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Wang Q, Sheng D, Wu C, Ou X, Yao S, Zhao J, Li F, Li W, Chen J. Investigation of spatiotemporal distribution and formation mechanisms of ozone pollution in eastern Chinese cities applying convolutional neural network. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:126-138. [PMID: 39095151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe ground-level ozone (O3) pollution over major Chinese cities has become one of the most challenging problems, which have deleterious effects on human health and the sustainability of society. This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ground-level O3 and its precursors based on conventional pollutant and meteorological monitoring data in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Then, a high-performance convolutional neural network (CNN) model was established by expanding the moment and the concentration variations to general factors. Finally, the response mechanism of O3 to the variation with crucial influencing factors is explored by controlling variables and interpolating target variables. The results indicated that the annual average MDA8-90th concentrations in Zhejiang Province are higher in the northern and lower in the southern. When the wind direction (WD) ranges from east to southwest and the wind speed (WS) ranges between 2 and 3 m/sec, higher O3 concentration prone to occur. At different temperatures (T), the O3 concentration showed a trend of first increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing NO2 concentration, peaks at the NO2 concentration around 0.02 mg/m3. The sensitivity of NO2 to O3 formation is not easily affected by temperature, barometric pressure and dew point temperature. Additionally, there is a minimum [Formula: see text] at each temperature when the NO2 concentration is 0.03 mg/m3, and this minimum [Formula: see text] decreases with increasing temperature. The study explores the response mechanism of O3 with the change of driving variables, which can provide a scientific foundation and methodological support for the targeted management of O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Dongping Sheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chengzhi Wu
- Trinity Consultants, Inc. (China office), Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiaojie Ou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Shengdong Yao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jingkai Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Zijingang Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Chao S, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Xue W, Wang J, Lei Y. Assessing the effectiveness of PM 2.5 pollution control from the perspective of interprovincial transport and PM 2.5 mitigation costs across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 22:100448. [PMID: 39104554 PMCID: PMC11298847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to the transboundary nature of air pollutants, a province's efforts to improve air quality can reduce PM2.5 concentration in the surrounding area. The inter-provincial PM2.5 pollution transport could bring great challenges to related environmental management work, such as financial fund allocation and subsidy policy formulation. Herein, we examined the transport characteristics of PM2.5 pollution across provinces in 2013 and 2020 via chemical transport modeling and then monetized inter-provincial contributions of PM2.5 improvement based on pollutant emission control costs. We found that approximately 60% of the PM2.5 pollution was from local sources, while the remaining 40% originated from outside provinces. Furthermore, about 1011 billion RMB of provincial air pollutant abatement costs contributed to the PM2.5 concentration decline in other provinces during 2013-2020, accounting for 41.2% of the total abatement costs. Provinces with lower unit improvement costs for PM2.5, such as Jiangsu, Hebei, and Shandong, were major contributors, while Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian, bearing higher unit costs, were among the main beneficiaries. Our study identifies provinces that contribute to air quality improvement in other provinces, have high economic efficiency, and provide a quantitative framework for determining inter-provincial compensations. This study also reveals the uneven distribution of pollution abatement costs (PM2.5 improvement/abatement costs) due to transboundary PM2.5 transport, calling for adopting inter-provincial economic compensation policies. Such mechanisms ensure equitable cost-sharing and effective regional air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wang
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaoliang Chao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yixuan Zheng
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xue
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 100012, Beijing, China
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Li M, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang P, Liao H. Unique impacts of strong and westward-extended western Pacific subtropical high on ozone pollution over eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124515. [PMID: 38996993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
As a subtropical anticyclonic high-pressure system that typically forms over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in summer, the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) affects meteorological conditions and ozone pollution in China. The relationship between maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) concentrations and the extremely strong and westward-extended WPSH occurred in 2022 is investigated using observations, reanalysis data and atmospheric chemistry model simulations. During July-August 2022, a significant positive relationship existed between the intensity of the WPSH and MDA8 O3 over southern China, with a correlation coefficient of +0.44, but the correlation is negative (-0.40) in northern China. During the strong WPSH days, MDA8 O3 increased by 16.5 μg m-3 (16.4% relative to July-August average) over southern China and decreased by 19.0 μg m-3 (14.5%) in northern China compared to the weak WPSH days. The unique dipole pattern in the relationship between ozone levels and the WPSH in 2022 exhibited a contrast to that during 2015-2021. The difference is primarily due to the extremely strong WPSH intensity and its unusual westward expansion in 2022. In this case, an anomalous anticyclone at 500 hPa dominates over southern China, which creates conditions conducive for ozone formation and accumulation. The anticyclone weakened horizontal winds and reduced the dispersion of ozone, alongside a high temperature and low relative humidity, which favored the chemical production of ozone. In contrast, abnormal northerly winds enhanced ozone diffusion in northern China and the low temperature reduced ozone chemical production. This study reveals the mechanism for the significant impact of strong and westward-extended WPSH on ozone concentrations over China, emphasizing the role of the WPSH location in modulating meteorology and ozone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Pinya Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Tong Y, Yan Y, Lin J, Kong S, Tong Z, Zhu Y, Yan Y, Sun Z. Machine-learning-based corrections of CMIP6 historical surface ozone in China during 1950-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124397. [PMID: 38906406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to a lack of long-term observations in China, reports on historical ozone concentration are severely limited. In this study, by combining observation, reanalysis and model simulation data, XGBoost machine learning algorithm is used to correct the surface ozone concentration from CMIP6 climate model, and the long-term and large-scale surface ozone concentration of China during 1950-2014 is obtained. The long-term evolutions and trends of ozone and meteorological effects on interannual ozone variations are further analyzed. The results reveal that CMIP6 historical simulations have a large underestimation in ozone concentrations and their trends. The XGB-derived ozone are closer to observations, with R2 value of 0.66 and 0.74 for daily and monthly retrievals, respectively. Both the concentrations and exceedances of ozone in most parts of China have shown increasing trends from 1950 to 2014. The daily mean ozone concentration without climate change effects is estimated to be 117 ppb in the year 1950 averaged over China. It indicates that the increase in anthropogenic emissions of China has a significant contribution to ozone enhancement between 1950 and 2014. The higher ozone growth rates of XGB retrievals than those from the model indicate a regional surface ozone penalty due to the warming climate. The relatively significant increment in ozone are estimated in the Central and Western China. Seasonally, the ozone enhancement is largest in spring, indicating a shift in seasonal variation of ozone. Given the uncertainty in simulating historical ozone by climate model, we show that machine learning approaches can provide improved assessment of evolution in surface ozone, along with valuable information to guide future model development and formulate future ozone pollution prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxi Tong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhixuan Tong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yukun Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Huang Y, Wang Q, Ou X, Sheng D, Yao S, Wu C, Wang Q. Identification of response regulation governing ozone formation based on influential factors using a random forest approach. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36303. [PMID: 39224321 PMCID: PMC11367417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pursuit of enhanced scientific, refined, and precise ozone and air quality control continues to pose significant challenges. Using data visualization techniques and random forest (RF) algorithms, the temporal distribution of atmospheric pollutants and the interrelationship between O3 concentration and its influential factors were investigated with one-year monitoring data in Deqing county in 2021. The local atmospheric conditions predominantly belonged to NOx-sensitive and transition zone. Extremely high O3 concentration were primarily observed when temperatures (T) exceeded 30 °C, with relative humidity (RH) ranging between 30 and 60 %. NO2, RH and T were identified as the top 3 important factors, and O3 concentration have stronger linearly relationship to RH and T, while stronger nonlinearly relationship to NO2. By employing an optimized RF model, controlling consistent mild and high reaction atmospheric conditions, the O3 concentration response to the change of individual influencing factors was acquired. The O3 concentration increased and then decreased in response to the increasing NO2 concentration, displaying a characteristic inflection point at 10 μg m-3. More reactive radicals produced at higher VOCs concentration and continuing NOx cycle at lower NO2 concentration, resulting in the acceleration in the direction of producing more O3. Therefore, the significant different O3 response to variation of VOCs and NOx concentration between mild and high reaction atmospheric conditions, as well as the existing of oxidant elevation should be considered in local air quality control. This study demonstrates the efficacy of ML methods in simulating nonlinear response of O3, supports the understanding of local O3 formation and quick guidance for precise local O3 pollution control and the related strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Station of Deqing County, Huzhou, 313200, China
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Station of Deqing County, Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Xiaojie Ou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Dongping Sheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Shengdong Yao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chengzhi Wu
- Trinity Consultants, Inc. (China Office), Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
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6
