Caumont-Sarcos
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - David Bikard
- Synthetic Biology Group, Microbiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Raffaele Ieva
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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27
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Zeng Y, Charkowski AO. The Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in Bacterial Phytopathogenesis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:600-610. [PMID: 33225831 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0212-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria use selective membrane transporting strategies to support cell survival in different environments. Of the membrane transport systems, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to deliver substrate across the cytoplasmic membrane, are the largest and most diverse superfamily. These transporters import nutrients, export molecules, and are required for diverse cell functions, including cell division and morphology, gene regulation, surface motility, chemotaxis, and interspecies competition. Phytobacterial pathogens encode numerous ABC transporter homologs compared with related nonphytopathogens, with up to 160 transporters per genome, suggesting that plant pathogens must be able to import or respond to a greater number of molecules compared with saprophytes or animal pathogens. Despite their importance, ABC transporters have been little examined in plant pathogens. To understand bacterial phytopathogenesis and evolution, we need to understand the roles that ABC transporters play in plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we outline a multitude of roles that bacterial ABC transporters play, using both plant and animal pathogens as examples, to emphasize the importance of exploring these transporters in phytobacteriology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Amy O Charkowski
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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28
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Yang Y, Fang A, Feng K, Liu B, Xie G, Li H, Xing D. Mini-metagenome analysis of psychrophilic electroactive biofilms based on single cell sorting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144328. [PMID: 33360470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic function of psychrophilic electroactive bacteria is important for the investigation of extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanisms under low temperatures (4-15 °C). In this study, Raman activated cell ejection coupled high throughput sequencing was used to accurately generate a mini-metagenome of psychrophilic bacterial community. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the Raman spectrum could accurately select the target Geobacter cluster. The high relative abundance of the membrane transport functional genes ftsEX in the biofilm community indicated an adaptation to reduced temperature, which aided survival of the electroactive bacteria under low temperature. The basal metabolism such as citrate cycle and glycolytic pathway maintained the electron pool for the EET process. The identification of iron (III) transport system genes in high abundance indicated their presence in an active metabolic reaction for potential electron transfer process. It showed the potential involvement c-type cytochromes (coxA and cox1) activity in EET. These results indicated that psychrophilic Geobacter had effective EET mediated by c-type cytochromes at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Anran Fang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guojun Xie
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hang Li
- HOOKE Instruments Ltd., 130033 Changchun, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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29
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Ducret A, Grangeasse C. Recent progress in our understanding of peptidoglycan assembly in Firmicutes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 60:44-50. [PMID: 33588129 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Years of intense research have shown that the assembly of peptidoglycan, the extracellular mesh-like polymer surrounding the bacterial cell, is incredibly complex. It requires a suite of reactions catalyzed by dynamic macromolecular protein complexes whose localization and activity should be finely regulated in space and time. In this review, we focus on the main developments reported over the last five years for the assembly of peptidoglycan in Firmicutes, a bacterial phylum that comprises monoderm bacteria and that encompasses well studied bacterial models with different cell shapes and lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Ducret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France.
