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Golosovskaia E, Örn S, Ahrens L, Chelcea I, Andersson PL. Studying mixture effects on uptake and tissue distribution of PFAS in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168738. [PMID: 38030006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed in the aquatic environment. They include persistent, mobile, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals and it is therefore critical to increase our understanding on their adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME). The current study focused on uptake of seven emerging PFAS in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and their potential maternal transfer. In addition, we aimed at increasing our understanding on mixture effects on ADME by developing a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model capable of handling co-exposure scenarios of any number of chemicals. All studied chemicals were taken up in the fish to varying degrees, whereas only perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were quantified in all analysed tissues. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) was measured at concerningly high concentrations in the brain (Cmax over 15 μg/g) but also in the liver and ovaries. All studied PFAS were maternally transferred to the eggs, with FOSA and 6:2 perfluorooctane sulfonate (6,2 FTSA) showing significant (p < 0.02) signs of elimination from the embryos during the first 6 days of development, while perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), PFNA, and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were not eliminated in embryos during this time-frame. The mixture PBK model resulted in >85 % of predictions within a 10-fold error and 60 % of predictions within a 3-fold error. At studied levels of PFAS exposure, competitive binding was not a critical factor for PFAS kinetics. Gill surface pH influenced uptake for some carboxylates but not the sulfonates. The developed PBK model provides an important tool in understanding kinetics under complex mixture scenarios and this use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) is critical in future risk assessment of chemicals and early warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioana Chelcea
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Brown AS, Yun X, McKenzie ER, Heron CG, Field JA, Salice CJ. Spatial and temporal variability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental media of a small pond: Toward an improved understanding of PFAS bioaccumulation in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163149. [PMID: 37011692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly fluorinated compounds with many industrial applications, for instance as ingredients in fire-suppressing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). Several PFAS have been demonstrated to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. This study better characterizes the bioaccumulation of PFAS in freshwater fish through a spatial and temporal analysis of surface water and sediment from a stormwater pond in a former Naval air station (NAS) with historic AFFF use. We sampled environmental media from four locations twice per week for five weeks and sampled fish at the end of the sampling effort. The primary PFAS identified in surface water, sediment, and biota were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in environmental media and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) in biota. We observed significant temporal variability in surface water concentrations at the pond headwaters following stochastic events such as heavy rainfall for many compounds, particularly PFHxS. Sediment concentrations varied most across sampling locations. In fish, liver tissue presented the highest concentrations for all compounds except PFHxS, which was highest in muscle tissue, suggesting the influence of fine-scale aqueous PFAS fluctuations on tissue distribution. Calculated log bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) ranged from 0.13 to 2.30 for perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) and 0.29-4.05 for perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSA) and fluctuated greatly with aqueous concentrations. The variability of PFAS concentrations in environmental media necessitates more frequent sampling efforts in field-based studies to better characterize PFAS contamination in aquatic ecosystems as well as exercising caution when considering single time-point BAFs due to uncertainty of system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbi S Brown
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher G Heron
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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3
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Wang H, Hu D, Wen W, Lin X, Xia X. Warming Affects Bioconcentration and Bioaccumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Pelagic and Benthic Organisms in a Water-Sediment System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3612-3622. [PMID: 36808967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Warming and exposure to emerging global pollutants, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are significant stressors in the aquatic ecosystem. However, little is known about the warming effect on the bioaccumulation of PFAS in aquatic organisms. In this study, the pelagic organisms Daphnia magna and zebrafish, and the benthic organism Chironomus plumosus were exposed to 13 PFAS in a sediment-water system with a known amount of each PFAS at different temperatures (16, 20, and 24 °C). The results showed that the steady-state body burden (Cb-ss) of PFAS in pelagic organisms increased with increasing temperatures, mainly attributed to increased water concentrations. The uptake rate constant (ku) and elimination rate constant (ke) in pelagic organisms increased with increasing temperature. In contrast, warming did not significantly change or even mitigate Cb-ss of PFAS in the benthic organism Chironomus plumosus, except for PFPeA and PFHpA, which was consistent with declined sediment concentrations. The mitigation could be explained by the decreased bioaccumulation factor due to a more significant percent increase in ke than ku, especially for long-chain PFAS. This study suggests that the warming effect on the PFAS concentration varies among different media, which should be considered for their ecological risk assessment under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wu Wen
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Liang X, Zhou J, Yang X, Jiao W, Wang T, Zhu L. Disclosing the bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors of emerging per/polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food web based on field investigation and model simulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130566. [PMID: 36502721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in the environment, but their bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors are not well understood. We collected surface water, sediment, and various aquatic organisms from Lake Taihu, China. Several emerging PFASs, such as fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), hexafluoropropylene oxides (HFPOs), and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) were frequently detected in water and sediment samples. The concentrations of HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), 4,8-dioxa-3 H-per-fluorononanoate, and FTSs were remarkably higher than those reported previously, indicating that their application is increasing in Taihu Basin. These emerging PFASs displayed higher sediment/water partitioning coefficients (log Koc) than the corresponding perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with the same perfluorinated carbon chain length. HFPOs and Cl-PFESAs were more labile to deposit in fish livers than perfluorooctanoic and perfluorooctane sulfonic acids, respectively. Both field investigations and model simulations indicated that HFPO-TA and Cl-PFESAs, as well as the hydrogen-substituted analogs of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 H-PFESA), were biomagnified along the aquatic food chain. The bioaccumulation model simulation revealed that the accumulation of these emerging PFASs in fish was mainly through dietary intake, whereas gill respiration and fecal excretion facilitated their elimination. Metabolic transformation might also contribute to their elimination relative to the legacy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Wenqing Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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5
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Wen W, Xiao L, Hu D, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Jiang X, Zhang S, Xia X. Fractionation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) along the aquatic food chain promoted by competitive effects between longer and shorter chain PFAAs. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137931. [PMID: 36706813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are proteinophilic pollutants. We hypothesized that fractionation of PFAAs may occur along a food chain. To testify this hypothesis, we investigated the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and fractionation of 11 kinds of PFAAs (C-F = 3-11) along an aquatic food chain consisting of D. magna, zebrafish, and cichlid. The results showed that the proportions of PFNA, PFOA, and all shorter chain PFAAs in the D. magna and fish tissues were lower than the ones in exposure water, opposing to the other longer chain PFAAs. Predation promoted such fractionation differences, and the proportions of PFNA, PFOA, and all shorter chain PFAAs in organisms decreased while those of the other longer chain PFAAs increased along the food chain. The results of isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking experiments showed that binding affinities of PFAAs and fish proteins increased with the number of perfluorinated carbons, resulting in a substitution of shorter chain PFAAs by their longer chain analogues. It also triggered the differences in the uptake and elimination of PFFAs and competitive bioaccumulation between longer and shorter chain PFAAs. This study suggests that fractionation should be considered in studying environmental behaviors and evaluating ecological risks of multiple PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University at ZhaiHai, 519087, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University at ZhaiHai, 519087, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Zhining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yilin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
| | - Xinghui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China.