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Chen G, Guo Y, Yue X, Xu R, Yu W, Ye T, Tong S, Gasparrini A, Bell ML, Armstrong B, Schwartz J, Jaakkola JJK, Lavigne E, Saldiva PHN, Kan H, Royé D, Urban A, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Tobias A, Forsberg B, Sera F, Lei Y, Abramson MJ, Li S. All-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality and wildfire-related ozone: a multicountry two-stage time series analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e452-e462. [PMID: 38969473 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wildfire activity is an important source of tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution. However, no study to date has systematically examined the associations of wildfire-related O3 exposure with mortality globally. METHODS We did a multicountry two-stage time series analysis. From the Multi-City Multi-Country (MCC) Collaborative Research Network, data on daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory deaths were obtained from 749 locations in 43 countries or areas, representing overlapping periods from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2016. We estimated the daily concentration of wildfire-related O3 in study locations using a chemical transport model, and then calibrated and downscaled O3 estimates to a resolution of 0·25° × 0·25° (approximately 28 km2 at the equator). Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we examined the associations of short-term wildfire-related O3 exposure (lag period of 0-2 days) with daily mortality, first at the location level and then pooled at the country, regional, and global levels. Annual excess mortality fraction in each location attributable to wildfire-related O3 was calculated with pooled effect estimates and used to obtain excess mortality fractions at country, regional, and global levels. FINDINGS Between 2000 and 2016, the highest maximum daily wildfire-related O3 concentrations (≥30 μg/m3) were observed in locations in South America, central America, and southeastern Asia, and the country of South Africa. Across all locations, an increase of 1 μg/m3 in the mean daily concentration of wildfire-related O3 during lag 0-2 days was associated with increases of 0·55% (95% CI 0·29 to 0·80) in daily all-cause mortality, 0·44% (-0·10 to 0·99) in daily cardiovascular mortality, and 0·82% (0·18 to 1·47) in daily respiratory mortality. The associations of daily mortality rates with wildfire-related O3 exposure showed substantial geographical heterogeneity at the country and regional levels. Across all locations, estimated annual excess mortality fractions of 0·58% (95% CI 0·31 to 0·85; 31 606 deaths [95% CI 17 038 to 46 027]) for all-cause mortality, 0·41% (-0·10 to 0·91; 5249 [-1244 to 11 620]) for cardiovascular mortality, and 0·86% (0·18 to 1·51; 4657 [999 to 8206]) for respiratory mortality were attributable to short-term exposure to wildfire-related O3. INTERPRETATION In this study, we observed an increase in all-cause and respiratory mortality associated with short-term wildfire-related O3 exposure. Effective risk and smoke management strategies should be implemented to protect the public from the impacts of wildfires. FUNDING Australian Research Council and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Chen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongbin Xu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenhua Yu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tingting Ye
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shilu Tong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ben Armstrong
- Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, OuluUniversity Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Lavigne
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dominic Royé
- Department of Geography, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleš Urban
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Francesco Sera
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G Parenti", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Yadong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Li J, Yuan B, Yang S, Peng Y, Chen W, Xie Q, Wu Y, Huang Z, Zheng J, Wang X, Shao M. Quantifying the contributions of meteorology, emissions, and transport to ground-level ozone in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173011. [PMID: 38719052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Ozone pollution presents a growing air quality threat in urban agglomerations in China. It remains challenge to distinguish the roles of emissions of precursors, chemical production and transportations in shaping the ground-level ozone trends, largely due to complicated interactions among these 3 major processes. This study elucidates the formation factors of ozone pollution and categorizes them into local emissions (anthropogenic and biogenic emissions), transport (precursor transport and direct transport from various regions), and meteorology. Particularly, we attribute meteorology, which affects biogenic emissions and chemical formation as well as transportation, to a perturbation term with fluctuating ranges. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was utilized to implement this framework, using the Pearl River Delta region as a case study, to simulate a severe ozone pollution episode in autumn 2019 that affected the entire country. Our findings demonstrate that the average impact of meteorological conditions changed consistently with the variation of ozone pollution levels, indicating that meteorological conditions can exert significant control over the degree of ozone pollution. As the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) ozone concentrations increased from 20 % below to 30 % above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard II, contributions from emissions and precursor transport were enhanced. Concurrently, direct transport within Guangdong province rose from 13.8 % to 22.7 %, underscoring the importance of regional joint prevention and control measures under adverse weather conditions. Regarding biogenic emissions and precursor transport that cannot be directly controlled, we found that their contributions were generally greater in urban areas with high nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels, primarily due to the stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity facilitating ozone formation. Our results indicate that not only local anthropogenic emissions can be controlled in urban areas, but also the impacts of local biogenic emissions and precursor transport can be potentially regulated through reducing atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Suxia Yang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuwen Peng
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yongkang Wu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Shao
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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8
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Zhang C, Xie Y, Shao M, Wang Q. Application of machine learning to analyze ozone sensitivity to influencing factors: A case study in Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172544. [PMID: 38643875 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) has been an emerging concern in China. Due to its complicated formation mechanisms, understanding the effects of influencing factors is critical for making effective efforts on the pollution control. This study aims to present and demonstrate the practicality of a data-driven technique that applies a machine learning (ML) model coupled with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach in O3 simulation and sensitivity analysis. Based on hourly measured concentrations of O3 and its major precursors, as well as meteorological factors in a northern area of Nanjing, China, a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model was established to simulate O3 concentrations in different seasons, and the SHAP approach was applied to conduct in-depth analysis on the impacts of influencing factors on O3 formation. The results indicated a reliable performance of the ML model in simulating O3 concentrations, with the coefficient of determination (R2) between the measured and simulated larger than 0.80, and the impacts of influencing factors were reasonably evaluated by the SHAP approach on both seasonal and diurnal time scales. It was found that although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as temperature and relative humidity, were generally the main influencing factors, their sensitivities to O3 formation varied significantly in different seasons and with time of the day. This study suggests that the data-driven ML model is a practicable technique and may act as an alternative way to perform mechanism analysis to some extent, and has immense potential to be applied in both problem research and decision-making for air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yumin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Shao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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9
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Dai H, Liao H, Wang Y, Qian J. Co-occurrence of ozone and PM 2.5 pollution in urban/non-urban areas in eastern China from 2013 to 2020: Roles of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171687. [PMID: 38485008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We applied a three-dimensional (3-D) global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate the influences of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions on the co-occurrence of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution day (O3-PM2.5PD) in urban and non-urban areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions during the warm season (April-October) from 2013 to 2020. The model captured the observed O3-PM2.5PD trends and spatial distributions well. From 2013 to 2020, with changes in both anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban (non-urban) areas of the BTH and YRD regions were 424.8 (330.1) and 309.3 (286.9) days, respectively, suggesting that pollution in non-urban areas also warrants attention. The trends in the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD were -0.14 and -0.15 (+1.18 and +0.81) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Sensitivity simulations revealed that changes in anthropogenic emissions decreased the occurrence of O3-PM2.5PD, with trends of -0.99 and -1.23 (-1.47 and -1.92) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Conversely, meteorological conditions could exacerbate the frequency of O3-PM2.5PD, especially in the urban YRD areas, but less notably in the urban BTH areas, with trends of +2.11 and +0.30 days yr-1, respectively, owing to changes in meteorology only. The increases in T2m_max and T2m were the main meteorological factors affecting O3-PM2.5PD in most BTH and YRD areas. Furthermore, by conducting sensitivity experiments with different levels of pollutant precursor reductions in 2020, we found that volatile organic compound (VOC) reductions primarily benefited O3-PM2.5PD decreases in urban areas and that NOx reductions more notably influenced those in non-urban areas, especially in the YRD region. Simultaneously, reducing VOC and NOx emissions by 50 % resulted in considerable O3-PM2.5PD decreases (58.8-72.6 %) in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions. The results of this study have important implications for the control of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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10
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Kusumaningtyas SDA, Tonokura K, Muharsyah R, Gunawan D, Sopaheluwakan A, Iriana W, Lestari P, Permadi DA, Rahmawati R, Samputra NAR. Comprehensive analysis of long-term trends, meteorological influences, and ozone formation sensitivity in the Jakarta Greater Area. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9605. [PMID: 38671080 PMCID: PMC11053138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Jakarta Greater Area (JGA) has encountered recurrent challenges of air pollution, notably, high ozone levels. We investigate the trends of surface ozone (O3) changes from the air quality monitoring stations and resolve the contribution of meteorological drivers in urban Jakarta (2010-2019) and rural Bogor sites (2017-2019) using stepwise Multi Linear Regression. During 10 years of measurement, 41% of 1-h O3 concentrations exceeded Indonesia' s national threshold in Jakarta. In Bogor, 0.1% surpassed the threshold during 3 years of available data records. The monthly average of maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 anomalies exhibited a downward trend at Jakarta sites while increasing at the rural site of Bogor. Meteorological and anthropogenic drivers contribute 30% and 70%, respectively, to the interannual O3 anomalies in Jakarta. Ozone formation sensitivity with satellite demonstrates that a slight decrease in NO2 and an increase in HCHO contributed to declining O3 in Jakarta with 10 years average of HCHO to NO2 ratio (FNR) of 3.7. Conversely, O3 increases in rural areas with a higher FNR of 4.4, likely due to the contribution from the natural emission of O3 precursors and the influence of meteorological factors that magnify the concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Dewi Ayu Kusumaningtyas
- Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa I, No.2, Kemayoran, Jakarta, 10720, Indonesia.