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30
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Meunier A, Cornet F, Campos M. Bacterial cell proliferation: from molecules to cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa046. [PMID: 32990752 PMCID: PMC7794046 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell proliferation is highly efficient, both because bacteria grow fast and multiply with a low failure rate. This efficiency is underpinned by the robustness of the cell cycle and its synchronization with cell growth and cytokinesis. Recent advances in bacterial cell biology brought about by single-cell physiology in microfluidic chambers suggest a series of simple phenomenological models at the cellular scale, coupling cell size and growth with the cell cycle. We contrast the apparent simplicity of these mechanisms based on the addition of a constant size between cell cycle events (e.g. two consecutive initiation of DNA replication or cell division) with the complexity of the underlying regulatory networks. Beyond the paradigm of cell cycle checkpoints, the coordination between the DNA and division cycles and cell growth is largely mediated by a wealth of other mechanisms. We propose our perspective on these mechanisms, through the prism of the known crosstalk between DNA replication and segregation, cell division and cell growth or size. We argue that the precise knowledge of these molecular mechanisms is critical to integrate the diverse layers of controls at different time and space scales into synthetic and verifiable models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Meunier
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative de Toulouse (CBI Toulouse), Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IBCG, 165 rue Marianne Grunberg-Manago, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - François Cornet
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative de Toulouse (CBI Toulouse), Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IBCG, 165 rue Marianne Grunberg-Manago, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Manuel Campos
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative de Toulouse (CBI Toulouse), Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires (LMGM), Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IBCG, 165 rue Marianne Grunberg-Manago, 31062 Toulouse, France
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31
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Perez AJ, Boersma MJ, Bruce KE, Lamanna MM, Shaw SL, Tsui HCT, Taguchi A, Carlson EE, VanNieuwenhze MS, Winkler ME. Organization of peptidoglycan synthesis in nodes and separate rings at different stages of cell division of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:1152-1169. [PMID: 33269494 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis requires strict spatiotemporal organization to reproduce specific cell shapes. In ovoid-shaped Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), septal and peripheral (elongation) PG synthesis occur simultaneously at midcell. To uncover the organization of proteins and activities that carry out these two modes of PG synthesis, we examined Spn cells vertically oriented onto their poles to image the division plane at the high lateral resolution of 3D-SIM (structured-illumination microscopy). Labeling with fluorescent D-amino acids (FDAA) showed that areas of new transpeptidase (TP) activity catalyzed by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) separate into a pair of concentric rings early in division, representing peripheral PG (pPG) synthesis (outer ring) and the leading-edge (inner ring) of septal PG (sPG) synthesis. Fluorescently tagged PBP2x or FtsZ locate primarily to the inner FDAA-marked ring, whereas PBP2b and FtsX remain in the outer ring, suggesting roles in sPG or pPG synthesis, respectively. Pulses of FDAA labeling revealed an arrangement of separate regularly spaced "nodes" of TP activity around the division site of predivisional cells. Tagged PBP2x, PBP2b, and FtsX proteins also exhibited nodal patterns with spacing comparable to that of FDAA labeling. Together, these results reveal new aspects of spatially ordered PG synthesis in ovococcal bacteria during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilcar J Perez
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Boersma
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kevin E Bruce
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Melissa M Lamanna
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ho-Ching T Tsui
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Atsushi Taguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Malcolm E Winkler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
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32
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Insights into bacterial cell division from a structure of EnvC bound to the FtsX periplasmic domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28355-28365. [PMID: 33097670 PMCID: PMC7668044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017134117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan layer is a core component of the bacterial cell envelope that provides a barrier to the environment and protection from osmotic shock. During division, bacteria must break and rebuild the peptidoglycan layer to enable separation of daughter cells. In E. coli, two of the three amidases responsible (AmiA and AmiB) are regulated by a single periplasmic activator (EnvC) that is, itself, controlled by an atypical ABC transporter (FtsEX) tethered to the cytoplasmic septal Z-ring. Here we define the structural basis for the interaction of FtsEX with EnvC and suggest a molecular mechanism for amidase activation where EnvC autoinhibition is relieved by ATP-driven conformational changes transmitted through the FtsEX-EnvC complex. FtsEX is a bacterial ABC transporter that regulates the activity of periplasmic peptidoglycan amidases via its interaction with the murein hydrolase activator, EnvC. In Escherichia coli, FtsEX is required to separate daughter cells after cell division and for viability in low-osmolarity media. Both the ATPase activity of FtsEX and its periplasmic interaction with EnvC are required for amidase activation, but the process itself is poorly understood. Here we present the 2.1 Å structure of the FtsX periplasmic domain in complex with its periplasmic partner, EnvC. The EnvC-FtsX periplasmic domain complex has a 1-to-2 stoichiometry with two distinct FtsX-binding sites located within an antiparallel coiled coil domain of EnvC. Residues involved in amidase activation map to a previously identified groove in the EnvC LytM domain that is here found to be occluded by a “restraining arm” suggesting a self-inhibition mechanism. Mutational analysis, combined with bacterial two-hybrid screens and in vivo functional assays, verifies the FtsEX residues required for EnvC binding and experimentally test a proposed mechanism for amidase activation. We also define a predicted link between FtsEX and integrity of the outer membrane. Both the ATPase activity of FtsEX and its periplasmic interaction with EnvC are required for resistance to membrane-attacking antibiotics and detergents to which E. coli would usually be considered intrinsically resistant. These structural and functional data provide compelling mechanistic insight into FtsEX-mediated regulation of EnvC and its downstream control of periplasmic peptidoglycan amidases.