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6
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Burkhard LP, Votava LK. Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:277-295. [PMID: 36398857 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in commercial products such textiles, firefighting foams, and surface coatings across the globe and some PFAS are known to be bioaccumulative in aquatic species. The ultimate sink for numerous anthropogenic chemicals is the sediments in lakes, rivers, and oceans. To understand the relationship between sediment and aquatic species, a literature search was performed and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) data for 17 taxonomic classes were assembled. The carbonyl and sulfonyl PFAS classes were relatively data rich whereas phosphate (no measurements), ether (one chemical), and fluorotelomer (limited number of chemicals) PFAS classes were data poor. Taxonomic classes of Teleostei and Clitellata had the largest BSAFs whereas Magnoliopsida and Bivalvia had the smallest BSAFs, and BSAF values >1 (kg-OC/kg-wet wt) were very rare. Across all studies, median (±standard deviation) whole-body Teleostei BSAFs for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (kg-OC/kg-wet wt) were 0.0580 (±0.445, n = 60) and 0.00283 (±0.103,24), respectively. Laboratory-measured BSAFs were consistently larger than field-measured BSAFs, that is, 53 of 67 comparisons were larger (80%). Comparing BSAFs across taxonomic classes, 72% of the BSAFs were significantly different (α = 0.05). Comparing BSAFs within a taxonomic class, BSAFs were significantly different for 63% of the taxonomic classes. Elimination kinetics for benthic invertebrates suggests steady-state conditions might be reached in the 28-day uptake portion of a laboratory bioaccumulation test for some test species. The largest data gaps, beyond limited measurements, are understanding the effects of concentration and mixtures on bioaccumulation from sediments, quantifying the difference, if any, in BSAFs between freshwater and brackish/marine ecosystems, and models for predicting BSAFs based on concentrations in sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:277-295. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Burkhard
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lauren K Votava
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities Student Services Contractor to US Environmental Protection Agency, Minnesota, Duluth, USA
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7
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Zhang T, Zhao S, Dong F, Jia Y, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhu L. Novel Insight into the Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by 6:6 PFPiA through Disturbing the Gut-Brain Axis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1028-1038. [PMID: 36594808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As alternatives to traditional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPiAs) are frequently detected in aquatic environments, but the neurotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, male zebrafish were exposed to 6:6 PFPiA (1 and 10 nM) for 28 days, which exhibited anxiety-like symptoms. Gut microbiome results indicated that 6:6 PFPiA significantly increased the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to enhanced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammation in the gut. The LPS was delivered to the brain through the gut-brain axis (GBA), damaged the blood-brain barrier (BBB), stimulated neuroinflammation, and caused apoptosis as well as neural injury in the brain. This mechanism was verified by the fact that antibiotics reduced the LPS levels in the gut and brain, accompanied by reduced inflammatory responses and anxiety-like behavior. The BBB damage also resulted in the enhanced accumulation of 6:6 PFPiA in the brain, where it might bind strongly with and activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to induce brain inflammation directly. Additionally, as the fish received treatment with an inhibitor of AhR, the inflammation response and anxiety-like behavior decreased distinctly. This study sheds light on the new mechanisms of neurotoxicity-induced 6:6 PFPiA due to the interruption on GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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8
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Lu G, Ma L, Yeung LWY, Wang WX, Lam PKS. Oysters for legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) monitoring in estuarine and coastal waters: Phase distribution and bioconcentration profile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157453. [PMID: 35863582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a diverse group of widely used anthropogenic chemicals that are environmentally persistent and bioaccumulative, especially in aquatic ecosystem. The heavily industrialized and urbanized Greater Bay Area in China represents a notable contamination source for PFASs, which may potentially influence the health of local oysters as a keystone species in local ecosystems and a popular seafood. In this study, samples of oysters and their surrounding waters were collected from the littoral zones of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China during winter 2020, where 44 PFASs, including 19 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), 8 emerging PFASs, and 17 PFAA precursors (or intermediates), were analyzed. Total PFAS concentrations ranged 13.8-58.8 ng/L in the dissolved phase, 3.60-11.2 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM), and 0.969-1.98 ng/g dw in the oysters. Most short-chain PFASs were present in the dissolved phase (>95%), while long-chain PFASs generally showed higher concentrations in the SPM. Log field-based bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of long-chain PFASs increased linearly (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) with increasing estimated log membrane-water (Dmw) and protein-water (Dpw) distribution coefficients. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) exhibited higher measured BCFs than those estimated by their Dmw and Dpw. Considering the widespread occurrence of their precursors, the contribution of precursor transformation was likely to be a significant source of PFHxA and PFHpA. Oysters from the PRE littoral zones posed low risks to human health associated with PFAS consumption, which might be underestimated due to limited toxicity data available for PFAA precursors and emerging PFASs. This study sheds light on the practicality of applying oysters as biomonitors for timely PFAS monitoring in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Linjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lan Ma
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Warner RM, Sweeney LM, Hayhurst BA, Mayo ML. Toxicokinetic Modeling of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Concentrations within Developing Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Populations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13189-13199. [PMID: 36055240 PMCID: PMC9494737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pervasive environmental contaminants, and their relative stability and high bioaccumulation potential create a challenging risk assessment problem. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) data, in principle, can be synthesized within a quantitative adverse outcome pathway (qAOP) framework to link molecular activity with individual or population level hazards. However, even as qAOP models are still in their infancy, there is a need to link internal dose and toxicity endpoints in a more rigorous way to further not only qAOP models but adverse outcome pathway frameworks in general. We address this problem by suggesting refinements to the current state of toxicokinetic modeling for the early development zebrafish exposed to PFAS up to 120 h post-fertilization. Our approach describes two key physiological transformation phenomena of the developing zebrafish: dynamic volume of an individual and dynamic hatching of a population. We then explore two different modeling strategies to describe the mass transfer, with one strategy relying on classical kinetic rates and the other incorporating mechanisms of membrane transport and adsorption/binding potential. Moving forward, we discuss the challenges of extending this model in both timeframe and chemical class, in conjunction with providing a conceptual framework for its integration with ongoing qAOP modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Warner
- Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- UES,
