1
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Nielsen CK, Elsgaard L, Jørgensen U, Lærke PE. Soil greenhouse gas emissions from drained and rewetted agricultural bare peat mesocosms are linked to geochemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165083. [PMID: 37391135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of climate considerations regarding the management of peatlands, there is a need to assess whether rewetting can mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and notably how site-specific soil-geochemistry will influence differences in emission magnitudes. However, there are inconsistent results regarding the correlation of soil properties with heterotrophic respiration (Rh) of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from bare peat. In this study, we determined 1) soil-, and site-specific geochemical components as drivers for emissions from Rh on five Danish fens and bogs, and 2) emission magnitudes under drained and rewetted conditions. For this, a mesocosm experiment was performed under equal exposure to climatic conditions and water table depths controlled to either -40 cm, or -5 cm. For the drained soils, we found that annual cumulative emissions, accounting for all three gases, were dominated by CO2, contributing with, on average, 99 % to a varying global warming potential (GWP) of 12.2-16.9 t CO2eq ha-1 yr-1. Rewetting lowered annual cumulative emissions from Rh by 3.2-5.1 t CO2eq ha-1 yr-1 for fens and bogs, respectively, despite a high variability of site-specific CH4 emissions, contributing with 0.3-3.4 t CO2 ha-1 yr-1 to the GWP. Overall, analyses using generalized additive models (GAM) showed that emission magnitudes were well explained by geochemical variables. Under drained conditions, significant soil-specific predictor variables for CO2 flux magnitudes were pH, phosphorus (P), and the soil substrate's relative water holding capacity (WHC). When rewetted, CO2 and CH4 emissions from Rh were affected by pH, WHC, as well as contents of P, total carbon and nitrogen. In conclusion, our results found the highest GHG reduction on fen peatlands, further highlighting that peat nutrient status and acidity, and the potential availability of alternative electron acceptors, might be used as proxies for prioritising peatland areas for GHG mitigation efforts by rewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Nielsen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO, Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - L Elsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - U Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO, Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - P E Lærke
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; CBIO, Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Denmark
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2
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Başak E, Cetin NI, Vatandaşlar C, Pamukcu-Albers P, Karabulut AA, Çağlayan SD, Besen T, Erpul G, Balkız Ö, Çokçalışkan BA, Per E, Atkin G. Ecosystem services studies in Turkey: A national-scale review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157068. [PMID: 35787907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of "Ecosystem Services (ES)" has gained global importance since the 1990s. Today its link to sustainable development and human welfare is well documented. However, the level of know-how and the scale and effectiveness of practices differ significantly around the globe. The Ecosystem Services Partnership (ESP) National Network of Turkey aims to fill gaps in ES research and foster collaboration among experts in the public and academic sectors and non-governmental organizations. Therefore, a comprehensive review of ES studies was carried out with rigorous literature research. The review of 247 publications showed that ES research has advanced in the last two decades principally as a result of academia's impetus but increasing efforts in the science-policy interface have also supported its integration into diverse policy sectors. Among all ES, regulating ES were studied more intensely due to the growing effects of climate change on leading economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry, and water management. Monetary valuation and trade-off knowledge have remained low, based on the difficulties in data availability and assessment methods. Although protected areas are critical to biodiversity conservation, the ES concept has not been integrated into protected area management. Therefore, the ES knowledge in Turkey needs to be scaled up to cover the national level, with higher stakeholder engagement and more focused implementation driven by political will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Başak
- Project House Cooperative, Moda Caddesi Borucu Han No:20/204 Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nuket Ipek Cetin
- Gebze Technical University, Urban and Regional Planning Department, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Can Vatandaşlar
- Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Forestry, 08100 Artvin, Turkey.
| | | | - Armağan Aloe Karabulut
- National Research Institute for Field Crops, Depth. of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Semiha Demirbaş Çağlayan
- Landscape Research Society, Ş. M. Rahman Cad. Çankaya Bel. Çayyolu Ek Hizmet Binası No:94/5. Kat 5 Nolu Oda Çayyolu, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuba Besen
- Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Economics Department, Muratpaşa, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Günay Erpul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özge Balkız
- Nature Conservation Centre (Doğa Koruma Merkezi), Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Başak Avcıoğlu Çokçalışkan
- EARD Ecosystem and Agriculture R&D Trade Ltd. Co., Şefkat Mahallesi Kızlarpınarı Caddesi Uğur Apt No: 68/6 Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Per
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Teknik Okullar, Ankara, Turkey.
