Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer by agents derived from Mother Nature

Regulatory role of TEX10 gene in proliferation differentiation and apoptosis of bovine myoblasts

Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue involved in body movement and energy metabolism, and its growth and development directly influence the economic value of livestock. This study investigates the effects of the TEX10 gene on the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of bovine myoblasts, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Using techniques such as CCK-8, EdU incorporation, qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence, we observed that TEX10 significantly promotes the expression of cell cycle factors, including CDK2 and PCNA, thereby increasing cell proliferation and the proportion of cells in the S phase. Overexpression and knockdown experiments demonstrated that TEX10 enhances the differentiation and myotube formation of myoblasts, while upregulating key genes such as MYOG and MYOD. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis of the cell cycle revealed that TEX10 inhibits apoptosis in bovine myoblasts. Transcriptomic analysis showed that TEX10 regulates several signaling pathways associated with proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, including PI3K-Akt, cAMP, and IL-17. Overall, these findings suggest that TEX10 plays a significant regulatory role in bovine muscle growth, providing a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding strategies aimed at improving yellow cattle.

Exploring the Role of T-Cell Metabolism in Modulating Immunotherapy Efficacy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Clustering

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, has demonstrated noteworthy advancements in the realm of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the efficacy of ICB therapy is limited to a small subset of patients with NSCLC, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.

STUDY DESIGN AND DISCOVERIES

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the metabolic profiles of infiltrating T cells in NSCLC tumors and revealed the metabolic heterogeneity, which associated with the prognosis of ICB therapy, in three T-cell subtypes. After metabolic clustering, we split these metabolic clusters into two groups: Nonresponse-associated (NR) clusters that enriched with cells from nonresponders, and response-associated (R) clusters that not belonging to NR clusters. Then, we elucidated their metabolic differences and specific functions. Notably, we discovered HSPA1A was significantly downregulated in NR clusters of all three T-cell subtypes. In addition, leveraging single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing data and pseudotime series analysis, we revealed the reciprocal interconversion between R and NR metabolic clusters within the same T-cell clone. This suggests a potential metabolic reprogramming capability of T cells. Furthermore, through the analysis of intercellular communication, we identified the specific intercellular signaling in the R clusters, which might promote the activation and regulation of signal transduction pathways that affect the prognosis of ICB therapy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our study offers substantial insights into the mechanisms of relationships between T-cell metabolisms and ICB therapy outcomes, shedding light on the mechanism of immunotherapy efficacy in patients with NSCLC. Such investigations will contribute to overcoming treatment resistance.

FGFR3-TACC3 fusion gene promotes glioblastoma malignant progression through the activation of STAT3 signaling pathway

Objective

The Fibroblast growth factor receptors 3-transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 3 (FGFR3-TACC3, F3-T3) oncogenic fusion gene, identified in malignant tumors such as gliomas and bladder cancer, has been particularly noted in recurrent gliomas where it is considered to drive malignant progression, thus presenting itself as a viable therapeutic target. However, the precise mechanism by which F3-T3 facilitates the malignant progression of glioma is not fully understood.

Methods

Correction analysis of STAT3 and FGFR3 with major glioma mutation types and pan-cancer analysis was conducted using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A series of phenotypic experiments, including CCK-8, EdU, colony-formation assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were conducted to detect the effects of F3-T3 on proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells. The association between F3-T3 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated through enrichment analysis of the E-MTAB-6037 gene chip database and confirmed by western blot. The underling mechanism were further inferred and validated through RNA sequencing, E-MTAB-6037 gene chip data, and western blot. The relationship between p-STAT3 expression and the WHO grade of glioma was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue microarray analysis. Furthermore, the results of vivo experiments and IHC has confirmed the impact of F3-T3 on glioma malignant progression and activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway.

Results

The experimental results from this study indicate that F3-T3 accelerates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in glioma cells, thereby promoting their proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. Mechanistically, it was determined through RNA sequencing that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is crucial for the malignant progression of F3-T3. This finding was further supported through follow-up experiments conducted after STAT3 knockdown. The role of the STAT3 pathway in gliomas was also reinforced through bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays (TMA). Further in vivo experiments corroborated the role of F3-T3 in enhancing glioma growth and progression.

Conclusion

F3-T3 facilitates the proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT of glioma cells, thereby promoting their malignant progression through STAT3 signaling activation. These findings highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for glioma treatment.

STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Health and Disease

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical transcription factor involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. While STAT3 plays an essential role in homeostasis, its persistent activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly cancer, bone-related diseases, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. The interleukin-6/Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 signaling axis is central to STAT3 activation, influencing tumor microenvironment remodeling, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying dysregulated STAT3 signaling in disease progression remain incompletely understood, and no United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)-approved direct STAT3 inhibitors currently exist. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of STAT3's role in health and disease, emphasizing its involvement in cancer stem cell maintenance, metastasis, inflammation, and drug resistance. We systematically discuss therapeutic strategies, including JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, ruxolitinib), Src Homology 2 domain inhibitors (S3I-201, STATTIC), antisense oligonucleotides (AZD9150), and nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems, which enhance specificity and bioavailability while reducing toxicity. By integrating molecular mechanisms, disease pathology, and emerging therapeutic interventions, this review fills a critical knowledge gap in STAT3-targeted therapy. Our insights into STAT3 signaling crosstalk, epigenetic regulation, and resistance mechanisms offer a foundation for developing next-generation STAT3 inhibitors with greater clinical efficacy and translational potential.

