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Jiang T, Huang J, Ran G, Song Q, Wang C. A colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode carbon dots probe derived from phenanthroline precursor for the selective detection of Fe 2+ and Fe 3. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:325-333. [PMID: 36539607 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iron's metabolism is heavily involved in the regulation of redox balance for cell functions, however, the simultaneous monitoring of Fe2+/3+ concentration is still a great challenge due to their transitional nature in biological systems. A novel type of carbon dots (CDs) was synthesized by solvothermal treatment with 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline (Aphen) and salicylic acid as precursors, and the resulting targeted CDs (T-CDs) were used to simultaneously detect Fe2+ and Fe3+. Comprehensive experimental characterizations revealed that the strong binding affinity of Aphen moiety to Fe2+ leads to the formation of rigid T-CDs aggregates, which causes a substantial enhancement of fluorescence intensity, whereas Fe3+ could cause the fluorescence quenching of T-CDs due to the oxidation-reduction induced electron transfer. These different fluorescence responses allow T-CDs to sensitively differentiate Fe2+ from Fe3+, and give the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.78 and 2.78 μM for Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively. Furthermore, the Aphen dominated structure endows the T-CDs with a colorimetric response to Fe2+ with a LOD of 0.13 μM, which is very different from Fe3+. Thus, the dynamic changes of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in solution can be accurately monitored by T-CDs within the total iron concentration of 50 μM, which is probably the most sensitive dual-mode probe reported so far. In addition, this probe is successfully applied to detect the Fe2+/3+ concentration in cells, demonstrating a huge application potential in the sensing of the dynamic equilibrium of these important transition metals during the cell metabolism or stimulated process. The dynamic changes of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in solution can be accurately monitored by carbon dots based on the colorimetric and fluorometric dual-mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guoxia Ran
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qijun Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Yu BX, Zhang YH, Li CY, Xian JY, Li SJ, Huang WB, Huang LH, Sun XY. Cell Protection and Crystal Endocytosis Inhibition by Sulfated Laminaria Polysaccharides Against Nano-COM-Induced Oxidative Damage in Renal Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7816-7828. [PMID: 36872978 PMCID: PMC9979320 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Background: The damage to renal tubular epithelial cells is closely related to the formation of kidney stones. At present, research on drugs that can protect cells from damage remains limited. Methods: This study aims to explore the protective effects of four different sulfate groups (-OSO3 -) of Laminaria polysaccharides (SLPs) on human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells and determine the difference in the endocytosis of nano-sized calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals before and after protection. COM with a size of 230 ± 80 nm was used to damage HK-2 cells to establish a damage model. The protection capability of SLPs (LP0, SLP1, SLP2, and SLP3) with -OSO3 - contents of 0.73, 15, 23, and 31%, respectively, against COM crystal damage and the effect of SLPs on the endocytosis of COM crystals were studied. Results: Compared with that of the SLP-unprotected COM-injured group, the cell viability of the SLP-protected group was improved, healing capability was enhanced, cell morphology was restored, production of reactive oxygen species was reduced, mitochondrial membrane potential and lysosome integrity were increased, intracellular Ca2+ level and autophagy were decreased, cell mortality was reduced, and internalized COM crystals were lessened. The capability of SLPs to protect cells from damage and inhibit the endocytosis of crystals in cells enhanced with an increase in the -OSO3 - content of SLPs. Conclusions: SLPs with a high -OSO3 - content may become a potential green drug for preventing the formation of kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-Xian Yu
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Chun-Yao Li
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Jun-Yi Xian
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Shu-Jue Li
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Wei-Bo Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ling-Hong Huang
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department
of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory
of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
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Xiong P, Cheng XY, Sun XY, Chen XW, Ouyang JM. Interaction between nanometer calcium oxalate and renal epithelial cells repaired with carboxymethylated polysaccharides. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212854. [PMID: 35929244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injury of renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) is an important cause of kidney stone formation. In this article, the repairing effect of polysaccharide (PCP0) extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Poria cocos and its carboxymethylated derivatives on damaged HK-2 cells was studied, and the differences in adhesion and endocytosis of the cells to nanometer calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) before and after repair were explored. METHODS Sodium oxalate (2.8 mmol/L) was used to damage HK-2 cells to establish a damage model, and then Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCPs) with different carboxyl (COOH) contents were used to repair the damaged cells. The changes in the biochemical indicators of the cells before and after the repair and the changes in the ability to adhere to and internalize nano-COM were detected. RESULTS The natural PCPs (PCP0, COOH content = 2.56%) were carboxymethylated, and three carboxylated modified Poria cocos with 7.48% (PCP1), 12.07% (PCP2), and 17.18% (PCP3) COOH contents were obtained. PCPs could repair