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33
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Structural Characterization of the Essential Cell Division Protein FtsE and Its Interaction with FtsX in Streptococcus pneumoniae. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01488-20. [PMID: 32873757 PMCID: PMC7468199 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01488-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is a central process that requires exquisite orchestration of both the cell wall biosynthetic and lytic machineries. The essential membrane complex FtsEX, widely conserved across bacteria, plays a central role by recruiting proteins to the divisome apparatus and by regulating periplasmic muralytic activity from the cytosol. FtsEX is a member of the type VII family of the ABC-superfamily, but instead of being a transporter, it couples the ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by FtsE to mechanically transduce a conformational signal that provokes the activation of peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases. So far, no structural information is available for FtsE. Here, we provide the structural characterization of FtsE, confirming its ATPase nature and revealing regions with high structural plasticity which are key for FtsE binding to FtsX. The complementary binding region in FtsX has also been identified and validated in vivo. Our results provide evidence on how the difference between the ATP/ADP-bound states in FtsE would dramatically alter the interaction of FtsEX with the PG hydrolase PcsB in pneumococcal division. FtsEX is a membrane complex widely conserved across diverse bacterial genera and involved in critical processes such as recruitment of division proteins and in spatial and temporal regulation of muralytic activity during cell division or sporulation. FtsEX is a member of the ABC transporter superfamily. The component FtsX is an integral membrane protein, whereas FtsE is an ATPase and is required for the transmission of a conformational signal from the cytosol through the membrane to regulate the activity of cell wall hydrolases in the periplasm. Both proteins are essential in the major human respiratory pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, and FtsX interacts with the modular peptidoglycan hydrolase PcsB at the septum. Here, we report high-resolution structures of pneumococcal FtsE bound to different nucleotides. Structural analysis revealed that FtsE contains all the conserved structural motifs associated with ATPase activity and afforded interpretation of the in vivo dimeric arrangement in both the ADP and ATP states. Interestingly, three specific FtsE regions with high structural plasticity were identified that shape the cavity in which the cytosolic region of FtsX would be inserted. The residues corresponding to the FtsX coupling helix, responsible for contacting FtsE, were identified and validated by in vivo mutagenesis studies showing that this interaction is essential for cell growth and proper morphology.
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Abstract
Bacteria surround their cell membrane with a net-like peptidoglycan layer, called sacculus, to protect the cell from bursting and maintain its cell shape. Sacculus growth during elongation and cell division is mediated by dynamic and transient multiprotein complexes, the elongasome and divisome, respectively. In this Review we present our current understanding of how peptidoglycan synthases are regulated by multiple and specific interactions with cell morphogenesis proteins that are linked to a dynamic cytoskeletal protein, either the actin-like MreB or the tubulin-like FtsZ. Several peptidoglycan synthases and hydrolases require activation by outer-membrane-anchored lipoproteins. We also discuss how bacteria achieve robust cell wall growth under different conditions and stresses by maintaining multiple peptidoglycan enzymes and regulators as well as different peptidoglycan growth mechanisms, and we present the emerging role of LD-transpeptidases in peptidoglycan remodelling.
