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Huang Y, Li Z. Assessing pesticides in the atmosphere: A global study on pollution, human health effects, monitoring network and regulatory performance. Environ Int 2024; 187:108653. [PMID: 38669719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, but their impact on the environment and human health is a major concern. While much attention has been given to their presence in soil, water, and food, there have been few studies on airborne pesticide pollution on a global scale. This study aimed to assess the extent of atmospheric pesticide pollution in countries worldwide and identify regional differences using a scoring approach. In addition to analyzing the health risks associated with pesticide pollution, we also examined agricultural practices and current air quality standards for pesticides in these countries. The pollution scores varied significantly among the countries, particularly in Europe. Asian and Oceanic countries generally had higher scores compared to those in the Americas, suggesting a relatively higher level of air pollution caused by pesticides in these regions. It is worth noting that the current pollution levels, as assessed theoretically, pose minimal health risks to humans. However, studies in the literature have shown that excessive exposure to pesticides present in the atmosphere has been associated with various health problems, such as cancer, neuropsychiatric disorders, and other chronic diseases. Interestingly, European countries had the highest overall pesticide application intensities, but this did not necessarily correspond to higher atmospheric pesticide pollution scores. Only a few countries have established air quality standards specifically for pesticides. Furthermore, pollution scores across states in the USA were investigated and the global sampling sites were mapped. The findings revealed that the scores varied widely in the USA and the current sampling sites were limited or unevenly distributed in some countries, particularly the Nordic countries. These findings can help global relevant environmental agencies to set up comprehensive monitoring networks. Overall, the present research highlights the need to create a pesticide monitoring system and increase efforts to enhance pesticide regulation, ensure consistency in standards, and promote international cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabi Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China.
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2
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Birgül A, Kurt-Karakuş PB. Air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Bursa Türkiye: Levels, temporal trends and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169397. [PMID: 38128657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is required to evaluate the effectiveness of international regulations to minimize the emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into the environment. In this manner, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variations of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) using polyurethane foam passive air samplers at ten stations in Bursa in 2017 and 2018. The highest concentration value for Σ22OCPs was detected in Ağaköy (775 pg/m3) and Demirtaş (678 pg/m3) sampling sites, while the lowest value was observed in Uludağ University Campus (UUC, 284 pg/m3) site. HCB, γ-HCH, Endo I, and Mirex were the most frequently detected OCPs, which shows their persistence. Diagnostic ratios of β-/(α + γ)-HCH have pointed to historical and possible illegal OCP usage in the study area. The seasonality of air concentrations (with spring and summer concentrations higher than winter and autumn concentrations) was well exhibited by α-HCH, β-HCH, ɣ-HCH, HCB, Endo I, and Mirex but not aldrin, dieldrin, and α-chlordane (CC). Levels of OCPs detected in ambient air in the current study were relatively similar to or lower than those reported in previous studies conducted in Türkiye. Back trajectory analysis was applied to identify the possible sources of OCPs detected in the sampling regions. The Clausius-Clapeyron approach was used to investigate the temperature dependence of OCP gas-phase atmospheric concentrations. The data showed that long-range atmospheric transport affects ambient air OCP concentrations in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkın Birgül
- Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Mimar Sinan Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Bulvarı Eflak Caddesi No:177, 16310 Yıldırım/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakuş
- Bursa Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Mimar Sinan Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Bulvarı Eflak Caddesi No:177, 16310 Yıldırım/Bursa, Turkey
