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Zheng J, Arif M, Li L, He X, Wu Y, Cao W, Yan P, Li C. Dam inundation reduces ecosystem multifunctionality following riparian afforestation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121188. [PMID: 38759556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Afforestation is an acknowledged method for rehabilitating deteriorated riparian ecosystems, presenting multiple functions to alleviate the repercussions of river damming and climate change. However, how ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) responds to inundation in riparian afforestation ecosystems remains relatively unexplored. Thus, this article aimed to disclose how EMF alters with varying inundation intensities and to elucidate the key drivers of this variation based on riparian reforestation experiments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region in China. Our EMF analysis encompassed wood production, carbon storage, nutrient cycling, decomposition, and water regulation under different inundation intensities. We examined their correlation with soil properties and microbial diversity. The results indicated a substantial reduction in EMF with heightened inundation intensity, which was primarily due to the decline in most individual functions. Notably, soil bacterial diversity (23.02%), soil properties such as oxidation-reduction potential (ORP, 11.75%), and temperature (5.85%) emerged as pivotal variables elucidating EMF changes under varying inundation intensities. Soil bacterial diversity and ORP declined as inundation intensified but were positively associated with EMF. In contrast, soil temperature rose with increased inundation intensity and exhibited a negative correlation with EMF. Further insights gleaned from structural equation modeling revealed that inundation reduced EMF directly and indirectly by reducing soil ORP and bacterial diversity and increasing soil temperature. This work underscores the adverse effects of dam inundation on riparian EMF and the crucial role soil characteristics and microbial diversity play in mediating EMF in response to inundation. These insights are pivotal for the conservation of biodiversity and functioning following afforestation in dam-induced riparian habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xinrui He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Wenqiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Peixuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Changxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Qin D, Li S, Wang J, Wang D, Liao P, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Dai Z, Jin Z, Hu X, Qiu S, Ma Y, Chen J. Spatial variation of soil phosphorus in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir: Coupling effects of elevation and artificial restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167000. [PMID: 37722429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) is a distinctive and important component of the reservoir ecosystem. Due to periodic inundation, the fraction, spatial distribution, and chemical reactivity of soil phosphorus (P) within the WLFZ can potentially impact the loading of P into reservoir waters. However, a detailed study of this subject is lacking. In this study, the soil P in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, was examined using a combination of chemical sequential extraction, 31P NMR, and adsorption experiments. The results of chemical sequential extraction showed that HCl-Pi constituted the largest P pool among all P forms, with a mean concentration of 338 mg/kg. The content of HCl-Pi decreased significantly toward the dam, while the content of Res-P decreased in the opposite direction. The highest contents of most P forms and total P were observed at an elevation of 160 m. 31P NMR measurements showed that NaOH-EDTA Pi detectable in WLFZ soils at 145 m, 160 m, and 175 m elevation consisted mainly of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate, while NaOH-EDTA Po contained phosphate monoesters and phosphate diesters, accounting for 1.4 % to 46.2 % of NaOH-EDTA TP. Adsorption experiments showed that soil P in the WLFZ was a potential P source for reservoir waters, with chemisorption being the dominant mechanism of P sequestration. The adsorption equilibrium concentration of WLFZ soil was lower at higher elevations (>170 m) compared to lower elevations (<150 m), exhibiting a decrease in the average maximum adsorption from 271 mg/kg to 192 mg/kg. Statistical analysis suggested that Ca and Fe content, particle size, elevation, and artificial restoration were key factors affecting the fraction and content of soil P in the WLFZ. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the behavior of soil P in the WLFZ of large reservoirs and its potential contribution to the reservoir waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Tropical Crop College of Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shanze Li
- Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jingfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dengjun Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Peng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Tropical Crop College of Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Zhihui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zuxue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuoru Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Jingan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jiang W, Pan H, Yang N, Xiao H. Dam inundation duration as a dominant constraint on riparian vegetation recovery. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166427. [PMID: 37619724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The identification of limiting factors is essential for the ecological restoration of riparian ecosystems degraded by the damming of rivers, but remains unclear. Here, we quantitatively assessed the relative importance of environmental factors and revealed the main limiting factors for riparian vegetation restoration and their influencing mechanisms, using riparian plant and environmental data of seven large reservoirs in southwest China. We found that inundation duration had a significantly greater effect on riparian vegetation distribution, cover and diversity than environmental factors such as inundation depth, rainfall, humidity, temperature, sunshine hours, aspect, slope, surface relief, soil pH, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK); vegetation cover, species richness, complexity and dominance were highly significantly negatively correlated with inundation duration (p < 0.01); inundation for 5 months is close to the tolerance limit of most plants and poses a significant limiting effect on the vegetation restoration in the reservoir riparian. Therefore, the inundation duration should be highlighted in riparian vegetation restoration. Meanwhile, incorporating the riparian inundation into the river ecological scheduling objectives to shorten the inundation duration and thus radically alleviate the limitation is a new opportunity for vegetation restoration in the reservoir riparian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jiang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Health Intelligent Perception and Ecological Restoration of River and Lake, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Pan
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Nan Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Henglin Xiao
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Health Intelligent Perception and Ecological Restoration of River and Lake, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Nsabimana G, Hong L, Yuhai B, de Dieu Nambajimana J, Jinlin L, Ntacyabukura T, Xiubin H. Soil aggregate disintegration effects on soil erodibility in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114928. [PMID: 36435488 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial hydrological alterations can affect soil structural stability. Over time, forces induced by water weaken soil aggregates and this has a negative implication to soil health. The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in particular, experienced a long-term hydrological condition and repetitive seasonal water level fluctuations that could affect soil health. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different water levels on soil aggregate disintegration rate over time and its relation to soil erosion susceptibility in water reservoirs. Samples from different elevations (155 m, 160 m, 163 m, 166 m, 172 m, and 180 m) in the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) were exposed to continuous wet-shaking for 3, 9, 27, 54, and 81 min resulted to different WLF intensity accordingly. The results showed a comparative difference between aggregates size before and after the experiment where micro-aggregates (<0.25 mm) increased with respect to elevations increase. The exponential prediction proved that aggregate stability decreased with the increase of WLF intensity, insisting the effects of continuous hydrological stress to aggregate break-down. A couple of factors definitely confirmed that soil erodibility (k) is primarily determined by disintegration of soil aggregates for the surface soil of the TGR. Despite the fact that Disintegration rate (Dr) and k showed a positive relationship, R2 = 0.73 (p < 0.05), the results showed that the soil properties decreasing Dr also decreases soil erodibility in the study area. Non-effective role of soil organic matter (SOM) for stabilizing soil aggregates was primarily related to water level fluctuations inhibiting decomposition. Relying on the present findings, environmental problems mostly soil erosion in the TGR could be therefore linked to excessive destabilization of soil aggregates. Therefore, the results of this study should play a major role in determining the factors primarily inducing soil erosion in river reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratien Nsabimana
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hong
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yuhai
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Jean de Dieu Nambajimana
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jinlin
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tite Ntacyabukura
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiubin
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
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Su X, Shan W, Lind L, Cai F, Zeng B. The hydrochorous dispersal of plant propagules in a giant river reservoir: implications for restoration of riparian vegetation. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Su
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, State Cultivation Base of Eco‐agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Wu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, State Cultivation Base of Eco‐agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Lovisa Lind
- River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Fu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, State Cultivation Base of Eco‐agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, State Cultivation Base of Eco‐agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, School of Life Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
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Zheng J, Arif M, Zhang S, Yuan Z, Zhang L, Li J, Ding D, Li C. Dam inundation simplifies the plant community composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149827. [PMID: 34467924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The construction of dams has caused riparian habitat degradation and ecosystem service loss globally. It is critical to assess the response of riparian plant communities to inundation gradients for their conservation. Recent evidence suggests that plant community assemblages are governed by flooding stress, soil nutrient availability, climate (environmental filtering) and dispersal, speciation, local extinction (dispersal filtering), but it remains unclear which dominates the riparian ecosystem regulated by a dam. Thus, this article aims to elucidate the relative importance of environmental and dispersal filtering to variations in plant communities