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Robi Muharsyah
- Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa I, No.2, Kemayoran, Jakarta, 10720, Indonesia
| | - Dodo Gunawan
- School of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (STMKG), Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Pondok Betung, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan
- Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Jl. Angkasa I, No.2, Kemayoran, Jakarta, 10720, Indonesia
| | - Windy Iriana
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Center for Environmental Studies, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Sangkuriang No.42 A, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Puji Lestari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Didin Agustian Permadi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, National Institute of Technology (ITENAS), Jl. PKH. Mustopha No.23, Bandung, 40124, Indonesia
| | - R Rahmawati
- Jakarta Provincial Environmental Agency, Jl. Mandala V No.67, RT.1/RW.2, Cililitan, Jakarta, 13640, Indonesia
| | - Nofi Azzah Rawaani Samputra
- Jakarta Provincial Environmental Agency, Jl. Mandala V No.67, RT.1/RW.2, Cililitan, Jakarta, 13640, Indonesia
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11
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Zhang L, Wang L, Ji D, Xia Z, Nan P, Zhang J, Li K, Qi B, Du R, Sun Y, Wang Y, Hu B. Explainable ensemble machine learning revealing the effect of meteorology and sources on ozone formation in megacity Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171295. [PMID: 38417501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Megacity Hangzhou, located in eastern China, has experienced severe O3 pollution in recent years, thereby clarifying the key drivers of the formation is essential to suppress O3 deterioration. In this study, the ensemble machine learning model (EML) coupled with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), and positive matrix factorization were used to explore the impact of various factors (including meteorology, chemical components, sources) on O3 formation during the whole period, pollution days, and typical persistent pollution events from April to October in 2021-2022. The EML model achieved better performance than the single model, with R2 values of 0.91. SHAP analysis revealed that meteorological conditions had the greatest effects on O3 variability with the contribution of 57 %-60 % for different pollution levels, and the main drivers were relative humidity and radiation. The effects of chemical factors on O3 formation presented a positive response to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and a negative response to nitrogen oxides (NOx). Oxygenated compounds (OVOCs), alkenes, and aromatic of VOCs subgroups had higher contribution; additionally, the effects of PM2.5 and NOx were also important and increased with the O3 deterioration. The impact of seven emission sources on O3 formation in Hangzhou indicated that vehicle exhaust (35 %), biomass combustion (16 %), and biogenic emissions (12 %) were the dominant drivers. However, for the O3 pollution days, the effects of biomass combustion and biogenic emissions increased. Especially in persistent pollution events with highest O3 concentrations, the magnitude of biogenic emission effect elevated significantly by 156 % compared to the whole situations. Our finding revealed that the combination of the EML model and SHAP analysis could provide a reliable method for rapid diagnosis of the cause of O3 pollution at different event scales, supporting the formulation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Dan Ji
- Suichang Meteorological Bureau, Suichang 323000, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Monitoring, Forewarning and Quality Control, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Peifan Nan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Rongguang Du
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Fang H, Wang W, Wang R, Xu H, Zhang Y, Wu T, Zhou R, Zhang J, Ruan Z, Li F, Wang X. Ozone and its precursors at an urban site in the Yangtze River Delta since clean air action plan phase II in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123769. [PMID: 38499173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In response to regional ozone (O3) pollution, Chinese government has implemented air pollution control measures in recent years. Here, a case study was performed at an O3-polluted city, Wuhu, in Yangtze River Delta region of China to investigate O3 variation trend and the relationship to its precursors after implementation of Clean Air Action Plan Phase II, which aims to reduce O3 pollution. The results showed that peak O3 concentration was effectively reduced since Clean Air Action Plan Phase II. Due to significant NOx reduction, O3 formation tended to shift from volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited regimes to NOx-limited regimes during 2018-2022. VOC/NOx ratios measured in 2022 revealed that peak O3 concentration tended to respond positively to NOx. Apart from high-O3 period, Wuhu was still in a VOC-limited regime. The relationship of maximum daily 8-h ozone average and NO2 followed a lognormal distribution with an inflection point at 20 μg m-3 of NO2, suggesting that Wuhu should conduct joint control of VOC and NOx with a focus on VOC reduction before the inflection point. Alkenes and aromatics were suggested to be preferentially controlled due to their higher ozone formation potentials. Using random forest meteorological normalization method, meteorology had a positive effect on O3 concentration in 2018, 2019 and 2022, but a negative effect in 2020 and 2021. The meteorology could explain 44.0 ± 19.1% of the O3 variation during 2018-2022. High temperature favors O3 production and O3 pollution occurred more easily when temperature was over 25 °C, while high relative humidity inhibits O3 generation and no O3 pollution was found at relative humidity above 70%. This study unveils some new insights into the trend of urban O3 pollution in Yangtze River Delta region since Clean Air Action Plan Phase II and the findings provide important references for formulating control strategies against O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Wuhu Institute of Ecological Environmental Sciences, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Wuhu Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Anhui Province, Wuhu, 241005, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Ruicheng Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jianxi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhirong Ruan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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13
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Mao YH, Shang Y, Liao H, Cao H, Qu Z, Henze DK. Sensitivities of ozone to its precursors during heavy ozone pollution events in the Yangtze River Delta using the adjoint method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171585. [PMID: 38462008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Although the concentrations of five basic ambient air pollutants in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) have been reduced since the implementation of the "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" in 2013, the ozone concentrations still increase. In order to explore the causes of ozone pollution in YRD, we use the GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model to study the sensitivities of ozone to its precursor emissions from different source regions and emission sectors during heavy ozone pollution events under typical circulation patterns. The Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) of Tsinghua University and 0.25° × 0.3125° nested grids are adopted in the model. By using the T-mode principal component analysis (T-PCA), the circulation patterns of heavy ozone pollution days (observed MDA8 O3 concentrations ≥160 μg m-3) in Nanjing located in the center area of YRD from 2013 to 2019 are divided into four types, with the main features of Siberian Low, Lake Balkhash High, Northeast China Low, Yellow Sea High, and southeast wind at the surface. The adjoint results show that the contributions of emissions emitted from Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the largest to heavy ozone pollution in Nanjing. The 10 % reduction of anthropogenic NOx and NMVOCs emissions in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai could reduce the ozone concentrations in Nanjing by up to 3.40 μg m-3 and 0.96 μg m-3, respectively. However, the reduction of local NMVOCs emissions has little effect on ozone concentrations in Nanjing, and the reduction of local NOx emissions would even increase ozone pollution. For different emissions sectors, industry emissions account for 31 %-74 % of ozone pollution in Nanjing, followed by transportation emissions (18 %-49 %). This study could provide the scientific basis for forecasting ozone pollution events and formulating accurate strategies of emission reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/International Joint Research Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongjie Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/International Joint Research Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), NUIST, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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14
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Liu X, Wang Y, Wasti S, Lee T, Li W, Zhou S, Flynn J, Sheesley RJ, Usenko S, Liu F. Impacts of anthropogenic emissions and meteorology on spring ozone differences in San Antonio, Texas between 2017 and 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169693. [PMID: 38160845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
San Antonio has been designated as ozone nonattainment under the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Ozone events in the city typically occur in two peaks, characterized by a pronounced spring peak followed by a late summer peak. Despite higher ozone levels, the spring peak has received less attention than the summer peak. To address this research gap, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-driven GEOS-Chem (WRF-GC) model to simulate San Antonio's ozone changes in the spring month of May from 2017 to 2021 and quantified the respective contributions from changes in anthropogenic emissions and meteorology. In addition to modeling, observations from the San Antonio Field Studies (SAFS), the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations (CAMS), and the spaceborne TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) are used to examine and validate changes in ozone and precursors. Results show that the simulated daytime mean surface ozone in May 2021 is 3.8 ± 0.6 ppbv lower than in May 2017, which is slightly less than the observed average differences of -5.3 ppbv at CAMS sites. The model predicted that the anthropogenic emission-induced changes contribute to a 1.4 ± 0.5 ppbv reduction in daytime ozone levels, while the meteorology-induced changes account for a 2.4 ± 0.6 ppbv reduction over 2017-2021. This suggests that meteorology plays a relatively more important role than anthropogenic emissions in explaining the spring ozone differences between the two years. We additionally identified (1) reduced NO2 and HCHO concentrations as chemical reasons, and (2) lower temperature, higher humidity, increased wind speed, and a stronger Bermuda High as meteorological reasons for lower ozone levels in 2021 compared to 2017. The quantification of the different roles of meteorology and ozone precursor concentrations helps understand the cause and variation of ozone changes in San Antonio over recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Liu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Shailaja Wasti
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tabitha Lee
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Morgan State University, Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA; Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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15
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Ye X, Zhang L, Wang X, Lu X, Jiang Z, Lu N, Li D, Xu J. Spatial and temporal variations of surface background ozone in China analyzed with the grid-stretching capability of GEOS-Chem High Performance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169909. [PMID: 38185162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Surface background ozone, defined as the ozone in the absence of domestic anthropogenic emissions, is important for developing emission reduction strategies. Here we apply the recently developed GEOS-Chem High Performance (GCHP) global atmospheric chemistry model with ∼0.5° stretched resolution over China to understand the sources of Chinese background ozone (CNB) in the metric of daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) and to identify the drivers of its interannual variability (IAV) from 2015 to 2019. The GCHP ozone simulations over China are evaluated with an ensemble of surface and aircraft measurements. The five-year national-mean CNB ozone is estimated as 37.9 ppbv, with a spatially west-to-southeast downward gradient (55 to 25 ppbv) and a summer peak (42.5 ppbv). High background levels in western China are due to abundant transport from the free troposphere and adjacent foreign regions, while in eastern China, domestic formation from surface natural precursors is also important. We find greater importance of soil nitric oxides (NOx) than biogenic volatile organic compound emissions to CNB ozone in summer (6.4 vs. 3.9 ppbv), as ozone formation becomes increasingly NOx-sensitive when suppressing anthropogenic emissions. The percentage of daily CNB ozone to total surface ozone generally decreases with increasing daily total ozone, indicating an increased contribution of domestic anthropogenic emissions on polluted days. CNB ozone shows the largest IAV in summer, with standard deviations (seasonal means) of ∼5 ppbv over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and >3.5 ppbv in eastern China. CNB values in QTP are strongly correlated with horizontal circulation anomalies in the middle troposphere, while soil NOx emissions largely drive the IAV in the east. El Nino can inhibit CNB ozone formation in Southeast China by increased precipitation and lower temperature locally in spring, but enhance CNB in Southwest China through increased biomass burning emissions in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Ye
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongjing Jiang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, United States of America
| | - Ni Lu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Ni Y, Yang Y, Wang H, Li H, Li M, Wang P, Li K, Liao H. Contrasting changes in ozone during 2019-2021 between eastern and the other regions of China attributed to anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168272. [PMID: 37924894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is one of the most severe air quality issues in China that poses a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. During 2019-2021, the maximum daily 8-h average ozone concentrations in eastern China (110-122.5°E, 26-42°N) and the rest of China (ROC) show different decreasing patterns, with ozone concentrations in eastern China decreasing by 14.9 μg/m3, which is much larger than 4.8 μg/m3 in ROC. Here, based on two independent methods, the atmospheric chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulations and the machine learning (ML) model (LightGBM) predictions, the reasons for the differences in ozone changes between eastern China and ROC during the warm season (April to September) are investigated. According to the GEOS-Chem (LightGBM) results, changes in the meteorological conditions contributed to an ozone decrease by 7.3 (6.8) μg/m3 in eastern China due to decreased chemical production and an ozone decrease by 6.8 (7.0) μg/m3 in ROC attributed to the weakened horizontal and vertical advection. With the influence of meteorological factors excluded, the observations show that changes in anthropogenic emissions resulted in an ozone decrease by 7.6 (8.1) μg/m3 in eastern China and an ozone increase by 2.0 (2.2) μg/m3 in ROC, which is primarily induced by the changes in NOx emissions. The surface measurements and satellite retrievals also indicate that the reduction in NOx emissions in ROC is less efficient than that in the more developed eastern China, leading to contrasting changes in ozone concentrations between eastern China and ROC during 2019-2021. Our results highlight the critical need to reduce ozone precursor emissions in the rest regions of China apart from eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ni
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Huimin Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pinya Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wang M, Chen X, Jiang Z, He TL, Jones D, Liu J, Shen Y. Meteorological and anthropogenic drivers of surface ozone change in the North China Plain in 2015-2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167763. [PMID: 37832678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) concentrations in China have increased largely in the past decade. An accurate understanding of O3 pollution evolution is critical for making effective regulatory policies. Here we integrate data- and process-based models to explore the drivers of the observed summertime surface O3 change in the North China Plain (NCP) over 2015-2021. The data-based model by the deep learning (DL) suggests the reverse of meteorological contributions to the observed O3 change, i.e., 0.14 ppb/y in 2015-2019 and -1.74 ppb/y in 2019-2021. This is mainly resulted from the reversed changes in meteorological variables in surface air temperature and relative humidity. The simulations from a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, also support those results, i.e., the meteorological contribution to O3 changes are 0.26 ppb/y in 2015-2019 and -0.74 ppb/y in 2019-2021. Furthermore, our analysis exhibits possible weakened anthropogenic contributions to surface O3 rise, for example, 1.53 and 0.54 ppb/y by DL in 2015-2019 and 2019-2021, respectively. Similarly, GEOS-Chem simulations suggest an accelerated decrease in surface O3 concentrations driven by the decline in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, i.e., approximately 0.4 and 1.2 ppb in 2015-2019 and 2019-2021, respectively. The combined effects of meteorological and anthropogenic contributions led to a significant decrease in surface O3 concentrations by -1.20 ppb/y in 2019-2021. The findings in this work offer valuable insights to mitigate O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhe Jiang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Tai-Long He
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Dylan Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Jane Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Yanan Shen
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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Zheng H, Kong S, Seo J, Yan Y, Cheng Y, Yao L, Wang Y, Zhao T, Harrison RM. Achievements and challenges in improving air quality in China: Analysis of the long-term trends from 2014 to 2022. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108361. [PMID: 38091821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures in China, air quality has significantly improved, although there are still additional issues to be addressed. This study used the long-term trends of air pollutants to discuss the achievements and challenges in further improving air quality in China. The Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter and multiple-linear regression (MLR) were used to quantify the meteorology-related and emission-related trends of air pollutants from 2014 to 2022 in China. The KZ filter analysis showed that PM2.5 decreased by 7.36 ± 2.92% yr-1, while daily maximum 8-h ozone (MDA8 O3) showed an increasing trend with 3.71 ± 2.89% yr-1 in China. The decrease in PM2.5 and increase in MDA8 O3 were primarily attributed to changes in emission, with the relative contribution of 85.8% and 86.0%, respectively. Meteorology variations, including increased ambient temperature, boundary layer height, and reduced relative humidity, also contributed to the reduction of PM2.5 and the enhancement of MDA8 O3. The emission-related trends of PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 exhibited continuous decrease and increase, respectively, from 2014 to 2022, while the variation rates slowed during 2018-2020 compared to that during 2014-2017, highlighting the challenges in further improving air quality, particularly in simultaneously reducing PM2.5 and O3. This study recommends reducing NH3 emissions from the agriculture sector in rural areas and transport emissions in urban areas to further decrease PM2.5 levels. Addressing O3 pollution requires the reduction of O3 precursor gases based on site-specific atmospheric chemistry considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China.
