1
|
Jiang Y, Wang Q, Du Y, Yang D, Xu J, Yan C. Occurrence and Distribution of Tetrabromobisphenol A and Diversity of Microbial Community Structure in the Sediments of Mangrove. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050757. [PMID: 37237569 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution characteristics of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its relationship with microbial community diversity in different mangrove sediments need further investigation. The results of this study indicated levels of TBBPA in mangrove sediments from the Zhangjiang Estuary (ZJ), Jiulongjiang Estuary (JLJ), and Quanzhou Bay (QZ) in Southeast China ranging from 1.80 to 20.46, 3.47 to 40.77, and 2.37 to 19.83 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Mangrove sediments from JLJ contained higher levels of TBBPA, possibly due to agricultural pollution. A correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and TBBPA distribution in ZJ and JLJ mangrove sediments, but not in QZ mangrove sediments. TOC significantly affected the distribution of TBBPA in mangrove sediments, but pH had no effect. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Pseudomonadota dominated the sediment bacteria followed by Chloroflexota, Actinobacteota, Bacillota, Acidobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Aminicenantes in mangrove sediments. Although the microbial community structure of the ZJ, JLJ, and QZ mangrove sediments was similar, the taxonomic profile of their sensitive responders differed markedly. The genus Anaerolinea was dominant in the mangrove sediments and was responsible for the in situ dissipation of TBBPA. Based on redundancy analysis, there was a correlation between TBBPA, TOC, TN, C/N, pH, and microbial community structure at the genus level. Combining TBBPA, TN, and TOC may induce variations in the microbial community of mangrove sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Jiang
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Hangzhou 311122, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yunling Du
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Dong Yang
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Ltd., Hangzhou 311122, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chongling Yan
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gandla V, Chiluka M, Gupta H, Sinha SN, Chakraborty P. Sediment-water partitioning and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides along the urban, peri-urban and rural transects of Krishna River Basin, Peninsular India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162360. [PMID: 36822433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were widely used in the past for pest control in agricultural lands and vector control programs in India. Due to their persistence and toxic impacts, we have quantified twenty OCPs in surface water, groundwater, and surface sediment samples along the Krishna River Basin (KRB), flowing through Peninsular India. Samples were collected along the urban, peri-urban, and rural transects of the KRB to understand the relation between the occurrence of pesticidal organochlorine pollutants based on the land use and land cover (LULC) and asses potential risk. Diagnostic ratios revealed ongoing Lindane usage in rural and peri-urban transects. On the contrary, the urban transect of the Musi River (MR) showed fresh inputs of technical HCH. The ratios of (p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDD)/ΣDDT >0.5 and α/β-Endosulfan < 2.33 for most of the sites across the three transects for surface water, groundwater, and sediment indicate past DDT and Endosulfan usage across KRB. Excluding p,p'-DDE, and heptachlor in most of the sites, the logKOC' was higher than logKOC for other OCPs in the urban transect. However, for all the OCPs, the logKOC' was lower than logKOC in the peri-urban and rural transects of KRB thereby indicating that riverine sediment is acting as a sink for OCPs. The Krishna River annually transport about 0.24 tons HCH, 0.11 tons of DDT and 0.1 tons of Endosulfan. Despite having low water discharge, the compound-specific fluxes of the Wyra river are higher than the other two tributaries. Ecotoxicological risk assessment based on the Hazard Quotient suggested DDT pose higher risks to scud (zooplankton) and dinoflagellate and diatom (phytoplankton) whereas Endosulfan poses a threat to Bluegill (fish).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mounika Chiluka
- Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Harish Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mahfoudhi G, Ameur WB, Malysheva SV, Szternfeld P, Touil S, Driss MR, Joly L. First study of bromophenols and hexabromocyclododecanes in seafood from North Africa (case of Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia): occurrence and human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64499-64516. [PMID: 37071363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that bromophenols (BPs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used as flame retardants, no data was available until now on the levels of these two chemicals in North Africa biota. Seafood products might represent one of the main sources of dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants such as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the concentrations of the ndl-PCBs, PAH4, and BFRs were determined in seafood products from a North African lagoon (Bizerte lagoon). Almost all the compounds were detected (15 out of 18) in the analyzed marine organisms. The accumulation of the contaminants followed the order BFRs > ndl-PCB > PAH4. Mean contaminants concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 28.7 ng g-1 ww for ∑ndl-PCBs; from below limit of quantification to 476 ng g-1 ww for ∑BFRs and from below limit of quantification to 5.30 ng g-1 ww for ∑PAH4. PCB 138, 153, and 180 were the most frequently detected ndl-PCB congeners due to their high resistance to metabolic degradation. 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) was the predominant BFR. Chrysene (Chr) was found to be the main contributor to the total PAH4 concentration. Contaminant profiles varied significantly among seafood which may be due to the difference in lipid content, trophic level, feeding behavior, and metabolism. To assess the human health risks, the average daily dose exposure of ndl-PCBs, the dietary daily intake of PAHs and the estimated dietary intake of 3,3-,5,5-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and HBCD from seafood were estimated. Findings indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the analyzed contaminants, except for ndl-PCBs in eel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghzela Mahfoudhi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
- Ecologie de La Faune Terrestre UR17ES44, Département Des Sciences de La Vie, Faculté Des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, Gabès, Tunisia.