Inc., assigned to US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United
States
| | - Brett A. Hayhurst
- Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
- Department
of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael L. Mayo
- Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
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10
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Sun JM, Kelly BC, Gobas FAPC, Sunderland EM. A food web bioaccumulation model for the accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in fish: how important is renal elimination? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1152-1164. [PMID: 35678632 PMCID: PMC9384792 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large class of highly fluorinated anthropogenic chemicals. Some PFAS bioaccumulate in aquatic food webs, thereby posing risks for seafood consumers. Existing models for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) perform poorly for ionizable PFAS. Here we adapt a well-established food web bioaccumulation model for neutral POPs to predict the bioaccumulation behavior of six perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and two perfluoroalkyl ether acids (HFPO-DA, 9-Cl-PF3ONS) produced as PFAA replacements. The new model includes sorption to blood plasma proteins and phospholipids, empirically parameterized membrane transport, and renal elimination for PFAAs. Improved performance relative to prior models without these updates is shown by comparing simulations to field and lab measurements. PFAS with eight or more perfluorinated carbons (ηpfc ≥ 8, i.e., C8 perfluorosulfonic acid, C10-C11 perfluorocarboxylic acid, 9-Cl-PF3ONS) are often the most abundant in aquatic food webs. The new model reproduces their observed bioaccumulation potential within a factor of two for >80% of fish species, indicating its readiness to support development of fish consumption advisories for these compounds. Results suggest bioaccumulation of ηpfc ≥ 8 PFAS is primarily driven by phospholipid partitioning, and that renal elimination is negligible for these compounds. However, specific protein binding mechanisms are important for reproducing the observed tissue concentrations of many shorter-chain PFAAs, including protein transporter-mediated renal elimination. Additional data on protein-binding and membrane transport mechanisms for PFAS are needed to better understand the biological behavior of shorter-chain PFAAs and their alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sun
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02138. jennifersun@.g.harvard.edu
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Meta Analytical Inc., Calgary, AB, T3H 2Z5, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of the Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of the Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 02138. jennifersun@.g.harvard.edu
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11
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Lewis AJ, Yun X, Spooner DE, Kurz MJ, McKenzie ER, Sales CM. Exposure pathways and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater aquatic ecosystems: Key considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153561. [PMID: 35101505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to the bioaccumulative behavior, toxicity, and recalcitrance to degradation, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a focus for many researchers investigating freshwater aquatic ecosystems. PFAS are a diverse set of chemicals that accumulate and transport quite differently in the environment depending on the length of their fluoroalkyl chains and their functional groups. This diversity in PFAS chemical characteristics combined with varying environmental factors also impact the bioaccumulation of these compounds in different organisms. In this review, we evaluate environmental factors (such as organic carbon, proteins, lipids, and dissolved cations) as well as PFAS characteristics (head group, chain-length, and concentration) that contribute to the significant variation seen in the literature of bioaccumulation metrics reported for organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Of the factors evaluated, it was found that PFAS concentration, dissolved organic matter, sediment organic matter, and biotransformation of precursor PFAS tended to significantly impact reported bioaccumulation metrics the most. Based on this review, it is highly suggested that future studies provide sufficient details of important environmental factors, specific organism traits/ behavior, and PFAS concentrations/compounds when reporting on bioaccumulation metrics to further fill data gaps and improve our understanding of PFAS in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa J Lewis
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Yun
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Daniel E Spooner
- Department of Biology, Lock Haven University, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA
| | - Marie J Kurz
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Christopher M Sales
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Lin H, Yan M, Gu J, Yuen CNT, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Tissue-Specific Uptake, Depuration Kinetics, and Suspected Metabolites of Three Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Marine Medaka. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6182-6191. [PMID: 35438980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have led to the widespread use of emerging PFASs. However, their toxicokinetics have rarely been reported. Here, tissue-specific uptake and depuration kinetics of perfluoroethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) and 6:2 and 8:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (Cl-PFESAs) were studied in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). The fish were exposed to these substances for 28 days (0.2 μg/L), followed by a clearance period of 14 days. The depuration constant (kd) of PFECHS [0.103 ± 0.009 day-1 (mean ± standard deviation)] was reported for the first time. Among the six studied tissues, the highest concentrations of 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, and PFECHS were found in the liver [1540, 1230, and 188 ng (g of wet weight)-1, respectively] on day 28 while the longest residence times were found in the eyes (t1/2 values of 21.7 ± 4.3, 23.9 ± 1.5, and 17.3 ± 0.8 days, respectively). No significant positive correlation was found between the bioconcentration factors of the studied PFASs and the phospholipid or protein contents in different tissues of the studied fish. Potential metabolites of Cl-PFESAs, i.e., their hydrogen-substituted analogues (H-PFESAs), were identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. However, the biotransformation rates were low (<0.19%), indicating the poor capacity of marine medaka to metabolize Cl-PFESAs to H-PFESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Linjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiarui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Calista N T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Gao Z, Zhou J, Xue M, Liu S, Guo J, Zhang Y, Cao C, Wang T, Zhu L. Theoretical and experimental insights into the mechanisms of C6/C6 PFPiA degradation by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127522. [PMID: 34879517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging alternative legacy perfluoroalkyl substance, C6/C6 PFPiA (perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids) has been detected in aquatic environments and causes potential risks to human health. The degradation mechanisms of C6/C6 PFPiA in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system were explored using validated experimental data and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Approximately 94.5% of C6/C6 PFPiA was degraded by plasma treatment within 15 min at 18 kV. A relatively higher discharge voltage and alkaline conditions favored its degradation. C6/C6 PFPiA degradation was attributed to attacks of •OH, •O2-, and 1O2. Besides PFHxPA and C2 -C6 shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids, several other major intermediates including C4/C6 PFPiA, C4/C4 PFPiA, and C3/C3 PFPiA were identified. According to DFT calculations, the potential energy surface was proposed for possible reactions during C6/C6 PFPiA degradation in the discharge plasma system. Integrating the identified intermediates and DFT results, C6/C6 PFPiA degradation was deduced to occur by stepwise losing CF2, free radical polymerization, and C-C bond cleavage. Furthermore, the DBD plasma treatment process decreased the toxicity of C6/C6 PFPiA to some extent. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of C6/C6 PFPiA degradation by plasma advanced oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mingming Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Siqian Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Chunshuai Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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14