| | - Jihoon Seo
- Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Wu Y, Liu B, Meng H, Dai Q, Shi L, Song S, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Changes in source apportioned VOCs during high O 3 periods using initial VOC-concentration-dispersion normalized PMF. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165182. [PMID: 37385502 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations are affected by emissions, dispersion, and chemistry. This work developed an initial concentration-dispersion normalized PMF (ICDN-PMF) to reflect the changes in source emissions. The effects of photochemical losses for VOC species were corrected by estimating the initial data, and then applying dispersion normalization to reduce the impacts of atmospheric dispersion. Hourly speciated VOC data measured in Qingdao from March to May 2020 were utilized to test the method and had assessed its effectiveness. Underestimated solvent use and biogenic emissions contributions due to photochemical losses during the O3 pollution (OP) period reached 4.4 and 3.8 times the non-O3 pollution (NOP) period values, respectively. Increased solvent use contribution due to air dispersion during the OP period was 4.6 times the change in the NOP period. The influence of chemical conversion and air dispersion on the gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions was not apparent during either period. The ICDN-PMF results suggested that biogenic emissions (23.1 %), solvent use (23.0 %), motor-vehicle emissions (17.1 %), and natural gas and diesel evaporation (15.8 %) contributed most to ambient VOCs during the OP period. Biogenic emissions and solvent use contributions during the OP period increased by 187 % and 135 % compared with the NOP period, respectively, whereas that of liquefied petroleum gas substantially decreased during the OP period. Controlling solvent use and motor-vehicles could be effective in controlling VOCs in the OP period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Laiyuan Shi
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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20
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Feng T, Liu L, Zhao S. Impacts of haze and nitrogen oxide alleviation on summertime ozone formation: A modeling study over the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122347. [PMID: 37562528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The strict emission control measures have profoundly changed the air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China. However, the impacts of decreasing fine particulates (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) on summer ozone (O3) formation still remain disputable. We perform simulations in the 2018 summer over the YRD using the WRF-Chem model that considers the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) and HO2 heterogeneous loss on aerosol surface. The model reasonably reproduces the measured spatiotemporal surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations and aerosol compositions. Model sensitivity experiments show that the NOx mitigation during recent years changes daytime O3 formation in summer from the transition regime to the NOx-sensitive regime in the YRD. The decreasing NOx emission generally weakens O3 formation and lowers ambient O3 levels in summer during recent years, except for some urban centers of megacities. While, the haze alleviation characterized by a decline in ambient PM2.5 concentration in the past years largely counteracts the daytime O3 decrease caused by NOx mitigation, largely contributing to the persistently high levels of summertime O3. The counteracting effect is dominantly attributed to the attenuated ARF and minorly contributed by the suppressed HO2 uptake and heterogeneous loss on aerosol surface. These results highlight that the repeated O3 pollution in the YRD is closely associated with NOx and haze alleviation and more efforts must be taken to achieve lower O3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Institute of East China Sea, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Lang Liu
- College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- Ningbo Meteorological Bureau, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315012, China
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21
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Tan W, Wang H, Su J, Sun R, He C, Lu X, Lin J, Xue C, Wang H, Liu Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Wu D, Mu Y, Fan S. Soil Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen Accelerate Summertime Surface Ozone Increases in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12782-12793. [PMID: 37596963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Summertime surface ozone in China has been increasing since 2013 despite the policy-driven reduction in fuel combustion emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Here we examine the role of soil reactive nitrogen (Nr, including NOx and nitrous acid (HONO)) emissions in the 2013-2019 ozone increase over the North China Plain (NCP), using GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations. We update soil NOx emissions and add soil HONO emissions in GEOS-Chem based on observation-constrained parametrization schemes. The model estimates significant daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) ozone enhancement from soil Nr emissions of 8.0 ppbv over the NCP and 5.5 ppbv over China in June-July 2019. We identify a strong competing effect between combustion and soil Nr sources on ozone production in the NCP region. We find that soil Nr emissions accelerate the 2013-2019 June-July ozone increase over the NCP by 3.0 ppbv. The increase in soil Nr ozone contribution, however, is not primarily driven by weather-induced increases in soil Nr emissions, but by the concurrent decreases in fuel combustion NOx emissions, which enhance ozone production efficiency from soil by pushing ozone production toward a more NOx-sensitive regime. Our results reveal an important indirect effect from fuel combustion NOx emission reduction on ozone trends by increasing ozone production from soil Nr emissions, highlighting the necessity to consider the interaction between anthropogenic and biogenic sources in ozone mitigation in the North China Plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Tan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Haolin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Su
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruize Sun
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng He
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS-Université Orléans-CNES, CEDEX 2 Orléans 45071, France
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojia Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, China, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, People's Republic of China
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22
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Dai S, Chen X, Liang J, Li X, Li S, Chen G, Chen Z, Bin J, Tang Y, Li X. Response of PM 2.5 pollution to meteorological and anthropogenic emissions changes during COVID-19 lockdown in Hunan Province based on WRF-Chem model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121886. [PMID: 37236582 PMCID: PMC10206404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the New Crown Pneumonia (the COVID-19) outbroke around the globe, and China imposed a nationwide lockdown starting as early as January 23, 2020. This decision has significantly impacted China's air quality, especially the sharp decrease in PM2.5 (aerodynamic equivalent diameter of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) pollution. Hunan Province is located in the central and eastern part of China, with a "horseshoe basin" topography. The reduction rate of PM2.5 concentrations in Hunan province during the COVID-19 (24.8%) was significantly higher than the national average (20.3%). Through the analysis of the changing character and pollution sources of haze pollution events in Hunan Province, more scientific countermeasures can be provided for the government. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem, V4.0) model to predict and simulate the PM2.5 concentrations under seven scenarios before the lockdown (2020.1.1-2020.1.22) and during the lockdown (2020.1.23-2020.2.14). Then, the PM2.5 concentrations under different conditions is compared to differentiate the contribution of meteorological conditions and local human activities to PM2.5 pollution. The results indicate the most important cause of PM2.5 pollution reduction is anthropogenic emissions from the residential sector, followed by the industrial sector, while the influence of meteorological factors contribute only 0.5% to PM2.5. The explanation is that emission reductions from the residential sector contribute the most to the reduction of seven primary contaminants. Finally, we trace the source and transport path of the air mass in Hunan Province through the Concentration Weight Trajectory Analysis (CWT). We found that the external input of PM2.5 in Hunan Province is mainly from the air mass transported from the northeast, accounting for 28.6%-30.0%. To improve future air quality, there is an urgent need to burn clean energy, improve the industrial structure, rationalize energy use, and strengthen cross-regional air pollution synergy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Dai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xuwu Chen
- School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Mathematics and Econometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zuo Chen
- College of Information Science and Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Juan Bin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yifan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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Liu Y, Geng G, Cheng J, Liu Y, Xiao Q, Liu L, Shi Q, Tong D, He K, Zhang Q. Drivers of Increasing Ozone during the Two Phases of Clean Air Actions in China 2013-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37276527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to the severe air pollution issue, the Chinese government implemented two phases (Phase I, 2013-2017; Phase II, 2018-2020) of clean air actions since 2013, resulting in a significant decline in fine particles (PM2.5) during 2013-2020, while the warm-season (April-September) mean maximum daily 8 h average ozone (MDA8 O3) increased by 2.6 μg m-3 yr-1 in China during the same period. Here, we derived the drivers behind the rising O3 concentrations during the two phases of clean air actions by using a bottom-up emission inventory, a regional chemical transport model, and a multiple linear regression model. We found that both meteorological variations (3.6 μg m-3) and anthropogenic emissions (6.7 μg m-3) contributed to the growth of MDA8 O3 from 2013 to 2020, with the changes in anthropogenic emissions playing a more important role. The anthropogenic contributions to the O3 rise during 2017-2020 (1.2 μg m-3) were much lower than that in 2013-2017 (5.2 μg m-3). The lack of volatile organic compound (VOC) control and the decline in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were responsible for the O3 increase in 2013-2017 due to VOC-limited regimes in most urban areas, while the synergistic control of VOC and NOx in Phase II initially worked to mitigate O3 pollution during 2018-2020, although its effectiveness was offset by the penalty of PM2.5 decline. Future mitigation efforts should pay more attention to the simultaneous control of VOC and NOx to improve O3 air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingyang Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangke Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinren Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Tong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Zeng X, Han M, Ren G, Liu G, Wang X, Du K, Zhang X, Lin H. A comprehensive investigation on source apportionment and multi-directional regional transport of volatile organic compounds and ozone in urban Zhengzhou. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 334:139001. [PMID: 37220798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics, source apportionment, and regional transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ozone (O3) in a typical city with severe air pollution in central China, we observed and analyzed 115 VOC species at an urban site in Zhengzhou from 29 July to 26 September 2021. During this period, observation- and emission-based approaches revealed that Zhengzhou was in a VOC-limited regime. The average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 162.25 ± 71.42 μg/m3, dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs, 34.49%), alkanes (24.29%), and aromatics (19.49%). Six VOC sources were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, including paint solvent usage (25.32%), secondary production (24.11%), industrial production (19.22%), vehicle exhaust (16.18%), biogenic emission (8.87%), and combustion (6.30%). To assess the regional contribution and source apportionment of VOCs and O3, Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) with the Ozone Source Apportionment Technology (OSAT) was used for simulation. Results showed that the VOCs were significantly affected by local emissions (about 70%), while O3 was mainly attributed to regional and super-regional transport. Regarding multi-directional regional transport of VOCs and O3, dominant contributions were from the northeast and east-northeast directions, and O3 contributions were also predominantly from the east and east-southeast directions. In terms of source apportionment, the transportation and industrial sectors (including solvent usage) were the major contributors to O3 and VOCs. To alleviate VOCs and O3 pollution, transportation and industrial emission reduction should be strengthened, and regional coordination, especially from the northeast to east-southeast directions, should be emphasized in addition to local management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zeng
