Intestinal ischemia as the first manifestation of vasculitis

Imaging of intestinal vasculitis focusing on MR and CT enterography: a two-way street between radiologic findings and clinical data

Diagnosis of intestinal vasculitis is often challenging due to the non-specific clinical and imaging findings. Vasculitides with gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are rare, but their diagnosis holds immense significance as late or missed recognition can result in high mortality rates. Given the resemblance of radiologic findings with some other entities, GI vasculitis is often overlooked on small bowel studies done using computed tomography/magnetic resonance enterography (CTE/MRE). Hereon, we reviewed radiologic findings of vasculitis with gastrointestinal involvement on CTE and MRE. The variety of findings on MRE/CTE depend upon the size of the involved vessels. Signs of intestinal ischemia, e.g., mural thickening, submucosal edema, mural hyperenhancement, and restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging, are common in intestinal vasculitis. Involvement of the abdominal aorta and the major visceral arteries is presented as concentric mural thickening, transmural calcification, luminal stenosis, occlusion, aneurysmal changes, and collateral vessels. Such findings can be observed particularly in large- and medium-vessel vasculitis. The presence of extra-intestinal findings, including within the liver, kidneys, or spleen in the form of focal areas of infarction or heterogeneous enhancement due to microvascular involvement, can be another radiologic clue in diagnosis of vasculitis. The link between the clinical/laboratory findings and MRE/CTE abnormalities needs to be corresponded when it comes to the diagnosis of intestinal vasculitis.

Ileal perforation as an initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report

Introduction and importance

Lupus enteritis is uncommon in patients with SLE and usually presents with anorexia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Intestinal perforation as an initial manifestation of SLE is rare and can have a grave prognosis if not timely diagnosed.

Case history

We report an unusual case of a 22-year-old regularly menstruating female who presented with features of perforation peritonitis as an initial manifestation of lupus enteritis. Intraoperatively, a gangrenous ileal segment with multiple perforations was present. Thus, with an intraoperative diagnosis of perforation peritonitis, a gangrenous segment of the small bowel was resected and a double-barrel jejuno-ileostomy was created.

Discussion

Lupus enteritis manifesting initially as bowel perforation can be an uncommon cause of acute abdomen. A plain chest X-ray can show gas under the diaphragm suggesting bowel perforation. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen is the gold standard in diagnosing lupus enteritis with a good prognosis on steroids.

Conclusion

Primary closure, resection, and anastomosis of small gut or diverting stoma are required for management of perforation. A high degree of clinical suspicion is required for early diagnosis thus preventing the grave prognosis of such an entity.

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Bowel perforation in patients with SLE is rare.

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Diagnosis of this lupus enteritis is challenging owing to its rarity and non-specific presenting features.

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High degree of suspicion and timely diagnosis can prevent fatal complications.

Gastrointestinal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Gastrointestinal involvement is a common complain observed in 40-60% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. We performed a systematic review of clinically severe and potential life-threatening gastrointestinal manifestations and discuss clinical presentation, pathogenesis and treatment.

METHODS

We performed a literature search in English literature using PubMed and Embase from 2000 to December 2020. The following MeSH terms: systemic lupus erythematosus, protein-losing enteropathy, ascites, pancreatitis, vasculitis, intestinal vasculitis, enteritis and diarrhea published in the English literature.

RESULTS

We identified 141 studies (case reports, case series and cohort studies). The most frequent presenting symptoms are acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Many of the manifestations were associated with disease activity. Histological features are rarely available, but both vasculitis and thrombosis have been described. There is no treatment guideline. The majority of patients were treated with corticosteroids and the most common immunososupressant were azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate.

CONCLUSION

Vasculitis and thrombosis may be responsible for severe life-threatening manifestations such as pancreatitis, protein loosing gastroenteritis, acalculous cholecistyitis and enteritis.

Systemic manifestations - do not forget the small bowel

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Systemic diseases can afflict the small bowel (SB) but be challenging to diagnose. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of these conditions and to summarise their management.

RECENT FINDINGS

Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is an important modality to investigate pathology in the SB. SB imaging can be complementary to SBCE for mural and extramural involvement and detection of multiorgan involvement or lymphadenopathy. Device assisted enteroscopy provides a therapeutic arm, to SBCE enabling histology and therapeutics to be carried out.