A combinatorial screening protocol for identifying novel and highly potent dual-target inhibitor of BRD4 and STAT3 for kidney cancer therapy

Concurrent inhibition of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and signal transductor and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) could potentially be an effective strategy against renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here, we successfully identified five dual-targeted BRD4/STAT3 inhibitors (BSTs 1-5) using a combinatorial screening protocol. Particularly, BST-4 was the most potent inhibitor simultaneously targeting BRD4 (IC50 = 2.45 ± 0.11 nM) and STAT3 (IC50 = 8.07 ± 0.51 nM). MD simulation indicated that BST-4 stably bound to the active sites of BRD4 and STAT3. The cytotoxicity assays exhibited that BST-4 had a significant antiproliferative activity against RCC cell lines, especially CAKI-2 cells (IC50 = 0.76 ± 0.05 μM). Moreover, in vivo experiments revealed that BST-4 more effectively inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors compared with positive controls RVX-208 and CJ-1383. Overall, these data indicated that BST-4 could be a promising candidate compound for RCC therapy.

Sculponeatin A induces mitochondrial dysfunction in non-small cell lung cancer through WWP2-mediated degradation of mitochondrial STAT3

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) monomer at S727 promotes its mitochondrial localisation and regulates mitochondrial function, thus exerting a protective effect on tumour cells. However, no inhibitor drugs targeting mitochondrial STAT3 (mitoSTAT3) or S727-STAT3 phosphorylation have been identified. Here, we report a novel diterpenoid extracted from Isodon sculponeatus, sculponeatin A (sptA), induces mitochondrial dysfunction in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by targeting mitoSTAT3 degradation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

xCELLigence real-time cell analysis assay and high-content analysis were performed to measure cytotoxicity. Mitochondrial function was assessed by transmission electron microscopy, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and Seahorse cellular flux assays. The effects of sptA on the upstream signalling pathway of mitochondrial dysfunction were measured by Western blot, gene alterations and other approaches. Immunofluorescence and live cell imaging were performed to visualise the expression and position of mitoSTAT3. Nude mice and zebrafish were modelled with subcutaneous xenografts. Pharmacokinetics of sptA were examined in rats. Drug toxicity was evaluated in zebrafish.

KEY RESULTS

sptA inhibited mitochondrial respiration in NSCLC cells. sptA induced mitochondrial dysfunction by promoting the degradation of mitoSTAT3. sptA promoted WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (WWP2)-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of mitoSTAT3 through direct binding. sptA inhibited tumour growth in vivo. Evaluation of drug toxicity in zebrafish showed that overdose of sptA may cause heart damage.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These findings suggest that pharmacological targeting the degradation of mitoSTAT3 by sptA may provide therapeutic benefits against NSCLC.

Realgar induces apoptosis by inhibiting glycolysis via regulating STAT3 in myelodysplastic syndrome

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a hematologic malignancy that presents a unique opportunity for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to demonstrate its distinctive value in treatment. Realgar, a component of TCM, has shown notable potential in alleviating clinical symptoms and improving the prognosis of MDS patients. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the treatment of MDS with realgar, particularly its effects on apoptosis-related pathways, remain poorly understood.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the pro-apoptotic effects of realgar on MDS cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We explored the targets and pathways of realgar's action on MDS using public databases, network pharmacology, and RNA sequencing. Various techniques were employed, including cell transfection, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA), Western blot (WB), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), apoptosis and glycolysis assays, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and immunofluorescence, to investigate the regulatory mechanisms involving STAT3, glycolysis, and apoptosis. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was utilized to assess realgar's toxicity. Apoptosis and hemogram changes were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of realgar on MDS transgenic mice.

RESULTS

Analysis of public data indicated that apoptosis-related genes are downregulated in MDS patients. Through network pharmacology, CETSA, qRT-PCR, WB, apoptosis assays, and STAT3 overexpression cell transfection, we discovered that realgar inhibits STAT3 expression. Further investigation using RNA sequencing suggested that glycolysis may be involved in this regulatory process. ECAR, OCR, glycolysis assays, WB, apoptosis assays, and glycolysis inhibitor experiments demonstrated that glycolytic function was inhibited. Additionally, GLUT1 expression was significantly decreased, and GLUT1 was found to directly bind to STAT3. In MDS mice, realgar treatment enhanced levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets, and increased apoptosis levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings reveal that realgar exerts a significant pro-apoptotic effect on MDS cells in both in vivo and in vitro models. Further analysis demonstrated that realgar regulates the STAT3 pathway, leading to GLUT1-mediated glycolysis alterations that ultimately induce apoptotic pathways, as represented by BCL2. These discoveries hold significant implications for the basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of MDS.