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengjuan Han
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ge Ren
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Gege Liu
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kailun Du
- Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Metrology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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25
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Ou S, Wei W, Cheng S, Cai B. Exploring drivers of the aggravated surface O 3 over North China Plain in summer of 2015-2019: Aerosols, precursors, and meteorology. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:453-464. [PMID: 36522077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous aggravated surface O3 over North China Plain (NCP) has attracted widely public concern. Herein, we evaluated the effects of changes in aerosols, precursor emissions, and meteorology on O3 in summer (June) of 2015-2019 over NCP via 8 scenarios with WRF-Chem model. The simulated mean MDA8 O3 in urban areas of 13 major cities in NCP increased by 17.1%∼34.8%, which matched well with the observations (10.8%∼33.1%). Meanwhile, the model could faithfully reproduce the changes in aerosol loads, precursors, and meteorological conditions. A relatively-even O3 increase (+1.2%∼+3.9% for 24-h O3 and +1.0%∼+3.8% for MDA8 O3) was induced by PM2.5 dropping, which was consistent with the geographic distribution of regional PM2.5 reduction. Meanwhile, the NO2 reduction coupled with a near-constant VOCs led to the elevated VOCs/NOx ratios, and then caused O3 rising in the areas under VOCs-limited regimes. Therein, the pronounced increases occurred in Handan, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, and Langfang (+10.7%∼+13.6% for 24-h O3 and +10.2%∼+12.2% for MDA8 O3); while the increases in other cities were 5.7%∼10.5% for 24-h O3 and 4.9%∼9.2% for MDA8 O3. Besides, the meteorological fluctuations brought about the more noticeable O3 increases in northern parts (+12.5%∼+13.5% for 24-h O3 and +11.2%∼+12.4% for MDA8 O3) than those in southern and central parts (+3.2%∼+9.3% for 24-h O3 and +3.7%∼+8.8% for MDA8 O3). The sum of the impacts of the three drivers reached 16.7%∼21.9%, which were comparable to the changes of the observed O3. Therefore, exploring reasonable emissions-reduction strategies is essential for the ozone pollution mitigation over this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengju Ou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Bin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Ding J, Dai Q, Fan W, Lu M, Zhang Y, Han S, Feng Y. Impacts of meteorology and precursor emission change on O 3 variation in Tianjin, China from 2015 to 2021. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:506-516. [PMID: 36503777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration of surface ozone (O3) pollution in Northern China over the past few years received much attention. For many cities, it is still under debate whether the trend of surface O3 variation is driven by meteorology or the change in precursors emissions. In this work, a time series decomposition method (Seasonal-Trend decomposition procedure based on Loess (STL)) and random forest (RF) algorithm were utilized to quantify the meteorological impacts on the recorded O3 trend and identify the key meteorological factors affecting O3 pollution in Tianjin, the biggest coastal port city in Northern China. After "removing" the meteorological fluctuations from the observed O3 time series, we found that variation of O3 in Tianjin was largely driven by the changes in precursors emissions. The meteorology was unfavorable for O3 pollution in period of 2015-2016, and turned out to be favorable during 2017-2021. Specifically, meteorology contributed 9.3 µg/m3 O3 (13%) in 2019, together with the increase in precursors emissions, making 2019 to be the worst year of O3 pollution since 2015. Since then, the favorable effects of meteorology on O3 pollution tended to be weaker. Temperature was the most important factor affecting O3 level, followed by air humidity in O3 pollution season. In the midday of summer days, O3 pollution frequently exceeded the standard level (>160 µg/m3) at a combined condition with relative humidity in 40%-50% and temperature > 31°C. Both the temperature and the dryness of the atmosphere need to be subtly considered for summer O3 forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Tianjin Environmental Meteorological Center, Qi xiangtai road, Tianjin 300074, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China.
| | - Wenyan Fan
- Tianjin Environmental Meteorological Center, Qi xiangtai road, Tianjin 300074, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- Tianjin Environmental Meteorological Center, Qi xiangtai road, Tianjin 300074, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Suqin Han
- Tianjin Environmental Meteorological Center, Qi xiangtai road, Tianjin 300074, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300074, China
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Jiang Y, Ding D, Dong Z, Liu S, Chang X, Zheng H, Xing J, Wang S. Extreme Emission Reduction Requirements for China to Achieve World Health Organization Global Air Quality Guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4424-4433. [PMID: 36898019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A big gap exists between current air quality in China and the World Health Organization (WHO) global air quality guidelines (AQG) released in 2021. Previous studies on air pollution control have focused on emission reduction demand in China but ignored the influence of transboundary pollution, which has been proven to have a significant impact on air quality in China. Here, we develop an emission-concentration response surface model coupled with transboundary pollution to quantify the emission reduction demand for China to achieve WHO AQG. China cannot achieve WHO AQG by its own emission reduction for high transboundary pollution of both PM2.5 and O3. Reducing transboundary pollution will loosen the reduction demand for NH3 and VOCs emissions in China. However, to meet 10 μg·m-3 for PM2.5 and 60 μg·m-3 for peak season O3, China still needs to reduce its emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3, VOCs, and primary PM2.5 by more than 95, 95, 76, 62, and 96% respectively, on the basis of 2015. We highlight that both extreme emission reduction in China and great efforts in addressing transboundary air pollution are crucial to reach WHO AQG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhaoxin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuchang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xing Chang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Laboratory of Transport Pollution Control and Monitoring Technology, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Zhang X, Xu W, Zhang G, Lin W, Zhao H, Ren S, Zhou G, Chen J, Xu X. First long-term surface ozone variations at an agricultural site in the North China Plain: Evolution under changing meteorology and emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160520. [PMID: 36442628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Significant upward trends in surface ozone (O3) have been widely reported in China during recent years, especially during warm seasons in the North China Plain (NCP), exerting adverse environmental effects on human health and agriculture. Quantifying long-term O3 variations and their attributions helps to understand the causes of regional O3 pollution and to formulate according control strategy. In this study, we present long-term trends of O3 in the warm seasons (April-September) during 2006-2019 at an agricultural site in the NCP and investigate the relative contributions of meteorological and anthropogenic factors. Overall, the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 exhibited a weak decreasing trend with large interannual variability. < 6 % of the observed trend could be explained by changes in meteorological conditions, while the remaining 94 % was attributed to anthropogenic impacts. However, the interannual variability of warm season MDA8 O3 was driven by both meteorology (36 ± 28 %) and anthropogenic factors (64 ± 27 %). Daily maximum temperature was the most essential factor affecting O3 variations, followed by ultraviolet radiation b (UVB) and boundary layer height (BLH), with rising temperature trends inducing O3 inclines throughout April to August, while UVB mainly influenced O3 during summer months. Under changes in emissions and air quality, warm season O3 production regime gradually shifted from dominantly VOCs-limited during 2006-2015 to NOx-limited afterwards. Relatively steady HCHO and remarkably rising NOx levels resulted in the fast decreasing MDA8 O3 (-2.87 ppb yr-1) during 2006-2012. Rapidly decreasing NOx, flat or slightly increasing HCHO promoted O3 increases during 2012-2015 (9.76 ppb yr-1). While afterwards, slow increases in HCHO and downwards fluctuating NOx led to decreases in MDA8 O3 (-4.97 ppb yr-1). Additionally, continuous warming trends might promote natural emissions of O3 precursors and magnify their impacts on agricultural O3 by inducing high variability, which would require even more anthropogenic reduction to compensate for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sanxue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Hebei Gucheng Agricultural Meteorology National Observation and Research Station, Baoding 072656, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Pan W, Gong S, Lu K, Zhang L, Xie S, Liu Y, Ke H, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 3. Mechanism assessment of O 3 trends by a model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159592. [PMID: 36272478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following accompanying papers on synoptic circulation impact and key weather elements and emission contributions (Gong et al., 2022a; Gong et al., 2022b), an emission-driven Observation-based Box Model (e-OBM) was developed to study the impact mechanisms on O3 trend and quantitatively assess the effects of variation in the emissions control over 2013-2020 for Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Compared with the original OBM, the e-OBM not only improves the performance to simulate the hourly O3 peak concentration in daytime, but also reasonably reproduces the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in the four cities. Based upon the sensitivity experiments, it is found that the meteorology is the dominant driver for the MDA8 O3 trend, contributing from about 32 % to 139 % to the variations. From the mechanistic point of view, the variations of meteorology lead to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity and the acceleration of O3 production. Further evaluation to the emission changes in four cities shows that the O3-precursors relationships of the four cities have been changed from the VOC-limited regime in 2013 to the transition regime or near-transition regime in 2020. Though the NOx/VOCs ratios have been obviously decreased, the emission reductions up to 2020 were still not enough to mitigate O3 pollution in these cities. It is emphasized in this study that the strengthened control measures with maintaining a certain ratio of NOx and VOCs should be implemented to further curb the increasing trend of O3 in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao.