the damaged HK-2 cells, and the cell viability was enhanced after repair. The cell morphology was gradually repaired, the proliferation and healing rate were increased. The ROS production was reduced, and the polarity of the mitochondrial membrane potential was restored. The level of intracellular Ca2+ ions decreased, and the autophagy response was weakened. CONCLUSION The cells repaired by PCPs inhibited the adhesion to nano-COM and simultaneously promoted the endocytosis of nano-COM. The endocytic crystals mainly accumulated in the lysosome. Inhibiting adhesion and increasing endocytosis could reduce the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of cell surface crystals, thereby inhibiting the formation of kidney stones. With the increase of COOH content in PCPs, its ability to repair damaged cells, inhibit crystal adhesion, and promote crystal endocytosis all increased, that is, PCP3 with the highest COOH content showed the best ability to inhibit stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiong
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510230, China
| | - Xue-Wu Chen
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Sudibyo H, Pecchi M, Harwood H, Khare M, Karunwi S, Tan G, Tester JW. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Struvite Crystallization from Hydrothermal Liquefaction Aqueous-Phase Considering Hydroxyapatite and Organics Coprecipitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Matteo Pecchi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Henry Harwood
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Monona Khare
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel Karunwi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Gabrielle Tan
- Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jefferson William Tester
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Energy Systems Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Mohim M, Kachkoul R, El Habbani R, Lahrichi A, Sqalli Houssaini T. In vitro effect of Sidi Hrazem mineral water on the dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate calculi (Whewellite). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Sun XY, Chen XW, Ouyang JM. Degraded Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide protects HK-2 cells and reduces nano-COM crystal toxicity, adhesion and endocytosis. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:7233-7252. [PMID: 32638810 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the protection of degraded Porphyra yezoensis polysaccharide (PYP) on human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) from cytotoxicity of nano-calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal, and the regulation of adhesion and endocytosis of the COM crystal. Four degraded fractions, namely, PYP1, PYP2, PYP3, and PYP4, were successfully obtained, with molecular weights (Mws) of 576.2, 49.5, 12.6, and 4.02 kDa, respectively. PYP protection reduced the crystal toxicity, prevented the destruction of cell morphology and cytoskeleton, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species and the decline of lysosomal integrity, and reduced the expression of osteopontin and transmembrane protein (CD44). PYPi inhibited the adhesion and endocytosis of HK-2 cells by nano-COM. Endocytic COM crystals were accumulated in the lysosomes. With decreasing molecular weight, the ability of PYP to reduce cell damage and inhibit cell adhesion and endocytosis increased. PYP4, which has the smallest molecular weight, weaker intramolecular hydrogen bonds and more reducing groups, showed the best biological activity. PYPi can reduce the oxidative damage of the crystal to the cell, inhibit the adhesion and endocytosis of the crystal, and reduce the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore, PYP, especially PYP4, has potential for use as a green drug to inhibit the formation and recurrence of calcium oxalate stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. and Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Sun
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xue-Wu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. and Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. and Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Le QTN, Vivas EL, Cho K. Oxalated blast-furnace slag for the removal of Cobalt(II) ions from aqueous solutions. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Y W, F H, L A F, M H, H H. A Spatial Distribution Analysis on the Deposition Mechanism Complexity of the Organic Material of Kidney Stone. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:273-282. [PMID: 32637371 PMCID: PMC7321398 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Kidney stones in the urinary system are formed from complex minerals that can interfere with the function of the kidney. This formation occurs gradually and can be observed from the appearance of the kidney stones cross-section which are cut along its longitudinal axis resembling a tree cambium. A deeper study on the composition of these layers will provide etiological and pathophysiological information on the mechanism of the formation and development of kidney stones. In addition, an accurate analysis on the composition of the kidney stone can provide a scientific basis to determine the choice of medical treatment and efforts to prevent from forming of kidney stones in humans. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the organic material that makes up kidney stones in each layer. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, the components and morphological properties of five kidney stones in each layer were characterized using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and Scanning Elecron Microscope-Element Distribution Analysis (SEM-EDS). Results: FTIR-ATR displayed the typical absorption peaks for each stone constituent component. The components of each layer showed the same peak value for each absorption peak which consisted of calcium oxalate monohydrate, struvite, ammonium ion calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate-calcium phosphate and uric acid. Meanwhile, the difference in the percentage and composition of the elements in each stone can be observed by SEM-EDS. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that each layer of the kidney stones has a different percentage and composition of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warty Y