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Simultaneous Determination of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids in Chinese Wolfberry and Soybean by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry with a Novel Derivatization Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Tal T, Vogs C. Invited Perspective: PFAS Bioconcentration and Biotransformation in Early Life Stage Zebrafish and Its Implications for Human Health Protection. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:71304. [PMID: 34288732 PMCID: PMC8312476 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tal
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science – SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet-KI, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Cui W, Tan Z, Chen J, Wu H, Geng Q, Guo M, Zhai Y. Uptake, Tissue Distribution, and Elimination of 8:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diesters in Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1992-2004. [PMID: 33818814 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the distribution of 8:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP) in aquatic environments has been reported, details on its uptake, tissue specificity, and elimination in bivalve mollusks remain to be clarified. The present study is the first report on the accumulation and elimination of 8:2 diPAP in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The tissue-specific accumulation and depuration of 8:2 diPAP and its metabolites were investigated via semistatic seawater exposure (8:2 diPAP at a nominal concentration of 10 μg/L), through water-borne exposure with static daily renewal over a 72-h exposure period and a 360-h depuration period. The digestive gland was found to be the target organ where accumulation and biotransformation primarily occur. The bioaccumulation factor values (mL/g dry wt) in different organs were in the following order: digestive gland (1249) > adductor muscle (315) > gills (289) > gonad (82.9) > mantle (33.0). Moreover, the distribution of 8:2 diPAP among tissues may be related to the total protein content. The 8:2 diPAP tended to be excreted in feces. The compounds 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluoroheptanoic acid were detected and quantified as phase I metabolites, and the concentration of all phase I metabolites relative to the 8:2 diPAP concentration (72 h) was 0.304 mol%. A phase II metabolite, 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol conjugated with sulfate, was detected but not quantitated in the digestive gland. A biotransformation pathway of 8:2 diPAP in M. galloprovincialis was proposed on the basis of the results obtained in the present study and previous studies. These findings improve our understanding of the accumulation of perfluorocarboxylic acids in bivalve mollusks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1992-2004. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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17
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Burkhard LP. Evaluation of Published Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) Data for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Across Aquatic Species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1530-1543. [PMID: 33605484 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals of concern across the globe, and some of the PFAS chemicals are known to be bioaccumulative in aquatic species. A literature search for bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for PFAS has been done, and data for 22 taxonomic classes were assembled. The assembled data were evaluated for quality, and for gaps and limitations in bioaccumulation information for the PFAS universe of chemicals. In general, carbonyl and sulfonyl PFAS classes are relatively data rich, whereas phosphate, fluorotelomer, and ether PFAS classes are data limited for fish and nonexistent for most other taxonomic classes. Taxonomic classes with the most measurements were, in descending order, Teleostei (fish), Bivalvia, and Malacostraca. For fish, median whole-body log BAFs (L/kg wet wt) for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid were 3.55 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.83, n = 84) and 2.16 (SD = 0.85, n = 48) using all measurements, respectively. In comparison with freshwater species, data are limited for marine species, and further research is needed to determine whether the BAFs for freshwater and marine species should be the same or different. The BAFs for some PFAS appear to be consistent with the BCFs developed with laboratory experiments, in which values decline with increasing concentrations in water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1530-1543. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Burkhard
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Sant KE, Annunziato K, Conlin S, Teicher G, Chen P, Venezia O, Downes GB, Park Y, Timme-Laragy AR. Developmental exposures to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) impact embryonic nutrition, pancreatic morphology, and adiposity in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116644. [PMID: 33581636 PMCID: PMC8101273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a persistent environmental contaminant previously found in consumer surfactants and industrial fire-fighting foams. PFOS has been widely implicated in metabolic dysfunction across the lifespan, including diabetes and obesity. However, the contributions of the embryonic environment to metabolic disease remain uncharacterized. This study seeks to identify perturbations in embryonic metabolism, pancreas development, and adiposity due to developmental and subchronic PFOS exposures and their persistence into later larval and juvenile periods. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 16 or 32 μM PFOS developmentally (1-5 days post fertilization; dpf) or subchronically (1-15 dpf). Embryonic fatty acid and macronutrient concentrations and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms were quantified in embryos. Pancreatic islet morphometry was assessed at 15 and 30 dpf, and adiposity and fish behavior were assessed at 15 dpf. Concentrations of lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) saturated fatty acids were increased by PFOS at 4 dpf, and PPAR gene expression was reduced. Incidence of aberrant islet morphologies, principal islet areas, and adiposity were increased in 15 dpf larvae and 30 dpf juvenile fish. Together, these data suggest that the embryonic period is a susceptible window of metabolic programming in response to PFOS exposures, and that these early exposures alone can have persisting effects later in the lifecourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karilyn E Sant
- Division of Environmental Health, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Kate Annunziato
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Conlin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Gregory Teicher
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Phoebe Chen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Olivia Venezia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Gerald B Downes
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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19
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Xiao Y, Deng J, Fang L, Tu L, Luan T. Mapping the distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in zebrafishes by liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 231:122377. [PMID: 33965041 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigation on the distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in aquatic organisms is of great importance for exploring the biological toxicity and health risks of environmental pollutants. In this study, a liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) method was developed for rapid and in situ analysis of the spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in zebrafish. By combining the high-precision automated moving platform of LESA device and the high-resolution MS, quantitative analysis of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in zebrafish tissue section were easily achieved. A tissue-specific ionization efficiency factor (TSF) strategy was also proposed to correct the matrix effect in different parts of zebrafish tissue. By using the developed method, high sensitive and efficient imaging of PFOA and PFOS in zebrafish tissue was achieved, and the distributions of PFOA and PFOS in descending order were gills, organs, roes, pelvic fin, muscle, and brain. The experimental results demonstrated that the coupling of LESA-MS method with TFS strategy is an efficient and reliable approach for monitoring the content distribution of environmental pollutants in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lanyin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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20