β-elemene, a sesquiterpene constituent from Curcuma phaeocaulis inhibits the development of endometriosis by inducing ferroptosis via the MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The rhizome of Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton, Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen & C. Ling, or Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang, commonly known as Wen-E-Zhu and E'zhu, has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cancer and gynecological diseases since antiquity. This traditional medicinal herb is highly esteemed for its efficacy in promoting blood circulation, dissolving blood stasis, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. β-Elemene (β-ELE), a sesquiterpene compound derived from Curcuma phaeocaulis, has demonstrated potential in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing ferroptosis, which have been extensively studied in various malignant neoplasms. Previous studies have confirmed that Sparganium stoloniferum-Curcuma phaeocaulis containing β-ELE may possess anti-endometriotic properties. However, the exact mechanism underlying β-ELE's anti-endometriosis activity remains largely unknown and requires further research and investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To identify the anti-endometriosis target of β-ELE and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of β-ELE in endometriosis, focusing on inducing ferroptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The target pathway of β-ELE in endometriosis treatment was predicted through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Surface plasmon resonance-high performance liquid chromatography-protein mass spectrometry (SPR-HPLC-MS) and molecular docking were used to further identify the potential targets of β-ELE in endometriosis. The immortalized endometriosis epithelial cell line 12Z was used for in vitro study. The effect of β-ELE on cell proliferation and migration was detected by CCK-8, EdU and wound healing assay, and ultrastructural changes were examined via transmission electron microscopy. The effect of β-ELE-induced ferroptosis was determined by western blot, immunohistochemistry staining and flow cytometry. SPR affinity analysis was performed to specific the direct interaction between β-ELE and FTH1, FTL, GPX4, STAT3 and MAPK14. To establish a mouse model of endometriosis and to assess the inhibitory effects of β-ELE and ELE injection on endometriosis in vivo as well as safety profile of administration, and investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of β-ELE and ELE injection on ferroptosis in ectopic lesions.

RESULTS

SPR-HPLC-MS was employed to identify 76 potential targets of β-ELE for endometriosis treatment, closely linked to ferroptosis. Molecular docking revealed that glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferritin light chain (FTL), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) are key action targets of β-ELE in endometriosis. Further investigations revealed that β-ELE inhibited the proliferation and migration of endometriotic cells in vitro while inducing ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased levels of iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation. In a mouse model, β-ELE inhibited the growth of endometriotic lesions, induced ferroptosis, suppressed fibrosis, and exhibited anti-endometriotic effects. Mechanistically, β-ELE downregulates the expression levels of GPX4, FTH1, and FTL and inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 and MAPK14, which may elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of β-ELE on endometriosis by inducing ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that β-ELE exerts anti-endometriosis effects by inducing ferroptosis via the MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways.

Blockade of the STAT3/BCL-xL Axis Leads to the Cytotoxic and Cisplatin-Sensitizing Effects of Fucoxanthin, a Marine-Derived Carotenoid, on Human Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Cells

Bladder cancer is a globally prevalent urological malignancy, with transitional carcinoma (TCC) representing the majority of cases. Cisplatin is the primary drug for metastatic bladder cancer chemotherapy; however, its application is limited by nephrotoxicity and resistance. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor often overactivated in various cancers, making it an appealing drug target. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, has significant anticancer properties. This study explored Fucoxanthin's cytotoxic effects and its potential to potentiate the efficacy of Cisplatin, along with the mechanisms underlying these effects, on human bladder TCC cells. We demonstrated that Fucoxanthin is cytotoxic to bladder TCC cells by inducing apoptosis, evidenced by z-VAD-fmk-mediated annulment of Fucoxanthin's cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Fucoxanthin reduced the levels of inherent or interleukin-6-induced tyrosine 705-phosphorylated STAT3 accompanied by downregulating BCL-xL, a well-established STAT3 target. Notably, ectopic expression of STAT3-C, a dominant-active STAT3 mutant, or BCL-xL thwarted Fucoxanthin's proapoptotic and cytotoxic actions. Moreover, Fucoxanthin at subtoxic dosages enhanced the susceptibility to Cisplatin-induced apoptosis of bladder TCC cells initially resistant to Cisplatin. Remarkably, this Cisplatin-sensitizing effect of Fucoxanthin was abrogated when cells ectopically expressed STAT3-C or BCL-xL. Overall, for the first time, we proved that the proapoptotic, cytotoxic, and Cisplatin-sensitizing effects of Fucoxanthin on human bladder TCC cells are attributed to the blockade of the STAT3/BCL-xL axis. Our findings highlight that targeting the STAT3/BCL-xL axis is a promising strategy to eliminate bladder TCC cells and facilitate Cisplatin sensitization, and further support the potential of incorporating Fucoxanthin into Cisplatin-based chemotherapy for treating bladder cancer.

TMP: A dual modulator of apoptosis and autophagy via SHP-1 regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant health burden due to its high incidence, and current treatment effectiveness is hindered by drug resistance. Thus, investigation of novel therapeutic approaches derived from natural sources is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

AIMS

This study aimed to explore the potential of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), bioactive alkaloid (ligustrazine) isolated from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum Wallichii), in targeting HCC by inducing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. The study focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-cancer effects of TMP.

MAIN METHODS

To determine the influence of TMP on apoptosis and autophagy, Western blot analysis, annexin V assay, cell cycle analysis, acridine orange staining, and immunocytochemistry were performed. Next, the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and the anti-cancer effects of TMP in vivo were examined in an orthotopic HCCLM3-Lu mouse model.

KEY FINDINGS

TMP treatment induced apoptosis in HCCLM3 and Hep3B cells by activating key apoptotic factors while inhibiting proteins associated with cell survival and angiogenesis. Additionally, TMP enhanced autophagy by promoting the formation of autophagosomes and stimulating autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, TMP suppressed the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway by upregulating SHP-1, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis and activating cell death pathways. Additionally, our in vivo research demonstrated that TMP significantly inhibited tumor growth and triggered the activation of both apoptosis and autophagy in tumor tissues.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our findings of this study demonstrate that TMP exerts a dual-action mechanism by modulating both apoptosis and autophagy, thus offering a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in HCC.

