Microplastic pollution in water, sediments and commercial fish species from Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta lagoon complex, Colombian Caribbean

Microplastics in Turkish coastal lagoons: Unveiling the hidden threat to wetland ecosystems

Transitional ecosystems like coastal lagoons provide numerous ecosystem services. However, they are increasingly threatened by plastic pollution, particularly microplastics (MPs). Despite growing concerns, the occurrence and distribution of MPs in lagoon systems of Türkiye remain largely unknown. This study presents the first comprehensive assessment of MP pollution in five lagoons-Akyatan, Tuzla, Ağyatan, Çamlık, and Yelkoma-located in the northeastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. A total of 15,526 MPs were recovered from water and sediment samples collected in November 2021 and June 2022. Water samples showed significantly higher MP concentrations in November (47.5 ± 4.02 MP/L) than in June (17.0 ± 2.57 MP/L). In contrast, sediment samples did not exhibit any statistically significant seasonal variation in MP abundance. The highest MP concentration in water samples was detected at Yelkoma (62.68 ± 12.76 MP/L), whereas sediment MP concentrations peaked in Akyatan Lagoon at 85.25 ± 27.96 MP/kg. Fibers were the dominant MP type, followed by fragments and films. Polymer analysis revealed polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyester (PES) as the most common types, indicating agricultural runoff, fishing gear, and mismanaged waste as significant pollution sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted waste management strategies and long-term monitoring to mitigate MP pollution in these ecologically vital systems.

Comparative effects of 6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone at environmentally relevant concentrations on hepatotoxicity, glucolipid metabolism and ferroptotic response in adult zebrafish

The antioxidant 6PPD and its oxidized product 6PPD-Quinone (6PPDQ) have attracted considerable attention due to their various acute toxicities to aquatic organisms. However, the chronic toxicity of two compounds in aquatic animals is still unknown. Here, adult zebrafish were exposed to 6PPD and 6PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations (20 μg/L) for 28 days, and histological analysis showed that 6PPD caused more severe hepatic vacuolization than 6PPDQ. Meanwhile, 6PPD induced more serious lipid accumulation and a higher increase in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels than 6PPDQ, suggesting higher hepatotoxicity of 6PPD. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that both compounds disturbed glucolipid metabolism to different degrees by altering the expression of different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), in which 6PPD inhibited gene expressions in glucolipid metabolism possibly by PPARα, PPARβ and RXR, while 6PPDQ disrupted the expressions of partial genes in similar pathways probably via PPARγ. Additionally, 6PPD but not 6PPDQ increased Fe2+ content, decreased the protein levels of ferroportin 1, ferritin and glutathione peroxidase 4, accompanied with the increase of malondialdehyde level and the decrease of glutathione content, suggesting ferroptotic response by 6PPD. Overall, our data deepened the understanding of 6PPD- and 6PPDQ-induced hepatotoxicity association with glucolipid metabolism disorders and ferroptotic responses.

Characteristics of microplastics in typical poultry farms and the association of environment microplastics colonized-microbiota, waterfowl gut microbiota, and antibiotic resistance genes

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is a growing global environmental concern. MPs serve as ecological niches for microbial communities, which may accelerate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing risks to the breeding industry. While studies on MPs in aquatic organisms are common, research on farmed poultry is limited. This study investigates MPs in poultry farm environments and waterfowl intestines for the first time. MPs were isolated via density separation and analyzed for characterization in soil, pond water, and waterfowl intestines. Metagenomics was used to investigate the association between environment MPs colonized-microbiota and waterfowl gut microbiota. Our findings reveal that MPs are abundant in soil (6.75 ± 2.78 items/g d.w.), pond water (0.94 ± 0.28 items/g w.w.), and poultry intestines (45.35 ± 19.52 items/g w.w.), primarily appearing as fragmented particles sized 20-50 μm. MPs abundance in intestines correlates with environmental levels. Colonized-microbiota on MPs are linked to poultry intestinal microbiota, with greater diversity and microbial functions. Network analysis reveals that Corynebacterium plays a key role in MPs and poultry intestinal. Polymyxin resistance exhibits high clustering. Procrustes analysis reveals correlations between MPs, bacteria, and ARGs in the farming environment. Overall, MPs in poultry farms may facilitate pathogen and ARGs transmission, posing risks to animal gut health.

Water sources and educational attainment in Colombian adults: evidence from the national nutritional survey

BACKGROUND

Academic achievement is essential to people's individual and social development by enhancing opportunities for significant personal achievement throughout life. Exposure to toxic agents due to poor water quality may negatively influence neurodevelopment in children and adolescents into adulthood.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to estimate the association between the type of water for drinking purposes and academic achievements in Colombian adults.

