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Leung G, McKinney MA, Yaylayan V, Bayen S. Abiotic degradations of legacy and novel flame retardants in environmental and food matrices - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38805263 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2354496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are commonly added to commercial products to achieve flammability resistance. Since most of them are not chemically bonded to the materials, they could be leached to the environment during the production and disposal cycle. These FRs were categorised based on their chemical nature, including brominated, organophosphorus-, mineral- and nitrogen-based. This review summarised the abiotic degradation reactions of these four classes of FRs, with a focus on thermal and photodegradation reactions in environmental and food matrices. Only 24 papers have reported related information on abiotic degradation reactions that could be useful for predicting possible degradation pathways, and most focused on brominated FRs. Most studies also investigated the thermal degradation of FRs under high temperatures (>400 °C), which exceeds the normal cooking temperature at 100-300 °C. For photodegradation, studies have used up to five times the energy typically used in UV radiation during food processing. It is recommended that future studies investigate the fate of these FRs in foods under more realistic processing conditions, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the estimated consumption of FRs and their degradation products from foods, and facilitate a better risk assessment of the use of these novel FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leung
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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2
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Huang C, Zeng Y, Guan K, Qi X, Liu YE, Lu Q, Wang S, Luo X, Mai B. Occurrence, composition, and spatial distribution of dechlorane plus in surface sediments of black-odorous urban rivers across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17472-17480. [PMID: 38342836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
China, one of the two dechlorane plus (DP) producers, might have become a major area of DP pollution. The environmental contamination status of DP in sediments across the whole of China has not yet been studied. In the current study, the pollution levels, spatial distribution, and compositions of DP were investigated comprehensively in surface sediments from 173 black-odorous urban rivers across China for the first time. Total DP concentrations varied from not-detected to 39.71 ng/g dw, with an average concentration of 3.20 ± 4.74 ng/g dw, which was polluted by local emission sources and presented significant differences among different sampling cities. Among the seven administrative regions of China, DP concentrations were the highest in South China and showed a decreasing trend from southeastern coastal areas to northwest inland regions. Spearman's correlation analysis suggested that the gross industrial output, gross domestic product, and daily wastewater treatment capacity were not the principal factors controlling the spatial distribution of DP. The fanti values (the concentration ratios of anti-DP to the sum of anti-DP and syn-DP) varied from 0.19 to 0.88, with those in most sediments falling in the range of DP technical product (0.60 ~ 0.80), suggesting no apparent stereoselective enrichment occurred. Moreover, the anti-Cl11-DP was detected in sediments (n.d. ~ 0.40 ng/g dw), which showed significantly and insignificantly positive correlation with the anti-DP levels and fanti, respectively, implying it might mainly originate from the byproduct of DP technical product rather than the dechlorination of anti-DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huang
- China University of Mining & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Kelan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuemeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yin-E Liu
- China University of Mining & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wang R, Cheng H, Gong Y, Huang T. New brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in water sediments: A review of contamination characteristics, exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122121. [PMID: 37385359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become one of the most important new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). However, little is known about whether this emerging contaminant may has an environmental fate similar to PBDEs. Sediments are the main sink for DBDPE in the aqueous phase. Worldwide concentration data, since it was first found in sediments to date, have been collated, and the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) DBDPE concentrations in sediments have increased rapidly, often with a higher risk of contamination in source discharge areas. Compared with other countries, DBDPE contamination in China is more severe, especially in Guangdong Province, which is closely related to its being an e-waste dismantling area. (2) The amount of DBDPE in surface sediments has exceeded that of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and data recorded in sediment cores also corroborate that DBDPE is replacing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as one of the most dominant NBFRs in the environment. (3) The exposure pathways of DBDPE include dietary intake, air or indoor dust intake, cutaneous absorption and endogenous exposure. For sediments, dietary exposure and endogenous exposure pathways need to be considered. Sediment DBDPE can enter the human body through bioenrichment such as contaminated seafood and the food chain. (4) DBDPE can exhibit neurotoxicity, thyrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in organisms. Long-term DBDPE exposure may increase hyperthyroidism risk and inhibit normal cells activity. This review focuses on the distribution characteristics and exposure risks of DBDPE in global water sediments, providing a strong reference for environmental management and related legal policy formulation. The next steps are to focus on continuous source monitoring, process control and sediment clean-up of DBDPE. The development of sustainable water management options for waste microplastics (MPs) and e-waste spiked with DBDPE is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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4