SUMMARY

SB endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis, management and monitoring of these multi-system conditions. Collaboration across SB centres to combine experience will help to improve the management of some of these rarer SB conditions.

Lower CH50 as a predictor for intractable or recurrent lupus enteritis: A retrospective observational study

OBJECTIVES

Lupus enteritis (LE) is a rare but well-known gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was conducted to identify prognostic factors associated with poor responses in patients with LE.

METHODS

We consecutively registered patients diagnosed with LE between January 2009 and October 2019, and retrospectively compared their clinical characteristics based on whether they had good or poor responses to treatment.

RESULTS

A total of 13 patients (17 episodes) were included. The median age was 41 years, and 12 patients were female. A comparison of clinical characteristics between groups revealed similar computed tomography (CT) findings. However, serum CH50 levels were significantly lower in the poor response group (median [interquartile ranges (IQR)]; 29.2 [25.3-46.9] U/mL vs 19.3 [7.8-24.0] U/mL, p = .0095). More patients in the poor response group had higher titers of anti-cardiolipin β2-glycoprotein I antibody (anti-CL β2GPI Ab) and were started on glucocorticoids (GCs) at moderate doses. In multivariable analysis, serum CH50 level was independently associated with poor response to induction therapy.

CONCLUSION

Lower levels of CH50 at the time of initial treatment predicted inadequate treatment response in patients with LE.

Potential Applications of PET Scans, CT Scans, and MR Imaging in Inflammatory Diseases: Part II: Cardiopulmonary and Vascular Inflammation

Detecting inflammation is among the most important aims of medical imaging. Inflammatory process involves immune system activity and local tissue response. The role of PET with fludeoxyglucose F 18 has been expanded. Systemic vasculitides and cardiopulmonary inflammatory disorders constitute a wide range of diseases with multisystemic manifestations. PET with fludeoxyglucose F 18 is useful in their diagnosis, assessment, and follow-up. This article provides an overview of the current status and potentials of hybrid molecular imaging in evaluating cardiopulmonary and vascular inflammatory diseases focusing on the potential for PET with fludeoxyglucose F 18/MR imaging and PET/CT scans.

Histochemistry in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic gastrointestinal disorders

The alimentary tract serves as host to a large number of diseases. In the non-neoplastic group of disorders, conventional histochemistry continues to play an important diagnostic role. It is particularly important in recognizing specific infectious diseases, such as Helicobacter gastritis, Whipple disease, intestinal tuberculosis and other forms of mycobacteriosis, malakoplakia, intestinal spirochetosis, fungal enteritides, amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and microsporidiosis. Those conditions and their histochemical properties are discussed in this review, along with the use of histochemistry in the characterization of structural gastrointestinal disorders. The latter include mucosal metaplasias, amyloidosis, glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus, lymphocytic-collagenous colitis, gastric neuroendocrine hyperplasia, and pill gastritis.

[Management of mesenteric ischemia in the era of intestinal stroke centers: The gut and lifesaving strategy]

Mesenteric ischemia is a gut and life-threatening, medical and surgical, digestive and vascular emergency. Mesenteric ischemia is the result of an arterial or venous occlusion, a vasospasm secondary to low-flow states in intensive care patients, aortic clamping during vascular surgery or intestinal transplantation. Progression towards mesenteric infarction and its complications is unpredictable and correlates with high rates of mortality or a high risk of short bowel syndrome in case of survival. Thus, mesenteric ischemia should be diagnosed and treated at an early stage, when gut injury is still reversible. Diagnostic workup lacks sensitive and specific clinical and biological marker. Consequently, diagnosis and effective therapy can be achieved by a high clinical suspicion and a specific multimodal management: the gut and lifesaving strategy. Based on the model of ischemic stroke centers, the need for a multidisciplinary and expert 24/24 emergency care has led, in 2016, to the inauguration of the first Intestinal Stroke Center (Structure d'urgences vasculaires intestinales [SURVI]) in France. This review highlights the pathophysiological features of chronic and acute mesenteric ischemia, as well as the diagnosis workup and the therapeutic management developed in this Intestinal Stroke Center.