METHODS

We designed a cross-sectional study based on the National Survey of Nutritional Situation in Colombia (Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia -ENSIN-) 2015. Academic achievement in our study was classified as less than complete primary school (0-4 years), between complete primary and incomplete secondary (5-10 years), between complete secondary and incomplete higher education (11-15 years), and complete higher education and more (16-24 years). We utilized adjusted ordinal logistic regression to estimate betas (β's) and Odds Ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals [95%CI].

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounders, we report an inverse association between consumption of untreated water and academic attainments, where individuals who drink surface water [β: -0.625; 95%CI: -0.629, -0.620], or groundwater [β: -0.368; 95%CI: -0.372, -0.364] were less likely to achieve higher educational levels compared to those consuming treated water. This pattern was similar across the country when disaggregated by region.

CONCLUSION

We found that people with lower levels of education are more likely to consume untreated water in Colombia. Our results encourage improving access to treated water to the population with an emphasis on rural communities and the Atlantic region.

Assessing microplastic pollution vulnerability in a protected coastal lagoon in the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt using GIS modeling

Lake Burullus is a coastal wetland and protected area on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Despite the importance of this lake to the livelihood of millions of Egyptians, intensive anthropogenic activities and drainage water input have impacted its water quality. The current work aimed to evaluate the distribution and composition of microplastics (MPs) in Lake Burullus and analyze the impact of non-point pollution sources on their distribution and fate. The results showed that the average concentration of MPs in the open water was significantly lower (165.0 MPs/m3) than that near the drains (835.6 MPs/m3). The thermal analysis indicated the presence of eight thermoplastic polymers, originating from diffuse sources mainly via land-based activities. Moreover, a model was generated using ArcGIS 10.5 to assess the vulnerability of surface water to pollution from non-point sources. This model incorporated factors such as proximity to roads, waterways, land use, and urban areas, in addition to salinity and total suspended solids (TSS). Comprehensive maps were generated to visually illustrate the areas expected to be affected by MPs pollution. The results showed that waterways played an important role in in the transport of MPs to Lake Burullus. In addition, urban areas were identified as pollution hotspots, indicating the impact of land-use changes in urban areas. Salinity and TSS were also identified as important factors affecting the fate of MPs. Implementing strong measures to control land pollution in urban areas and managing wastewater inputs is highly recommended to effectively mitigate the impact of MPs on the ecosystem of Lake Burullus.

Coastal populations and river discharges as sources of microplastic pollution of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean

The large-scale production of plastic began in the 1950s, leading to a significant global increase and has become one of the world's major problems since its disintegration generates small particles of microplastics (MPs), considered pollutants of emerging concern, which are commonly found in most ecosystems. In Colombia, research on microplastics (MPs) in coastal ecosystems is still in its early stages. This study seeks to advance understanding of MPs contamination in surface waters of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), the most significant coastal lagoon in the Colombian Caribbean, which has been designated both a Biosphere Reserve and a Ramsar site of international importance. The study focuses on examining the relationship between MP pollution and two primary sources: coastal populations and discharges from tributary rivers into the lagoon system. Water samples were collected at 33 stations during the dry season (March 2021) and rainy season (May 2021), and MPs were identified and quantified by microscopy. The effect of the distance from river mouths (km) and populated zones (km) on the abundance of MPs was evaluated by applying a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) in R. The study revealed that the abundance of MPs was significantly influenced by proximity to pollution sources, with higher concentrations observed closer to river mouths and coastal settlements during both dry and rainy seasons. The seasonal composition of MP in the two studied zones reveals a consistent prevalence of filaments during the seasons, indicating the persistent influence of various sources of contamination. The findings show that inadequate waste management practices and the lack of proper infrastructure for waste disposal are key factors contributing to microplastic pollution in the area. The study provides critical insights for addressing deficiencies in waste management while promoting active community engagement to preserve the ecological and socioeconomic value of this vital lagoon complex. The CGSM is not only a key coastal ecosystem in Colombia but also supports diverse livelihoods and cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of sustainable management.

Investigation of microplastic pollution index in the urban surface water: A case study in west Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India

Microplastics (MPs) are a growing environmental issue because of their widespread prevalence and their long-term effects on ecosystems and human health. Global studies have identified MPs in various aquatic environments, such as lake, rivers, estuaries, wastewater, and oceans. Although most MPs originate from urban surface water sources, the specific intensity, characteristics, and associated risk assessments remain unclear. This study focuses on west Godavari region of India, specifically analyzing MPs in surface water samples Godavari River and two water treatment plants (WTPs). A total of 330 MPs found in the surface water and 121 MPs in theWTP. In surface water, MPs were predominantly blue and transparent fibers, with the majority measuring less than 500 μm in size. Conversely, at the WTP, larger MPs, primarily in blue fiber form and exceeding 3000 μm, were observed. Additionally, μ-Raman spectroscopy analysis identified the presence of various polymers, including PP, PVC, PC, Nylon, and PET, among others. The risks associated with MPs, including their concentration and chemical composition, were assessed across all sample types using various indices such as Contamination Factor (CFi), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Polymer Risk Index (H), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), and Estimated Intake (EI) (daily, annually, and lifetime). The risk assessment revealed that the type of polymer poses a greater risk of MP pollution than the concentrations of MPs themselves. These findings provide critical insights into MP contamination patterns and risks, emphasizing the need for targeted mitigation strategies in this region.