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Szternfeld
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Laure Joly
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Chohan K, Aslam I, Mahmood A, Yasar A, Zhao S, Zhang G. Organochlorines in the riverine ecosystem of Punjab province, Pakistan: contamination status, seasonal variation, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40340-40355. [PMID: 36609971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence, spatio-temporal variations, source apportioning, and ecological risk assessment of selected PCBs and OCPs in surface water and sediments collected riverine environment of Punjab province, Pakistan. The concentration of ΣOCPs (water: 64-455 ng/L; sediments: 117-616 ng/g) and ΣPCBs (water: 2-132 ng/L; sediments: 3.27-200 ng/g) was found comparatively higher than the levels reported from other parts of the world. The higher concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were detected in both studied matrices, whereas among PCBs, CB-28, 49 and CB-37, 82 were dominant in water and sediments, respectively. The isomeric ratios including α-HCH/γ-HCH, (DDE + DDD) / DDTs, and α /β-endosulfan reflected the recent use of lindane, technical DDT, and endosulfan in the study area. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs ranged from 3.6 × 10-6 to 0.115 ng/L and 8.7 × 10-6 to 0.157 ng/g in surface water and sediments in both seasons, respectively. The spatial variation analysis revealed that the sites in the industrial and agricultural zones were highly contaminated. The OCPs and PCBs fluxes to downstream areas were estimated to be 12.4 tons/year and 1.9 tons/year, respectively. The significant ecological risks were estimated to be posed by OCPs and PCBs, as their levels in 67% and 62% of surface water and sediment samples were exceeding the threshold limits, highlighting effects to ecological integrities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Khurram Chohan
- Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sana S, Qadir A, Evans NP, Mumtaz M, Javaid A, Khan A, Kashif SUR, Rehman HU, Hashmi MZ. Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12965-12978. [PMID: 36121631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand, and the production of waste have increased the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of ∑PCBs17 congeners through ingestion of buffalo and cow's milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentrations of ∑DL-PCBs (8.74 ng g-1 and 14.60 ng g-1) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g-1 and 18.68 ng g-1) in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed, respectively. The PCB-156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g-1) and cow milk (2.86 ng g-1). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, hazard quotients (HQ) of the ∑PCBs17 congener value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sana
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ambreena Javaid
- Department of Geography, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saif-Ur-Rehman Kashif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khan K, Younas M, Zhou Y, Sharif HMA, Li X, Yaseen M, Ibrahim SM, Baninla Y, Cao X, Lu Y. First report of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the Indus Drainage System: Occurrence, source and environmental risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113113. [PMID: 35283080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are of global interest due to their persistence in the aquatic environment. This study assessed the occurrence of PFAAs in the Indus Drainage System and discerned their potential sources and environmental risks for the first time in Pakistan. 13 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) were analyzed to verify the dominant prevalence of short-chain PFAAs in the environment since the phase-out of long-chain perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). A significant variation (p ≤ 0.05) of individual PFAAs between the monitoring sites was confirmed by data normality tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, suggesting that different locations contribute differently to individual PFAAs concentrations. ΣPFAAs concentrations in riverine water and sediments ranged from 2.28 to 221.75 ng/L and 0.78-29.19 ng/g dw, respectively. PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA were the most abundant PFAAs, and on average accounted for 14.64, 13.75, and 12.97 ng/L of ∑PFAAs in riverine water and 0.34, 0.64, and 0.79 ng/g dw of ∑PFAAs in sediments. ΣPFAAs mean contamination in the drainage was significantly (p < 0.05) high in River Chenab followed by River Indus > Soan > Ravi > Kabul > Swat with more prevalence of short-chain (C4-C7) PFCAs followed by PFOA, PFBS, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA. The correlation analysis determined the PFAAs' fate and distribution along the drainage, indicating that PFAAs with carbon chains C4-C12, except for PFSAs with carbon chains C6-C8, were most likely contaminated by the same source, the values of Kd and Koc increased linearly with the length of the perfluoroalkyl carbon chain, better understand the transport and partitioning of individual PFAAs between riverine water and sediments, where the HCA and PCA discerned industrial/municipal wastewater discharge, agricultural and surface runoff from nearby fields, and urban localities as potential sources of PFAAs contamination. The collective mass flux of short-chain (C4-C7) PFCAs was 5x higher than that of PFOS + PFOA, suggesting a continuous shift in the production and usage of fluorinated replacements for