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De Silva AO, Armitage JM, Bruton TA, Dassuncao C, Heiger-Bernays W, Hu XC, Kärrman A, Kelly B, Ng C, Robuck A, Sun M, Webster TF, Sunderland EM. PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:631-657. [PMID: 33201517 PMCID: PMC7906948 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize current understanding of the magnitudes and methods for assessing human and wildlife exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Most human exposure assessments have focused on 2 to 5 legacy PFAS, and wildlife assessments are typically limited to targeted PFAS (up to ~30 substances). However, shifts in chemical production are occurring rapidly, and targeted methods for detecting PFAS have not kept pace with these changes. Total fluorine measurements complemented by suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry are thus emerging as essential tools for PFAS exposure assessment. Such methods enable researchers to better understand contributions from precursor compounds that degrade into terminal perfluoroalkyl acids. Available data suggest that diet is the major human exposure pathway for some PFAS, but there is large variability across populations and PFAS compounds. Additional data on total fluorine in exposure media and the fraction of unidentified organofluorine are needed. Drinking water has been established as the major exposure source in contaminated communities. As water supplies are remediated, for the general population, exposures from dust, personal care products, indoor environments, and other sources may be more important. A major challenge for exposure assessments is the lack of statistically representative population surveys. For wildlife, bioaccumulation processes differ substantially between PFAS and neutral lipophilic organic compounds, prompting a reevaluation of traditional bioaccumulation metrics. There is evidence that both phospholipids and proteins are important for the tissue partitioning and accumulation of PFAS. New mechanistic models for PFAS bioaccumulation are being developed that will assist in wildlife risk evaluations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:631-657. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carla Ng
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI USA
| | - Mei Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC USA
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21
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Kim S, Stroski KM, Killeen G, Smitherman C, Simcik MF, Brooks BW. 8:8 Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid affects neurobehavioral development, thyroid disruption, and DNA methylation in developing zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139600. [PMID: 32474277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported potential neurotoxicity and epigenetic alteration associated with exposure to several per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). However, such information is limited to a few compounds (e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate), primarily based on rodent experiments, and the underlying toxicological mechanism(s) for many PFAS in the environment remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated 8:8 perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid (8:8 PFPiA), an under-studied PFAS with high persistency in the environment and biota, using the zebrafish model. We exposed zebrafish embryos (<4 hpf) to various concentrations of 8:8 PFPiA (0, 0.0116, 0.112, 0.343, 1.34, 5.79 μM) for 144 h. Although there was no significant change in survival, hatchability and malformations, zebrafish locomotor speed at 120 h significantly decreased in dark photoperiod. At 144 h, several genes related to thyroid hormones that are essential for neurodevelopment, including corticotropin releasing hormone b (crhb), iodothyronine deiodinase 3a (dio3a), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (tshr) and nkx2 homeobox1 (nkx 2.1), were up-regulated by 8:8 PFPiA at 5.79 μM. 8:8 PFPiA also significantly down-regulated a neurodevelopmental gene, elav like neuron-specific RNA binding protein (elavl3), at 1.34 and 5.79 μM; in addition, one oxidative stress gene was slightly but significantly up-regulated. Further, global DNA methylation was significantly decreased at higher treatment levels, identifying effects of 8:8 PFPiA on epigenetic regulation. However, promoter DNA methylation of selected genes (dio3, tshr, nkx2.1) were not statistically altered, though dio3 methylation showed a decreasing trend with 8:8 PFPiA exposure. Our results specifically advance an understanding of molecular toxicology of PFPiA and more broadly present an approach to define diverse responses during animal alternative assessments of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Kevin M Stroski
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Grace Killeen
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | | | - Matt F Simcik
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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22
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Liu M, Dong F, Yi S, Zhu Y, Zhou J, Sun B, Shan G, Feng J, Zhu L. Probing Mechanisms for the Tissue-Specific Distribution and Biotransformation of Perfluoroalkyl Phosphinic Acids in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4932-4941. [PMID: 32202099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the tissue-specific accumulation and biotransformation of 6:6 and 8:8 perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiA) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) during 90 d exposure and 30 d depuration in water in the laboratory. Both 6:6 and 8:8 PFPiAs could quickly accumulate in the carp, and 6:6 PFPiA displayed higher bioaccumulation potential than 8:8 PFPiA. The highest concentrations of PFPiAs were observed in the blood, while the lowest were found in the muscle. The equilibrium dialysis experiment indicated that both PFPiAs had higher binding affinities with the proteins in the fish serum than in liver, which was supported by the molecular docking analysis. The results also indicated that 6:6 PFPiA had higher binding affinities with the serum and liver proteins than 8:8 PFPiA. These results suggested that the tissue-specific distribution of PFPiAs was highly dependent on the binding affinities with the specific proteins. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments consistently indicated that PFPiAs experienced biotransformation and produced perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs), and biotransformation of 8:8 PFPiA was more active than 6:6 PFPiA. It was worth noting that perfluorohexanonate and perfluorooctanoic acids were identified in fish as metabolites after long-term exposure to PFPiAs for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fengfeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Zhou J, Yang Z, Liu Q, Liu Y, Liu M, Wang T, Zhu L. Insights into Uptake, Translocation, and Transformation Mechanisms of Perfluorophosphinates and Perfluorophosphonates in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:276-285. [PMID: 31795634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As emerging alternatives of legacy perfluoroalkyl substances, perfluorophosphinates (PFPiAs) and perfluorophosphonates (PFPAs) are widely applied in industrial and agricultural fields and are supposed to be large partitioned to soil and highly persistent. It is of particular interest to understand their transfer from roots to shoots and transformation in plants, such as wheat. The results of hydroponic experiments indicated that C6/C6 PFPiA, C8/C8 PFPiA, perfluorooctanophosphonic acid (PFOPA), and perfluorohexaphosphonic acid (PFHxPA) were quickly adsorbed on the epidermis of wheat root (Triticum aestivum L.), which was driven by their hydrophobicity. A small fraction of the accumulated PFPiAs and PFPAs in the wheat root was subjected to absorption via an active process dependent on H+-ATPase. PFHxPA, which has the smallest molecular weight and medium hydrophilicity (log Kow < 4), displayed the strongest absorption efficiency via the water and anion channels and had the highest translocation potential from roots to shoots in wheat. C6/C6 and C8/C8 PFPiAs experienced phase I metabolism in wheat, although at a low rate, to form more persistent PFHxPA and PFOPA, respectively, as well as 1H-perfluorohexane (1H-PFHx) and 1H-perfluorooctane (1H-PFO), which were regulated by cytochrome P450 in wheat root. As a result, exposure to PFPiAs in roots ultimately caused the accumulation of more persistent PFPAs in the above-ground parts of plants, raising concerns on their potential risks on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhengshuang Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yiman Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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Wen W, Xia X, Zhou D, Wang H, Zhai Y, Lin H, Chen J, Hu D. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of shorter and longer chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in zebrafish (Danio rerio): Effects of perfluorinated carbon chain length and zebrafish protein content. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:277-285. [PMID: 30897467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of emerging pollutants. However, the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of shorter chain PFAAs in aquatic animals are not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of perfluorinated carbon chain length of PFAAs and protein content of tissues on the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of both shorter chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 3-6) and longer chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 7-11) in zebrafish. The results showed that the uptake rate constants (ku) and the bioconcentration factors (BCFss) of the shorter chain PFAAs (0.042-32 L·kgww-1·d-1 and 0.12-24 L·kgww-1, respectively) in tissues were significantly lower than those of the longer chain PFAAs (2.8-1.4 × 103 L·kgww-1·d-1 and 9.7-1.9 × 104 L·kgww-1, respectively). Moreover, the concentrations of both longer and shorter chain PFAAs were lowest in the muscle where the protein content was lowest, and they were highest in blood and liver where the protein content was highest among tissues except brain. The protein content of the brain was higher than that of the liver but the concentrations of PFAAs in the brain were significantly lower than those in the liver because of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, the ovary/blood and brain/blood ratios of concentrations for the shorter chain PFAAs were lower than those for the longer chain PFAAs. Generally, both log ku and log BCFss showed a significantly positive correlation with either perfluorinated carbon number of PFAAs or protein content of tissues (P < 0.05). Further nonlinear surface fitting revealed that the effect of perfluorinated carbon number was more significant than protein content on the PFAA bioconcentration in zebrafish tissues. These results suggest that there are differences in the bioconcentration and tissue distribution between longer and shorter chain PFAAs and the shorter chain PFAAs seem to be safe compared with the longer chain PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
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25
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Vogs C, Johanson G, Näslund M, Wulff S, Sjödin M, Hellstrandh M, Lindberg J, Wincent E. Toxicokinetics of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids Influences Their Toxic Potency in the Zebrafish Embryo ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3898-3907. [PMID: 30844262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA) are highly persistent and bioaccumulative and have been associated with several adverse health effects. The chemical structure mainly differs in two ways: the length of the hydrophobic alkyl chain and the type of hydrophilic end group. Little is known how the chemical structure affects the toxicokinetics (TK) in different organisms. We studied the TK of four PFAA (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFBA) with different chain lengths (4-8 carbons) and functional groups (sulfonic and carboxylic acid) in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) embryo. The time courses of the external (ambient water) and internal concentrations were determined at three exposure concentrations from 2 up to 120 h postfertilization (hpf). Three of the four PFAA showed a biphasic uptake pattern with slow uptake before hatching (around 48 hpf) and faster uptake thereafter. A two-compartment TK model adequately described the biphasic uptake pattern, suggesting that the chorion functions as an uptake barrier until 48 hpf. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) determined at 120 hpf varied widely between PFAA with averages of approximately 4000 (PFOS), 200 (PFHxS), 50 (PFOA), and 0.8 (PFBA) L kg dry weight-1, suggesting that both the alkyl chain length and the functional group influence the TK. The differences in toxic potency were reduced by 3 orders of magnitude when comparing internal effect concentrations instead of effective external concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vogs
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Markus Näslund
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Marcus Sjödin
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Magnus Hellstrandh
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Johan Lindberg
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
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26
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Annunziato KM, Jantzen CE, Gronske MC, Cooper KR. Subtle morphometric, behavioral and gene expression effects in larval zebrafish exposed to PFHxA, PFHxS and 6:2 FTOH. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:126-137. [PMID: 30669116 PMCID: PMC6396680 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) have focused on the toxicity of long chain PFASs, such as PFOS or PFOA, which have been demonstrated to cause an array of developmental and behavioral effects. However, less is known about low molecular weight PFASs and alternatives. This study examined the morphometric and behavioral effects in zebrafish following developmental exposures of C6 PFASs: perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA, perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFHxS, and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol, 6:2 FTOH. Embryos were exposed to 0.02-20 μM concentrations of these compounds from the high stage (˜3 h post fertilization, hpf) until 120 hpf. Morphometric and gene expression endpoints were examined at 120 hpf. Genes selected for analysis were previously shown to be altered in zebrafish developmentally exposed to PFOS and PFOA. Additionally, exposed larvae were transferred to clean water and reared until 14 days post fertilization, dpf, when behavioral assays were completed and morphometric endpoints examined. While PFHxA was found to be the most acutely toxic at 120 hpf, few morphometric effects were observed. Gene expression was the most sensitive endpoint with significant increased tgfb1a, bdnf, and ap1s1 expression observed with PFHxA exposure. PFHxS exposure produced morphometric effects in the larvae, specifically increased length and yolk sac area at 2 and 20 μM. This phenotype persisted to the 14 dpf time point, where these larvae additionally displayed decreased distance traveled and crosses through the center of the arena of the behavioral assay. Exposure to 6:2 FTOH caused no morphometric effects at 120 hpf, and this compound was the least acutely toxic. However, expression of both tgfb1a and bdnf were increased by greater than 2 fold change at this time point. Effects also persisted to 14 dpf where a significant increase in distance traveled and velocity were observed in the behavioral assay. This study demonstrates effects on behavioral, morphometric and gene expression endpoints with developmental PFHxA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTOH exposures in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Annunziato
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Carrie E Jantzen
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa C Gronske
- Department of Animal Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Keith R Cooper
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Animal Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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27