Coastal Lagoon's dual role as a sink and source for microplastics: A case study from India

Coastal lagoons, acting as transitional zones, are increasingly threatened by microplastic (MP) pollution. This study investigates the spatio-seasonal distribution of MPs in Chilika Lagoon sediments to propose effective mitigation measures. MPs were extracted using density flotation and wet peroxide oxidation, followed by quantitative analysis with a stereomicroscope and qualitative analysis with micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (μ-FTIR) spectroscopy. Sediment samples revealed significantly higher MP abundance (particles kg-1 d.w. sediment) in the dry season (262 ± 97.5) compared to the wet season (85 ± 36.6). Blue and black filaments were dominant, with Rayon and Polyester as the primary polymers. Laundry and fishing activities might be potential MP sources. The high MP levels transported to the Bay of Bengal via the lagoon inlet create a continuous sink-source cycle, threatening fishery resources. Essential solutions such as the usage of biodegradable fishing gear, gear recycling programs, and advanced filtration in household systems may mitigate MP pollution.

Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems: Detection, source tracing, and sustainable management strategies

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants characterized by persistence, cross-media transport, and complex pollutant interactions, posing serious ecotoxicological risks to ecosystems and human health. Effective MPs management requires multi-faced, long-term, strategies involving targeted sampling, quantitative detection, and comprehensive risk assessments, all of which entail significant resource investment. Despite advancements in remediation technologies, a holistic governance framework integrating these innovations remains underdeveloped. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MPs, elaborating on their diverse morphologies, degradation pathways, and their role as vectors for toxic substances. State-of-the-art extraction techniques are evaluated in this article, including micropore adsorption using nanocomposites, alongside the incorporation of advanced analytical tools such as spectroscopic methods, electron microscopy, and bioinformatics to augment environmental forensics. This review also underscores the necessity of formulating robust global policies to regulate MPs pollution and discusses the potential of biodegradation and thermal degradation as sustainable solutions for MPs removal. By promoting an interdisciplinary approach, this review advocates for a coordinated global response, integrating environmental science, policy frameworks, and waste management strategies to mitigate the escalating impact of MPs on ecosystems and human well-being.

Microplastics in aquaculture environments: Current occurrence, adverse effects, ecological risk, and nature-based mitigation solutions

Microplastics pose detrimental effects on the environment, aquatic products, and human health. This comprehensive analysis highlights the repercussions of microplastic contamination within aquaculture. Microplastics in aquaculture are primarily from land-based plastic waste, tourism-related disposal, shipping activities, fisheries/aquaculture, and atmospheric deposition. In aquaculture environments, microplastics have the potential to discharge harmful additives, attract pollutants, degrade the aquaculture setting, and induce toxicological effects. These particles pose ecological risks and can impact human health. Assessing the destiny of microplastics in aquaculture ecosystems is crucial to determining the role of aquaculture in contributing to microplastic contamination within the watershed. It particularly emphasizes the ecological consequences for aquaculture species and the subsequent health threats for humans. The review strongly supports strict regulations to control and limit microplastic presence within aquaculture ecosystems. Clear regulations are essential for reducing microplastics in aquaculture, thereby ensuring food safety. A novel nature-based solution is proposed using methods like microplastic biofilters, biodegradation, and wetlands. These innovations can be conducted in aquatic ecosystems to serve as microplastic biofilters, effectively eliminating waterborne microplastics. In the future, however, it is crucial to develop additional emergency treatment measures to avoid the potential negative impacts of microplastics on both aquaculture and human health.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria in the plastisphere from water, sediments, and commercial fish in a tropical coastal lagoon: An assessment and management proposal

Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems harbor numerous microorganisms, including pathogenic species. The ingestion of these microplastics by commercial fish poses a threat to the ecosystem and human livelihood. Coastal lagoons are highly vulnerable to microplastic and microbiological pollution, yet limited understanding of the risks complicates management. Here, we present the main bacterial groups, including potentially pathogenic species, identified on microplastics in waters, sediments, and commercial fish from Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), the largest coastal lagoon in Colombia. DNA metabarcoding allowed identifying 1760 bacterial genera on microplastics, with Aeromonas and Acinetobacter as the most frequent and present in all three matrices. The greatest bacterial richness and diversity were recorded on microplastics from sediments, followed by waters and fish. Biochemical analyses yielded 19 species of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on microplastics. Aeromonas caviae was the most frequent and, along with Pantoea sp., was found on microplastics in all three matrices. Enterobacter roggenkampii and Pseudomonas fluorescens were also found on microplastics from waters and fish. We propose management strategies for an Early Warning System against microbiological and microplastic pollution risks in coastal lagoons, illustrated by CGSM. This includes forming inter-institutional alliances for research and monitoring, accompanied by strengthening governance and health infrastructures.