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Li W, Yuan Y, Wang S, Liu X. Occurrence, spatiotemporal variation, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River and its important tributaries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130153. [PMID: 36244105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) is very imperative. In this study, 12 targeted OPEs in the water and sediment samples collected from the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River (YR) and its tributaries during the dry, normal, and wet season were analyzed, to reveal their concentration, spatiotemporal variations, and ecological risks. The results indicated that the total concentration of OPEs (ΣOPE) ranged from 97.66 to 2433.30 ng/L in water, and from 47.33 to 234.08 ng/g in sediment. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were the most abundant OPEs in the surface water and sediment. The OPEs levels in river water were ranked as the order of dry > normal > wet season. The ΣOPE concentrations in water and sediment were relatively high in the central and lower sections of the YR. The resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP) effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. TCEP and RDP posed relatively higher ecological risk than other OPEs. Municipal and chemical industrial discharge might be sources of OPEs in the middle and lower streams of the YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
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5
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Zhao Y, Chen YP. Coming ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides and novel brominated flame retardants in the Yellow River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159296. [PMID: 36216067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To conduct ecological risk assessment, food, water and soil samples were collected from five densely populated irrigation areas in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). The results showed that the OCP residues (∑14OCP were 0.748 ng L-1, 13.1 ng g-1 dw and 3.22 ng g-1 dw in water, soil and maize) were generally within moderate levels in the YRB. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues dominated the OCPs, and potential ecological risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms likely stemmed from dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) pollution in the upper reaches of the YRB in the Ningxia and Hetao Plain. The NBFR concentrations in the YRB were 90.9 pg L-1 in water, 21.1 pg g-1 dw in soil and 3.81 pg g-1 dw in maize. Positive correlations were observed between soil and maize contamination in the five irrigated districts, indicating a potential threat to grain security and human health risks caused by OCPs and NBFRs. Pollutants detected in soil and maize primarily originated from historical use (36.3 %), while the sources in water were more complex (64.4 %) and new inputs could not be excluded. Integrated health risks of human exposure to agricultural products and water from the YRB were acceptable. However, the ecological risk of the Ningxia Plain would further deteriorate to the medium risk after 2032. The increasing ecological risk of DDT in water indicates that regular monitoring should strengthen to ensure grain and water safety in the YRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China.
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6
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Zhang K, Li K, Tong M, Xia Y, Cui Y, Liu Z, Chen Q, Li Q, Hu F, Yang F. Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors of Heavy Metal Resistance Genes in the Yellow River Sediments of Henan Section. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710724. [PMID: 36078440 PMCID: PMC9517883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) in the environment has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, few studies have reported the MRG content in the Yellow River, one of the main irrigation water sources in the North China Plain. In this study, we quantified MRG abundance by a metagenomic approach, and assessed the influence on MRGs of both bioavailable and total heavy metal (HM) content. The results indicate that Cu-resistant genes are the most common genes, and the prevalence of arsM needs more attention. Comamonadaceae is the dominant family in the Yellow River, and the presence of organic pollutants may contribute to the prevalence of Vicinamibacteraceae, Nocardioidaceae, and Flavobacteriacea. The results of the Mantel test and Spearman analysis indicate that both the bioavailable fractions and total content of HMs could have little influence on MRGs. Network analysis results indicate that some dominant bacteria could be the potential hosts of some prevalent MRGs, which may exert an adverse impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Kuangjia Li
- Development Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources of People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Minghui Tong
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yangchun Xia
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yongxin Cui
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Qidi Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Feiyue Hu
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Synergistic Prevention of Water and Soil Environmental Pollution, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (F.Y.)