Systemic lupus erythematosus with intestinal perforation: A case report

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, which can affect almost all systems and organs. Gastrointestinal disorder is one of the most noteworthy complications of patients with SLE. However, gastrointestinal disorder with intestinal perforation is rare, but potentially life-threatening if not treated promptly. The present study reported a case of SLE with intestinal perforation, where surgical intervention was performed and a crevasse (~3 cm in diameter) was detected in the ileum, ~60 cm from the ileocecal valve. Following surgery, the patient suffered from difficult ventilator weaning, septic shock and intestinal obstruction. The patient was successfully treated and discharged from the hospital after ~4 months of treatment. Intestinal perforation in SLE patients is potentially life-threatening; early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to the management of this rare complication of SLE.

When it is not inflammatory bowel disease: differential diagnosis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) represent a heterogeneous entity whose diagnosis is sometimes difficult to ascertain. Many pathological processes may mimic IBD phenotypes. Among the classical differential diagnoses are enteric infections and infestations as well as drug toxicity. However, recently, more specific differential diagnoses have been included, including monogenic causes of gastrointestinal tract inflammation, particularly in young children. The purpose of the present review is to describe the differential diagnosis of IBD, putting it in a specific clinical and demographic context. This differential diagnosis will be discussed specifically for young children, elderly patients, and immunosuppressed patients.

RECENT FINDINGS

We will focus on the most recent findings and concepts, including monogenic diseases in young children, diverticular disease-associated colitis in elderly patients, and toxic colitis in patients receiving immunosuppressants such as mycophenolate mofetil or biologics such as ipilimumab.

SUMMARY

The aim of this review is to alert the clinician dealing with IBD, concerning a series of specific diagnoses that should be recognized because they may require specific treatment, different from the ones of classical idiopathic IBD.

Spontaneous duodenal perforation as a complication of kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease is generally known as a systemic vasculitis that often concerns doctors due to its serious cardiac complications; however, other visceral organs may get involved as well. Surgical manifestations of the intestinal tract in Kawasaki disease are rare. In this report, we describe the case of a 2.5-year-old boy with typical Kawasaki disease who presented with GI bleeding and surgical abdomen. The diagnosis of duodenal perforation was confirmed.

Lupus mesenteric vasculitis: clinical features and associated factors for the recurrence and prognosis of disease

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical characteristics of lupus mesenteric vasculitis (LMV) and identify the potential factors and appropriate treatments that are associated with disease relapse and prognosis in LMV.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed among patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University between 2002 and 2011. Demographic information, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging characteristics like abdominal CT scan, ultrasonography, medications including corticosteroid, cyclophosphamide, and other immunosuppressive agents, and outcomes were documented. The endpoints of the study were defined as occurrence of severe complications that needed surgical intervention, disease recurrence, or death.

RESULTS

Out of 3823 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, 97 were diagnosed with mesenteric vasculitis with the overall prevalence of 2.5%. Among these 97 LMV patients, 13 died because of serious complications (13/97, 13.4%) and 2 presented intestinal perforation during the induction therapy stage. The logistic regression multivariate analysis indicated that leukopenia [peripheral WBC, odds ratio (OR) = 0.640, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.456-0.896, P = 0.009], hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin, OR = 0.891, 95% CI: 0.798-0.994, P = 0.039) and elevated serum amylase (OR = 7.719, 95% CI: 1.795-33.185, P = 0.006) were positively associated with the occurrence of serious complications, while intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC) therapy inhibited the occurrence of serious complications (OR = 0.220, 95% CI: 0.053-0.903, P = 0.036). A total of 79 patients who achieved remission were followed-up for 2-96 months and 18 cases experienced disease relapse (18/79, 22.8%). The statistical analysis adjusted by Cox proportional hazards models indicated that high-dose CYC therapy (≥ 1.0 g/m(2)/month) was a protective factor for disease relapse and led to better outcomes [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.209, 95% CI: 0.049-0.887, P = 0.034], while the severe thickness of the bowel wall (>8mm) was a risk factor (HR = 7.308, 95% CI: 1.740-30.696, P = 0.007). LMV and lupus cystitis occurred concurrently in 22 (22/97, 22.7%) patients, and the symptoms of urinary tract resolved after treatment with corticosteroid and immunosupressants.