Methods to characterize microplastics: case study on freshwater fishes from a tropical lagoon in Colombia

Aquatic ecosystems face multiple anthropogenic pressures, and recently plastic pollution is one of the main problems. The Luruaco lagoon receives discharges from streams with high levels of microplastics (MPs) from urban areas that impact the resident ichthyofauna. We studied the prevalence, abundance and physical and chemical characteristics of MPs in fishes in the Luruaco Lagoon, Colombia. Four samplings were carried out where fish were captured with trawl nets. Each individual was assessed for total weight, total and standard length, and then a uroventral cut was made to extract stomach and intestine (GIT). Each structure was weighed, measured, and deposited in glass jars with filtered KOH solution. The abundance of MPs and frequency of occurrence were assessed. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the variation of the species dataset (%FO, proportion of MPs and their diet). Seven species were recorded and 271 individuals examined: Microplastics were identified in all species, and 1157 particles were found in their GIT, with a prevalence of 87.5% of MPs. Mugil liza and Andinoacara latifrons had a high proportion of MPs. The highest %FO was found in cichlid species. Four typologies and 13 colors of MPs were analyzed; fibers and color blue were predominant. A direct relationship was observed between the type of diet and the proportion and %FO of MPs.

Assessment of water quality and emerging pollutants in two fish species from the mallorquin swamp in the Colombian Caribbean

The Mallorquín Swamp, an important ecosystem in Atlántico, Colombian Caribbean, underwent environmental monitoring at eight points during rainy, transition, and dry seasons. This was to assess water quality, seasonal variation, and the bioaccumulation of metals, emerging pollutants, and organic compounds in the fish Ariopsis canteri and Mugil incilis. Water parameters were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multifactorial ANOVA with the Tukey HSD test for seasonal differences. Normality and variance of the fish results were verified, and differences between groups were evaluated using ANOVA or Kruskal-Walli's method when data transformation failed. Spearman correlation was used to relate the results. Water sampling revealed variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and nutrient levels. Significant differences in alkalinity and hardness were observed across seasons and sample points. The most probable number (MPN) levels of Total coliform and E. coli peaked near areas with domestic wastewater inputs, reaching 5.4x106 and 4.0x106 MPN, respectively, indicating potential microbiological contamination of water. Fish samples revealed high concentrations of persistent substances such as methylmercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and emerging pollutants. Heavy metal analysis showed elevated iron levels (5.28 ± 0.657 mg/L), while emerging pollutants, including ibuprofen (218 μg/L) and naproxen (343.89 μg/L), exhibited high concentrations near human settlements. Ariopsis canteri showed higher bioconcentration tendencies for methylmercury (238.5 ± 100 μg/kg), and acenaphthene (7782 ± 4123.8 μg/kg), possibly influenced by its feeding habits and habitat preferences. In contrast, Mugil incilis exhibited higher bioaccumulation trends of PAH (2376.23 ± 599.63 μg/kg acenaphthene) and emerging pollutants like galaxolide (139.49 ± 34.98 μg/kg), possibly due to its mobility and exposure to various contaminants in their environment. These findings emphasize the need to monitor and manage aquatic ecosystems' health to mitigate anthropogenic influences on water quality and biodiversity. This research serves as a reference for global conservation efforts, emphasizing the need for comprehensive monitoring and regulatory frameworks to protect aquatic environments and ensure their sustainability for future generations.

Microplastic contamination in three environmental compartments of a coastal lagoon in the southern Gulf of Mexico

The Sontecomapan lagoon (Mexico) is a Ramsar site within the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, facing the Gulf of Mexico. Although the site has a protected area status, it is vulnerable to microplastic contamination, whose long-term effects are uncertain. This study gives the first approach to the degree of contamination by microplastics in surface waters, zooplankton, and sediments in the lagoon. The samples in these three environmental compartments were collected in June 2018 and analyzed in the laboratory to extract and quantify the microplastics. The microplastics sampled were classified into fibers, fragments, and foams and identified as polyester, acrylic, and rayon, among others. In the surface waters, the mean concentration of microplastics was 7.5 ± 5.3 items/L, which is higher than the values registered in other protected coastal systems, perhaps because of differences in the methods used. Zooplankton, represented by copepods, luciferids, and chaetognaths, showed concentrations of 0.002 ± 0.005, 0.011 ± 0.011, and 0.019 ± 0.016 items/individual, respectively. These values were low compared to systems with high anthropic influence, and the differences between the three kinds of organisms were attributed to their feeding habits. In the sediments, the mean concentration was 8.5 ± 12.5 items/kg, lower than the values registered in sites of high human impact; the maximum value here found (43 items/kg) was recorded in the internal part of a lagoon arm of almost stagnant water. In general, the degree of contamination by microplastics in the lagoon was low; however, their presence indicates a potential risk to the biota.