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Safety, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Huabing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Li G, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Sun W, Guo W, Zhang R, Zhu Y, She J. Effects of chemical boundary conditions on simulated O 3 concentrations in China and their chemical mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159500. [PMID: 36265629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical boundary conditions (BCs) are important inputs for regional chemical transport models. In this study, we use the brute-force method (BFM), process analysis (PA) and response surface model (RSM) to quantify the effects of BCs on simulated O3 concentrations in different regions of China by the weather research and forecasting with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. We combine the model with an integrated gas-phase reaction rate (IRR) tool to further analyze the changes in the O3 chemical mechanisms. Our results show that the simulated O3 concentrations in western cities are significantly affected by the O3 in the BCs (BC-O3), which can increase the maximum simulated O3 concentration, such as in Lanzhou (36.6 μg/m3, 26.3 %), Wuhai (30.1 μg/m3, 25.5 %) and Urumqi (50.7 μg/m3, 41.2 %). In contrast, O3 generation in the eastern region is dominated by emissions. Subsequently, we compare the reaction rate changes in O3 generation and consumption under the effects of BC-O3 in the western city of Urumqi and the eastern city of Beijing. The results show that in Beijing, the O3 concentration and the related chemical reaction rates undergo little change, while in Urumqi, the concentration and reaction rates have significant differences. The BC-O3 significantly accelerates the O3 photochemical reaction process in Urumqi, resulting in increased O3 generation and consumption reaction rates; additionally, there may be a chemical reaction pathway for the formation of O3: BC-O3 + NO → NO2 + hv → O + O2 → O3. BC-O3 transmission is the main pathway of changes in the simulated O3 concentration in the study area, and the chemical reactions between BC-O3 and local pollutants are primarily characterized by O3 consumption. In conclusion, the study shows the importance of BCs for regional model simulation while providing supporting information for O3 formation in model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yufan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing She
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Li N, Zhang H, Zhu S, Liao H, Hu J, Tang K, Feng W, Zhang R, Shi C, Xu H, Chen L, Li J. Secondary PM 2.5 dominates aerosol pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region: Environmental and health effects of the Clean air Plan. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107725. [PMID: 36599225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Clean Air Plan has been active in China since 2013 to mitigate severe PM2.5 pollution. In this study, we applied the air quality model WRF-Chem to simulate PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China in 2017, with the aim of assessing the air quality improvement and its associated health burden in the final year of the Clean Air Plan. To better describe the fate of various PM2.5 compositions, we updated the chemical mechanisms in the model beforehand, including heterogeneous sulfate reactions, aqueous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) uptake, and volatility basis set (VBS) based SOA production. Both the observation and simulation results agreed that the stringent clear air action effectively reduced the PM2.5 pollution levels by ∼ 30 %. The primary PM2.5 (-6 ∼ - 16 % yr-1) showed a more significant decreasing trend than the secondary PM2.5 (-2 ∼ - 8 % yr-1), which was mainly caused by the directivity of the clear air actions and the worsening ozone pollution in the recent years. The inconsistent decreasing trends of PM2.5 components subsequently led to an increasing proportion of secondary PM2.5. Nitrate particles, higher in the central and western YRD region, have replaced sulfate and have become the largest component of secondary inorganic aerosols year-round, except in summer, when strong ammonium nitrate evaporation occurs. In addition, SOA remains an important component (21 ∼ 22 %) especially in summer, most of which is produced from the oxidation and ageing of semi/intermediate volatile organic compounds (S/IVOC). Furthermore, we quantified the associated health impacts and found that the Clean Air Plan has largely reduced premature mortality due to PM2.5 exposure in the YRD region from 399.1 thousand to 295.7 thousand. Our study highlights the benefits of the Clean Air Plan and suggests that subsequent PM2.5 improvement should be geared more towards controlling secondary pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shuhan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Keqin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Weihang Feng
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ruhan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chong Shi
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Ye X, Wang X, Zhang L. Diagnosing the Model Bias in Simulating Daily Surface Ozone Variability Using a Machine Learning Method: The Effects of Dry Deposition and Cloud Optical Depth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16665-16675. [PMID: 36437714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning methods are increasingly used in air quality studies to predict air pollution levels, while few applied them to diagnose and improve the underlying mechanisms controlling air pollution represented in chemical transport models (CTMs). Here, we use the random forest (RF) method to diagnose high biases of surface daily maximum 8 h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations in the GEOS-Chem CTM evaluated against measurements from the nationwide monitoring network in summer 2018 over China. The feature importance results show that cloud optical depth (COD), relative humidity, and precipitation are the top three factors affecting CTM high biases. Such results indicate that the high ozone biases in summer over China mainly occur on wet/cloudy days (∼40% biased high), while biases on dry/clear days are small (within 5%). We link the important features with model parameterizations and variables, identifying model underestimates in the dry deposition velocity and COD on wet/cloudy days. By accounting for the enhanced dry deposition on wet plant cuticles and using satellite observation constrained COD, we find that CTM high ozone biases can be halved with an improved agreement in the temporal variability, highlighting the effects of dry deposition and COD on ozone, as suggested by the RF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpei Ye
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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33
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Wang R, Bei N, Hu B, Wu J, Liu S, Li X, Jiang Q, Tie X, Li G. The relationship between the intensified heat waves and deteriorated summertime ozone pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China, during 2013-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120256. [PMID: 36152720 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Summertime ozone (O3) pollution has frequently occurred in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, China, since 2013, resulting in detrimental impacts on human health and ecosystems. The contribution of weather shifts to O3 concentration variability owing to climate change remains elusive. By combining regional air chemistry model simulations with near-surface observations, we found that anthropogenic emission changes contributed to approximately 23% of the increase in maximum daily 8-h average O3 concentrations in the BTH region in June-July-August (JJA) 2017 (compared with that in 2013). With respect to the weather shift influence, the frequencies, durations, and magnitudes of O3 exceedance were consistent with those of the heat wave events in the BTH region during JJA in 2013-2017. Intensified heat waves are a significant driver for worsening O3 pollution. In particular, the prolonged duration of heat waves creates consecutive adverse weather conditions that cause O3 accumulation and severe O3 pollution. Our results suggest that the variability in extreme summer heat is closely related to the occurrence of high O3 concentrations, which is a significant driver of deteriorating O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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34
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Zhang Z, Jiang J, Lu B, Meng X, Herrmann H, Chen J, Li X. Attributing Increases in Ozone to Accelerated Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds at Reduced Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac266. [PMID: 36712335 PMCID: PMC9802302 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is an important secondary pollutant affecting climate change and air quality in the atmosphere. Observations during the COVID-19 lockdown in urban China show that the co-abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused winter ground-level O3 increases, but the chemical mechanisms involved are unclear. Here we report field observations in the Shanghai lockdown that reveals increasing photochemical formation of O3 from VOC oxidation with decreasing NOx. Analyses of the VOC profiles and NO/NO2 indicate that the O3 increases by the NOx reduction counteracted the O3 decreases through the VOC emission reduction in the VOC-limited region, and this may have been the main mechanism for this net O3 increase. The mechanism may have involved accelerated OH-HO2-RO2 radical cycling. The NOx reductions for increasing O3 production could explain why O3 increased from 2014 to 2020 in response to NOx emission reduction even as VOC emissions have essentially remained unchanged. Model simulations suggest that aggressive VOC abatement, particularly for alkenes and aromatics, should help reverse the long-term O3 increase under current NOx abatement conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiakui Jiang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bingqing Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (IfT), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
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35
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Liu T, Sun J, Liu B, Li M, Deng Y, Jing W, Yang J. Factors Influencing O 3 Concentration in Traffic and Urban Environments: A Case Study of Guangzhou City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12961. [PMID: 36232266 PMCID: PMC9564865 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a serious issue in China, posing a significant threat to people's health. Traffic emissions are the main pollutant source in urban areas. NOX and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from traffic emissions are the main precursors of O3. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the relationship between traffic conditions and O3 pollution. This study focused on the potential relationship between O3 concentration and traffic conditions at a roadside and urban background in Guangzhou, one of the largest cities in China. The results demonstrated that no significant difference in the O3 concentration was observed between roadside and urban background environments. However, the O3 concentration was 2 to 3 times higher on sunny days (above 90 μg/m3) than on cloudy days due to meteorological conditions. The results confirmed that limiting traffic emissions may increase O3 concentrations in Guangzhou. Therefore, the focus should be on industrial, energy, and transportation emission mitigation and the influence of meteorological conditions to minimize O3 pollution. The results in this study provide some theoretical basis for mitigation emission policies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Geographical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511485, China
| | - Baihua Liu
- College of Geographical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Miao Li
- College of Geographical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yingbin Deng
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511485, China
| | - Wenlong Jing
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511485, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511485, China
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36
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Zhang Y, Tian Q, Feng X, Hu W, Ma P, Xin J, Wang S, Zheng C. Modification effects of ambient temperature on ozone-mortality relationships in Chengdu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73011-73019. [PMID: 35618998 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of epidemiological studies have demonstrated that both ambient temperatures and air pollution are closely related to health outcomes. However, whether temperature has modification effects on the association between ozone and health outcomes is still debated. In this study, three parallel time-series Poisson generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to examine the effects of modifying ambient temperatures on the association between ozone and mortality (including non-accidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality) in Chengdu, China, from 2014 to 2016. The results confirmed that the ambient high temperatures strongly amplified the adverse effects of ozone on human mortality; specifically, the ozone effects were most pronounced at > 28 °C. Without temperature stratification conditions, a 10-μg/m3 increase in the maximum 8-h average ozone (O3-8hmax) level at lag01 was associated with increases of 0.40% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15%, 0.65%), 0.61% (95% CI 0.27%, 0.95%), and 0.69% (95% CI 0.34%, 1.04%) in non-accidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. On days during which the temperature exceeded 28 °C, a 10-μg/m3 increase in O3-8hmax led to increases of 2.22% (95% CI 1.21%, 3.23%), 2.67% (95% CI 0.57%, 4.76%), and 4.13% (95% CI 2.34%, 5.92%) in non-accidental, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. Our findings validated that high temperature could further aggravate the health risks of O3-8hmax; thus, mitigating ozone exposure will be brought into the limelight especially under the context of changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qiqi Tian
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Wendong Hu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Ma
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shigong Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, ChengduChengdu, 610225, Sichuan, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