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7
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Zhou Y, Lei L, Chen P, Guo W, Guo Y, Yang L, Han J, Hu B, Zhou B. Effects of nano-TiO 2 on the bioavailability and toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in developing zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133862. [PMID: 35124078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles like nano-TiO2 are suspected to influence the bioavailability and toxicity of co-existing organic or inorganic pollutants differently in aquatic environment. Recently, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) with potential lipid-metabolism disruptive effects, has been detected prevalently in multiple environments including where nano-TiO2 was also observed. However, their interaction in aqueous phase and modification of nano-TiO2 on biological processes and toxicity of TBPH at environmental relevant levels remain unknown. Accordingly, we exposed zebrafish embryos to TBPH (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) alone or with nano-TiO2 (100 μg/L) until 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) with emphasis on their physicochemical interactions in solutions and variations of bioavailability and toxicity regarding lipid metabolism in vivo. Zeta potential, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and TEM-EDS revealed adsorption and agglomeration between TBPH and nano-TiO2in vitro. Decreased body contents of nano-TiO2 and TBPH implied a reduction of TBPH in bioavailability. The enhanced lipid metabolism and reduced fat storage by TBPH alone were all alleviated by co-exposure to nano-TiO2. The overall results indicate that nano-TiO2 adsorbed TBPH to form size-enlarged agglomerates and led to decreased bioavailability and consequently mitigated lipid metabolism disorders in developing zebrafish embryo/larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Lee S, Ra K, Moon HB. Severe contamination and time trends of legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in multiple environmental media from Lake Shihwa, Korea: Effectiveness of regulatory action. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130620. [PMID: 34134417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were introduced to industrial markets as alternatives to legacy brominated FRs (BFRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In the present study, PBDEs and their brominated and chlorinated alternatives, novel BFRs (NBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP), were measured in multiple environmental matrices in a highly industrialized lake in Korea. Legacy and novel HFRs were detected in multiple samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination. Concentrations of HFRs in water and sediment observed in creeks running through machine, textiles, and automobile industrial complexes were significantly higher than those observed in inside and outside of the lake. Higher bioaccumulation levels of HFRs were observed in inshore compared with offshore waters. Results suggest that multi-matrix distribution of legacy and novel HFRs was dependent on the geographical proximity to industrial sources. Compared with previous studies, the highest levels of PBDEs and NBFRs were recorded in water samples on a global scale, implying on-going emissions from industrial activities. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was a dominant compound in water samples, whereas the concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DP in sediment were similar to each other. This suggests a shift in consumption from legacy to novel HFRs, preferentially in water environments. A significant declining trend in PBDEs was observed in water and sediment collected between 2008 and 2015, indicating the effectiveness of regulatory actions. Based on their environmental occurrence and bioaccumulation potential, pentabromoethylbenzene and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate may pose emerging concerns regarding contamination of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Zhang D, Sun L, Tang J. Spatio-temporal variations and input patterns on the legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal rivers of North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117093. [PMID: 33857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been subject to restrictions since 2018 in developed countries but is still manufacturing in China. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used as a replacement for BDE209. To better understand the behaviors and fates of these legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs), water samples were collected from the estuaries of 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that BDE209 was still the predominant compound with a median concentration of 2470 pg L-1, whereas DBDPE had a median concentration of 129 pg L-1. Spatially, relatively high concentrations were observed in the rivers near Laizhou Bay (LB), which is the manufacturing hub of BFRs. BDE209 concentrations were significantly higher in dry season than in wet season, which indicates a dominant process of dilution by precipitation during the wet season. DBDPE concentration showed no significant seasonal difference. This implies that wet deposition was the major additional source of DBDPE during the wet season, and the concentration increased further during the autumn as a result of a time-lag effect. The BFR concentrations in urban rivers were lower than those reported by a study undertaken in August 2013. An increase in the BFR concentrations in rural rivers since 2013 suggested increases in the use and non-point source emissions of BFRs in some remote aquatic environments. The estimated annual inputs of BDE209 and DBDPE into the BS were ∼95.9 kg yr-1 and ∼26.8 kg yr-1, respectively, whereas those into the NYS were ∼24.1 kg yr-1 and ∼8.38 kg yr-1. The results revealed an ecological risk of BDE209 in winter especially in the Xiaoqing River, thus suggesting the impact of BDE209 on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Daochang Zhang
- Yantai Municipal Bureau of Hydrology, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Linting Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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10