to understand community assembly mechanisms in riparian ecosystems. Here we used plant community data related to four elevations in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir in China to show that species richness and diversity, community height, and the cover of total, annual, and exotic plant categories decreased, while the cover of perennial and native plant groups increased under higher flooding stress. Community composition varied substantially with elevation, and species composition tended to converge with increased inundation, characterized by flood-tolerant species. The community composition underwent stronger environmental filtering at low elevations and stronger dispersal filtering at high elevations, with stronger environmental filtering across riparian ecosystems. Therefore, we conclude that dam inundation drives community assemblages of riparian plants by the combined effects of environmental and dispersal filtering. Still, their relative contribution varies between elevations, and environmental filtering is more important in shaping community assembly. This study is the first to confirm that plant community assembly in the dam-regulated riparian area is determined by both niche-based and stochastic processes. Thus, we highlighted the importance of considering inundation intensity, propagule sources, and river connectivity when implementing restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhongxun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Limiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiajia Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Dongdong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Changxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Peng F, Li K, Liang R, Yang S, Wei Q, Zhao G. Positive effect of a canal system and reservoir group on the spatial-temporal redistribution of water resources in a pinnate drainage pattern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140855. [PMID: 32702542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in pinnate drainage patterns is a major problem worldwide. As scattered components of water conservancy projects, systems of canals and groups of reservoirs in a basin can redistribute water resources in time and space to solve problems. This redistribution effectively avoids the environmental impact inherent in centralized water conservancy projects. In this study, we focused on a network of 88 reservoirs and 675 km of canals in a basin with a pinnate drainage pattern. The discharge of the trunk stream in the basin was calculated in natural, present and forecasted conditions based on the hydrological frequency curve. Then, the hydrodynamics of the trunk stream were simulated by the HEC-RAS model. Furthermore, we analysed the temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in five zones in the basin by Morlet wavelet analysis to determine the balance between water supply and demand. The results demonstrated that the river catchment in the basin changed periodically over periods of 1 year, 8 years and 18 years, as affected by the reservoir groups. The canal system played a major role in water resource transport in the five zones in the basin. The joint action of the reservoir group and canal system reduced the gap between the supply and demand water balance from 27.11% to 0.89%. This study focused on the influence of decentralized water conservancy projects on the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and provides ideas for solving the problem of water resource allocation in the studied basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shiwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaolei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yin D, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xu Q, Xie Q, Zhang C, Liu J, Wang D. Production and migration of methylmercury in water-level-fluctuating zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: Dual roles of flooding-tolerant perennial herb. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120962. [PMID: 31442691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water-level-fluctuating zone (WLFZ) is a prevalent water-land ecotone favorable for mercury (Hg) methylation. The succession of flooding tolerance plants in WLFZ gradually changes the landscape, and also brings a new question worth understanding whether these plants would enhance methylmercury (MeHg) production in WLFZ and increase risks to the aquatic environment. Given bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers) as the dominant perennial herb with high flooding-tolerance in WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), we conducted a comprehensive study to investigate its roles in the production and migration of MeHg in WLFZ by field observations and stable isotope tracer experiments. Results showed that both elevated MeHg levels and Hg methylation rates appeared in soil/sediment in bermudagrass growing area, implying that the growth of bermudagrass could significantly enhance MeHg production. However, MeHg migration from sediment to water was restricted during the flooding period of the TGR, as obviously higher partitioning coefficients of MeHg between the sediment and porewater (p < 0.05) and lower MeHg release fluxes were observed in vegetated area, indicating that the presence of bermudagrass instead probably decreased the water MeHg level. Whereas, it is noteworthy that elevated MeHg in soil/sediment induced by the bermudagrass could pose potential risks to the benthos and further to the TGR food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongmin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yuping Xiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinqin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Teng M, Huang C, Wang P, Zeng L, Zhou Z, Xiao W, Huang Z, Liu C. Impacts of forest restoration on soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134164. [PMID: 32380623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation recovery is a promising strategy to mitigate soil loss risk across different landscapes and human disturbance levels. Uncertainties still exist in the impacts of forest restoration on soil erosion with respect to complicated terrain condition and land-use/cover pattern, especially in mountainous reservoir areas undergoing intensive human activities. Here, we assess the effects of forest restoration on controlling soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA), China. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and time-series data were used to estimate soil erosion and its changes in 2001-2015. The slope of soil erosion at a pixel level was estimated to determine the responses of soil erosion to forest restoration. The results indicate that the conversion of cropland to forest was the dominated land use/cover transformation process in the TGRA from 2001 to 2015. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the TGRA decreased, with an annual drop rate of 1.28%. Changes in the soil erosion rate presented significant spatial variations, with a significant decrease (1.09 t∙ha-1∙yr-1) in the terrain slope zones between 25° and 35°, where intensive forest restoration occurred. Within various land transformation processes, the slope of the mean soil loss rate was the highest (slope = 0.71, P < 0.01) in afforestation areas. Our findings reveal that forest restoration can effectively reduce soil erosion in mountainous reservoir areas, but there are significant variations in the various vegetation recovery processes with the time-lag effect and across elevational gradient. Although most forest restorations occurred in steep slope areas, slope steepness is still the dominated factor in the spatial variation of soil erosion in the TGRA. We suggest forest landscape restoration to fill the scale gap between soil erosion and forest restoration in hilly reservoir areas such as the TGRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Teng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunbo Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lixiong Zeng
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment (State Forestry Administration), Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhixiang Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Wenfa Xiao
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment (State Forestry Administration), Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhilin Huang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment (State Forestry Administration), Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changfu Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection/Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment (State Forestry Administration), Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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10
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Xiao Q, Xiao Y, Tan H. Changes to soil conservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area between 1982 and 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:44. [PMID: 31838598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion is a major threat in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) of China. Since 1990, the Chinese government has launched a series of ecological restoration projects to promote soil conservation in the TGRA. To understand the effects of ecological restoration on soil conservation in the TGRA, we used the abrupt change analysis of soil mass from 1982 to 2015 and its drivers; soil mass was obtained with the universal soil loss equation at continental scale. We found that soil conservation and annual rainfall decreased in the TGRA over the study period. Abrupt change points of soil conservation occurred in 1984 and 2007. Soil conservation in the TGRA showed a dramatic decrease before 1984, a slow increase after 1984 as a result of climate, and a rapid increase after 2007 due to an increase in vegetation cover. From 1982 to 2015, climate change played a primary role in soil conservation changes and was more influential than topography and vegetation. However, ecological restoration was an important factor affecting soil conservation in the TGRA, and it needs to be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Chongqing College of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China.
| | - Hong Tan
- Chongqing College of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
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11
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12
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Shoreline Dynamics and Evaluation of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Shores of Large Reservoirs: Kuibyshev Reservoir, Russian Federation. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the number of artificial reservoirs around the world has considerably increased. This leads to the formation of new shorelines, which are highly dynamic regarding erosion and deposition processes. The present work aims to assess the direct human action along the largest reservoir in Europe—Kuibyshev (Russian Federation) and to analyse threatened cultural heritage sites from the coastal area, with the help of historical maps, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle), and topographic surveys. This approach is a necessity, due to the oscillating water level, local change of climate, and to the continuous increasing of natural hazards (in this case coastal erosion) all over the world. Many studies are approaching coastal areas of the seas and oceans, yet there are fewer studies regarding the inland coastal areas of large artificial reservoirs. Out of the total number of 1289 cultural heritage sites around the Kuibyshev reservoir, only 90 sites are not affected by the dam building; the rest had completely disappeared under the reservoir’s water. The scenario of increasing and decreasing water level within the reservoir has shown the fact that there must be water oscillations greater than ±1 m in order to affect the cultural heritage sites. The results show that the coastal area is highly dynamic and that the complete destruction of the last remaining Palaeolithic site (Beganchik) from the shoreline of Kuibyshev reservoir is imminent, and immediate mitigation measures must be undertaken.