CONCLUSION

LMV is one of the serious complications of SLE with high mortality. The current study demonstrated that leukopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated serum amylase were associated with severe adverse events, while CYC therapy led to better outcomes during remission-induction stage. Severe thickness of the bowel was a risk factor while high-dose CYC therapy was a protective factor for disease relapse in intensification therapy stage. It is necessary to evaluate the urinary tract involvement once LMV is diagnosed due to the frequent coexistence of these 2 diseases.

Clinical manifestations and endoscopic characteristics of adult abdominal type allergic purpura: An analysis of 26 cases

AIM: To summarize the clinical and endoscopic features of abdominal type allergic purpura in adult patients.

METHODS: Clinical and endoscopic data for 26 adult patients with abdominal type allergic purpura were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: All patients had abdominal pain, and 13 patients had digestive tract hemorrhage. Endoscopy revealed hyperaemia, edema, bleeding spots, erosion and ulcer in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Severe mucosal lesions were often found in the duodenum, ileum and caecum.

CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is helpful for early diagnosis of adult abdominal type allergic purpura.

Lupus enteritis: from clinical findings to therapeutic management

Lupus enteritis is a rare and poorly understood cause of abdominal pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we report a series of 7 new patients with this rare condition who were referred to French tertiary care centers and perform a systematic literature review of SLE cases fulfilling the revised ACR criteria, with evidence for small bowel involvement, excluding those with infectious enteritis. We describe the characteristics of 143 previously published and 7 new cases. Clinical symptoms mostly included abdominal pain (97%), vomiting (42%), diarrhea (32%) and fever (20%). Laboratory features mostly reflected lupus activity: low complement levels (88%), anemia (52%), leukocytopenia or lymphocytopenia (40%) and thrombocytopenia (21%). Median CRP level was 2.0 mg/dL (range 0–8.2 mg/dL). Proteinuria was present in 47% of cases. Imaging studies revealed bowel wall edema (95%), ascites (78%), the characteristic target sign (71%), mesenteric abnormalities (71%) and bowel dilatation (24%). Only 9 patients (6%) had histologically confirmed vasculitis. All patients received corticosteroids as a first-line therapy, with additional immunosuppressants administered either from the initial episode or only in case of relapse (recurrence rate: 25%). Seven percent developed intestinal necrosis or perforation, yielding a mortality rate of 2.7%. Altogether, lupus enteritis is a poorly known cause of abdominal pain in SLE patients, with distinct clinical and therapeutic features. The disease may evolve to intestinal necrosis and perforation if untreated. Adding with this an excellent steroid responsiveness, timely diagnosis becomes primordial for the adequate management of this rare entity.

Endoscopic and radiographic features of gastrointestinal involvement in vasculitis

Vasculitis is an inflammation of vessel walls, followed by alteration of the blood flow and damage to the dependent organ. Vasculitis can cause local or diffuse pathologic changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The variety of GI lesions includes ulcer, submucosal edema, hemorrhage, paralytic ileus, mesenteric ischemia, bowel obstruction, and life-threatening perforation.The endoscopic and radiographic features of GI involvement in vasculitisare reviewed with the emphasis on small-vessel vasculitis by presenting our typical cases, including Churg-Strauss syndrome, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behçet’s disease. Important endoscopic features are ischemic enterocolitis and ulcer. Characteristic computed tomographic findings include bowel wall thickening with the target sign and engorgement of mesenteric vessels with comb sign. Knowledge of endoscopic and radiographic GI manifestations can help make an early diagnosis and establish treatment strategy.

Gastrointestinal involvement revealing Henoch Schonlein purpura in adults: Report of three cases and review of the literature

The diagnosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is difficult, especially when abdominal symptoms precede cutaneous lesions.

We report three cases of adult HSP revealed by gastrointestinal (GI) involvement.