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3
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Yao H, Peng H, Hong B, Guo Q, Ding H, Hong Y, Zhu Y, Cai C, Chi J. Environmental Controls on Multi-Scale Dynamics of Net Carbon Dioxide Exchange From an Alpine Peatland on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:791343. [PMID: 35069648 PMCID: PMC8767066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are characterized by their large carbon storage capacity and play an essential role in the global carbon cycle. However, the future of the carbon stored in peatland ecosystems under a changing climate remains unclear. In this study, based on the eddy covariance technique, we investigated the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and its controlling factors of the Hongyuan peatland, which is a part of the Ruoergai peatland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Our results show that the Hongyuan alpine peatland was a CO2 sink with an annual NEE of -226.61 and -185.35 g C m-2 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. While, the non-growing season NEE was 53.35 and 75.08 g C m-2 in 2014 and 2015, suggesting that non-growing seasons carbon emissions should not be neglected. Clear diurnal variation in NEE was observed during the observation period, with the maximum CO2 uptake appearing at 12:30 (Beijing time, UTC+8). The Q10 value of the non-growing season in 2014 and 2015 was significantly higher than that in the growing season, which suggested that the CO2 flux in the non-growing season was more sensitive to warming than that in the growing season. We investigated the multi-scale temporal variations in NEE during the growing season using wavelet analysis. On daily timescales, photosynthetically active radiation was the primary driver of NEE. Seasonal variation in NEE was mainly driven by soil temperature. The amount of precipitation was more responsible for annual variation of NEE. The increasing number of precipitation event was associated with increasing annual carbon uptake. This study highlights the need for continuous eddy covariance measurements and time series analysis approaches to deepen our understanding of the temporal variability in NEE and multi-scale correlation between NEE and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Bayinbuluk Alpine Wetland Carbon Flux Research Station, Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Bayinbuluk Alpine Wetland Carbon Flux Research Station, Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an, China
| | - Bing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Bayinbuluk Alpine Wetland Carbon Flux Research Station, Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Bayinbuluk Alpine Wetland Carbon Flux Research Station, Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanwei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Bayinbuluk Alpine Wetland Carbon Flux Research Station, Chinese Flux Observation and Research Network, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yetang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongxuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Cheng Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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4
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Evans CD, Peacock M, Baird AJ, Artz RRE, Burden A, Callaghan N, Chapman PJ, Cooper HM, Coyle M, Craig E, Cumming A, Dixon S, Gauci V, Grayson RP, Helfter C, Heppell CM, Holden J, Jones DL, Kaduk J, Levy P, Matthews R, McNamara NP, Misselbrook T, Oakley S, Page SE, Rayment M, Ridley LM, Stanley KM, Williamson JL, Worrall F, Morrison R. Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Nature 2021; 593:548-552. [PMID: 33882562 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Global peatlands store more carbon than is naturally present in the atmosphere1,2. However, many peatlands are under pressure from drainage-based agriculture, plantation development and fire, with the equivalent of around 3 per cent of all anthropogenic greenhouse gases emitted from drained peatland3-5. Efforts to curb such emissions are intensifying through the conservation of undrained peatlands and re-wetting of drained systems6. Here we report eddy covariance data for carbon dioxide from 16 locations and static chamber measurements for methane from 41 locations in the UK and Ireland. We combine these with published data from sites across all major peatland biomes. We find that the mean annual effective water table depth (WTDe; that is, the average depth of the aerated peat layer) overrides all other ecosystem- and management-related controls on greenhouse gas fluxes. We estimate that every 10 centimetres of reduction in WTDe could reduce the net warming impact of CO2 and CH4 emissions (100-year global warming potentials) by the equivalent of at least 3 tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year, until WTDe is less than 30 centimetres. Raising water levels further would continue to have a net cooling effect until WTDe is within 10 centimetres of the surface. Our results suggest that greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands drained for agriculture could be greatly reduced without necessarily halting their productive use. Halving WTDe in all drained agricultural peatlands, for example, could reduce emissions by the equivalent of over 1 per cent of global anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Evans
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK. .,Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - M Peacock
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A J Baird
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R R E Artz
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK
| | - A Burden
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - N Callaghan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK
| | - P J Chapman
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H M Cooper
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - M Coyle
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, UK.,UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - E Craig
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - A Cumming
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - S Dixon
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - V Gauci
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R P Grayson
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Helfter
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - C M Heppell
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Holden
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Kaduk