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3
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Kurt-Karakus PB, Odabasi M, Birgul A, Yaman B, Gunel E, Dumanoglu Y, Jantunen L. Contamination of Soil by Obsolete Pesticide Stockpiles: A Case Study of Derince Province, Turkey. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2024; 86:37-47. [PMID: 38063884 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The areal distributions of the soil organochlorine pesticide (OCP) levels were investigated at adjacent and surrounding sites of the obsolete pesticide stockpile warehouse in Kocaeli, Türkiye. OCP levels in soil at neighboring sampling locations (positioned at 0.4 to 3 km from the stockpile) varied from 0.4 to 9 µg/kg and 4.2 to 2226 µg/kg (dry weight) for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels at adjacent locations (positioned within 20 m from the stockpile) were considerably higher, varying from 74 to 39,619 µg/kg and 1592 to 30,419 µg/kg for ΣHCHs and ΣDDXs, respectively. Levels of OCPs dropped abruptly with the horizontal distance from the stockpile and had different transect profiles. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) near the stockpile range from 0.494 to 0.521, 0.454 to 0.515, and 0.483 to 0.533 for α-HCH, o,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDD, respectively. These near-racemic EFs suggested that observed soil OCP levels were mainly influenced by recent emissions from the stockpile. A comparison of OCP compositions observed in the soil at the present study with the technical HCHs and DDTs revealed that the material in the stockpile primarily contains byproducts that were discarded during DDT and Lindane production at the adjacent plant instead of their technical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mah, Mimar Sinan Bulvarı, Eflak Cad. No: 177, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Askin Birgul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mah, Mimar Sinan Bulvarı, Eflak Cad. No: 177, 16310, Yildirim, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Baris Yaman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ersan Gunel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada
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Alshemmari H, Al-Kasbi MM, Kavil YN, Orif MI, Al-Hulwani EK, Al-Darii RJ, Al-Shukaili SM, Al-Balushi FAA, Chakraborty P. New and legacy pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in the agricultural region of the Sultanate of Oman. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132205. [PMID: 37604036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive air and surface soil monitoring was conducted for new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to fill the knowledge and data gap on the sources and fate of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Sultanate of Oman. DDTs in agricultural soil samples ranged from 0.013 to 95.80 ng/g (mean: 8.4 ± 25.06 ng/g), with a median value of 0.07 ng/g. The highest concentration was observed at Shinas, where intensive agricultural practice is prevalent. The dominance of p,p'-DDT in soil and air reflected technical DDT formulation usage in Oman. Among newly enlisted POPs, pentachlorobenzene had the maximum detection frequency in air (47%) and soil (41%). Over 90% of sites reflected extensive past use of hexachlorobenzene. Major OCP isomers and metabolites showed net volatilisation from the agricultural soil, thereby indicating concurrent emission and re-emission processes from the soil of Oman. However, the cleansing effect of oceanic air mass is the possible reason for relatively lower atmospheric OCP levels from a previous study. Although DDT displayed maximum cancer risk, the level is below the permissible limit. DDT primarily stemmed from obsolete stock and inadequate management practices. Hence, we suggest there is a need for DDT regulation in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait
| | - Mohammed M Al-Kasbi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Yasar N Kavil
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat 13109, State of Kuwait; Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I Orif
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam K Al-Hulwani
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rawya J Al-Darii
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Suleiman M Al-Shukaili
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fawaz A A Al-Balushi
- Department of Chemical and Waste Management, Environment Authority, PO. Box 323, Muscat P.C:100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change (REACH), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India.