Microplastics and plastisphere at surface waters in the Southwestern Caribbean sea

Pollution generated by plastic waste has brought an environmental problem characterized by the omnipresence of smaller pieces of this material known as microplastics (MP). This issue was addresses by collecting samples with 250 μm pore size nets in two marine-coastal sectors of Southwestern Caribbean Sea during two contrasting seasons. Higher concentrations were found in rainy season than in dry season, reaching respectively 1.72 MP/m3 and 0.22 MP/m3. Within each sector, there were differences caused firstly by localities of higher concentrations of semi-closed water bodies localities during rainy season (Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and La Caimanera marsh), and secondly by lower concentrations of localities with less influenced of flow rates during dry season (Salamanca and Isla Fuerte). Moreover, the lowest concentration in dry season corresponding to La Caimanera marsh reflects how the community environmental management might decrease MP pollution. In both sectors and seasons, the particles of 0.3 mm (0.3-1.4 mm) size class dominated over those of 1.4 mm (1.4-5.0 mm) (reaching each respectively 1.33 MP/m3 and 0.39 MP/m3), with a dominance of fibers, except in the rainy season in Magdalena, where they were films. Using the FTIR technique, polypropylene was identified as the most abundant polymer in both sectors. The composition of the assemblage of microorganisms attached to microplastics presented higher richness and differed from that of free-living planktonic microbes. The most abundant members of the plastisphere were proteobacteria whose major representation was the pathogenic genus Vibrio, while the cyanobacteria dominated in seawater samples.

Microplastics as potential barriers to ultraviolet light emitting diode inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage: Influence of water-quality parameters

Microplastics have emerged as a concerning contaminant in drinking water sources, potentially interacting with pathogenic microorganisms and affecting the disinfection processes. In this study, MS2 was selected as an alternative for the human enteric virus. The influence of microplastics polyvinylchloride (MPs-PVC) on ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) inactivation of MS2 was investigated under various water chemistry conditions, such as MPs-PVC concentration, pH, salinity, and humic acid concentration. The results revealed that higher concentrations of MPs-PVC led to the reduced inactivation of MS2 by decreased UV transmittance, hindering the disinfection process. Additionally, the inactivation efficiency of MS2 in the presence of MPs-PVC was influenced by pH, and acidic solution (pH at 4, 5, and 6) exhibited higher efficiency compared to alkaline solution (pH at 8 and 9) and neutral solution (pH at 7). The low Na+ concentrations (0-50 mM) had a noticeable effect on MS2 inaction efficiency in the presence of MPs-PVC, while the addition of Ca2+ posed an insignificant effect due to the preferential interaction with MPs-PVC. Furthermore, the inactivation rate of MS2 initially increased and then decreased with increasing the concentration of humic acid, which was significantly different without MPs-PVC. These findings shed light on the complex interactions between MPs-PVC and MS2 in the UV-LED disinfection process under various water-quality parameters, contributing to drinking water safety and treatment.

Microplastics and additives in patients with preterm birth: The first evidence of their presence in both human amniotic fluid and placenta

Considering the well documented, almost ubiquitous nature of microplastics in different environments, the exposure of pregnant women to microplastics may pose risks to the unborn children. The study focused on investigating the presence of microplastics in amniotic fluid and placenta, and brings the first evidence of the simultaneous presence of microplastics and additives in both human amniotic fluid and placentas. In total, 20 samples of amniotic fluid and placenta from 10 patients were analyzed for the presence of microplastics and plastic additives by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) after alkaline digestion with KOH. In 9 out of 10 patients, microplastics or additives were found in amniotic fluid, placenta, or both. Specifically, 44 particles of microplastics and polymer additives were identified in all samples. Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) and Calcium zinc PVC Stabilizer with particle sizes between 10 and 50 μm prevailed. Although all women involved in this study, who provided placenta and amniotic fluid samples, experienced physiological, singleton pregnancies complicated with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), it is too early to draw any conclusions and more research is needed.