Ileitis: when it is not Crohn's disease

Ileitis, or inflammation of the ileum, is often caused by Crohn's disease. However, ileitis may be caused by a wide variety of other diseases. These include infectious diseases, spondyloarthropathies, vasculitides, ischemia, neoplasms, medication-induced, eosinophilic enteritis, and others. The clinical presentation of ileitis may vary from an acute and self-limited form of right lower quadrant pain and/or diarrhea, as in the majority of cases of bacterial ileitis, but some conditions (ie, vasculitis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis) follow a chronic and debilitating course complicated by obstructive symptoms, hemorrhage, and/or extraintestinal manifestations. Ileitis associated with spondylarthropathy or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is typically subclinical and often escapes detection unless further testing is warranted by symptoms. In a minority of patients with long-standing Crohn's ileitis, the recrudescence of symptoms may represent a neoplasm involving the ileum. Distinguishing between the various forms of ileitis remains a test of clinical acumen. The diagnosis of the specific etiology is suggested by a detailed history and physical examination, laboratory testing, and ileocolonoscopy and/or radiologic data.

Microscopic polyangiitis

In 1923, Friedrich Wohlwill described two patients with a "microscopic form of periarteritis nodosa," which was distinct from the classical form. This disease, now known as microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), is a primary systemic vasculitis characterized by inflammation of the small-caliber blood vessels and the presence of circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Typically, microscopic polyangiitis presents with glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis, although involvement of the skin, nerves, and gastrointestinal tract is not uncommon. Treatment of MPA generally requires use of a cytotoxic agent (such as cyclophosphamide) in addition to high-dose glucocorticoids. Recent research has focused on identifying alternate treatment strategies that minimize or eliminate exposure to cytotoxic agents. This article reviews the history, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of MPA.

Lupus mesenteric vasculitis can cause acute abdominal pain in patients with SLE

Lupus mesenteric vasculitis (LMV) is a unique clinical entity found in patients who present with gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, and is the main cause of acute abdominal pain in these patients. LMV usually presents as acute abdominal pain with sudden onset, severe intensity and diffuse localization. Other causes of abdominal pain, such as acute gastroenteritis, peptic ulcers, acute pancreatitis, peritonitis, and other reasons for abdominal surgery should be ruled out. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of LMV is critical to ensure implementation of appropriate immunosuppressive therapy and avoidance of unnecessary surgical intervention. The pathology of LMV comprises immune-complex deposition and complement activation, with subsequent submucosal edema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis and thrombus formation; most of these changes are confined to small mesenteric vessels. Abdominal CT is the most useful tool for diagnosing LMV, which is characterized by the presence of target signs, comb signs, and other associated findings. The presence of autoantibodies against phospholipids and endothelial cells might provide information about the likelihood of recurrence of LMV. Immediate, high-dose, intravenous steroid therapy can lead to a favorable outcome and prevent serious complications such as bowel ischemia, necrosis and perforation.

Intestinal ischemia in systemic lupus erythematosus

Bowel ischemia, an uncommon but devastating complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), poses a significant clinical challenge. A 52-year-old female with SLE presented with recurrent abdominal pain for two months which culminated in acute, severe pain with vomiting. Abdominal CT scan revealed ischemia of multiple segments of bowel. She responded slowly to methylprednisolone alone and eventually responded to methylprednisolone combined with cyclophosphamide. A high index of suspicion for bowel ischemia is required in patients with SLE presenting with acute abdominal pain.

Opportunistic infections mimicking gastrointestinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy are at risk for developing infectious complications. We present 2 cases of immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with abdominal complaints without other systemic lupus symptoms. These patients were initially thought to have gastrointestinal vasculitis based on preliminary pathologic reports; however, further workup and careful review of the pathologic specimens confirmed an opportunistic infection as the etiology in each case. It is critical that physicians maintain a high index of suspicion for infection when treating immunocompromised patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with abdominal complaints to avoid delay in appropriate treatment.

Giant cell arteritis presenting as small bowel infarction

Giant cell arteritis predominantly affects cranial arteries and rarely involves other sites. We report a patient who presented with small bowel obstruction because of infarction from mesenteric giant cell arteritis. She had an unusual cause of her obstruction and a rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis. In spite of aggressive therapy with steroids, she died a month later because of multiple complications. We discuss the diagnosis and management of small bowel obstruction and differential diagnosis of vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract. We were able to find 11 cases of bowel involvement with giant cell arteritis in the English literature. This case report illustrates that giant cell arteritis can be a cause of small bowel obstruction and bowel infarction. In the proper clinical setting, vasculitides need to be considered early in the differential diagnosis when therapy may be most effective.