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Siddiqua A, Hahladakis JN, Al-Attiya WAKA. An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:58514-58536. [PMID: 35778661 PMCID: PMC9399006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is one of the most common waste management methods employed in all countries alike, irrespective of their developmental status. The most commonly used types of landfills are (a) municipal solid waste landfill, (b) industrial waste landfill, and (c) hazardous waste landfill. There is, also, an emerging landfill type called "green waste landfill" that is, occasionally, being used. Most landfills, including those discussed in this review article, are controlled and engineered establishments, wherein the waste ought to abide with certain regulations regarding their quality and quantity. However, illegal and uncontrolled "landfills" (mostly known as open dumpsites) are, unfortunately, prevalent in many developing countries. Due to the widespread use of landfilling, even as of today, it is imperative to examine any environmental- and/or health-related issues that have emerged. The present study seeks to determine the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling by adopting a desk review design. It is revealed that landfilling is associated with various environmental pollution problems, namely, (a) underground water pollution due to the leaching of organic, inorganic, and various other substances of concern (SoC) contained in the waste, (b) air pollution due to suspension of particles, (c) odor pollution from the deposition of municipal solid waste (MSW), and (d) even marine pollution from any potential run-offs. Furthermore, health impacts may occur through the pollution of the underground water and the emissions of gases, leading to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of the exposed population living in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Wadha Ahmed K A Al-Attiya
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Henrique JMM, Isidro J, Saez C, Lopez-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Navarro V, Dos Santos EV, Rodrigo MA. Combining Soil Vapor Extraction and Electrokinetics for the Removal of Hexachlorocyclohexanes from Soil. Chemistry 2022; 12:e202200022. [PMID: 35876395 PMCID: PMC10152886 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evaluation of the mobility of four hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers by soil vapor extraction (SVE) coupled with direct electrokinetic (EK) treatment without adding flushing fluids. SVE was found to be very efficient and remove nearly 70 % of the four HCH in the 15-days of the tests. The application of electrokinetics produced the transport of HCH to the cathode by different electrochemical processes, which were satisfactorily modelled with a 1-D transport equation. The increase in the electric field led to an increase in the transport of pollutants, although 15 days was found to be a very short time for an efficient transportation of the pollutants to the nearness of the cathode. Loss of water content in the vicinity of the cathode warns about the necessity of using electrokinetic flushing technologies instead of simple direct electrokinetics. Thus, results point out that direct electrokinetic treatment without adding flushing fluids produced low current intensities and ohmic heating that contributes negatively to the performance of the SVE process. No relevant differences were found among the removal of the four isomers, neither in SVE nor in EK processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M M Henrique
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil.,Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Julia Isidro
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Cristina Saez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rúben Lopez-Vizcaíno
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Angel Yustres
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisama V Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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de Melo Henrique JM, Isidro J, Saez C, Dos Santos EV, Rodrigo MA. Removal of lindane using electrokinetic soil flushing coupled with air stripping. J APPL ELECTROCHEM. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This paper evaluates the remediation of soil spiked with lindane using a combined treatment consisting of electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF) with air stripping to elucidate the main processes occurring in the soil when electric fields of 0.75 V cm−1 and 1.50 V cm−1 are applied. The results demonstrate that lindane is efficiently transported to the anodic and cathodic wells using flushing fluids containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Additionally, an important amount is volatilized and stripped with the injected air. In the cathodic well, lindane is rapidly transformed into other species because of the strongly alkaline media. These other species are also found in the portions of soil next to this well, confirming the efficient transport of chlorinated organics with SDS. After 14 days of operation, nearly 50% of the spiked lindane can be removed from the soil. Operation with large electric fields does not improve the performance of the treatment technology and results in lower current intensities and electro-osmotic fluxes and in higher evaporated water, despite the water content in the soil matrix, indicating the coexistence of multiple inputs in these processes.
Graphical abstract