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - P Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - R Matthews
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
| | - N P McNamara
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - S Oakley
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Rayment
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - L M Ridley
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - K M Stanley
- Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - F Worrall
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - R Morrison
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
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5
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Campbell DI, Glover-Clark GL, Goodrich JP, Morcom CP, Schipper LA, Wall AM. Large differences in CO 2 emissions from two dairy farms on a drained peatland driven by contrasting respiration rates during seasonal dry conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143410. [PMID: 33213925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drained peatlands are major sources of CO2 to the atmosphere, yet the effects of land management and hydrological extremes have been little-studied at spatial scales relevant to agricultural enterprises. We measured fluxes of CO2 using the eddy covariance (EC) technique at two adjacent dairy farms on a drained peatland in Aotearoa New Zealand with remaining peat depths 5.5-8 m. One site (SD) had shallow surface drains and mean water table depth (WTD) -657 mm, while the other site (BD) had deep field border drains and mean WTD -838 mm. Net ecosystem CO2 production (NEP) was similar at the two sites when the soils were moist but diverged during late-summer drying, with site BD having 4.56 t C ha-1 greater CO2 emission than site SD over the four-month dry period. Soil drying reduced gross primary production (GPP) at both sites, while ecosystem respiration (ER) was reduced at site SD but not at site BD. The low dry season respiration rates at site SD contributed to near-zero annual NEP, while higher respiration rates at site BD led to annual CO2 loss of -4.95 ± 0.59 t C ha-1 yr-1. Accounting for other imports and exports of carbon, annual net ecosystem carbon balances were -2.23 and -8.47 t C ha-1 yr-1 at sites SD and BD, respectively. It is likely that the contrasting dry season respiration rates resulted from differences in soil physical properties affecting soil moisture vertical redistribution and availability to plants and microbes rather than from the relatively small differences in WTD. These differences could be caused by soil physical disturbances during pasture renewal or paddock recontouring, or time since initial drainage. Therefore, improved soil management might provide practical mitigation against excessive CO2 emissions during dry conditions, including droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Campbell
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Georgie L Glover-Clark
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Jordan P Goodrich
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Christopher P Morcom
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Wall
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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6
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Matysek M, Leake J, Banwart S, Johnson I, Page S, Kaduk J, Smalley A, Cumming A, Zona D. Impact of fertiliser, water table, and warming on celery yield and CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from fenland agricultural peat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:179-190. [PMID: 30826678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are globally important areas for carbon preservation; although covering only 3% of global land area, they store 30% of total soil carbon. Lowland peat soils can also be very productive for agriculture, but their cultivation requires drainage as most crops are intolerant of root-zone anoxia. This leads to the creation of oxic conditions in which organic matter becomes vulnerable to mineralisation. Given the demand for high quality agricultural land, 40% of the UK's peatlands have been drained for agricultural use. In this study we present the outcomes of a controlled environment experiment conducted on agricultural fen peat to examine possible trade-offs between celery growth (an economically important crop on the agricultural peatlands of eastern England) and emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)) at different temperatures (ambient and ambient +5 °C), water table levels (-30 cm, and -50 cm below the surface), and fertiliser use. Raising the water table from -50 cm to -30 cm depressed yields of celery, and at the same time decreased the entire ecosystem CO2 loss by 31%. A 5 °C temperature increase enhanced ecosystem emissions of CO2 by 25% and increased celery dry shoot weight by 23% while not affecting the shoot fresh weight. Fertiliser addition increased both celery yields and soil respiration by 22%. Methane emissions were generally very low and not significantly different from zero. Our results suggest that increasing the water table can lower emissions of greenhouse gases and reduce the rate of peat wastage, but reduces the productivity of celery. If possible, the water table should be raised to -30 cm before and after cultivation, and only decreased during the growing season, as this would reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions and peat loss, potentially not affecting the production of vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matysek
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Banwart
- Global Food and Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Johnson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jorg Kaduk
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Smalley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Cumming
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Donatella Zona
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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7