- MSc, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Haryanto F
- PhD, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Fitri L A
- MSc, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Haekal M
- PhD, Nuclear Physics and Biophysics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Herman H
- PhD, Magnetic and Photonic Physics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Regulation on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization and Protection on HK-2 Cells of Tea Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5057123. [PMID: 32454940 PMCID: PMC7243009 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5057123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and protective effect on human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) of four green tea polysaccharides (TPSs) with molecular weights of 10.88 (TPS0), 8.16 (TPS1), 4.82 (TPS2), and 2.3 kDa (TPS3) were comparatively studied. XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy results revealed that TPS1, TPS2, and TPS3 can increase the percentage of the dihydrate crystalline phase in CaOx crystals and reduce the size of CaOx monohydrate crystals. TPSs increased the absolute value of the zeta potential of CaOx crystal and inhibited crystal nucleation and aggregation. The nucleation inhibition rates of TPS1, TPS2, and TPS3 to CaOx crystallization were 56.67%, 75.52%, and 52.92%, respectively, and their aggregation inhibition rates were 22.34%, 47.59%, and 21.59%, respectively. TPS preprotection can alleviate the oxidative damage of HK-2 cells caused by oxalate, increase cell viability, protect cell morphology, and reduce lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species levels. The degraded TSPs, especially TPS2 with moderate molecular weight, may be used as a green drug to inhibit stone formation.
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Khan AH, Imran S, Talati J, Jafri L. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for analysis of kidney stones. Investig Clin Urol 2018; 59:32-37. [PMID: 29333512 PMCID: PMC5754580 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2018.59.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the results of a chemical method of kidney stone analysis with the results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Materials and Methods Kidney stones collected between June and October 2015 were simultaneously analyzed by chemical and FT-IR methods. Results Kidney stones (n=449) were collected from patients from 1 to 81 years old. Most stones were from adults, with only 11.5% from children (aged 3–16 years) and 1.5% from children aged <2 years. The male to female ratio was 4.6. In adults, the calcium oxalate stone type, calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, n=224), was the most common crystal, followed by uric acid and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD, n=83). In children, the most frequently occurring type was predominantly COD (n=21), followed by COM (n=11), ammonium urate (n=10), carbonate apatite (n=6), uric acid (n=4), and cystine (n=1). Core composition in 22 stones showed ammonium urate (n=2), COM (n=2), and carbonate apatite (n=1) in five stones, while uric acid crystals were detected (n=13) by FT-IR. While chemical analysis identified 3 stones as uric acid and the rest as calcium oxalate only. Agreement between the two methods was moderate, with a kappa statistic of 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.5–0.64). Disagreement was noted in the analysis of 77 stones. Conclusions FT-IR analysis of kidney stones can overcome many limitations associated with chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Habib Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheharbano Imran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jamsheer Talati
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Lena Jafri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Sun XY, Zhang CY, Bhadja P, Ouyang JM. Preparation, properties, formation mechanisms, and cytotoxicity of calcium oxalate monohydrate with various morphologies. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01912b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals with various morphologies, such as elliptical, hexagonal, peanut-like, spherical and flower-like structures with a size of about 10 μm, were prepared through varying the reactant concentration, stirring speed, reaction temperature, and additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Sun
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Chong-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Poonam Bhadja
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Jian-Ming Ouyang
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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Manissorn J, Fong-Ngern K, Peerapen P, Thongboonkerd V. Systematic evaluation for effects of urine pH on calcium oxalate crystallization, crystal-cell adhesion and internalization into renal tubular cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1798. [PMID: 28496123 PMCID: PMC5431959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine pH has been thought to be an important factor that can modulate kidney stone formation. Nevertheless, there was no systematic evaluation of such pH effect. Our present study thus addressed effects of differential urine pH (4.0–8.0) on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization, crystal-cell adhesion, crystal internalization into renal tubular cells, and binding of apical membrane proteins to the crystals. Microscopic examination revealed that CaOx monohydrate (COM), the pathogenic form, was crystallized with greatest size, number and total mass at pH 4.0 and least crystallized at pH 8.0, whereas COD was crystallized with the vice versa order. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed such morphological study. Crystal-cell adhesion assay showed the greatest degree of crystal-cell adhesion at the most acidic pH and least at the most basic pH. Crystal internalization assay using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled crystals and flow cytometry demonstrated that crystal internalization into renal tubular cells was maximal at the neutral pH (7.0). Finally, there were no significant differences in binding capacity of the crystals to apical membrane proteins at different pH. We concluded that the acidic urine pH may promote CaOx kidney stone formation, whereas the basic urine pH (i.e. by alkalinization) may help to prevent CaOx kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthatip Manissorn