long-chain PFAAs with short-chain homologs. In terms of risk, individual PFAAs pollution in the drainage was within the world's risk thresholds for human health, with the exception of PFBA, PFPeA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, and PFBS, whereas for ecology, the concentrations of individual PFAAs did not exceed the ecological risk thresholds of the United States of America, Canada, European Union (EU), Italy, Australia, and New Zealand, with the exception of PFSAs, whose detected individual concentrations were significantly higher than the EU, Australian and New Zealander PFSAs guidelines of 0.002 μg/L, 0.00047 μg/L, 0.00065 μg/L, 0.00013 μg/L, and 0.00023 μg/L, respectively, which may pose chronic risks to the regional ecosystem and population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | - Xu Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sobhy Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yvette Baninla
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Hiroshima, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan; Department of Geology, Mining and Environmental Science, University of Bamenda, P. O Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chowdhury NJ, Shammi M, Rahman MM, Akbor MA, Uddin MK. Seasonal distributions and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surficial sediments from the Turag River, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45848-45859. [PMID: 35149950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in sediment samples collected from the Turag River, Dhaka city, Bangladesh. This river provides critical ecological services to agriculture, industry, and transportation. However, it is one of the most polluted rivers surrounding the capital city. This study analyzed six PCB congeners (PCB 10, PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180) by GC-ECD at 9 sampling sites in two different seasons. The total concentrations of PCBs in studied samples varied from 344 to 0.217 ng/g dw and 10.6 to 1.68 ng/g dw in Monsoon-season and Dry-season, respectively. The paramount contributor-congener to the total PCBs was PCB 180, and it was found at all the study sites. The ecological risk assessment indicated a high potential risk in the Monsoon-season ([Formula: see text]= 277) and low potential risk in the Dry-season ([Formula: see text]= 25.7). Sediment quality guideline quotients (SQGQs) showed that PCBs in the Monsoon-season would cause "no" or "moderate" biological effects on organisms at every site except site-5 (S5) (high biological effects), while no adverse ecotoxicological effect was observed in the Dry-season. Considering both probable effect level (PEL) and threshold effect level (TEL), the new sediment quality guideline quotient (NSQGQ) showed that in the Dry-season PCB contamination would cause "moderate" biological effects. At the same time, in the Monsoon-season, the findings remained consistent with the findings of SQGQ. This study looked at the PCB contamination scenario in the Turag River sediments for the first time and allowed for a comparison with other rivers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mashura Shammi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahedul Akbor
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Services (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khabir Uddin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rashid S, Rashid W, Tulcan RXS, Huang H. Use, exposure, and environmental impacts of pesticides in Pakistan: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43675-43689. [PMID: 35435556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides is posing major threats to humans and the environment. However, the environmental exposure and impact of pesticides in Pakistan have yet been systematically reviewed, despite the country's leading role in pesticide use. Therefore, this study identified and then reviewed 85 peer-reviewed scientific publications on the topic. It was found that, compared to the worldwide average, Pakistan had high consumptions of pesticides, with an alarming increase of 1169% in the last two decades. The quantities of pesticides used followed an order of pyrethroids > organophosphates > organochlorines > carbamates, but organochlorines were the most problematic due to their environmental occurrence, the ability to transport across the media, and identified human and ecological toxicities. Additionally, the misuse or overuse of pesticides by farmers is prevailing due to insufficient knowledge about the risks, which leads to high risks in occupational exposure. These issues are further aggravated by the illegal use or continuous impacts of banned organochlorine pesticides. For the future, we suggested the establishment of organized monitoring, assessment, and reporting program based on environmental laws to minimize contamination and exposure to pesticides in Pakistan. Remediation of the contaminated areas to mitigate the adverse environmental-cum-health impacts are recommended in the most affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Rashid
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wajid Rashid