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Yang Y, Deng J, Liu Y, He K, Xiang Z, Luan T. A microscale solid-phase microextraction probe for the in situ analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances and lipids in biological tissues using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:5637-5645. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An ambient mass spectrometry method for rapid, in situ, and microscale analysis of PFASs and lipids simultaneously in biological tissues for investigation of their biological correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Life Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
| | - Yaohui Liu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Kaili He
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Zhangmin Xiang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals
- Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou)
- Guangzhou 510070
- China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Life Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
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28
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Martín J, Hidalgo F, García-Corcoles MT, Ibáñez-Yuste AJ, Alonso E, Vilchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A. Bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in marine echinoderms: Results of laboratory-scale experiments with Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:261-271. [PMID: 30317097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of six perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was assessed using the marine echinoderm Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791. Batch experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between concentrations in water, sediment and biota over 197 days. The sample treatment for the determination of compounds involves steps of lyophilization, solvent extraction and clean-up of the extracts with dispersive sorbents. PFAS were then analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During contaminant exposure, detectable levels of compounds were found in all samples collected. Mean concentrations of selected PFAS were higher in sediments than in water samples. This fact is explained by the strong adsorption of these compounds into sediments. Sediment-water distribution coefficients (log Kd) were in the range 0.11 (PFBuA) to 2.46 (PFOA). Beside this, PFAS accumulation was observed in Holothuria tubulosa organisms. The uptake of PFAS was very rapid, reaching the maximum between 22 and 38 days of assay. Bioaccumulation factors (mean log BAF: 1.16-4.39) and biota sediment accumulation factors (mean log BSAF: 1.37-2.89) indicated a high bioaccumulation potential for the target compounds. Both parameters increased with perfluoroalkyl chain length (R2 > 0.93; p < 0.05). In organ-specific distributions of PFAS, greater concentrations were found in intestine than in gonads. Also, male specimens showed higher concentration levels than female (student t-test: tcal = 2.788, ttab = 2.262; p < 0.05). These data provide a detailed accounting of PFAS fate and distribution in the marine environment highlighting accumulation at lower trophic levels, a potential source for contamination in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Félix Hidalgo
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa García-Corcoles
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro José Ibáñez-Yuste
- Agriculture and Fisheries Management Agency of Andalusia (AGAPA), Administrative Central Services, Av. of Greece s/n, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/ Virgen de África 7, E-41011, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Luís Vilchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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29
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Khazaee M, Ng CA. Evaluating parameter availability for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:105-119. [PMID: 29265128 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are considered useful tools to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics. For accurate predictions, PBPK models require species-specific and compound-specific parameters. Zebrafish are considered an appropriate vertebrate model for investigating the toxicity of a wide variety of compounds. However, no specific mechanistic model exists for the pharmacokinetics of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in zebrafish, despite growing concern about this class of ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current state of knowledge for the parameters that would be needed to construct such a model for zebrafish. We chose perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as a model PFAA with greater data availability. We have updated a previous PBPK model for rainbow trout to simulate PFOA fate in zebrafish following waterborne exposure. For the first time, the model considers hepatobiliary circulation. In order to evaluate the availability of parameters to implement this model, we performed an extensive literature review to find zebrafish-specific parameters. As in previous approaches, we broadened our search to include mammalian and other fish studies when zebrafish-specific data were lacking. Based on the method used to measure or estimate parameters, or based on their species-specific origin, we scored and ranked the quality of available parameters. These scores were then used in Monte Carlo and partial rank correlation analyses to identify the most critical data gaps. The liver, where fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and plasma proteins are considered, represented the best model-data agreement. Lack of agreement in other tissues suggest better parameters are needed. The results of our study highlight the lack of zebrafish-specific parameters. Based on sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, parameters associated with PFAA-protein interactions and passive diffusion need further refinement to enable development of predictive models for these emerging chemicals in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Khazaee
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3700 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Wen W, Xia X, Hu D, Zhou D, Wang H, Zhai Y, Lin H. Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) Affect the Bioconcentration and Tissue Distribution of Short-Chain PFAAs in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12358-12368. [PMID: 28988481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), ubiquitously coexisting in the environment, can be accumulated in organisms by binding with proteins and their binding affinities generally increase with their chain length. Therefore, we hypothesized that long-chain PFAAs will affect the bioconcentration of short-chain PFAAs in organisms. To testify this hypothesis, the bioconcentration and tissue distribution of five short-chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 3-6) were investigated in zebrafish in the absence and presence of six long-chain PFAAs (linear C-F = 7-11). The results showed that the concentrations of the short-chain PFAAs in zebrafish tissues increased with exposure time until steady states reached in the absence of long-chain PFAAs. However, in the presence of long-chain PFAAs, these short-chain PFAAs in tissues increased until peak values reached and then decreased until steady states, and the uptake and elimination rate constants of short-chain PFAAs declined in all tissues and their BCFss decreased by 24-89%. The inhibitive effect of long-chain PFAAs may be attributed to their competition for transporters and binding sites of proteins in zebrafish with short-chain PFAAs. These results suggest that the effect of long-chain PFAAs on the bioconcentration of short-chain PFAAs should be taken into account in assessing the ecological and environmental effects of short-chain PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Diexuan Hu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yawei Zhai
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