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kedsarin Fong-Ngern
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paleerath Peerapen
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital; and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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The systematic classification of urinary stones combine-using FTIR and SEM-EDAX. Int J Surg 2017; 41:150-161. [PMID: 28373152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore underlying mechanism of urinary stones formation, the composition and microstructure of urinary stones were analyzed systematically with a large sample study from China. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 2437 urinary stones were obtained from the urology department at our Hospital. The composition of the stones was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Meanwhile, the microstructure and element distribution were observed with scanning electron microscopy combined with element distribution analysis (SEM-EDAX). RESULTS Urinary stones were classified into eight types, that were consisted of calcium oxalate stones (1301/2437, 53.39%), calcium phosphate stones (131/2437, 5.38%), anhydrous uric acid stones (434/2437, 17.81%), magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (12/2437, 0.49%), sodium urate stones (5/2437, 0.21%), brushite stones (4/2437, 0.16%), cystine stones (3/2437, 0.12%) and mixed stones (547/2437, 22.45%, ten subtypes were included). Under SEM, they displayed distinct microstructures: plank-like, brick-like, polyhedron or paliform crystals for calcium oxalate stones, similar sized echin-sphere or rough bulbiform or tree bark-like crystals for calcium phosphate stones, rotten-wood-like or petrous crystals for anhydrous uric acid stones, globular or gallet-like crystals for magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, sawdust-like crystals for sodium urate stones, broken-wood-like crystals for brushite stones, stacking hexagonal cystine crystals for cystine stones, and two or more of the above crystals for mixed stones. Meanwhile, they also presented distinct elemental composition and distribution by EDAX. CONCLUSIONS Urinary stones can be classified into eight types, and exhibit a diversity of microstructure and elemental compositions in China. The formation process of different types of urinary stones may be diverse.
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Sun X, Ding Y, Wen X, Ouyang J. Differences in adsorption of anionic surfactant AOT by calcium oxalate: Effect of crystal size and crystalline phase. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Kocademir M, Baykal A, Kumru M, Tahmaz ML. Structural characterization and vibrational studies of human urinary stones from Istanbul, Turkey. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 160:1-7. [PMID: 26890204 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seven human urinary stones were collected from urinary bladders of patients hailing from Istanbul, Turkey. Their XRD, EDX, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra as well as SEM images have been recorded to determine their chemical compositions, morphologies, crystal structures, and crystallite sizes. XRD and vibrational (FT-IR and FT-Raman) analyses indicate that six out of the seven stones have identical contents. The ratios of organic and inorganic contents of the stones have been determined by their thermogravimetric analyses. The stones have been found to contain calcium oxalate monohydrate and apatite as the major components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kocademir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulhadi Baykal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kumru
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Fatih University, 34500 Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M Lutfu Tahmaz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Hospital, Fatih University, 34180 Sirinevler-Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Asyana V, Haryanto F, Fitri LA, Ridwan T, Anwary F, Soekersi H. Analysis of urinary stone based on a spectrum absorption FTIR-ATR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/694/1/012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Tonannavar J, Deshpande G, Yenagi J, Patil SB, Patil NA, Mulimani BG. Identification of mineral compositions in some renal calculi by FT Raman and IR spectral analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 154:20-26. [PMID: 26495905 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present in this paper accurate and reliable Raman and IR spectral identification of mineral constituents in nine samples of renal calculi (kidney stones) removed from patients suffering from nephrolithiasis. The identified mineral components include Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate (COM, whewellite), Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (COD, weddellite), Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate (MAPH, struvite), Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate (CHPD, brushite), Pentacalcium Hydroxy Triphosphate (PCHT, hydroxyapatite) and Uric Acid (UA). The identification is based on a satisfactory assignment of all the observed IR and Raman bands (3500-400c m(-1)) to chemical functional groups of mineral components in the samples, aided by spectral analysis of pure materials of COM, MAPH, CHPD and UA. It is found that the eight samples are composed of COM as the common component, the other mineral species as common components are: MAPH in five samples, PCHT in three samples, COD in three samples, UA in three samples and CHPD in two samples. One sample is wholly composed of UA as a single component; this inference is supported by the good agreement between ab initio density functional theoretical spectra and experimental spectral measurements of both sample and pure material. A combined application of Raman and IR techniques has shown that, where the IR is ambiguous, the Raman analysis can differentiate COD from COM and PCHT from MAPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tonannavar
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India.