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, 19130, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haiou Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Taufeeq A, Baqar M, Sharif F, Mumtaz M, Ullah S, Aslam S, Qadir A, Majid M, Jun H. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and health risk in tobacco farming associated with River Barandu of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38774-38791. [PMID: 33742378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pesticide pollution through tobacco fields is a serious threat to both natural integrities and living beings because tobacco is known as a pesticide-intensive crop. Upsurge in the knowledge of detrimental impacts caused by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has made them a burning issue particularly in developing countries. Pakistan is a country famous for its agro-based economy and simultaneously is the second most significant pesticide consumer in South Asian countries. The studied area is tobacco hub of the country. Thus, the present work is aimed to investigate the contamination profile that highlights the ecological and health risk posed by OCPs in River Barandu, located in the proximity of tobacco farming region. ΣOCP levels in sediments ranged between 32.918 and 98.810 ng/g and in water between 0.340 and 0.935 μg/L. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and heptachlor were the most prevailing pesticides in both matrices of the river. Isomeric composition of DDTs and HCHs highlighted that the β-HCH and p,p'-DDT were dominant isomers in water, while α-HCH and p,p'-DDT in sediment compartment. Enantiomeric compositions of HCH and DDT indicate both recent and historic uses of these compounds in the area. Indirect contamination through nearby tobacco clusters has been depicted through spatial analysis. Ecological risk assessment based upon the risk quotient (RQ) method revealed that α-endosulfan, dieldrin, heptachlor, and ∑HCHs represent a very high level of ecological risks. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with dermal exposure to river's water were considered nominal for surrounding populations. However, detailed ecological and health risk studies are recommended considering the bio-accumulating nature of these contaminants in the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Taufeeq
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sami Ullah
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Aslam
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, 54550, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Muzaffar Majid
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huang Jun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ara T, Nisa WU, Anjum M, Riaz L, Saleem AR, Hayat MT. Hexachlorocyclohexane toxicity in water bodies of Pakistan: challenges and possible reclamation technologies. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2345-2362. [PMID: 34032614 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pakistan is an agro-economy country where hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) pesticides are being used to improve crop productivity, as a result the risk of contamination of soil and sediment has been increased. HCH exhibits all the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POP), and was therefore added to the list of 'new POPs' in 2009. This review report revealed that the major rivers of Pakistan such as the Indus Basin, River Ravi, River Chenab and their tributaries all are contaminated with HCH and the highest residual concentration (4,090 ng/g) was detected in a pesticide burial ground in Hyderabad city. Major sources of HCH contamination were identified as agricultural runoff, discharge of untreated industrial effluents and surface runoff. In order to manage HCH pollution, various ex-situ and in-situ remediation techniques along with their merits and demerits are thoroughly reviewed. Among these, microbial bioremediation is a low cost, environment friendly, effective in-situ remediation technique for remediation of HCH. Overall, the information provided in this manuscript will provide a future reference to the scientific community and bridge the knowledge gap between HCH release in the environment and their mitigation through proper treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talat Ara
- Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar-Un Nisa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS), International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Anjum
- Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China E-mail: ;
| | - Luqman Riaz
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Aansa Rukya Saleem
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Tahir Hayat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Abbotabad 22010, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Distribution, sources and ecological risk of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from a polluted urban river in central Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Suami RB, Sivalingam P, Al Salah DM, Grandjean D, Mulaji CK, Mpiana PT, Breider F, Otamonga JP, Poté J. Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants contamination in river, estuary, and marine sediments from Atlantic Coast of Democratic Republic of the Congo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:20000-20013. [PMID: 32232759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pollution assessment and the evaluation of potential risks in the Atlantic Coastal Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are still very limited. Consequently, the present study investigates for the first time the concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) in river, estuary, and marine sediments from this area. The results highlighted high concentrations of Cr, Zn, As, and Pb exceeding the probable effect level (PEL) on aquatic life. Zn was the most dominant element detected at a range of 180-480 mg kg-1 in marine sediment, 132-382 mg kg-1 in estuary sediment, and 121-687 mg kg-1 in river sediment. Total PCBs (∑7 × 4.3) ranged from 1995 to 20,156 μg kg-1, 2013-12,058 μg kg-1, and 1861-36,417 μg kg-1 in marine, estuary, and river sediments, respectively. Total PCBs (∑7 × 4.3) were above PEL for all sediments, suggesting potential adverse effects on benthic organisms. The OCP, PBDE, and PAH levels were low to moderate for all sediments. Taking into consideration, the concentrations of Zn, Pb, PCBs, and DDTs, probable environmental risks, are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bueya Suami