Discovery of 2-Pyrazolines That Inhibit the Phosphorylation of STAT3 as Nanomolar Cytotoxic Agents

STAT3 has emerged as a validated target in cancer, being functionally associated with breast cancer (BC) development, growth, resistance to chemotherapy, metastasis, and evasion of immune surveillance. Previously, a series of compounds consisting of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine tethered 2-pyrazolines (referred to as ITPs) were developed that inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) BC cells. Herein, a new library of derivatives consisting of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine clubbed 2-pyrazolines 2(a-o) and its amide derivatives 3(a-af) have been synthesized. Among these derivatives, 3n and 3p displayed efficacy to reduce ER+ BC cell viability, with IC50 values of 55 and 15 nM, respectively. Molecular docking simulations predicted that compound 3p bound to STAT3 protein, with a binding energy of -9.56 kcal/mol. Using Western blot analysis, it was demonstrated that treatment of ER+ BC cells with compound 3p decreased the levels of phosphorylated STAT3 at the Tyr705 residue. In conclusion, this investigation presents the synthesis of imidazopyridine clubbed 2-pyrazolines that exhibit significant efficacy in reducing viability of ER+ BC cells. In silico docking and Western blot analyses together support compound 3p as a promising novel inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation, suggesting its potential as a valuable candidate for further therapeutic development.

Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with compounds from natural products

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is difficult to cure and of global concern. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the onset and progression of AD, making its treatment increasingly important. Compounds from natural products, with fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, are of high research interest. STAT3, a multifunctional transcription factor, is involved in various cellular processes including inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Its activation and inhibition can have different effects under various pathological conditions. In AD, the STAT3 protein plays a crucial role in promoting neuroinflammation and contributing to disease progression. This occurs primarily through the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, which impacts microglia, astrocytes, and hippocampal neurons. This paper reviews the STAT3 signaling pathway in AD and 25 compounds targeting STAT3 up to 2024. Notably, Rutin, Paeoniflorin, and Geniposide up-regulate STAT3 in hippocampal and cortex neurons, showing neuroprotective effects in various AD models. Other 23 compounds downregulate AD by suppressing neuroinflammation through inhibition of STAT3 activation in microglia and astrocytes. These findings highlight the potential of compounds from natural products in improving AD by targeting STAT3, offering insights into the prevention and management of AD.

Structure, function, signaling pathways and clinical therapeutics: The translational potential of STAT3 as a target for cancer therapy

Cancer remains one of the most difficult human diseases to overcome because of its complexity and diversity. Signal transducers and transcriptional activators 3 (STAT3) protein has been found to be overexpressed in a wide range of cancer types. Hyperactivation of STAT3 is particularly associated with low survival in cancer patients. This review summarizes the specific molecular mechanisms of STAT3 in cancer development. STAT3 is activated by extracellular signals in the cytoplasm, interacts with different enzymes in the nucleus, mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum, and subsequently participates in cancer development. The phosphorylated STAT3 at tyrosine 705 site (YP-STAT3) enters the nucleus and regulates a number of tumor-related biological processes such as angiogenesis, migration invasion, cell proliferation and cancer cell stemness. In contrast, the phosphorylated STAT3 at serine 727 site (SP-STAT3) is found on the mitochondria, affects electron respiration transport chain activity and thereby prevents tumor cell apoptosis. SP-STAT3 also appears on the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, influences the flow of Ca2+, and affects tumor progression. In addition, we summarize the direct and indirect inhibitors of STAT3 which are currently undergoing clinical studies. Some of them such as TTI101 and BBI608 have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of certain cancers. All in all, STAT3 plays an important role in cancer progression and becomes a potential target for cancer treatment.

STAT3: Key targets of growth-promoting receptor positive breast cancer

Breast cancer has become the malignant tumor with the first incidence and the second mortality among female cancers. Most female breast cancers belong to luminal-type breast cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer. These breast cancer cells all have different driving genes, which constantly promote the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important breast cancer-related gene, which can promote the progress of breast cancer. It has been proved in clinical and basic research that over-expressed and constitutively activated STAT3 is involved in the progress, proliferation, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer. STAT3 is an important key target in luminal-type breast cancer and HER2-positive cancer, which has an important impact on the curative effect of related treatments. In breast cancer, the activation of STAT3 will change the spatial position of STAT3 protein and cause different phenotypic changes of breast cancer cells. In the current basic research and clinical research, small molecule inhibitors activated by targeting STAT3 can effectively treat breast cancer, and enhance the efficacy level of related treatment methods for luminal-type and HER2-positive breast cancers.

Network medicine based approach for identifying the type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and triple negative breast cancer interactome: Finding the hub of hub genes

The increasing prevalence of multi-morbidities, particularly the incidence of breast cancer in diabetic/osteoarthritic patients emphasize on the need for exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms resulting in carcinogenesis. To address this, present study employed a systems biology approach to identify switch genes pivotal to the crosstalk between diseased states resulting in multi-morbid conditions. Hub genes previously reported for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), osteoarthritis (OA), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), were extracted from published literature and fed into an integrated bioinformatics analyses pipeline. Thirty-one hub genes common to all three diseases were identified. Functional enrichment analyses showed these were mainly enriched for immune and metabolism associated terms including advanced glycation end products (AGE) pathways, cancer pathways, particularly breast neoplasm, immune system signalling and adipose tissue. The T2DM-OA-TNBC interactome was subjected to protein-protein interaction network analyses to identify meta hub/clustered genes. These were prioritized and wired into a three disease signalling map presenting the enriched molecular crosstalk on T2DM-OA-TNBC axes to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease-disease interactions. Deciphering the molecular bases for the intertwined metabolic and immune states may potentiate the discovery of biomarkers critical for identifying and targeting the immuno-metabolic origin of disease.