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37
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Li C, Zhu Q, Jin X, Cohen RC. Elucidating Contributions of Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulate Matter to Ozone Trends over China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12906-12916. [PMID: 36083302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In China, emissions of ozone (O3)-producing pollutants have been targeted for mitigation to reduce O3 pollution. However, the observed O3 decrease is slower than/opposite to expectations affecting the health of millions of people. For a better understanding of this failure and its connection with anthropogenic emissions, we quantify the summer O3 trends that would have occurred had the weather stayed constant by applying a numerical tool that "de-weathers" observations across 31 urban regions (123 cities and 392 sites) over 8 years. O3 trends are significant (p < 0.05) over 234 sites after de-weathering, contrary to the directly observed trends (only 39 significant due to high meteorology-induced variability). The de-weathered data allow categorizing cities in China into four different groups regarding O3 mitigation, with group 1 exhibiting steady O3 reductions, while group 4 showing significant (p < 0.05) O3 increases. Analysis of the relationships between de-weathered odd oxygen and nitrogen oxides illustrates how the changes in NOx, in anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and reductions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect the O3 trends differently in these groups. While this analysis suggests that VOC reductions are the main driver of O3 decreases in group 1, groups 3 and 4 are primarily affected by decreasing PM2.5, which results in enhanced O3 formation. Our analysis demonstrates both the importance of and possibility for isolating emission-driven changes from climate and weather for interpreting short-term air quality observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qindan Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Qian J, Liao H, Yang Y, Li K, Chen L, Zhu J. Meteorological influences on daily variation and trend of summertime surface ozone over years of 2015-2020: Quantification for cities in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155107. [PMID: 35398137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We quantify the meteorological influences on daily variations and trends of maximum daily 8-h average ozone (MDA8 O3) concentrations by using multiple linear regression (MLR) and Lindeman, Merenda, and Gold (LMG) approaches. Different from previous region-based studies, we pay special attention to meteorological influences at city scale. Over 2015-2019, daily changes in key meteorological parameters could explain 47%-74% of the observed daily variations in summertime MDA8 O3 concentrations in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and four cities (Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei), with RH being the top driver. Over years of 2015-2020, daily concentrations of MDA8 O3 obtained from MLR equations (MDA8O3_MLR) of the local cities always had better performance than those of YRD. Compared with the observed daily MDA8 O3 in June-July-August (JJA) over the studied period, daily MDA8O3_MLR of the local cities (of YRD) had correlation coefficients of 0.73 (0.63), 0.75 (0.74), 0.79 (0.78), and 0.76 (0.73) in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei, respectively, and the MDA8O3_MLR of the local cities (of YRD) captured 54% (17%), 63% (51%), 52% (27%) of the observed O3-polluted days (days with MDA8 O3 concentration exceeding 160 μg m-3) in Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou, respectively. The meteorologically driven trends (Trend_Met) in MDA8 O3 were calculated using the established MLR equations. Over 2015-2019, the observed trends (Trend_Obs) and Trend_Met in MDA8 O3 were mostly positive in YRD, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei. In Shanghai, Trend_Obs, Trend_Met, and anthropogenically driven trend (estimated as Trend_Obs minus Trend_Met) of MDA8 O3 in JJA over 2015-2019 were -1.3, +1.0, and -2.3 μg m-3 y-1, respectively, indicating that the emission control measures alleviated O3 pollution in this city. Our results suggest that it is necessary to establish MLR equations at city scale to account for the role of meteorology in the actions of O3 pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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39
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Guan Y, Xiao Y, Chu C, Zhang N, Yu L. Trends and characteristics of ozone and nitrogen dioxide related health impacts in Chinese cities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113808. [PMID: 35759982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ozone pollution has been becoming severe and attributed to considerable health impacts in China. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is involved in atmospheric ozone production while also affecting public health directly. Joint control ozone and NO2 pollution would be of significance. This study quantitatively assessed the health impact attributed to ambient ozone and NO2 pollution in 338 Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020. The results reveal the generally opposite trends of ozone- and NO2-related health impacts in China. From 2015-2020, respiratory and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) health impacts attributed to ozone in 338 cities increased by 65.30% and 63.98%. The NO2-attributed health impacts decreased by 24.80% and 24.62%. In 2020, the ozone- and NO2-related respiratory health impacts were 3.96 million DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and 1.47 million DALYs. High health impacts are concentrated in big cities and city clusters. In 2020, the sum of ozone- and NO2-related respiratory health impacts in the top 20 cities was 0.98 million DALYs and 0.44 million DALYs, accounting for 24.70% and 30.24% of the 338 cities. The population attribution fraction analysis identified the increasing distributional consistency of ozone and NO2-related health impacts, emphasizing the necessity and possible efficiency of ozone-NO2 joint control. Emission source analysis based on gridded data provided a reference for understanding health impacts and developing targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guan
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China; The Center for Beautiful China, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China; The Center for Beautiful China, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chengjun Chu
- Center of Environmental Status and Plan Assessment, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Strategic Planning, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China.
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Shen L, Liu J, Zhao T, Xu X, Han H, Wang H, Shu Z. Atmospheric transport drives regional interactions of ozone pollution in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154634. [PMID: 35307436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ozone pollution becomes a serious environmental issue in China. A good understanding of source-receptor relationships of ozone transport from aboard and inside China is beneficial to mitigating ozone pollution there. To date, these issues have not been comprehensively assessed, especially for highly polluted regions in the central and eastern China (CEC), including the North China Plain (NCP), Twain-Hu region (THR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and Sichuan Basin (SCB). Here, based on simulations over 2013-2020 from a well-validated chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, we show that foreign ozone accounts for a large portion of surface ozone over CEC, ranging from 25.0% in THR to 39.4% in NCP. Focusing on transport of domestic ozone between the five regions in CEC, we find that atmospheric transport can largely modulate regional interactions of ozone pollution in China. At the surface, THR receives the largest amount of ozone from the other four regions (54.2% of domestic ozone in the receptor region, the same in below), followed by PRD (32.3%), SCB (26.7%), YRD (21.1%), and NCP (18.0%). Meanwhile, YRD exports largest amount of ozone to the other regions, ranging from 8.9% in SCB to 28.4% in THR. Although SCB is relatively isolated and thus impacts NCP, YRD, and PRD weakly (< 2.2%), export of SCB ozone to THR reaches 9.3%. The regional ozone transport over CEC, occurring mostly in the lower troposphere, is mainly modulated by the East Asian monsoon circulations, proximity between source and receptor regions, seasonal changes of ozone production, and topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shen
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada
| | - Jane Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada.
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiangde Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Disastrous Weather, China Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Han
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Li M, Mao J, Chen S, Bian J, Bai Z, Wang X, Chen W, Yu P. Significant contribution of lightning NO x to summertime surface O 3 on the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154639. [PMID: 35314240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lightning generates nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the troposphere, an important precursor of tropospheric ozone (O3). The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is considered to be a global atmospheric background location with limited anthropogenic influences. However, the observed summertime surface O3 concentration on the TP is 25% higher than that in highly polluted regions (e.g., southern China). Previous studies have suggested that lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) can affect the concentration of surface O3. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model combined with satellite, ground-based, and airborne observations to evaluate the contribution of LNOx to the surface O3 budget on the TP. Our results showed that LNOx contributed approximately 15% of the surface NOx emission on the TP in summer. Accordingly, the contribution of LNOx to the summertime surface daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) O3 on the TP was 9.3 ± 7.1 ppb, which was 17.5% ± 14.5% of the total concentration of the surface MDA8 O3. In addition, our study found that the number of moles of NO produced per lightning flash (LNOx production efficiency) significantly affected the surface concentration of NOx, OH, and MDA8 O3. Increasing the LNOx production efficiency (PE) from 0 to 330 mol NO flash-1 increased the concentration of MDA8 O3 by up to 20% on the TP. Our study revealed that lightning significantly affects the atmospheric chemical processes involving O3 on the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jingying Mao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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42
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Gong S, Zhang L, Liu C, Lu S, Pan W, Zhang Y. Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 2. Key weather elements and emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153847. [PMID: 35189213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following an accompanying paper on synoptic circulation impact (Gong et al., 2022), using a multi-linear regression model, the trends of key meteorological elements at local scale, i.e., temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, PBL height, precipitation and wind speed, are analyzed and correlated with the trends of PM2.5 and O3 levels to identify significantly influencing factors in seven Chinese cities. Furthermore, with additional emission surrogates introduced in the regression model, the impacts on the trends by meteorology and emission were separated and quantified. Results show that the increasing trends of O3 at most Chinese cities were largely attributed to the trends of meteorological elements of temperature and solar radiation, while the trends of PM2.5 are mostly contributed by the emission reduction measures of PM2.5 and its precursors. The meteorology alone can explain approximately 57-80% of the O3 variations and only 20-33% of the PM2.5 variations. With the addition of emission surrogates, this explanation percentage is increased to about 57-82% for O3 but significantly enhanced to 71-83% for PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Cheng Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
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Impact of the ‘Coal-to-Natural Gas’ Policy on Criteria Air Pollutants in Northern China. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, China had issued a series of stringent control measures, resulting in a large decline in air pollutant concentrations. To quantify the net change in air pollutant concentrations driven by emissions, we developed an approach of determining the closed interval of the deweathered percentage change (DPC) in the concentration of air pollutants on an annual scale, as well as the closed intervals of cumulative DPC in a year compared with that in the base year. Thus, the hourly mean mass concentrations of criteria air pollutants to determine their interannual variations and the closed intervals of their DPCs during the heating seasons from 2013 to 2019 in Qingdao (a coastal megacity) were analyzed. The seasonal mean SO2 concentration decreased from 2013 to 2019. The seasonal mean CO, NO2, and PM2.5 concentrations also generally decreased from 2013 to 2017, but increased unexpectedly in 2018 (from 0.9 mg m−3 (CO), 42 µg m−3 (NO2), and 51 µg m−3 (PM2.5) in 2017 to 1.1 mg m−3, 48 µg m−3, and 64 µg m−3 in 2018, respectively). The closed intervals of DPC in concentrations of CO, NO2, and PM2.5 from the 2017 heating season (2017/2018) to the 2018 heating season (2018/2019) were obtained at (27%, 30%), (15%, 18%), and (30%, 33%), respectively. Such high positive endpoint values of the closed intervals, in contrast to their small interval lengths, indicate increased emissions of these pollutants and/or their precursors in 2018/2019 compared with 2017/2018, by minimizing the meteorological influences. The rebounds of CO, NO2, and PM2.5 in 2018/2019 were likely associated with a doubled increase in natural gas (NG) consumption implemented by the “coal-to-NG” project, as the total energy consumption showed little difference. Our results suggested an important role of the “coal-to-NG” project in driving concentrations of air pollutant increases in China in 2018/2019, which need integrated assessments.