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Lee HK, Lee S, Lim JE, Moon HB. Legacy and novel flame retardants in water and sediment from highly industrialized bays of Korea: Occurrence, source tracking, decadal time trend, and ecological risks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111639. [PMID: 32920258 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and novel flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel BFRs, and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were measured in water and sediment collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Predominant compounds in sediment were BDE 209, DBDPE, and BTBPE for BFRs, and TCPP and TBOEP for OPFRs, respectively. Higher alternative FR concentrations were observed compared to those reported for previous studies. The highest BFR concentrations were found in locations close to industrial complexes, while the OPFR concentrations were highest in locations close to domestic regions and a wastewater treatment plant. Different contamination sources were observed for BFRs and OPFRs. The ratio of DBDPE/BDE 209 in sediment ranged from 0.84 to 28, indicating a shift in consumption of BFRs. A significant decline in PBDEs suggests the effectiveness of domestic and global regulations. Despite this, sedimentary PBDE concentrations may pose adverse health risks to benthic organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Li Y, Sun X, Tang J. Legacy and novel halogenated flame retardants in seawater and atmosphere of the Bohai Sea: Spatial trends, seasonal variations, and influencing factors. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116117. [PMID: 32726740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were concurrently analyzed in surface seawater and low atmospheric samples from the Bohai Sea during four research cruises. HFRs mainly existed in particulate phases, and in general decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound in both air and water samples. Relatively high concentrations were observed in the water of Laizhou Bay (LB), where the largest manufacturing base of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China is located and weak water exchange occurs. Transport from LB by coastal currents may be the main source of BFRs in some areas without emission sources. The HFRs in seawater exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with significantly higher concentrations in winter than those in summer. The controlling factors include the resuspension of sediment induced by large wind waves in winter and phytoplankton scavenging in spring and seawater stratification in summer. HFRs composition varied largely in different seasons, due to the different extents of riverine input and atmospheric deposition. Normally, for air masses passing through the nearby industrial regions, high concentrations of DBDPE (up to 1780 pg m-3) co-existed with high total suspended particle (TSP) levels (up to 150 μg m-3). The estimated atmospheric deposition fluxes of HFRs were 19, 51, and 80 kg season-1 in spring, summer, and winter, respectively, indicating that the Bohai Sea is a sink of HFRs via atmospheric deposition. This study has increased our understanding of the behaviors and fates of the legacy and novel HFRs in the shallow coastal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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12
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Wu L, Wang R, Huang CL, Wu CC, Wong CS, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Impact of passive sampler protection apparatus on sediment porewater profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126534. [PMID: 32224359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling techniques have been widely used to determine the dissolved concentration profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment porewater. However, the effects of having a protection for the passive sampler on profiling HOCs concentrations in sediment porewater, especially in deep sediment, have remained unclear. To address this issue, low density polyethylene passive samplers with and without protectors, which consisted of glass fiber filter and porous stainless steel shield, were simultaneously deployed in sediment of the Dongjiang River, South China. The results showed that the protectors retarded the dissipation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) from the sampler by a factor of 2-9. The protectors seemed to exert a negligible effect on the measured concentrations of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in surficial sediment porewater (0-14 cm depth) from both samplers. However, the sediment porewater concentration profiles of PAHs and BDE-47 from the sampler with protectors were in agreement with those normalized by dry weight in deep sediment (16-34 cm depth), indicating that a diffusion layer established by the protectors may minimize the probability of local depletion of the target analytes in deep sediment. In addition, the log Koc values of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 exhibited a slight increasing trend with sediment depth. This finding suggested that in situ passive sampling techniques could be a feasible tool in determining the site-specific log Koc values of HOCs at different sediment depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Barceló D, Oh JE. Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li B, Qi P, Qu Y, Wang B, Chen J, Chang Z. Effects of dechlorane plus on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis in Cyprinus carpio. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:378-386. [PMID: 31826665 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1701001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The levels of the chlorinated organic compound Dechlorane Plus (DP) are increasing in aquatic ecosystems. To investigate the adverse effects of DP on aquatic animals, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were subjected to three different DP concentrations (30 μg L-1, 60 μg L-1, and 120 μg L-1) for 1 d, 15 d, and 30 d. Histology and the hepatic and cerebral expression levels of several key antioxidant, detoxification, and apoptotic factors were then examined. Histopathological inspections showed that the liver and brain were severely damaged in carp exposed to 60 μg L-1 and 120 μg L-1 DP. Relative to the controls, the superoxide dismutase and glutathione activity levels and the malondialdehyde content were also changed in livers and brains exposed to DP. Besides, significant alterations in the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were observed in the livers of carp subjected to DP. Relative to the control, the brains of DP-exposed carp presented with significantly upregulated IL-1β and IL-6 in carp treated with 120 μg L-1 DP for 30 d. The transcription levels of hepatic cyp2b4, cyp1b1, and cyp3a138 were all increased compared with the untreated at all DP exposure concentrations. The aforementioned results suggest that DP exposure perturbs fish metabolism and causes liver injury by inhibiting antioxidant enzyme activity, increasing lipid peroxidation, promoting inflammation, and inducing cell apoptosis. This information and the analytical methodology used to acquire it may form the basis for future ecological risk assessments on DP and related xenobiotics in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China.,College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Pengju Qi
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Ying Qu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Beibei Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, PR China
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Hou L, Jiang J, Gan Z, Dai Y, Yang P, Yan Y, Ding S, Su S, Bao X. Spatial Distribution of Organophosphorus and Brominated Flame Retardants in Surface Water, Sediment, Groundwater, and Wild Fish in Chengdu, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:279-290. [PMID: 30963189 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Jinjiang river water, sediment, crucian carp, and groundwater in Chengdu, China. OPFRs were predominant and ubiquitous contaminants in the Jinjiang river water, sediment, groundwater, fish muscle, fish gills, and viscera with concentrations ranging from 19.1 to 533 ng L-1, 12.5 to 253 ng g-1, 11.7 to 149 ng L-1, 114 to 2108 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), 220 to 638 ng g-1 lw, and 116 to 1356 ng g-1 lw, respectively. The halogenated OPFRs were the primary pollutant in the Jinjiang river water samples, whereas nonhalogenated OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in the sediments. Brominated flame retardants were not detected in the groundwater, whereas the NBFRs detected in aquatic environment at low frequency. The ΣPBDEs ranged from n.d. to 23.4 ng L-1 and n.d. to 48.7 ng g-1 in the Jinjiang river water and sediment, respectively. BDE-209 was dominant in the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 47.2 ng g-1. The PBDEs levels in the muscle, gills, and viscera of the crucian carp ranged from 10.6 to 90.6 ng g-1 lw, n.d. to 75.6 ng g-1 lw, and n.d. to 219 ng g-1 lw, respectively. BDE-47, chlorinated, and alkyl OPFRs were the main contaminants in the fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingyan Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - YuanYuan Dai
- Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sanglan Ding
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shijun Su
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610063, China
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Mo L, Zheng J, Wang T, Shi YG, Chen BJ, Liu B, Ma YH, Li M, Zhuo L, Chen SJ. Legacy and emerging contaminants in coastal surface sediments around Hainan Island in South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:133-141. [PMID: 30316155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and legacy hydrophobic pollutants, including halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in coastal sediments of Hainan Island, southern China, where little information is known about their contamination. The HFRs were dominated by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (median = 1.32 ng/g) and novel decabromodiphenyl ethane (1.87 ng/g). HFR and PAH concentrations had similar spatial distributions, with higher levels in the river and near the estuary. The concentrations of ∑10OPFRs ranged from 0.74 to 60.0 ng/g (median = 15.3 ng/g), displaying a different spatial distribution. ∑DDTs and β-HCH, with median concentrations of 1.41 and 3.44 ng/g respectively, were largely from historical inputs, but use of DDT still exists in Hainan. Principal component analysis revealed the associations between most of the pollutants (HFRs, OCPs, and PAHs) and perylene, indicating that terrestrial runoff plays a significant role in their presence in the coastal sediments. OPFRs had different emission sources or entry modes to the coastal ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mo
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun-Gang Shi
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Biao-Juan Chen
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Yan-Hua Ma
- Water Quality Monitoring Section, Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Hainan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Min Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Li Q, Cheng X, Cui Y, Sun J, Li J, Zhang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in the Henan section of the Yellow River: Occurrences, fates, and fluxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1312-1319. [PMID: 30021298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were measured in sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the three seasons to elucidate their environmental behavior. The mean concentrations of ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were 262 and 97.1 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) in sediment and 17,055 and 2573 ng g-1 dw in SPM, respectively, and higher SCCP levels did not clearly reflect a shift to more MCCPs in this section of the Yellow River. The predominant homologue groups were C10-CP and C11-CP for SCCPs and C14-CP for MCCPs. The CPs possibly mainly derived from the use of CP commercial mixtures, mainly included CP-42 and CP-52. The spatial distributions and principal component analysis indicated that industrial inputs, dams, and topography played important roles in influencing the environmental behavior of CPs in both sediment and SPM. In addition, decreasing fluxes of CPs were observed in SPM from Tongguan to Aishan stations, particularly in reservoirs, which implies that CPs may have accumulated in the Henan section of the Yellow River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yanrui Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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