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Silber N, Matos de Opitz CL, Mayer C, Sass P. Cell division protein FtsZ: from structure and mechanism to antibiotic target. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:801-831. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to virtually all clinically applied antibiotic classes severely limits the available options to treat bacterial infections. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and evaluate new antibiotics and targets with resistance-breaking properties. Bacterial cell division has emerged as a new antibiotic target pathway to counteract multidrug-resistant pathogens. New approaches in antibiotic discovery and bacterial cell biology helped to identify compounds that either directly interact with the major cell division protein FtsZ, thereby perturbing the function and dynamics of the cell division machinery, or affect the structural integrity of FtsZ by inducing its degradation. The impressive antimicrobial activities and resistance-breaking properties of certain compounds validate the inhibition of bacterial cell division as a promising strategy for antibiotic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Silber
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cruz L Matos de Opitz
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Peter Sass
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology & Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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Abstract
The FtsZ protein is a highly conserved bacterial tubulin homolog. In vivo, the functional form of FtsZ is the polymeric, ring-like structure (Z-ring) assembled at the future division site during cell division. While it is clear that the Z-ring plays an essential role in orchestrating cytokinesis, precisely what its functions are and how these functions are achieved remain elusive. In this article, we review what we have learned during the past decade about the Z-ring's structure, function, and dynamics, with a particular focus on insights generated by recent high-resolution imaging and single-molecule analyses. We suggest that the major function of the Z-ring is to govern nascent cell pole morphogenesis by directing the spatiotemporal distribution of septal cell wall remodeling enzymes through the Z-ring's GTP hydrolysis-dependent treadmilling dynamics. In this role, FtsZ functions in cell division as the counterpart of the cell shape-determining actin homolog MreB in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
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Peptide Linkers within the Essential FtsZ Membrane Tethers ZipA and FtsA Are Nonessential for Cell Division. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00720-19. [PMID: 31871036 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00720-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria such as Escherichia coli divide by organizing filaments of FtsZ, a tubulin homolog that assembles into dynamic treadmilling membrane-associated protein filaments at the cell midpoint. FtsA and ZipA proteins are required to tether these filaments to the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane, and loss of either tether is lethal. ZipA from E. coli and other closely related species harbors a long linker region that connects the essential N-terminal transmembrane domain to the C-terminal globular FtsZ-binding domain, and part of this linker includes a P/Q-rich peptide that is predicted to be intrinsically disordered. We found unexpectedly that several large deletions of the ZipA linker region, including the entire P/Q rich peptide, had no effect on cell division under normal conditions. However, we found that the loss of the P/Q region made cells more resistant to excess levels of FtsA and more sensitive to conditions that displaced FtsA from FtsZ. FtsA also harbors a short ∼20-residue peptide linker that connects the main globular domain with the C-terminal amphipathic helix that is important for membrane binding. In analogy with ZipA, deletion of 11 of the central residues in the FtsA linker had little effect on FtsA function in cell division.IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli cells divide using a cytokinetic ring composed of polymers of the tubulin-like FtsZ. To function properly, these polymers must attach to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane via two essential membrane-associated tethers, FtsA and ZipA. Both FtsA and ZipA contain peptide linkers that connect their membrane-binding domains with their FtsZ-binding domains. Although they are presumed to be crucial for cell division activity, the importance of these linkers has not yet been rigorously tested. Here, we show that large segments of these linkers can be removed with few consequences for cell division, although several subtle defects were uncovered. Our results suggest that ZipA, in particular, can function in cell division without an extended linker.
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Boël G, Orelle C, Jault JM, Dassa E. ABC systems: structural and functional variations on a common theme. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:301-303. [PMID: 31669368 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Boël
- UMR8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Cédric Orelle
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", IBCP, 7 Passage du Vercors, F-69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Elie Dassa
- Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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