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), BP 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), BP 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Microbiology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620020, India
| | - Dhafer Mohammed Al Salah
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Prince Turki the 1st st, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crispin Kyela Mulaji
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), BP 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), BP 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Florian Breider
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Otamonga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération. Quartier Binza/UPN, BP 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), BP 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Uni Carl-Vogt, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération. Quartier Binza/UPN, BP 8815, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ullah R, Asghar R, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Alamdar A, Qadir A, Sohail M, Schäfer RB, Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani SA. Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Himalayan Riverine Network of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124762. [PMID: 31568940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in South Asian countries is one of the great environmental concerns and has resulted in the contamination of surrounding high altitude regions such as Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. This first investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs) concentrations in the ambient air, water and surface soil was conducted along the extensive stream network in the AJK valley of the Himalayan Region. In 2014, surface soil samples were taken and passive air and water samplers were deployed along the four main rivers, namely Jhelum, Neelum, Poonch and Kunhar, and analysed for PCBs (33 congeners) using GC-MS/MS. The ∑33PCBs concentrations ranged from 31.17 to 175.2 (mean ± SD: 81 ± 46.4 pg/L), ND to 1908 (1054 ± 588.5 pg/g), and 29.8 to 94.4 (52.9 ± 22.7 pg/m3) in surface water, soil and air matrices, respectively. The levels of dioxin-like PCBs (∑8DL-PCBs) contributed considerably towards the total PCBs concentrations: 60.63% (water), 43.87% (air) and 13.76% (soil). The log transformed air-water fugacity (log fa/fw) ratios ranged from -9.37 to 2.58; with 86.3% of the sampling sites showing net volatilization of selected PCB congeners. Similarly, the fugacity fractions for air-soil exchange exhibited narrow variation (0.8 to < 1) indicating net volatilization of PCBs. The ecological risk assessment showed low potential ecological risks (Eri = 1.58-7.63) associated with PCB contamination. The present findings provide baseline data that suggest cold trapping of POPs in the remote mountainous areas of Pakistan and can support environmental management of POPs at the regional level. This pioneer investigation campaign to assess the PCBs concentrations in Himalayan Riverine Network of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan helps to develop baseline data of PCBs from the strategically important riverine environment that would help in future regional as well as global ecological studies. However, the effects of temperature variations on the sampling rates of chemicals across a wide spectrum of volatility along the elevation gradient were not taken under consideration for PCBs atmospheric concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Asghar
- Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Alamdar
- Ecohealth and Environment Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Ecohealth and Environment Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau in der Pfalz 76829, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dirbaba NB, Li S, Wu H, Yan X, Wang J. Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in surficial sediments of the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205026. [PMID: 30286178 PMCID: PMC6171923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to document information on the levels of sediment contamination with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Moreover, it was intended to identify compounds which impose major ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Surficial sediments were collected from 46 locations within the streams and rivers of the Awash River Basin. In total 30 compounds were included in this study: 16 OCPs, 7 PCBs and 7 PBDEs. The total concentrations of OCPs, PCBs, and PBDEs ranged from 6.63 to 206.13 ng g-1- dry weight (dw), 0.85 to 26.56 ng g-1-dw and 3.71 to 18.95 ng g-1-dw respectively. Out of all the tested OCPs, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were the most abundant in the study area. The ratio of (β-HCH/∑HCHs) indicated that HCHs were originally from earlier usage of HCH in the area whereas the ratio of (p,p’-DDT/p,p’-DDE) showed that the majority of DDT components were recently introduced into most of the sampling locations. Even though there were relatively low concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs across the sampling sites, substantial amounts of PCBs were observed in Addis Ababa City. According to the established ecological risk indices, p,p’-DDT and γ-HCH are the major concerns for potential adverse ecological impacts. This study provided the first comprehensive information on organohalogenated compounds’ (OCs’) occurrences, spatial distributions, and ecological risks in sediments of the Awash River Basin. Thus, the report will be very useful background information for further studies on sediment contamination with OCs’ in the region. It also adds important first-hand data to the field of fresh water ecology and provides useful empirical evidence for setting pollution control priorities for an ecologically important, yet largely understudied region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niguse Bekele Dirbaba