Kaempferide triggers apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic tumor cells by modulating the ROS production, SHP-1 expression, and the STAT3 pathway

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest diseases with a poor prognosis and a five-survival rate. The STAT3 pathway is hyperactivated which contributes to the sustained proliferative signals in pancreatic cancer cells. We have isolated kaempferide (KF), an O-methylated flavonol, from the green propolis of Mimosa tenuiflora and examined its effect on two forms of cell death namely, apoptosis and paraptosis. KF significantly increased the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP. It also downmodulated the expression of Alix (an intracellular inhibitor of paraptosis) and increased the expression of CHOP and ATF4 (transcription factors that promote paraptosis) indicating that KF promotes apoptosis as well as paraptosis. KF also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggesting the perturbance of the redox state. N-acetylcysteine reverted the apoptosis- and paraptosis-inducing effects of KF. Some ROS inducers are known to suppress the STAT3 pathway and investigation revealed that KF downmodulates STAT3 and its upstream kinases (JAK1, JAK2, and Src). Additionally, KF also elevated the expression of SHP-1, a tyrosine phosphatase which is involved in the negative modulation of the STAT3 pathway. Knockdown of SHP-1 prevented KF-driven STAT3 inhibition. Altogether, KF has been identified as a promoter of apoptosis and paraptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through the elevation of ROS generation and SHP-1 expression.

Impact of the Immunomodulatory Factor Soluble B7-H4 in the Progress of Preeclampsia by Inhibiting Essential Functions of Extravillous Trophoblast Cells

A key aspect of preeclampsia pathophysiology is the reduced invasiveness of trophoblasts and the impairment of spiral artery remodelling. Understanding the causes of altered trophoblast function is critical to understand the development of preeclampsia. B7-H4, a checkpoint molecule, controls a wide range of processes, including T-cell activation, cytokine release, and tumour progression. Our previous findings indicated that B7-H4 levels are elevated in both maternal blood and placental villous tissue during the early stages of preeclampsia. Here, we investigated the function of B7-H4 in trophoblast physiology. Recombinant B7-H4 protein was used to treat human SGHPL-5 extravillous trophoblast cells. Biological functions were investigated using MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays. Signalling pathways were analysed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The functionality of B7-H4 was further confirmed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis in placental tissues from control and preeclamptic patients following therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) or standard of care treatment. This study showed that B7-H4 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of SGHPL-5 extravillous cells while promoting apoptosis by downregulating the PI3K/Akt/STAT3 signalling pathway. These results were consistently confirmed in placental tissues from preterm controls compared to early-onset preeclamptic placental tissues from patients treated with standard of care or TPE treatment. B7-H4 may play a role in the development of preeclampsia by inhibiting essential functions of extravillous trophoblast cells during placental development. One possible mechanism by which TPE improves pregnancy outcomes in preeclampsia is through the elimination of B7-H4 amongst other factors.

SIPA1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer through STAT3 activation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cancer type worldwide and accounts for the second highest rate of cancer-related mortality. Liver metastasis significantly contributes to the mortality associated with CRC, but the fundamental mechanisms behind it remain unclear. Signal-induced proliferation-associated protein 1 (SIPA1), a GTPase activating protein, has been shown to promote metastasis in breast cancer. In this study, our objective was to explore the role of SIPA1 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CRC. The analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that the expression level of SIPA1 mRNA was notably upregulated and exhibited a positively correlated with EMT and STAT3 signaling pathways in CRC. Knockdown of SIPA1 impairs CRC cell proliferation and migration. Further studies on the reliance of SIPA1 on STAT3 signaling for EMT regulation have shown that SIPA1 stimulates the activation of STAT3, resulting in its nuclear translocation. The co-treatment of overexpressed SIPA1 with the STAT3 inhibitor STTITA has shown that SIPA1 regulates the expression of EMT-related markers through STAT3. Our study indicate that SIPA1 promotes CRC metastasis by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway, underscoring the potential of SIPA1 as a therapeutic target for metastatic CRC patients.

Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: Their Role in Cancer Prevention and Health Benefits

The term "flavonoid" encompasses a group of plant compounds, predominantly flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. These compounds deliver significant health benefits, including potent antioxidant properties that protect cells from free radicals, thereby mitigating aging and disease. We assessed study quality and bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Inclusion criteria specified that the studies must examine a natural flavonoid from fruits, must involve animal or human trials, must be original studies, and must be English articles on the flavonoid's health and cancer-prevention effects, excluding conference abstracts and single-case studies. We conducted a comprehensive search of major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar, reviewing six clinical trials with total sample sizes of over 50 to 1500 participants. The results indicate that consuming flavonoid-rich fruits can aid in cancer prevention by targeting angiogenic and cancer-protective pathways. We specifically selected tomatoes, mulberries, Amazon grapes, apples, and citrus fruits due to their well-documented high levels of flavonoids and the robust clinical evidence supporting their physiological effects. In particular, citrus fruits contain additional beneficial phytochemicals that complement the action of flavonoids, enhancing their overall health effects. The anti-cancer mechanisms of flavonoids are not well-defined in the scientific literature, suggesting a gap that this study aims to address. Our study provides novel contributions by demonstrating how flavonoid supplementation induces anti-cancer effects through angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory actions, antioxidant-induced apoptosis, and modulation of pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK. These effects were particularly notable in the prevention and progression of breast, colon, liver, and lung cancers, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). By elucidating specific mechanisms and pathways, this study contributes to the understanding of flavonoids' role in cancer prevention and underscores the potential for developing natural anti-cancer therapeutics through the inclusion of flavonoid-rich fruits in the diet. Future research should focus on randomized controlled trials assessing long-term effects of flavonoid supplementation in diverse populations, exploring optimal dosages, and understanding interactions with conventional cancer therapies to provide comprehensive evidence for clinical applications.

STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor Bt354 exhibits anti-neoplastic activity in glioblastoma multiforme cells

The high mortality rate of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a lethal primary brain tumor, is attributable to postsurgical recurrence. STAT3, an oncogenic protein, is a signal transducer and transcription activator encourages cancer cell migration and proliferation, which results in resistance to therapy. STAT3 inhibition reduces cancer metastasis and improves patient prognosis. Bt354, a small molecule STAT inhibitor, exhibits significant cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities against certain cancer types. Here, we demonstrated that exposure of GBM cells (U87 MG) to Bt354 had a significant, concentration-dependent growth suppression. Bt354 also induced apoptosis and downregulated the expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes. Therefore, this study suggests the potential of Bt354 for treating GBM owing to its ability to induce cytotoxicity.

Role of miRNAs in glucose metabolism of mouse cumulus cells†

It is known that the oocyte has a limited capacity to acquire and metabolize glucose, and it must rely on cumulus cells (CCs) to take up glucose and produce pyruvate for use to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. We therefore propose that miRNAs might regulate glucose metabolism (GM) in CCs and might be used as markers for oocyte quality assessment. Here, mouse CC models with impaired glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were established, and miRNAs targeting the key enzymes in glycolysis/PPP were predicted using the miRNA target prediction databases. Expression of the predicted miRNAs was compared between CCs with normal and impaired glycolysis/PPP to identify candidate miRNAs. Function of the candidate miRNAs was validated by transfecting CCs or cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) with miRNA inhibitors and observing effects on glucose metabolites of CCs and on competence of oocytes. The results validated that miR-23b-3p, let-7b-5p, 34b-5p and 145a-5p inhibited glycolysis, and miR-24-3p, 3078-3p,183-5p and 7001-5p inhibited PPP of CCs. Our observation using a more physiologically relevant model (intact cultured COCs) further validated the four glycolysis-targeting miRNAs we identified. Furthermore, miR-let-7b-5p, 34b-5p and 145a-5p may also inhibit PPP, as they decreased the production of glucose-6-phosphate. In conclusion, miRNAs play critical roles in GM of CCs and may be used as markers for oocyte quality assessment. Summary sentence:  We identified and validated eight new miRNAs that inhibit glycolysis and/or pentose phosphate pathways in cumulus cells (CCs) suggesting that miRNAs play critical roles in glucose metabolism of CCs and may be used for oocyte quality markers.

The therapeutic effects of berberine for gastrointestinal cancers

Cancer is one of the most serious human health issues. Drug therapy is the major common way to treat cancer. There is a growing interest in using natural compounds to overcome drug resistance, adverse reactions, and target specificity of certain types of drugs that may affect several targets with fewer side effects and be beneficial against various types of cancer. In this regard, the use of herbal medicines alone or in combination with the main anticancer drugs is commonly available. Berberine (BBR), a nature-driven phytochemical component, is a well-known nutraceutical due to its wide variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and hypolipidemic. In addition, BBR exerts anticancer activities. In present article, we summarized the information available on the therapeutic effects of BBR and its mechanisms on five types of the most prevalent gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatocarcinoma, and pancreatic cancers.

Cannabidiol activates MAPK pathway to induce apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy in colorectal cancer cells

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by natural compounds is known to be involved in the induction of apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. Cannabidiol (CBD), a bioactive compound found in Cannabis sativa, is endowed with many pharmacological activities. We investigated the cytotoxic effect of CBD in a panel of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HT-29, SW480, HCT-116, and HCT-15). CBD induced significant cytotoxicity as evidenced by the results of MTT  assay, live-dead assay, and flow cytometric analysis. Since CBD displayed cytotoxicity against CRC cells, we examined the effect of CBD on apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. CBD decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and increased the Annexin-V-positive as well as TUNEL-positive cells suggesting that CBD induces apoptosis. CBD increased the expression of ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), elevated endoplasmic reticulum stress, and enhanced reactive oxygen species levels indicating that CBD also promotes paraptosis. CBD also induced the expression of Atg7, phospho-Beclin-1, and LC3 suggesting that CBD also accelerates autophagy. Since, the MAPK pathway is a common cascade that is involved in the regulation of apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy, we investigated the effect of CBD on the activation of JNK, p38, and ERK pathways. CBD activated all the forms of MAPK proteins and pharmacological inhibition of these proteins reverted the observed effects. Our findings implied that CBD could induce CRC cell death by activating apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy through the activation of the MAPK pathway.

Upregulation of tumor suppressor PIAS3 by Honokiol promotes tumor cell apoptosis via selective inhibition of STAT3 tyrosine 705 phosphorylation

The natural product Honokiol exhibits robust antitumor activity against a range of cancers, and it has also received approval to undergo phase I clinical trial testing. We confrmed that honokiol can promote the apoptotic death of tumor cells through cell experiments. Then siRNA constructs specific for PIAS3, PIAS3 overexpression plasmid and the mutation of the STAT3 Tyr705 residue were used to confirm the mechanism of Honokiol-induced apoptosis. Finally, we confrmed that honokiol can promote PIAS3 upregulation, in turn suppressing STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. Honokiol was ultimately found to reduce tumor cell viability by promoting apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the ability of Honokiol to promote PIAS3 upregulation and the selective inhibition of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) without affecting p-STAT3 (Ser727) or p-STAT1 (Tyr701) levels. PIAS3 knockdown and overexpression in tumor cells altered STAT3 activation and associated DNA binding activity through the control of Tyr705 phosphorylation via PIAS3-STAT3 complex formation, ultimately shaping Honokiol-induced tumor cell apoptosis. Honokiol was also confirmed to significantly prolong the survival of mice bearing xenograft tumors in a PIAS3-dependent fashion. Together, these findings highlight a novel pathway through which Honokiol can promote PIAS3 upregulation, in turn suppressing STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation and promoting the apoptotic death of tumor cells.