| | - Gouri Deshpande
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Jayashree Yenagi
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Siddanagouda B Patil
- Department of Urology, Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijaypur 586 103, India
| | - Nikhil A Patil
- Department of Urology, Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Vijaypur 586 103, India
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Sun XY, Ouyang JM, Xu M. Synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity assay of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in various shapes. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00697c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun XY, Ouyang JM, Liu AJ, Ding YM, Gan QZ. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of COM and COD crystals with various sizes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 57:147-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Selvaraju R, Raja A, Thiruppathi G. FT-IR spectroscopic, thermal analysis of human urinary stones and their characterization. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:1397-1402. [PMID: 25306135 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, FT-IR, XRD, TGA-DTA spectral methods have been used to investigate the chemical compositions of urinary calculi. Multi-components of urinary calculi such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, struvite and uric acid have been studied. The chemical compounds are identified by FT-IR spectroscopic technique. The mineral identification was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction patterns as compared with JCPDS reported values. Thermal analysis techniques are considered the best techniques for the characterization and detection of endothermic and exothermic behaviors of the urinary stones. The percentages of each hydrate (COM and COD) are present together, in the presences of MAPH or UA. Finally, the present study suggests that the Urolithiasis is significant health problem in children, and is very common in some parts of the world, especially in India. So that present study is so useful and helpful to the scientific community for identification of latest human health problems and their remedies using spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvaraju
- Department of Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - A Raja
- Department of Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Thiruppathi
- Department of Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Blanco F, Lumbreras F, Serrat J, Siener R, Serranti S, Bonifazi G, López-Mesas M, Valiente M. Taking advantage of hyperspectral imaging classification of urinary stones against conventional infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:126004. [PMID: 25478869 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.12.126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of urinary stones is mandatory for the best management of the disease after the stone passage in order to prevent further stone episodes. Thus the use of an appropriate methodology for an individualized stone analysis becomes a key factor for giving the patient the most suitable treatment. A recently developed hyperspectral imaging methodology, based on pixel-to-pixel analysis of near-infrared spectral images, is compared to the reference technique in stone analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The developed classification model yields >90% correct classification rate when compared to IR and is able to precisely locate stone components within the structure of the stone with a 15 µm resolution. Due to the little sample pretreatment, low analysis time, good performance of the model, and the automation of the measurements, they become analyst independent; this methodology can be considered to become a routine analysis for clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Blanco
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Unitat de Química Analítica, Departament de Química, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe Lumbreras
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Computer Vision Center & Department of Computer Science, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Serrat
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Computer Vision Center & Department of Computer Science, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roswitha Siener
- University Stone Centre, Department of Urology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Serranti
- Sapienza-Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente (DICMA), 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonifazi
- Sapienza-Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica Materiali Ambiente (DICMA), 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Montserrat López-Mesas
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Unitat de Química Analítica, Departament de Química, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centre Grup de Tècniques de Separació en Química (GTS), Unitat de Química Analítica, Departament de Química, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Janssen C, Lo J, Jäger W, Moskalev I, Law A, Chew BH, Lange D. A high throughput, minimally invasive, ultrasound guided model for the study of catheter associated urinary tract infections and device encrustation in mice. J Urol 2014; 192:1856-63. [PMID: 24866596 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Catheter associated urinary tract infections are one of the most common health care associated infections. The condition is frequently complicated by encrustation, which blocks the catheter lumen. Preclinical research is limited by the lack of relevant high throughput and cost-effective animal models. Current models are restricted to female mice, associated with major transurethral loss of catheter materials during micturition, highly invasive and complex. We present an ultrasound guided, minimally invasive model that enables catheter