Microplastics in aquaculture systems: Occurrence, ecological threats and control strategies

With the intensification of microplastic pollution globally, aquaculture environments also face risks of microplastic contamination through various pathways such as plastic fishing gear. Compared to wild aquatic products, cultured aquatic products are more susceptible to microplastic exposure through fishing tackle, thus assessing the impacts of microplastics on farmed species and human health. However, current research on microplastic pollution and its ecological effects in aquaculture environments still remains insufficient. This article comprehensively summarizes the pollution characteristics and interrelationships of microplastics in aquaculture environments. We analyzed the influence of microplastics on the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry. Then, the potential hazards of microplastics on pond ecosystems and consumer health were elucidated. The strategies for removing microplastics in aquaculture environments are also discussed. Finally, an outlook on the current challenge and the promising opportunities in this area was proposed. This review aims to evaluate the value of assessing microplastic pollution in aquaculture environments and provide guidance for the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.

Bibliometric review on microplastic contamination in the Pacific Alliance countries

Microplastics, capable of absorbing persistent organic compounds, heavy metals, and emerging pollutants, are of global concern due to their potential to alter the behavior and metabolism of biota. In Latin America, the Pacific Alliance, comprising Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Chile, stands out for its biological wealth and productive ecosystems, which account for 37% of the region's gross domestic product. The leaders of these countries expressed their concern about microplastic pollution and pledged to take joint action. We conducted an analysis of the scientific production of these countries and the collaborations of their researchers, focused on the period 2015-2023, using Scopus and SCImago. We observed that marine-coastal/wetland ecosystems are the most studied, with a focus on fish, and that Mexico leads in publications, followed by Colombia, Peru, and Chile. In addition, we note the absence of an inter-institutional group dedicated to microplastics research in these countries. We recommend promoting collaboration between academic institutions specialized in microplastic research and government agencies dedicated to the promotion of science and technology in the countries belonging to the Pacific Alliance.

Seasonal variation in plastic litter pollution in mangroves from two remote tropical estuaries of the Colombian Pacific

Mangroves in estuaries are highly vulnerable to the impacts of plastic litter pollution, because their location at river mouths and the high capacity of mangrove trees to trap plastic items. Here, we present new results on the abundance and characteristics of plastic litter during high and low rainfall seasons in mangrove waters and sediments of the Saija and Timbiqui River estuaries in the Colombian Pacific. In both estuaries, microplastics were the most common size (50-100 %), followed by mesoplastics (13-42 %) and macroplastics (0-8 %). Total abundances of plastic litter were higher during the high rainfall season (0.17-0.53 items/m-3 in surface waters and 764-832 items/m-2 in sediments), with a moderately positive relationship between plastic abundances recorded in both environmental matrices. The most common microplastics were foams and fragments. Continuous research and monitoring are required for a better understanding and management of these ecosystems and their threats.

First account of microplastics in pelagic sporting dolphinfish from the eastern Mexican coast of Baja California Sur

This study is a baseline data on the presence of MPs from the gastro-intestinal tracts (GITs) in Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, from eastern Baja California Sur, México. 878 MPs items (in %) of fibers (29%), fragments (68%) and films (1.3%) were detected from 51 GITs of Coryphaena hippurus. Transparent, white, blue and black were the prevalent colours. Morphological features observed through SEM analysis, the presence of heavily weathered MPs is due to the mechanical, microbiological and chemical weathering process. PP (29%), Nylon (29%), PS (17%), PE (11%), PET (6%) and HDPE (8%) presence indicates their source from regional anthropogenic stress. Trophic level transition is enforced by polymer derivative, permitting the sinking behavior of MPs and increased ingestion probability. Fishes were classified as slim despite their higher feeding capabilities and ingested MPs indicates a relationship with environmental contaminants. Current study emphasizes the health risk linked to biological aspects of MPs ingestion.

Microplastics transport in a low-inflow estuary at the entrance of the Gulf of California

Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as a global emergent pollution impact, which can affect all food chains. Estimating MPs transport pathways in coastal ecosystems is needed to assess their likely effects. Here, we studied MPs accumulation and transport pathways in the Estero de Urias lagoon system (low-inflow estuary) using field data and a 3D particle model. Field results showed that the MPs present similar abundances throughout the study area during the dry and rainy seasons. Model simulations indicated that i) morphology and tidal currents caused the MPs discharged in the lagoon to remain inside, and ii) wind-induced currents caused the MPs in the coastal area to be transported to the southwest. These transport processes may be responsible for homogenizing MPs concentrations through the studied area. In addition, model simulations suggested that EUL-dense waters can export MPs from the coastal area to the sea bottom.