The strict regulation of HIF-1α by non-coding RNAs: new insight towards proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance strategies

The hypoxic environment is prominently witnessed in most solid tumors and is associated with the promotion of cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis of tumor cells. All the effects are mediated by the expression of a transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α transcriptionally modulates the expression of genes responsible for all the aforementioned functions. The stability of HIF-1α is regulated by many proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this article, we have critically discussed the crucial role of ncRNAs [such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)] in the regulation of stability and expression of HIF-1α. We have comprehensively discussed the molecular mechanisms and relationship of HIF-1α with each type of ncRNA in either promotion or repression of human cancers and therapeutic resistance. We have also elaborated on ncRNAs that are in clinical examination for the treatment of cancers. Overall, the majority of aspects concerning the relationship between HIF-1α and ncRNAs have been discussed in this article.

Terpenoid-Mediated Targeting of STAT3 Signaling in Cancer: An Overview of Preclinical Studies

Cancer has become one of the most multifaceted and widespread illnesses affecting human health, causing substantial mortality at an alarming rate. After cardiovascular problems, the condition has a high occurrence rate and ranks second in terms of mortality. The development of new drugs has been facilitated by increased research and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind the emergence and advancement of the disease. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have repeatedly demonstrated the protective effects of natural terpenoids against a range of malignancies. Numerous potential bioactive terpenoids have been investigated in natural sources for their chemopreventive and chemoprotective properties. In practically all body cells, the signaling molecule referred to as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is widely expressed. Numerous studies have demonstrated that STAT3 regulates its downstream target genes, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cyclin D1, c-Myc, and survivin, to promote the growth of cells, differentiation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, and immune suppression in addition to chemotherapy resistance. Researchers viewed STAT3 as a primary target for cancer therapy because of its crucial involvement in cancer formation. This therapy primarily focuses on directly and indirectly preventing the expression of STAT3 in tumor cells. By explicitly targeting STAT3 in both in vitro and in vivo settings, it has been possible to explain the protective effect of terpenoids against malignant cells. In this study, we provide a complete overview of STAT3 signal transduction processes, the involvement of STAT3 in carcinogenesis, and mechanisms related to STAT3 persistent activation. The article also thoroughly summarizes the inhibition of STAT3 signaling by certain terpenoid phytochemicals, which have demonstrated strong efficacy in several preclinical cancer models.

Leonurine ameliorates the STAT3 pathway through the upregulation of SHP-1 to retard the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that directs the transcription of genes involved in the promotion of cell survival and proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Overactivation of STAT3 is often witnessed in human cancers, thereby making it a good target in oncology. Herein the efficacy of Leonurine (Leo), a bioactive alkaloid present in Herba leonuri, was investigated for its STAT3-inhibitory potential in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Leo downregulated the persistent as well as IL-6-driven activation of STAT3. Leo abrogated the nuclear localization and DNA interacting ability of STAT3. Leo was also found to impart STAT3 inhibition by mitigating the activation of upstream kinases such as JAK1, JAK2, and Src both in constitutive and IL-6 inducible systems. Leo curbed the STAT3-driven luciferase gene expression and the depletion of STAT3 resulted in the reduced responsiveness of HCC cells to Leo. Pervanadate exposure counteracted Leo-induced STAT3 inhibition suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. SHP-1 was significantly elevated upon Leo exposure whereas the depletion of SHP-1 was found to revert the effect of Leo on STAT3. Leo induced apoptosis and also significantly potentiated the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and sorafenib. Leo was found to be non-toxic up to the dose of 10 mg/kg in NCr nude mice. In conclusion, Leo was demonstrated to induce cytotoxicity in HCC cells by mitigating the persistent of activation of STAT3 pathway.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: signaling pathways, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate. It is regarded as a significant public health issue because of its complicated pathophysiology, high metastasis, and recurrence rates. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage of HCC, which often leads to delays in diagnosis. Traditional treatment methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and interventional therapies have limited therapeutic effects for HCC patients with recurrence or metastasis. With the development of molecular biology and immunology, molecular signaling pathways and immune checkpoint were identified as the main mechanism of HCC progression. Targeting these molecules has become a new direction for the treatment of HCC. At present, the combination of targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is the first choice for advanced HCC patients. In this review, we mainly focus on the cutting-edge research of signaling pathways and corresponding targeted therapy and immunotherapy in HCC. It is of great significance to comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of HCC, search for potential therapeutic targets, and optimize the treatment strategies of HCC.

Anisomycin inhibits the activity of human ovarian cancer stem cells via regulating antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2/MEK/ERK/STAT3 signaling

BACKGROUND

Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) are the main cause of relapse and drug resistance in patients with ovarian cancer. Anisomycin has been shown to be an effective antitumor agent, but its mechanism of action in ovarian cancer remains elusive.