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Liu X, Li W, Kümmel S, Merbach I, Sood U, Gupta V, Lal R, Richnow HH. Soil from a Hexachlorocyclohexane Contaminated Field Site Inoculates Wheat in a Pot Experiment to Facilitate the Microbial Transformation of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Examined by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:13812-13821. [PMID: 34609852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) is a remnant from former HCH pesticide production. Its removal from the environment gained attention in the last few years since it is the most stable HCH isomer. However, knowledge about the transformation of β-HCH in soil-plant systems is still limited. Therefore, experiments with a contaminated field soil were conducted to investigate the transformation of β-HCH in soil-plant systems by compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA). The results showed that the δ13C and δ37Cl values of β-HCH in the soil of the planted control remained stable, revealing no transformation due to a low bioavailability. Remarkably, an increase of the δ13C and δ37Cl values in soil and plant tissues of the spiked treatments were observed, indicating the transformation of β-HCH in both the soil and the plant. This was surprising as previously it was shown that wheat is unable to transform β-HCH when growing in hydroponic culture or garden soil. Thus, results of this work indicate for the first time that a microbial community of the soil inoculated the wheat and then facilitated the transformation of β-HCH in the wheat, which may have implications for the development of phytoremediation concepts. A high abundance of HCH degraders belonging to Sphingomonas sp., Mycobacterium sp., and others was detected in the β-HCH-treated bulk and rhizosphere soil, potentially supporting the biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wang Li
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ines Merbach
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06102 Halle, Germany
| | - Utkarsh Sood
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Vipin Gupta
- PhiXGen Private Limited, Gurugram, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Rup Lal
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Tian L, Li J, Zhao S, Tang J, Li J, Guo H, Liu X, Zhong G, Xu Y, Lin T, Lyv X, Chen D, Li K, Shen J, Zhang G. DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:9740-9749. [PMID: 34213322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned for more than three decades, their concentrations have only decreased gradually. This may be largely attributable to their environmental persistence, illegal application, and exemption usage. This study assessed the historic and current regional context for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2001. An air sampling campaign was carried out in 2018 in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where the historical OCP application was the most intensive in China. Different seasonalities were observed: DDT exhibited higher concentrations in summer than in winter; chlordane showed less seasonal variation, whereas HCB was higher in winter. The unique coupling of summer monsoon with DDT-infused paint usage, winter monsoon with HCB-combustion emission, and local chlordane emission jointly presents a dynamic picture of these OCPs in the PRD air. We used the BETR Global model to back-calculate annual local emissions, which accounted for insignificant contributions to the nationally documented production (<1‰). Local emissions were the main sources of p,p'-DDT and chlordane, while ocean sources were limited (<4%). This study shows that geographic-anthropogenic factors, including source, history, and air circulation pattern, combine to affect the regional fate of OCP compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyv
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Guida Y, Carvalho GOD, Capella R, Pozo K, Lino AS, Azeredo A, Carvalho DFP, Braga ALF, Torres JPM, Meire RO. Atmospheric Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides and Inhalation Cancer Risk in Urban Areas at Southeast Brazil. Environ Pollut 2021; 271:116359. [PMID: 33535363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been produced for almost a century and some of them are still used, even after they have been proved to be toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative and prone to long-range transport. Brazil has used and produced pesticides in industrial scales for both agricultural and public health purposes. Urban and industrial regions are of special concern due to their high population density and their increased exposure to chemical pollution, many times enhanced by chemical production, application or irregular dumping. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of OCPs in outdoor air of urban sites from two major regions of southeast Brazil. Some of these sites have been affected by OCP production and their irregular dumping. Deterministic and probabilistic inhalation cancer risk (CR) assessments were conducted for the human populations exposed to OCPs in ambient air. Ambient air was mainly affected by Ʃ-HCH (median = 340 pg m-3) and Ʃ-DDT (median = 233 pg m-3), the only two OCPs registered for domissanitary purposes in Brazil. OCP concentrations tended to be higher in summer than in winter. Dumping sites resulted in the highest OCP atmospheric concentrations and, thus, in the highest CR estimations. Despite of all limitations, probabilistic simulations suggested that people living in the studied regions are exposed to an increased risk of hepatic cancer. Infants and toddlers (0 < 2 y) were exposed to the highest inhalation CRs compared to other age groups. Other exposure pathways (such as ingestion and dermic uptake) are needed for a more comprehensive risk assessment. Moreover, this study also highlights the need to review the human exposure to OCPs through inhalation and their respective CR in other impacted areas worldwide, especially where high levels of OCPs are still being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Capella