A review of microplastic pollution in aquaculture: Sources, effects, removal strategies and prospects

As microplastic pollution has become an emerging environmental issue of global concern, microplastics in aquaculture have become a research hotspot. For environmental safety, economic efficiency and food safety considerations, a comprehensive understanding of microplastic pollution in aquaculture is necessary. This review outlines an overview of sources and effects of microplastics in aquaculture. External environmental inputs and aquaculture processes are sources of microplastics in aquaculture. Microplastics may release harmful additives and adsorb pollutants in aquaculture environment, cause deterioration of aquaculture environment, as well as cause toxicological effects, affect the behavior, growth and reproduction of aquaculture products, ultimately reducing the economic benefits of aquaculture. Microplastics entering the human body through aquaculture products also pose potential health risks at multiple levels. Microplastic pollution removal strategies used in aquaculture in various countries are also reviewed. Ecological interception and purification are considered to be effective methods. In addition, strengthening aquaculture management and improving fishing gear and packaging are also currently feasible solutions. As proactive measures, new portable microplastic monitoring system and remote sensing technology are considered to have broad application prospects. And it was encouraged to comprehensively strengthen the supervision of microplastic pollution in aquaculture through talent exchange and strengthening the construction of laws and regulations.

Characterization of ingested MPs and their relation with growth parameters of endemic and invasive fish from a coastal wetland

Microplastic (MP) contamination is a persistent and ubiquitous threat to aquatic ecosystems. This study quantifies MP ingestion by fish inhabiting the Anzali Wetland (Iran), a hotspot of biodiversity. Growth parameters have been monitored in endemic demersal fish (Caspian spined loach, Sabanejewia caspia), and invasive benthopelagic species (Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio) in the wetland and compared with their internal content of MPs. MPs were extracted from the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts following digestion of the samples in alkaline medium and observation of the extracts with microscopy (Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy-Dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (SEM-EDS) and confocal Raman microscopy). A total of 84.6 % of the study fish (n = 26) were contaminated with MPs. Fibres were the only type of MPs found in the GI tracts, and these were mainly dark blue and made of polycarbonate and nylon in both investigated species. The mean numbers of MPs in the GI tracts of the carp and the loach were 3.6 and 3.7 respectively. MPs had smooth surfaces in most cases although some presented brittle, fragmented, and uneven surfaces and signs of degradation. The growth rates of Carassius gibelio and Sabanejewia caspia, measured with the b value (growth factor), were 2.91 and 2.15 respectively. Carassius gibelio can play a significant role in the transport of MPs to other aquatic organisms inhabiting the Anzali wetland, and hence can cause potential harm to them. Carassius gibelio MP contamination was more pronounced with increasing gut mass in older specimens. Due to the presence of MPs and in fish that can be consumed, there could be a trophic transfer to humans. Regarding Sabanejewia caspia, although not statistically significant, their uptake of MPs tends to increase in older specimens with smaller size and body weight. This can imply that MP pollution causes inappropriate conditions and results in negative growth. The findings of this work provide new insights into MP contamination in the Anzali wetland, specifically in endemic fish. These results will be important in conservation and management programs.

The pollution of microplastics in sediments: The ecological risk assessment and pollution source analysis

The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) pollution in sediments has brought huge challenges to the development of society. Pollution control of MPs in sediments has become an inevitable requirement for current society. This requires implementing targeted pollution control measures in high MPs ecological risk areas and controls MPs discharge in pollution source. Existing studies lack in-depth understanding in MPs ecological risk assessment and MPs pollution source analysis, this limits the pollution control of MPs in sediments. In this study, the studies of MPs pollution in sediments from 2013 to 2022 were reviewed. The results showed that the environmental problems caused by MPs pollution in marine sediments have been widely discussed over the past decade. And the occurrence of MPs pollution in sediments brought potential threat to marine ecology and human food supply. Furthermore, pollution load index, polymer risk index and potential ecological risk index of MPs were frequently used in the existing ecological risk assessment of MPs in sediments. A large amount of monitoring data and simulation data is conducive to improving these MPs ecological risk assessment indicators. This can provide a useful reference for managers to formulate MPs pollution control measures. And MPs types and land-use types can provide basis to analyze the pollution source of MPs in sediments. Developing more accurate MPs detection and analysis technologies can further improve current MPs pollution source analysis system. This is conducive to control the discharge of MPs in the pollution source. In future studies, more complete MPs ecological risk assessment system and MPs pollution source analysis system should be established to control the pollution of MPs in sediments.