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjuan Wu
- School of Environmental and Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
| | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (XY); (JW)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pheiffer W, Quinn LP, Bouwman H, Smit NJ, Pieters R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a typical urban impacted river: application of a comprehensive risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:336-351. [PMID: 29404865 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soweto and Lenasia, the most densely populated area of South Africa, is simultaneously a thriving metropolis, with a fair share of people still living in squalor conditions directly dependant on the natural resources. Because of industrialisation the populace and environment in this urban area are exposed to various pollutants. The aquatic environment was selected as a proxy to study the effect of industrial pollution in this area. The concentrations, source identification, and various environmental risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in sediments of the upper reaches of the Klip River. Composite sediment samples collected in low-flow conditions in 2013 and 2014 ranged from 270-5400 ng/g. The PAHs in this aquatic ecosystem were dominated by 4-ring congeners and could be attributed to combustion of organic fuels by chemical mass balance. Heavy traffic and industrial complexes in the northern part of the study area were responsible for the PAH fingerprints. Probable adverse effects such as toxicity to benthic biota were proven after comparison with international sediment quality guidelines (SQG) both survey years. Toxic equivalence quotients (TEQs) calculated for the sediments using fish potency factors (FPFs) were up to 30 times greater than the Canadian guideline for dioxin-like compounds, indicating high probability of carcinogenic effect to fish mediated through the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor. Finally, sediments in the area posed moderate to high ecological risk, which corroborates the other toxicity assessments. The advantage of investigating multiple risk endpoints, is the comprehensive results obtained that allows for a more realistic representation of the study area. Consequently more aspects are kept into account that results in better conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wihan Pheiffer
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Laura P Quinn
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G. Organochlorine pesticides across the tributaries of River Ravi, Pakistan: Human health risk assessment through dermal exposure, ecological risks, source fingerprints and spatio-temporal distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:291-305. [PMID: 29131997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study monitored the human health risks through dermal exposure, hazardous risks to ecological integrity, contamination levels, spatio-temporal distribution, and congener specific analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) across River Ravi and its three northern tributaries (Nullah Bein, Nullah Basanter and Nullah Deg). The residual levels of OCPs isomers were screened for water (n=54) and surface sediment (n=54) samples from twenty seven sampling sites in two alternate seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon). The ∑OCPs concentrations ranged from 13.61 to 1992.18ng/g dry weight and 12.89 to 128.16ng/L with predominance of β-endosulfan and p,p'-DDT in sediment and water matrixes, respectively. Distribution pattern revealed significantly higher concentrations in upstream and midstream, suggesting considerable transboundary OCPs pollution. Calculated ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT, (DDE+DDD)/∑DDTs and cis/trans-chlordane for water and sediments identified the fresh addition of lindane, technical DDTs and chlordane in the study area. Risk quotient (RQ) based ecological risk was found to be >1 at all studied streams during both seasons and elucidates higher risks for endosulfan (α-endosulfan) and endrin. Human health risk assessment indicated absence of hazardous (non-carcinogenic) risk through bathing in studied streams; as the hazard index values ranged from 1.09E-05 to 2.48E-02 (acceptable limit; <1). However, the calculated carcinogenic risk possessed by OCPs through dermal exposure ranged from 1.39E-10 to 1.98E-05 that highlighted the considerable carcinogenic risk associated to aldrin, dieldrin, p,p'-DDT and β-endosulfan at certain studied sites. Therefore, the high levels of ecological risk and carcinogenic human health risk had emphasized an immediate elimination of ongoing OCPs addition in the studied area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan.
| | - Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot (51310), Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Riaz G, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Yasar A, Safaei Khorram M. Human Health Risk Surveillance Through the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Water, Sediments, and Fish from the Chenab River, Pakistan. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1372467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Riaz
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China
- NTT Institute of High-Technology, Nhuyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Qadir A, Aslam I, Li J, Zhang G. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment, and spatio-temporal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments along River Ravi and its northern tributaries, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27913-27930. [PMID: 28988301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment, spatio-temporal variation, and source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in surface sediments and water from River Ravi and its three northern tributaries (Nullah Deg, Nullah Basantar, and Nullah Bein) in Pakistan. In total, 35 PCB congeners were analyzed along 27 sampling stations in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The ∑35PCB concentration ranged from 1.06 to 95.76 ng/g (dw) in sediments and 1.94 to 11.66 ng/L in water samples, with hexa-CBs and tetra-CBs as most dominant homologs in sediments and water matrixes, respectively. The ∑8DL-PCB levels were 0.33-22.13 ng/g (dw) and 0.16-1.95 ng/L in sediments and water samples, respectively. The WHO-toxic equivalent values were ranged from 1.18 × 10-6 to 0.012 ng/L and 1.8 × 10-6 to 0.031 ng/g in water and sediments matrixes, respectively. The ecological risk assessment indicates considerable potential ecological risk during pre-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 95.17) and moderate potential ecological risk during post-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 49.11). The industrial and urban releases were recognized as key ongoing sources for high PCB levels in environment. Therefore, we recommend more freshwater ecological studies to be conducted in the study area and firm regulatory initiatives are required to be taken in debt to the Stockholm Convention, 2001 to cop up with PCB contamination on emergency basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kilunga PI, Sivalingam P, Laffite A, Grandjean D, Mulaji CK, de Alencastro LF, Mpiana PT, Poté J. Accumulation of toxic metals and organic micro-pollutants in sediments from tropical urban rivers, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:37-48. [PMID: 28363093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of fresh water resource by toxic metals and Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs) is a major environmental concern globally. In the present investigation, surface sediments collected from three main rivers named, Makelele, Kalamu and Nsanga, draining through the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, were characterized for grain size, organic matter, toxic metals, POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were performed to determine metal source and pollution status. The results highlighted high concentration of toxic metals in all sediment samples, reaching the values (mg kg-1) of 325 (Cu), 549 (Zn), 165 (Pb) and 1.5 (Cd). High values of PCBs and OCPs were detected in sediment samples, e.g. in Makelele river, PCB values ranged from 0.9 to 10.9 with total PCBs (∑7 PCBs × 4.3): 169.3 μg kg-1; OCPs from 21.6 to 146.8 with ∑OCPs: 270.6 μg kg-1. The PBDEs concentrations were higher in investigated rivers comparatively with values detected in many rivers from Sub-Saharan Africa. The ΣPAHs value ranged from 22.6 to 1011.9 μg kg-1. River contamination may be explained by local intense domestic activities, urban and agricultural runoff, industrial and hospital wastewaters discharge into the rivers without prior treatment. This research provides not only a first baseline information on the extent of contamination in this tropical ecosystem but also represents useful tools incorporated to evaluate sediment quality in the river receiving systems which can be applied to similar aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pitchouna I Kilunga
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Periyasamy Sivalingam
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Laffite
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crispin K Mulaji
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Poté
- University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo; University of Geneva, Faculty of Science, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Sciences, 66, Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Da C, Wu K, Jin J, Yu M. Levels and Sources of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Sediment from Anhui Reach of Huaihe River, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:784-790. [PMID: 28421253 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in Anhui reach of Huaihe river, China. Seventeen out of 22 OCPs were detected by GC-MS. The mean concentrations of OCPs followed the order: HCHs > DDTs > HCB > chlordanes > endosulfans. Levels of total HCHs and total DDTs ranged from 2.54 to 13.91 ng g-1 (mean = 7.52 ng g-1) and 0.016 to 2.54 ng g-1 (mean = 0.45 ng g-1), respectively. The concentrations of DDTs were lower than those of HCHs. Compared with the other rivers in China, DDTs and HCHs were relatively lower or similar. Statistical analysis indicated that the OCPs concentration differences were not insignificant between upstream, midstream and downstream. The compound compositions suggested that historical usage of lindane and fresh DDT were the main sources. The regression analysis indicated that TOC has influence on the levels of HCHs and little influence on the levels of DDTs in the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China.