associated urinary tract infection and catheter encrustation studies in each mouse gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS Catheter segments (4 mm) were implanted in murine bladders percutaneously in 15 males and 5 females, and transurethrally in 15 females using the Seldinger technique under ultrasound guidance. Proteus mirabilis was instilled intraluminally. Catheter encrustation was monitored by ultrasound. Bacteria were quantified in urine, and catheters and encrustation were analyzed on day 6 or 21. RESULTS Percutaneous and transurethral catheter implantations were performed in a mean ± SE 3.6 ± 0.8 vs 2.5 ± 0.5 minutes in all mice. Ultrasound confirmed that 100% and 66% of implanted catheters, respectively, remained indwelling during the study period. Catheter encrustation developed in P. mirabilis infected urine 48 hours after instillation and an increase with time was detected by ultrasound. Fourier transform spectroscopy of the encrustation confirmed a typical struvite spectrum. Control catheters remained sterile during 21 days. CONCLUSIONS Our minimally invasive, reproducible percutaneous technique is suitable for studying catheter associated urinary tract infection in each gender. Infecting urine with P. mirabilis generates a preclinical model of catheter encrustation within 3 days. The progression of encrustation can be monitored in vivo by ultrasound, making this image based model suitable for assessing novel antibacterial and anti-encrustation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Janssen
- Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joey Lo
- Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Igor Moskalev
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrienne Law
- Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben H Chew
- Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Stone Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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High-throughput powder X-ray diffraction, IR-spectroscopy and ion chromatography analysis of urinary stones: A comparative study. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe instrumental qualitative analysis of urinary stones is a critical step in clinical practice and urological research. A powder X-ray diffraction, IR-spectroscopy and ion chromatography have been applied for the qualitative analysis of 20 urinary stones. Suggestions for a sample preparation and an optimal measurement strategy were formulated. The main difficulties for the powder X-ray diffraction qualitative analysis are a limiting amount of the sample and a preferential orientation of crystals, both issues should be minimized by the special sample preparation. Urinary stones samples have been clustered into four groups using different sets of numerical input data (cation and anion content, phase composition). At the same time a high-throughput multivariate clustering has been applied for powder X-ray diffraction and IR-spectroscopy data. The multivariate whole-profile approach can be used as a tool for a high-throughput time reducing technique for clinical practice, when a quick and stable classification of samples is required. All three sets of the data can be automatically separated into three clusters: oxalate-reach, oxalate-pure and non-oxalate samples. Uricite-pure and uricite-rich samples can be easily clustered.
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Selvaraju R, Raja A, Thiruppathi G. Chemical composition and binary mixture of human urinary stones using FT-Raman spectroscopy method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 114:650-7. [PMID: 23816485 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the human urinary stones were observed in their different chemical compositions of calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), uric acid, cystine, oxammite (ammonium oxalate monohydrate), natroxalate (sodium oxalate), glushinkite (magnesium oxalate dihydrate) and moolooite (copper oxalate) were analyzed using Fourier Transform-Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy. For the quantitative analysis, various human urinary stone samples are used for ratios calculation of binary mixtures compositions such as COM/COD, HAP/COD, HAP/COD, Uric acid/COM, uric acid/COD and uric acid/HAP. The calibration curve is used for further analysis of binary mixture of human urinary stones. For the binary mixture calculation the various intensities bands at 1462 cm(-1) (I(COM)), 1473 cm(-1) (I(COD)), 961 cm(-1) (I(HAP)) and 1282 cm(-1) (I(UA)) were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvaraju
- Department of Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Selvaraju R, Raja A, Thiruppathi G. FT-Raman spectral analysis of human urinary stones. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 99:205-210. [PMID: 23069621 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
FT-Raman spectroscopy is the most useful tool for the purpose of bio-medical diagnostics. In the present study, FT-Raman spectral method is used to investigate the chemical composition of urinary calculi. Urinary calculi multi-components such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, struvite and uric acid are studied. FT-Raman spectrum has been recorded in the range of 3500-400 cm(-1). Chemical compounds are identified by Raman spectroscopic technique. The quantitative estimations of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) 1463 cm(-1), calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD) 1478 cm(-1), hydroxyl apatite 959 cm(-1), struvite 575 cm(-1), uric acid 1283 cm(-1) and oxammite (ammonium oxalate monohydrate) 2129 cm(-1) are calculated using particular peaks of FT-Raman spectrum. The quantitative estimation of human urinary stones suitable for the single calibration curve was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Selvaraju
- Department of Engineering Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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