Disturbing ion regulation and excretion in medaka (Oryzias melastigma) gills by microplastics: Insights from the gut-gill axis

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in fish gills has been widely recognized, however, whether such stress could thereby impact the physiological responses of fish gills is still unknown. Here, we investigated the impacts of three sizes (400 nm, 4 μm, 20 μm) of polystyrene (PS) MPs on (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-) ions regulation and ammonia excretion in medaka Oryzias melastigma. Significantly increased net Na⁺ and K⁺ flux rates were observed transiently during 0-3 h and 3-9 h, but not during 9-24 h. Such results suggest that the physiological resilience of fish gills regarding Na⁺ and K⁺ regulation was unaffected upon the exposure to PS-MPs, probably evidenced by the increased secretion of mucus. However, Cl^- regulation and ammonia excretion were significantly impaired, partly in consistent with the damages of ionocytes. The adverse impacts of PS-MPs on Cl^- regulation and ammonia excretion were size-dependent, with significant disturbances observed in 4 μm and 20 μm treated group for Cl^- regulation, but only in 20 μm treated group for ammonia excretion. The specific enrichment of Shinella and lower abundance of function profiles related to ion transport and metabolism might be responsible for the specific disturbance of Cl^- regulation found in the 4 μm treated group. The enrichment of Gemmobacter also accounted for the disturbances of ammonia excretion in 20 μm treated group. Our results highlighted the impacts of PS-MPs on the physiological functions in fish gills.

A systematic review on microplastic pollution in water, sediments, and organisms from 50 coastal lagoons across the globe

Coastal lagoons are transitional environments between continental and marine aquatic systems. Globally, coastal lagoons are of great ecological and socioeconomic importance as providers of valuable ecosystem services. However, these fragile environments are subject to several human pressures, including pollution by microplastics (MPs). The aim of this review was to identify and summarize advances in MP pollution research in coastal lagoons across the world. We consider peer-reviewed publications on this topic published in English and Spanish between 2000 and April 21, 2022, available in Scopus and Google Scholar. We found 57 publications with data on MP abundances and their characteristics in 50 coastal lagoons from around the world, 58% of which have some environmental protection status. The number of publications on this type of pollution in lagoons has increased significantly since 2019. Methodological differences amongst studies of MPs in coastal lagoons were nevertheless a limiting factor for wide-ranging comparisons. Most studies (77%) were conducted in single environmental compartments, and integration was limited, hampering current understanding of MP dynamics in such lagoons. MPs were more abundant in lagoons with highly populated shores and watersheds, which support intensive human activities. On the contrary, lagoons in natural protected areas had lower abundances of MPs, mostly in sediments and organisms. Fiber/filament and fragment shapes, and polyethylene, polyester, and polypropylene polymers were predominant. MPs had accumulated in certain areas of coastal lagoons, or had been exported to the sea, depending on the influence of seasonal weather, hydrodynamics, anthropogenic pressures, and typology of MPs. It is advised that future research on MP pollution in coastal lagoons should focus on methodological aspects, assessment/monitoring of pollution itself, MP dynamics and impacts, and prevention measures as part of a sound environmental management.

Environmental risks due to the presence of microplastics in coastal and marine environments of the Colombian Caribbean

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic sediments that are released into the environment by various sources, their abundance and distribution increase as their size decreases, they represent a risk to ecological processes and their abundance is related to their proximity to human activities and The Anthropocene era, in addition to the Covid-19 pandemic, has exacerbated the emitting sources of plastics such as face masks, disinfectant container bottles, among others, all due to all the biosafety measures required globally. Over time, the transformation of plastics into microplastics generates particles transported by atmospheric and water dynamics, being accumulated in soils, bodies of water and incorporated into ecosystems and the food chains of organisms, including humans. Marine-coastal environments such as coastal lagoons, which in addition to hosting strategic ecosystems, being areas of convergence of different ecological flows and with important ecosystem services, have also become sinks for MP particles, putting their productivity and value at risk. Socio-ecological that they have. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and zone the environmental risks derived from contamination by microplastics in a coastal lagoon system, since once the MPs enter the environment they can cause harmful effects, in this case in the Caribbean Sea and in the lagoon complex. To this end, a comprehensive study of planetary systems was carried out to better understand their disturbances due to the presence of microplastics.

Analysis of Microplastics in Aquatic Shellfish by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry after Alkali Digestion and Solvent Extraction

Microplastics are harmful to both marine life and humans. Herein, a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique for the detection of microplastics in aquatic shellfish is demonstrated. The organic matter in aquatic shellfish was removed by alkali digestion. Subsequently, using hexafluoroisopropanol as the extraction solvent, the extraction method was optimized. The influence of the digestion process on the nature of microplastics was investigated by analyzing the samples before and after the alkali treatment via infrared spectrometry, laser particle sizing, and scanning electron microscopy. Spiked recovery experiments and an analysis of actual samples were performed using PA6 and PA66 as analytes. A quantitative analysis of the characteristic ion fragment produced by high-temperature cracking was performed after chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry identification. The linear range of this method for PA6 and PA66 was 2-64 μg. The limits of detection of PA6 and PA66 were 0.2 and 0.6 μg, while the limits of quantitation were 0.6 and 2.0 μg, respectively. Recovery ranged from 74.4 to 101.62%, with a precision of 4.53-7.56%. The results suggest that the Py-GC/MS technique is suitable for the analysis and detection of trace microplastics in aquatic shellfish.