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Xiao Q, Geng G, Xue T, Liu S, Cai C, He K, Zhang Q. Tracking PM 2.5 and O 3 Pollution and the Related Health Burden in China 2013-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6922-6932. [PMID: 34941243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Based on the exposure data sets from the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP, http://tapdata.org.cn/), we characterized the spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5 and O3 exposures and quantified the long- and short-term exposure related premature deaths during 2013-2020 with respect to the two-stage clean air actions (2013-2017 and 2018-2020). We find a 48% decrease in national PM2.5 exposure during 2013-2020, although the decrease rate has slowed after 2017. At the same time, O3 pollution worsened, with the average April-September O3 exposure increased by 17%. The improved air quality led to 308 thousand and 16 thousand avoided long- and short-term exposure related deaths, respectively, in 2020 compared to the 2013 level, which was majorly attributed to the reduction in ambient PM2.5 concentration. It is also noticed that with smaller PM2.5 reduction, the avoided long-term exposure associated deaths in 2017-2020 (13%) was greater than that in 2013-2017 (9%), because the exposure-response curve is nonlinear. As a result of the efforts in reducing PM2.5-polluted days with the daily average PM2.5 higher than 75 μg/m3 and the considerable increase in O3-polluted days with the daily maximum 8 h average O3 higher than 160 μg/m3, deaths attributable to the short-term O3 exposure were greater than those due to PM2.5 exposure since 2018. Future air quality improvement strategies for the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Shigan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cilan Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang H, Gao Y, Sheng L, Wang Y, Zeng X, Kou W, Ma M, Cheng W. The Impact of Meteorology and Emissions on Surface Ozone in Shandong Province, China, during Summer 2014-2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6758. [PMID: 35682342 PMCID: PMC9180826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
China has been experiencing severe ozone pollution problems in recent years. While a number of studies have focused on the ozone-pollution-prone regions such as the North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta regions, few studies have investigated the mechanisms modulating the interannual variability of ozone concentrations in Shandong Province, where a large population is located and is often subject to ozone pollution. By utilizing both the reanalysis dataset and regional numerical model (WRF-CMAQ), we delve into the potential governing mechanisms of ozone pollution in Shandong Province-especially over the major port city of Qingdao-during summer 2014-2019. During this period, ozone pollution in Qingdao exceeded the tier II standard of the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality (GB 3095-2012) for 75 days. From the perspective of meteorology, the high-pressure ridge over Baikal Lake and to its northeast, which leads to a relatively low humidity and sufficient sunlight, is the most critical weather system inducing high-ozone events in Qingdao. In terms of emissions, biogenic emissions contribute to ozone enhancement close to 10 ppb in the west and north of Shandong Province. Numerical experiments show that the local impact of biogenic emissions on ozone production in Shandong Province is relatively small, whereas biogenic emissions on the southern flank of Shandong Province enhance ozone production and further transport northeastward, resulting in an increase in ozone concentrations over Shandong Province. For the port city of Qingdao, ship emissions increase ozone concentrations when sea breezes (easterlies) prevail over Qingdao, with the 95th percentile reaching 8.7 ppb. The findings in this study have important implications for future ozone pollution in Shandong Province, as well as the northern and coastal areas in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houwen Wang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (H.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; (W.K.); (M.M.); (W.C.)
| | - Lifang Sheng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (H.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Xinran Zeng
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (H.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wenbin Kou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; (W.K.); (M.M.); (W.C.)
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; (W.K.); (M.M.); (W.C.)
| | - Wenxuan Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; (W.K.); (M.M.); (W.C.)
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46
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Deng C, Tian S, Li Z, Li K. Spatiotemporal characteristics of PM 2.5 and ozone concentrations in Chinese urban clusters. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133813. [PMID: 35114261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite China's public commitment to emphasise air pollution investigation and control, trends in PM2.5 and ozone concentrations in Chinese urban clusters remain unclear. This study quantifies the spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5 and surface ozone at the scale of Chinese urban clusters by using a long-term integrated dataset from 2015 to 2020. Nonlinear Granger causality testing was used to explore the spatial association patterns of PM2.5 and ozone pollution in five megacity cluster regions. The results show a significant downward trend in annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from 2015 to 2020, with a decline rate of 2.8 μg m-3 yr-1. By contrast, surface ozone concentrations increased at a rate of 2.1 μg m-3 yr-1 over the 6 years. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in urban clusters show significant spatial clustering characteristics, mainly in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Fenwei Plain (FWP), Northern slope of Tianshan Mountains urban cluster (NSTM), Sichuan Basin urban cluster (SCB), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Surface ozone shows severe summertime pollution and distributional variability, with increased ozone pollution in major urban clusters. The highest increases were observed in BTH, Yangtze River midstream urban cluster (YRMR), YRD, and Pearl River Delta (PRD). Nonlinear Granger causality tests showed that PM2.5 was a nonlinear Granger cause of ozone, further supporting the literature's findings that PM2.5 reduction promoted photochemical reaction rates and stimulated ozone production. The nonlinear test statistic passed the significance test in magnitude and statistical significance. FWP was an exception, with no significant long-term nonlinear causal link between PM2.5 and ozone. This study highlights the challenges of compounded air pollution caused primarily by ozone and secondary PM2.5. These results have implications for the design of synergistic pollution abatement policies for coupled urban clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxiong Deng
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Si Tian
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Zhongwu Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Computing and Stochastic Mathematics (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of Applied Statistics and Data Science, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, PR China.
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47
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Cao J, Qiu X, Liu Y, Yan X, Gao J, Peng L. Identifying the dominant driver of elevated surface ozone concentration in North China plain during summertime 2012-2017. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118912. [PMID: 35092729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasingly serious surface ozone (O3) pollution in North China Plain (NCP) has received wide attention. However, the contribution of the changes for each emission source to the elevated O3 concentration, as well as the direct and indirect effect of meteorological condition variation on increased O3 level have not been comprehensively analyzed. This study applied the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model coupled with the integrated source apportionment method (ISAM) to quantify changes in daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration (MDA8 O3) under different air pollutants emissions and meteorological conditions during summertime 2012-2017. The results showed that incoordinate NOx/VOC emission control sustainably increased MDA8 O3 by 2.2-36.2 μg/m3 in the NCP, of which emission changes from industrial and transportation sectors were the predominant contributors (-0.6-19.5 μg/m3 for industrial sector and 1.2-18.1 μg/m3 for transportation, respectively). In contrast, MDA8 O3 decreased by 2.5-9.2 μg/m3 for the power plants. The effect of changes in meteorological condition on MDA8 O3 exhibited significantly spatial and temporal variation and unfavorable meteorological fields were shown in 2014, 2016, and 2017, which enhanced MDA8 O3 by -2.5-23.1, -5.3-20.7, and -7.2-25.8 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, the changed meteorological factors indirectly affected the biogenic emission thus prompting the increases of MDA8 O3 by -3.9-4.9 μg/m3 in the NCP during 2012-2017. The sensitive simulations suggested that more aggressive control measures about VOC reduction in industrial and transportation sectors should be implemented to further mitigate the O3 pollution under unfavorable meteorological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lin Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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48
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Xue Y, Wang L, Liu S, Huang Y, Chen L, Cui L, Cheng Y, Cao J. High impact of vehicle and solvent emission on the ambient volatile organic compounds in a major city of northwest China. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Xue Y, Wang L, Liu S, Huang Y, Chen L, Cui L, Cao J. Upward trend and formation of surface ozone in the Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128175. [PMID: 34995999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increase trend of surface ozone (O3) was observed in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB) from 2014 to 2020 with growth rates of 3.9-6.4 μg m-3 yr-1 for the maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) O3 concentrations. To further understand the formation of O3, investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out in the summer of 2018. High levels of VOCs were observed in both residential area and industrialized cities. Elevated concentrations of none-methane Hydrocarbon (NMHCs) were observed in rush hours, which indicated dominated roles of traffic activities on the loading of ambient VOCs. In the nighttime, both of NMHCs and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were raised, and the peaks of VOCs kept pace with accumulation of O3. Wind field indicated that northward and westward air mass, which passed through the remote forest and industrial area in east of the GZB, was responsible to elevated ambient VOCs in the GZB. Traffic emission, fuel evaporation, and solvent using were key contributors to ambient NMHCs, while solvent using and secondary formation dominated the loading of OVOCs. The present study indicated that both local management and regional collaborative control on active VOCs species from typical sources is urgently needed in GZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xue
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Long Cui
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wang C, Wang X. Spatiotemporal variations of surface ozone and its influencing factors across Tibet: A Geodetector-based study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152651. [PMID: 34954172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reasons regarding surface ozone formation and distribution in remote regions is limited. Tibet is an important remote area on Earth, with various climates and extremely high elevation (average ~ 4000 m), which makes it a good place to study the spatiotemporal distribution of surface ozone and explore the causes. Based on ground monitoring data from 18 stations on Tibet between 2015 and 2019, the annual, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal variations of surface ozone were analyzed. The annual mean values (60.7-72.5 μg/m3) presented an increasing trend during the past five years, with seasonal concentrations of surface ozone higher in spring than in winter. Spatially, both the ground observations and high-resolution remote sensing data indicated that the surface ozone was relatively high in the southwest regions of Tibet, and low in the southeast and northeast areas. Geodetector analysis found that relative humidity (RH), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and solar radiation (SR) were the top three individual factors affecting surface ozone distribution, while NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 showed less influence. All influencing factors showed an improvement through the two-factor interaction. The associations of RH∩PM10 (q = 0.77), RH∩NDVI (q = 0.72), and NDVI∩SR (q = 0.73) exhibited a strong impact on surface ozone distribution, suggesting that places with sparse vegetation cover, dry climate and strong SR would usually cause high atmospheric ozone burden. This could also explain why concentrations of surface ozone continue to increase in some remote areas worldwide with ecological deterioration and desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Tibetan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Tibetan Ecology and Environment Monitoring Center, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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