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13
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Liro M. Dam reservoir backwater as a field-scale laboratory of human-induced changes in river biogeomorphology: A review focused on gravel-bed rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2899-2912. [PMID: 30463142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Only in the years 2007-2016 about 8000 large dams were constructed all over the world, adding to >50,000 previously built dams. These structures disturb abiotic and biotic components of rivers, but to date the knowledge of their impacts has been mainly derived from observations of downstream river reaches. Upstream from dams, however, backwater fluctuations induce sediment deposition, cause more frequent and higher valley-floor inundation, increase groundwater level, and change channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Little is known on the effects of these disturbances on the river biogeomorphological processes. In this review I synthesized knowledge on backwater effects on rivers into a model of backwater-induced abiotic-biotic interactions in the fluvial system. This model is next used to propose new hypotheses and research tasks concerning the biogeomorphology of gravel-bed rivers in the temperate climatic zone. Implications for flow-sediment-morphology-vegetation interactions and feedbacks are conceptualized in a river cross-section based on recent biogeomorphological insights and methodological approaches allowing to explore them in future studies. The model highlights that backwater-induced changes in abiotic and biotic components of river system trigger further feedbacks between them that additionally influence these components even without a direct backwater influence. Backwater-induced changes in hydrodynamics and sediment transport favour seed germination and growth of plants and decrease their mortality during floods, but also eliminate plants intolerant to prolonged inundation and intensive fine sediment deposition. These impacts may change the biogeomorphical structure of river system by modifying trajectories of biogeomorphic succession cycles and related zones of vegetation-hydromorphology interactions in the river corridor. Specifically, backwater effects may promote the development of more stable channel morphology and a less diverse mosaic of riparian vegetation and animals habitats, contrasting with those occurring in free-flowing rivers of the temperate zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Liro
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
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14
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Jian Z, Ma F, Guo Q, Qin A, Xiao W. Long-term responses of riparian plants' composition to water level fluctuation in China's Three Gorges Reservoir. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207689. [PMID: 30485328 PMCID: PMC6261589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) has experienced a novel hydrological regime due to the anti-seasonal operation of China’s Three Gorges Reservoir. Overall, hydrological change can significantly influence the riparian environment and shift the riparian vegetation. Although numerous studies have investigated the short-term responses of riparian plants to water level fluctuation in this zone, few have addressed long-term effects. In this study, four permanent plots in the WLFZ of the canyon landform area were chosen to evaluate the long-term responses of riparian plants to water level fluctuation from 2008 to 2015 and to screen candidate plants for ecological restoration. We recorded 146 species in 2008, 110 species in 2009, 68 species in 2012 and 69 species in 2015, indicating a conspicuous loss in riparian plants. Most of the remnant plants were annual and perennial herbs. Of the native species present in 2008, 82, 22 and 8 had disappeared in 2009, 2012 and 2015, respectively. Simultaneously, 45, 15 and 11 non-native species were first found, respectively. Additionally, over half of the native and the non-native species were not found after being subjected to a water level fluctuation. From 2008 to 2015, only 27 native species always presented; however, not all of them were chosen as candidates for ecological restoration because of their decreased importance values. In contrast, the importance value of Cynodon dactylon increased over time, suggesting its high tolerance to long-term winter flooding. We concluded that riparian plants’ composition of the canyon landform area dramatically declined after long-term water level fluctuation and their presence was determined by the novel hydrological condition. Our results also suggested that Cynodon dactylon or its combination with other species (i.e. Digitaria chrysoblephara, Setaria glauca, Setaria viridis) is a better candidate for ecological restoration in the WLFZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunji Jian
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZJ); (QG)
| | - Fanqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
| | - Quanshui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZJ); (QG)