| | - Ke Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Ecological Restoration of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Minjun Yu
- BoZhou University Department of biological and chemical engineering, Hefei, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ali U, Li J, Zhang G, Mahmood A, Jones KC, Malik RN. Presence, deposition flux and mass burden of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Mehmood Booti Drain sediments, Lahore. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 125:9-15. [PMID: 26650420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing persistent organic pollutants i.e., PCBs, PBDEs, DPs and OCPs for sediment samples collected from Mehmood Booti Drain, Lahore, Pakistan that receives higher pollution loads from adjacent waste dumping site. Levels of ∑PCBs, ∑PBDEs, ∑DPs and ∑OCPs ranged between 5.9-62, 0.36-1.32, n.d.-0.02 and 0.96-18.07ngg(-1,) respectively. These levels were found to be comparable with other studies of local or global origin. Composition, spatial distribution and source profile indicated that Mehmood Booti waste dumping site was the major input source for sedimentary POPs pollution. The highest POPs deposition flux and mass inventory was attributed to PCBs and OCPs. Deposition flux indicated the input of 6E(-04), 5E(-05), 9E(-07) and 4E(-0)(4)t/yr of PCBs, PBDEs, DPs and OCPs into the Mehmood Booti Drain sediments which ultimately discharge into the River Ravi. Mass inventories suggested 1E(-02), 3E(-04), 7E(-06) and 3E(-03) metric tons PCBs, PBDEs, DPs and OCPs burden, respectively in the Mehmood Booti Drain sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, PO 45550, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemical Managements, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, PO 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ali U, Sánchez-García L, Rehman MYA, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Tracking the fingerprints and combined TOC-black carbon mediated soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Indus River Basin of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:850-858. [PMID: 26613673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first investigation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in air and soil samples from ecologically important sites of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. The concentrations of ∑39-PCNs in air and soil were found in a range between 1-1588 pg m(-3) and 0.02-23 ng g(-1) while the mean TEQ values were calculated to be 5.4E(-04) pg TEQ m(-3) and 1.6E(+01) pg TEQ g(-1), respectively. Spatially, air and soil PCN concentrations were found to be high at Rahim Yar Khan (agricultural region). Lower-medium chlorinated PCNs (sum of tri-, tetra- and penta-CNs) predominated in both air and soil, altogether constituting 87 and 86% of total PCNs in the two environmental matrices, respectively. According to the data, soil-air partitioning of PCNs was interpreted to be similarly controlled by the combined effect of black carbon and organic matter in the Indus River Basin, with no preferential implication of the recalcitrant organic form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza University, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiong J, An T, Zhang C, Li G. Pollution profiles and risk assessment of PBDEs and phenolic brominated flame retardants in water environments within a typical electronic waste dismantling region. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:457-73. [PMID: 25503846 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the pollution profiles of various typical brominated flame retardants in water and surface sediment near a typical electronic waste dismantling region in southern China. We found that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), pentabromophenol (PeBP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and bisphenol A (BPA) were ubiquitous in the water and sediment samples collected in the study region. In water, Σ19PBDEs (sum of all 20 PBDE congeners studied except BDE-209, which was below the detection limit) levels ranged from 0.31 to 8.9 × 10(2) ng L(-1). TBP, PeBP, TBBPA, and BPA concentrations in the water samples ranged from not being detectable (nd-under the detection limit) to 3.2 × 10(2) (TBP), from nd to 37 (PeBP), from nd to 9.2 × 10(2) (TBBPA) and from nd-8.6 × 10(2) ng L(-1) (BPA). In sediment, Σ19PBDEs ranged from nd to 5.6 × 10(3) ng g(-1), while BDE-209 was the predominant congener, with a range of nd to 3.5 × 10(3) ng g(-1). Tri- to hepta-BDE concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with each other, except for BDE-71 and BDE-183, and octa- to nona-BDEs concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with each other, except for BDE-208. BDE-209 was not significantly correlated with tri- to nona-BDEs. Risk assessments indicated that the water and sediment across the sampling sites posed no estrogenic risk. However, different eco-toxicity risk degrees at three trophic levels did exist at most sampling sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jukun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ali U, Syed JH, Junwen L, Sánchez-García L, Malik RN, Chaudhry MJI, Arshad M, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Assessing the relationship and influence of black carbon on distribution status of organochlorines in the coastal sediments from Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 190:82-90. [PMID: 24732884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Levels of total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) were determined together with those of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the selected eighteen coastal sites (n = 285) along the Arabian Sea from Pakistan. Results showed that the total concentration of TOC, BC, ∑OCPs and ∑26PCBs ranged between 0.3 and 2.9% dw, 0.1-0.2% dw, 0.9-110 ng g(-1) dw and 6.2-1200 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Correlation analysis of BC (r = 0.26-0.89) and TOC (r = 0.06-0.69) revealed a stronger association with studied compounds. The sedimentary depositional fluxes (D) for ∑OCPs and ∑26PCBs were calculated as 1.7 and 4.9 tons yr(-1), respectively. In the coastal belt of Pakistan, sedimentary mass inventories (I) indicated the presence of 13 and 37 metric tons of ∑OCPs and ∑26PCBs, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liu Junwen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon (IUCA), Zaragoza University, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | | | - Masood Arshad
- WWF - Pakistan, Ferozpur Road, P O Box 5180, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|