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur, 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Adan Santos Lino
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Azeredo
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia, Instituto de Estudos Em Saúde Coletiva Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Fernandes Pena Carvalho
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Paulista, Avenida Francisco Manoel, S/N, 11075-110, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alfésio Luís Ferreira Braga
- Grupo de Avaliação de Exposição e Risco Ambiental, Programa de Pós-graduação Em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Católica de Santos, Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 300, 11015-002, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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de la Torre A, Sanz P, Navarro I, Martínez MDLÁ. Investigating the presence of emerging and legacy POPs in European domestic air. Sci Total Environ 2020; 746:141348. [PMID: 32750573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) were evaluated in indoor domestic air from four European countries (Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal). The main pollutants were hexachlorohexanes (sum of α-, β- and γ-HCH; ΣHCHs) and ΣPCBs (sum of PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180), with median concentrations of 366 and 306 pg/m3, respectively. By decreasing order came hexachlorobenzene (HCB; 130 pg/m3), ΣDDXs (sum of DDTs, DDEs and DDDs; 94.4 pg/m3), ΣPBDEs (sum of BDE-17, 28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 206, 207 and 209; 6.08 pg/m3) and DP (0.30 pg/m3). Lower ΣPCBs and ΣDDXs levels were found at Portuguese homes compared to Belgian, Italian and Spanish households. Italian samples presented also lower ΣHCHs concentrations while Spanish homes revealed higher HCB and BDE-209 indoor air concentrations than those obtained in the other countries. ΣHCHs, ΣDDXs and ΣPBDE levels mirrored lindane, dicofol and Penta-, DecaBDE use, respectively. The influence of building characteristics, surroundings and inhabitants habits on pollutant air concentrations was investigated. Data generated were used to conduct a human exposure assessment for toddlers and adults with median (P50) and upper (P95) concentrations. Results indicated that health risk posed by inhalation of ΣPCBs, ΣHCHs, ΣDDXs, HCB, ΣPBDEs and DP were 2 to 5 orders of magnitude lower than oral Reference Dose (RfD) values, and 90 (PCB-28) and 12 (γ-HCH) times lower than Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) for toddlers at the worst case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avd. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Campillo N, Oller-Ruiz A, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. In situ generated ionic liquid and dispersive liquid-phase microextraction to determine chlorobenzenes in environmental samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Renpenning J, Nijenhuis I, Richnow HH. Dual C-Cl Isotope Analysis for Characterizing the Reductive Dechlorination of α- and γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane by Two Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strains and an Enrichment Culture. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:7250-7260. [PMID: 32441516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) are persistent organic contaminants that threaten human health. Microbial reductive dehalogenation is one of the most important attenuation processes in contaminated environments. This study investigated carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation of α- and γ-HCH during the reductive dehalogenation by three anaerobic cultures. The presence of tetrachlorocyclohexene (TeCCH) indicated that reductive dichloroelimination was the first step of bond cleavage. Isotope enrichment factors (εC and εCl) were derived from the transformation of γ-HCH (εC, from -4.0 ± 0.5 to -4.4 ± 0.6 ‰; εCl, from -2.9 ± 0.4 to -3.3 ± 0.4 ‰) and α-HCH (εC, from -2.4 ± 0.2 to -3.0 ± 0.4 ‰; εCl, from -1.4 ± 0.3 to -1.8 ± 0.2 ‰). During α-HCH transformation, no enantioselectivity was observed, and similar εc values were obtained for both enantiomers. The correlation of 13C and 37Cl fractionation (Λ = Δδ13C/Δδ37Cl ≈ εC/εCl) of γ-HCH (from 1.1 ± 0.3 to 1.2 ± 0.1) indicates similar bond cleavage during the reductive dichloroelimination by the three cultures, similar to α-HCH (1.7 ± 0.2 to 2.0 ± 0.3). The different isotope fractionation patterns during reductive dichloroelimination and dehydrochlorination indicates that dual-element stable isotope analysis can potentially be used to evaluate HCH transformation pathways at contaminated field sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Julian Renpenning
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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Yang J, Qi X, Shen F, Qiu M, Smith RL. Complete dechlorination of lindane over N-doped porous carbon supported Pd catalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Sci Total Environ 2020; 719:137534. [PMID: 32135324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transfer hydrogenation is highly effective for dechlorinating priority organic pollutants in wastewater. Lindane could be completely dechlorinated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure via transfer hydrogenation, in which Pd (3.1 wt%) supported on chitosan-derived porous carbon (3.1Pd@A600) and formic acid (FA) were used as catalyst and hydrogen source, respectively. Favorable catalytic activity of 3.1Pd@A600 is attributed to pyridinic N of the support that allowed Pd nanoparticles to be well-dispersed in the solid and to pyridinic N-Pd interactions that enhanced FA decomposition over that observed for commercial carbon supported Pd catalyst (5Pd@AC). In the reaction system containing 3.1Pd@A600 and FA, 99.7% lindane conversion and 100% dechlorination efficiency could be achieved at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure within 60 min. Benzene and cyclohexane were identified as end-products of lindane dechlorination. The transfer hydrogenation strategy developed in this study has wide application to chlorinated organic pollutants contained in actual waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Yang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xinhua Qi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38, Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Feng Shen