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Joudan S, Yeung LWY, Mabury SA. Biological Cleavage of the C–P Bond in Perfluoroalkyl Phosphinic Acids in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats and the Formation of Persistent and Reactive Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:117001. [PMID: 29135439 PMCID: PMC5947941 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) have been detected in humans, wildlife, and various environmental matrices. These compounds have been used with perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPAs) as surfactants in consumer products and as nonfoaming additives in pesticide formulations. Unlike the structurally related perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids, little is known about the biological fate of PFPiAs. OBJECTIVES We determined the biotransformation products of PFPiAs and some pharmacokinetic parameters in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an oral gavage dose of either C6/C8PFPiA, C8/C8PFPiA, or C8PFPA. Blood was sampled over time, and livers were harvested upon sacrifice. Analytes were quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS PFPiAs were metabolized to the corresponding PFPAs and 1H-perfluoroalkanes (1H-PFAs), with 70% and 75% biotransformation 2 wk after a single bolus dose for C6/C8PFPiA and C8/C8PFPiA, respectively. This is the first reported cleavage of a C-P bond in mammals, and the first attempt, with a single-dose exposure, to characterize the degradation of any perfluoroalkyl acid. Elimination half-lives were 1.9±0.5 and 2.8±0.8 days for C6/C8PFPiA and C8/C8PFPiA, respectively, and 0.95±0.17 days for C8PFPA. Although elimination half-lives were not determined for 1H-PFAs, concentrations were higher than the corresponding PFPAs 48 h after rats were dosed with PFPiAs, suggestive of slower elimination. CONCLUSIONS PFPiAs were metabolized in Sprague-Dawley rats to form persistent PFPAs as well as 1H-PFAs, which contain a labile hydrogen that may undergo further metabolism. These results in rats produced preliminary findings of the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of PFPiAs, which should be further investigated in humans. If there is a parallel between the disposition of these chemicals in humans and rats, then humans with detectable amounts of PFPiAs in their blood may be undergoing continuous exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Joudan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chen F, Gong Z, Kelly BC. Bioaccumulation Behavior of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Influence of Physical-Chemical Properties and Biotransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11085-11095. [PMID: 28853873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The factors influencing bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic organisms are not well understood. The present study involved a comprehensive laboratory investigation to assess the bioaccumulation behavior of several PPCPs in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). The studied PPCPs included several ionogenic organic compounds (IOCs) such as weak acids and weak bases. Experiments involved two exposure groups (high and low) and a control group, with a 6 day aqueous exposure, followed by a 7 day depuration phase under flow-through conditions. Uptake rate constants (ku) ranged between 0.19 and 8610 L·kg-1·d-1, while depuration rate constants (kd) ranged between 0.14 and 5.14 d-1 in different fish tissues. Steady-state bioconcentration factor (BCFss) values varied widely among the studied PPCPs, ranging from 0.09 to 6,460. In many cases, BCFss values of individual PPCPs differed substantially among different fish tissues. Positive linear relationships were observed between log BCFss values and physical-chemical properties such as octanol-water distribution coefficients (log Dow), membrane-water distribution coefficients (log Dmw), albumin-water distribution coefficients (log DBSAw), and muscle protein-water distribution coefficients (log Dmpw), indicating the importance of lipid-, phospholipid-, and protein-water partitioning. The results also showed that for many PPCPs, the estimated whole-body metabolism rate constant (km) values were comparable to the observed depuration rate (kd), indicating that metabolism plays a major role in the overall elimination of these compounds in zebrafish. An exception was sertraline, which exhibited a kd value (0.4-0.5 d-1) that was much higher than the estimated whole-body km (0.03 d-1). Overall, the results help to better understand the influence of physical-chemical properties and biotransformation on bioaccumulation behavior of these contaminants of concern in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Chen F, Yin S, Kelly BC, Liu W. Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acids in Matched Maternal, Cord, and Placenta Samples: A Study of Transplacental Transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6387-6394. [PMID: 28482666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, information regarding concentrations of chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) in human placenta does not exist. The main objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and distribution of two Cl-PFESAs, 6:2 Cl-PFESA and 8:2 Cl-PFESA, in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and placenta to better assess the transport pathways related to human prenatal exposure. The widely studied perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was studied for comparison. This study was a hospital-based survey involving quantitative determination of Cl-PFESA and PFOS concentrations in maternal serum (n = 32), cord serum (n = 32), and placenta (n = 32) samples from women in Wuhan, China. The results indicate that Cl-PFESAs can efficiently be transported across placenta, with median exposure levels of 0.60 and 0.01 ng/mL for 6:2 Cl-PFESA and 8:2 Cl-PFESA in the cord sera, respectively. Concentrations of the target compounds in maternal sera, cord sera, and placentas decreased in the following order: PFOS > 6:2 Cl-PFESA > 8:2 Cl-PFESA. Similar patterns were observed in maternal sera, cord sera, and placentas for Cl-PFESAs, with concentrations decreasing in the following order: maternal sera > cord sera > placentas. Significant correlations were observed among 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 8:2 Cl-PFESA, and PFOS concentrations in the maternal serum, cord serum, and placenta samples (r > 0.7; p < 0.001). The median value of RCM (ratio of cord serum to maternal serum concentration) of 6:2 Cl-PFESA was 0.403, indicating a relatively high (∼40%) placental transfer efficiency. 8:2 Cl-PFESA was transported across placenta to a greater extent than 6:2 Cl-PFESA was, likely because of its higher hydrophobicity and lower plasma protein binding affinity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence and distribution of 6:2 Cl-PFESA and 8:2 Cl-PFESA in human placenta. The findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms of transplacental transfer and neonatal exposure to these important PFOS alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen F, Yin S, Kelly BC, Liu W. Isomer-Specific Transplacental Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Acids: Results from a Survey of Paired Maternal, Cord Sera, and Placentas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5756-5763. [PMID: 28434222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, information regarding isomer-specific concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA in human placenta, and corresponding placental-maternal ratios (RPM) of these compounds does not exist. The objective of the present study was to assess the occurrence, and distribution of different PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA isomers in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and placenta to gain a better understanding of transplacental transport efficiency and prenatal exposure risks. The study involved quantitative determination of isomer-specific concentrations of PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA in samples of maternal serum (n = 32), cord serum (n = 32), and placenta (n = 32) from pregnant women in Wuhan, China. The results indicate that both linear and branched PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA can be efficiently transported across the placenta, with exposure levels ordered maternal serum > cord serum > placenta. For PFOS isomers, the concentration ratios between cord serum and maternal serum (RCM) were ordered n < iso < 4m < (3 + 5)m < 1m < ∑m2. The RPM values exhibited a similar trend for branched PFOS isomers: iso < 4m ≈ (3 + 5)m < 1m ≈ ∑m2. Conversely, PFOA isomers did not exhibit an obvious structure-activity relationship for RCM and RPM. n-PFHxS transported across the placenta to a greater extent than br-PFHxS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence of PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA isomers in human placenta. Further, RPM values of these compounds are reported here for the first time. The findings help to better understand the mechanisms of the placental transfer and neonatal exposure to these important contaminants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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