| | - Aili Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenfa Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Haidian, Beijing, PR China
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15
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Tang Q, Collins AL, Wen A, He X, Bao Y, Yan D, Long Y, Zhang Y. Particle size differentiation explains flow regulation controls on sediment sorting in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1114-1125. [PMID: 29758863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Three Gorges Dam has significantly interrupted fluvial continuity and modified the mass transfer regime along river continuums. Flow regulation following regular dam operations drives dramatic hydrological regime shifts, which facilitates sediment dispersal in the water-level fluctuation zone over episodic inundation periods. How flow regulation modulates sediment redistribution, however, remains unclear. In this study, we depict absolute particle size composition of suspended sediment and sink sediment in the water-level fluctuation zone, and these are interpreted in the context of flow regulation controls on sediment sorting. Multiple sampling strategies were applied at different spatial and temporal scales, to overcome limitations of labour and cost input in a large-scale field study and to collect representative samples. The results revealed a longitudinal fining trend and seasonal variability in particle size composition for suspended sediment. Sink sediment collected from the water-level fluctuation zone during a single summer flood event displayed a similar longitudinal fining trend, reflecting preferential settling of coarser fractions in the backwater reaches where flow velocity declines sharply. Surface sediment demonstrated a laterally coarsening trend with increasing elevations along a slope profile. Flooding duration, frequency and timing represent key factors in determining the elevation-dependent variations in the magnitude of sedimentation and its source inputs. Relatively longer flooding duration and frequent intermediate summer floods with high suspended sediment flux are responsible for high sedimentation rates in the lower portions with distal upstream source inputs, while low sedimentation rates in the upper portions are principally associated with water impoundment and sediment produced from local bank erosion. Vertical particle size variability was observed along a sedimentary core profile, which most likely reflects seasonal differences in source supply with contrasting particle size characteristics. We conclude that absolute particle size differentiation explains flow regulation controls on sediment sorting in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Adrian L Collins
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
| | - Anbang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiubin He
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuhai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dongchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yi Long
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK
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16
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Liu J, Jiang T, Wang F, Zhang J, Wang D, Huang R, Yin D, Liu Z, Wang J. Inorganic sulfur and mercury speciation in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: The role of inorganic reduced sulfur on mercury methylation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1112-1123. [PMID: 29153472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China is a unique geomorphological unit that undergoes annual flooding and drying alternation cycle. The alternating redox conditions within the WLFZ are expected to result in dynamic cycling of reduced sulfur species, which could affect mercury (Hg) methylation due to the high affinity of reduced sulfur species to both inorganic divalent mercury (Hg(II)i) and methylmercury (MeHg). Variations of inorganic sulfur species (measured as acid volatile sulfide, chromium reductive sulfur, elemental sulfur, and water-soluble sulfate), total mercury (THg) and MeHg were studied at two typical WLFZ sites in the TGR from July 2015 to June 2016. Whereas the water-soluble sulfate contents stayed essentially constant, the reduced inorganic sulfur contents varied greatly as the water level changed. Compared with the control soils, the MeHg contents in the WLFZ soils increased, suggesting that water level fluctuations accelerated the methylation process of Hg(II)i. In situ Hg(II)i-methylation also appeared to occur in the sub-layer of the drained sediment during the draw-down season. The significant correlation between MeHg and elemental sulfur (S(0)) further suggests that polysulfides may have played a role in Hg(II)i-methylation by increasing the bioavailable Hg(II)i content in the WLFZ of the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Deliang Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zeyan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jinzhu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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