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Mo Qiu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Richard Lee Smith
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Pérez-Fernández B, Viñas L, Besada V. A new perspective on marine assessment of metals and organic pollutants: A case study from Bay of Santander. Sci Total Environ 2019; 691:156-164. [PMID: 31323567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollution assessment is worldwide generally performed based on 'Trend assessment' or 'Status assessment´, and usually requires monitoring programs that should be designed in terms of pollutants to be studied, frequency and locations. Five groups of pollutants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and trace metals, were selected to evaluate how actual monitoring programs are coping with the evaluation of anthropogenic activities affect the environment and whether use restrictions and laws that ban certain pollutants are being effective. Santander Bay, in Northern Spain, is an industrial area with 250,000 inhabitants and with several rivers discharging into the Bay; those characteristics made the area an adequate location to perform the study. Marine sediment was selected as the study matrix since it gives comprehensive information regarding the human activities in coastal areas. The study clearly shows that there can be some potential biological impacts on the marine environment due to PAHs (mainly BghiP), PCBs (mainly congener CB118) and metals. On the other hand all analysed OCPs and PBDEs presented values below the applicable guidelines and will therefore, in principle, not give rise to environmental problems. Consequently, even after decades of banning and use restrictions, the studied pollutants are still a main issue in coastal areas. Moreover, the present study helps in the definition of future monitoring programs providing a complete description about the current situation of the listed pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Victoria Besada
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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Tripathi V, Edrisi SA, Chaurasia R, Pandey KK, Dinesh D, Srivastava R, Srivastava P, Abhilash PC. Restoring HCHs polluted land as one of the priority activities during the UN-International Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030): A call for global action. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:1304-1315. [PMID: 31466167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations General Assembly has recently declared 2021-2030 as the 'International Decade on Ecosystem Restoration' for facilitating the restoration of degraded and destroyed terrestrial and marine systems for regaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, creating job opportunities and also to fight against climate change. One of the prime focus is the restoration of ~350 mha of degraded land across the world for attaining the UN-Sustainable Development Goals. Pesticides are one of the major causes of land pollution and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs, including technical-HCH and γ-HCH) is one of the widely used organochlorine pesticides during the past seven decades before α-, β-, and γ-HCH was listed in the Stockholm Convention in 2009. The widespread pollution of HCHs has been reported from every sphere of the environment and ~7 Mt of HCHs residues have been dumped worldwide near the production sites. HCHs isomers have higher volatility, water solubility and long-range atmospheric transport ability which further facilitates its entry into various environmental compartments. Therefore, the restoration and management of HCHs polluted land is urgently required. Despite various pilot-scale studies have been reported for the remediation of HCHs polluted land, they are not successfully established under the field conditions. This is mainly due to the high concentration of HCHs residues in the contaminated soil and also due to its toxicity and highly persistent nature, which increases the complexity of the onsite remediation. Here we provide a novel approach i.e. sequential and integrated remediation approach (SIRA) for the restoration of HCHs contaminated land by the integrated use of agroresidues along with the application of HCHs degrading microorganisms and chemical amendments followed by the plant-based clean-up techniques using grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees in a sequential manner. SIRA provides cost effective solution with enhanced ecological and socioeconomic benefits for the sustainable restoration of HCHs contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Tripathi
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheikh Adil Edrisi
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Chaurasia
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Pandey
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Dinesh
- Department of Chemistry, T.K. Madhava Memorial College, Nangiyarkulangara 690513, Kerala, India
| | - Rajani Srivastava
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Dehradun 248195, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P C Abhilash
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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