Strongyloides Stercoralis Hyperinfection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Antiphospholipid Syndrome

OBJECTIVE

The Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome (SHS) may develop in individuals with asymptomatic infection receiving immunosuppressive treatment. This report summarizes current knowledge regarding SHS in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and associated antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).

METHODS

Two patients with active SLE and associated APS presenting with SHS are reported. Additional cases of strongyloidiasis in SLE were identified and reviewed.

RESULTS

Patient 1: A 34-year-old woman with SLE and APS characterized by active glomerulonephritis, stroke, and several hospital-acquired infections presented with vomiting and diffuse abdominal pain. Intestinal vasculitis was suspected, and treatment with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide was given. Response was partial. A gastric biopsy revealed S. stercoralis larvae. She received ivermectin and eventually recovered. Patient 2: A 37-year-old man with active glomerulonephritis and APS with recurrent thrombosis presented with digital necrosis. Necrotizing vasculitis was suspected and treated with immunosupressants. He suddenly developed respiratory failure secondary to alveolar hemorrhage and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. The patient developed Gram-negative septic shock and died. The postmortem result of bronchoalveolar lavage yielded Strongyloides larvae. Nine cases of strongyloidiasis and the SHS in SLE patients reported in the literature were identified and reviewed. Five of these patients died; none had associated APS.

CONCLUSIONS

These cases suggest that the SHS can exacerbate SLE and APS, predisposing to Gram-negative sepsis and death. Immunocompromised patients need an early diagnosis and specific treatment of parasitic diseases and their complications. The SHS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lupus complications in patients from endemic areas.

A Case of Classical Polyarteritis Nodosa Complicated by Ulcerative Colitis

Classical polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a term that includes patients with necrotizing inflammation of medium-sized arteries and excludes those with microscopic vessel involvement. Although gastrointestinal manifestations are not unusual in patients with classical PAN, the association with ulcerative colitis has been reported only rarely. We describe a patient with classical PAN complicated by bilateral renal artery aneurysms with subsequent rapture and perirenal hemorrhages. He was successfully treated, and the bilateral renal aneurysms resolved with steroid therapy. Two years later, the patient presented with hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed inflamed rectal mucosa with bleeding ulcers. Histologic findings of biopsy specimens showed severe mucosal inflammation and crypt abscess. The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, and the symptoms attenuated after meselazine therapy.

Investigations and management of gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are protean. Any part of the GI tract and the hepatobiliary system can be involved. Up to two-third of SLE patients develop GI symptoms at some stage of their illnesses. Clinical presentations of GI lupus are non-specific and can be difficult to differentiate from infective, thrombotic, therapy-related and non-SLE etiologies. Clinical acumen and appropriate endoscopic, biopsy and imaging procedures are essential for establishing the correct diagnosis. Acute abdominal pain in SLE patients can herald an intra-abdominal catastrophe and should be evaluated promptly. Surgical intervention should be instituted without delay if conservative management fails or when there is clinical or radiological suspicion of visceral perforation or intra-abdominal collections.

Polyarteritis nodosa revisited

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), the prototype of systemic vasculitis, is a rare condition characterized by necrotizing inflammation of medium-sized or small arteries without glomerulonephritis or vasculitis in arterioles, capillaries, or venules. Signs and symptoms of this disease are primarily attributable to diffuse vascular inflammation and ischemia of affected organs. Virtually any organ with the exception of the lungs may be affected, with peripheral neuropathy and symptoms from osteoarticular, renal artery, and gastrointestinal tract involvement being the most frequent clinical manifestations. A clear distinction between limited versus systemic disease and idiopathic versus hepatitis B related PAN should be done because there are differences in the implicated pathogenetic mechanisms, their treatment, and prognosis. Currently, corticosteroids plus cyclophosphamide is the standard of care for idiopathic PAN, in particular for patients with adverse prognostic factors (more severe disease), in whom this combination prolonged survival. In contrast for hepatitis B related PAN treatment consists of schemes that include plasmapheresis and antiviral agents.