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Nugent KA, Strachan IB, Strack M, Roulet NT, Rochefort L. Multi-year net ecosystem carbon balance of a restored peatland reveals a return to carbon sink. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5751-5768. [PMID: 30225998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands after drainage and extraction are large sources of carbon (C) to the atmosphere. Restoration, through re-wetting and revegetation, aims to return the C sink function by re-establishing conditions similar to that of an undrained peatland. However, the time needed to re-establish C sequestration is not well constrained due to the lack of multi-year measurements. We measured over 3 years the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), methane ( F CH 4 ), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at a restored post-extraction peatland (RES) in southeast Canada (restored 14 years prior to the start of the study) and compared our observations to the C balance of an intact reference peatland (REF) that has a long-term continuous flux record and is in the same climate zone. Small but significant differences in winter respiration driven by temperature were mainly responsible for differences in cumulative NEE between years. Low growing season inter-annual variability was linked to constancy of the initial spring water table position, controlled by the blocked drainage ditches and the presence of water storage structures (bunds and pools). Half-hour F CH 4 at RES was small except when Typha latifolia-invaded drainage ditches were in the tower footprint; this effect at the ecosystem level was small as ditches represent a minor fraction of RES. The restored peatland was an annual sink for CO2 (-90 ± 18 g C m-2 year-1 ), a source of CH4 (4.4 ± 0.2 g C m-2 year-1 ), and a source of DOC (6.9 ± 2.2 g C m-2 year-1 ), resulting in mean net ecosystem uptake of 78 ± 17 g C m-2 year-1 . Annual NEE at RES was most similar to wetter, more productive years at REF. Integrating structures to increase water retention, alongside re-establishing key species, have been effective at re-establishing the net C sink rate to that of an intact peatland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Nugent
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Ian B Strachan
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Strack
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel T Roulet
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Line Rochefort
- Department of Plant Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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8
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Hamilton RF, Tsuruoka S, Wu N, Wolfarth M, Porter DW, Bunderson-Schelvan M, Holian A. Length, but Not Reactive Edges, of Cup-stack MWCNT Is Responsible for Toxicity and Acute Lung Inflammation. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 46:62-74. [PMID: 28946794 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317732303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) toxicity after inhalation has been associated with size, aspect ratio, rigidity, surface modification, and reactive oxygen species production. In this study, we investigated a series of cup-stacked MWCNT prepared as variants of the Creos 24PS. Mechanical chopping produced a short version (AR10) and graphitization to remove active reaction sites by extreme heat (2,800°C; Creos 24HT) to test the contribution of length and alteration of potential reaction sites to toxicity. The 3 MWCNT variants were tested in vitro in a human macrophage-like cell model and with C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages for dose-dependent toxicity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The 24PS and 24HT variants showed significant dose-dependent toxicity and inflammasome activation. In contrast, the AR10 variant showed no toxicity or bioactivity at any concentration tested. The in vivo results reflected those observed in vitro, with the 24PS and 24HT variants resulting in acute inflammation, including elevated polymorphonuclear counts, Interleukin (IL)-18, cathepsin B, and lactate dehydrogenase in isolated lung lavage fluid from mice exposed to 40 µg MWCNT. Taken together, these data indicate that length, but not the absence of proposed reaction sites, on the MWCNT influences particle bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Hamilton
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Shuji Tsuruoka
- 2 Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Wolfarth
- 4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- 4 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Melisa Bunderson-Schelvan
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- 1 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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9
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Meifang Y, Lu W, Honghui R, Xinshi Z. Biomass production and carbon sequestration of a short-rotation forest with different poplar clones in northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:1135-1140. [PMID: 28222922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) is of interest as producers of biomass for bio-energy, but also as carbon (C) sinks to mitigate CO2 emission. To investigate biomass production and C sequestration of SRF, ecosystem C stock (including C stored in tree biomass, litter and soil), NPP (net primary productivity), heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and NEP (net ecosystem productivity) of three poplar clone plantations were estimated by repeated field sampling in northwest China. Ecosystem C stock (105.62MgCha-1) was significantly lower in PB (P. balsamifera) stand than in PD (P. deltoids) and PE (P.×euramericana) stands (P<0.01). Biomass C stock was greatly affected by clone type (P<0.01), while significant difference in soil C stock was not detected. Averaged NPP was 8.80MgCha-1yr-1 across all clone stands, but the most productive clone of PD yielded up to 10.72MgCha-1yr-1. NEP was found to be significantly different among the clone stands, increasing from 0.21MgCha-1yr-1 in PB to 6.77MgCha-1yr-1 in PD stand. With soil C outputs (Rh) being smaller than C sequestrations, the plantations all acted as C sinks, averagely absorbing 3.45MgCha-1 during a year. Our results suggest that clone type is a main factor influencing C sequestration capacity of a plantation, along with determining the amount of biomass yield. The success of poplar plantations as a bio-energy resource largely depends on the selection of hybrid varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meifang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Street, Taiyuan 030024, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Wang Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Street, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ren Honghui
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; College of Mine Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingzexi Street, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhang Xinshi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
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