METHODS

CD44+/CD133+ human OCSCs were isolated from human ovarian cancer tissues. OCSCs were interfered with using anisomycin and specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA). Microarray assay, MTT, in vivo tumorigenic experiments, transwell assay, cell cycle assay, colony formation assay, angiogenesis assay, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to detect the mechanism of anisomycin with respect to inhibiting the activity of OCSCs. Expression of the NCBP2-AS2/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was examined using western blotting, a quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining. Bioinformatics analysis was used for predictive analysis of NCBP2-AS2 expression in urogenital tumors.

RESULTS

Microarray analysis showed that treatment with anisomycin significantly decreased the expression of antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2 in OCSCs. In vitro cellular experiments showed that interfering with endogenous antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2 using siRNA distinctly inhibited the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of OCSCs, whereas in vivo animal experiments revealed decreased tumorigenesis in nude mice. Moreover, the results of RT-qPCR and western blotting demonstrated that both anisomycin treatment and NCBP2-AS2 silencing led to significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression levels of NCBP2-AS2, MEK, ERK and STAT3. From a bioinformatic point of view, antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2 exhibited significantly differential expression between urogenital tumors and normal controls, and a similar expression pattern was found in the genes NCBP2, RPL35A, DNAJC19 and ECE2, which have similarity to NCBP2-AS2.

CONCLUSIONS

Anisomycin suppresses the in vivo and in vitro activity of human OCSCs by downregulating the antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2/MEK/ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway, whereas the antisense RNA NCBP2-AS2 and genes with similarity have the potential to serve as markers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of urogenital tumors.

The role of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in acquired corneal diseases

Acquired corneal diseases such as dry eye disease (DED), keratitis and corneal alkali burns are significant contributors to vision impairment worldwide, and more effective and innovative therapies are urgently needed. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway plays an indispensable role in cell metabolism, inflammation and the immune response. Studies have shown that regulators of this pathway are extensively expressed in the cornea, inducing significant activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling in specific acquired corneal diseases. The activation of JAK/STAT3 signaling contributes to various pathophysiological processes in the cornea, including inflammation, neovascularization, fibrosis, and wound healing. In the context of DED, the hypertonic environment activates JAK/STAT3 signaling to stimulate corneal inflammation. Inflammation and injury progression in infectious keratitis can also be modulated by JAK/STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, JAK/STAT3 signaling is involved in every stage of corneal repair after alkali burns, including acute inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Treatments modulating JAK/STAT3 signaling have shown promising results in attenuating corneal damage, indicating its potential as a novel therapeutic target. Thus, this review emphasizes the multiple roles of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in common acquired corneal disorders and summarizes the current achievements of JAK/STAT3-targeting therapy to provide new insights into future applications.

Apoptotic activity of genipin in human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro by regulating STAT3 signaling

Genipin, a natural compound derived from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, was reported to have activity against various cancer types. In this study, we determined the underlying mechanism for genipin-induced cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The growth-inhibitory effects of genipin in human OSCC cells was examined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 and soft agar assays. The effects of genipin on apoptosis were assessed by nuclear morphological changes by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, measurement of the sub-G1 population, and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. The underlying mechanism of genipin activity was analyzed by western blot analysis, subcellular fractionation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Genipin inhibited the growth of OSCC cells and induced apoptosis, which was mediated by a caspase-dependent pathway. Genipin reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) at Tyr705 and its nuclear localization. Furthermore, inhibition of p-STAT3Tyr705 levels following genipin treatment was required for the reduction of survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression, leading to apoptotic cell death. The genipin-mediated reduction in survivin and Mcl-1 expression was caused by transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulatory mechanisms. The results provide insight into the regulatory mechanism by which genipin induces apoptotic cell death through the abrogation of nuclear STAT3 phosphorylation and suggest that genipin may represent a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of human OSCC.

A new triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by abrogating the STAT3/5 pathway through upregulation of PTPεC

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are the transcription factors that have been studied extensively in relevance to the development of cancers in humans. Suppression of either STAT3 or STAT5-mediated signaling events has been demonstrated to be effective in inducing cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Herein, new hybrids of triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline are synthesized and examined for their effect on the activation of STAT3 and STAT5 pathways in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 2,3-difluoro-6-((1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl)methyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (DTI) displayed selective cytotoxicity against GC cells over their normal counterpart. Flow cytometric analysis, annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, live and dead assay, and caspase activation experiments suggested DTI as a potent inducer of apoptosis. The mechanistic approach revealed that DTI imparts cytotoxicity via downregulating the phosphorylation of STAT3Y705 and STAT5Y694/699 . DTI significantly reduced the nuclear pool of STAT3/STAT5 and reduced the DNA interaction ability of STAT3/STAT5 as evidenced by immunofluorescence and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further investigation revealed that inhibitory effects towards STAT proteins were mediated through the suppression of upstream kinases such as JAK1, JAK2, and Src. Treatment of GC cells with pervanadate counteracted the DTI-driven STAT3/STAT5 inhibition suggesting the involvement of tyrosine phosphatase. Upon DTI exposure, there was a significant upregulation in the mRNA and protein expression of PTPεC, which is a negative regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway. Knockdown of PTPεC suppressed the DTI-induced STATs inhibition in GC cells. Taken together, triazolyl-indolo-quinoxaline is presented as a new inhibitor of the STAT3/STAT5 pathway in GC cells.

Genistein: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer

Genistein, a commonly occurring isoflavone, has recently gained popularity owing to its ever-expanding spectrum of pharmacological benefits. In addition to health benefits such as improved bone health and reduced postmenopausal complications owing to its phytoestrogen properties, it has been widely evaluated for its anti-cancer potential. Several studies have established the potential for its usage in the management of breast, lung, and prostate cancers, and its usage has significantly evolved from early applications in traditional systems of medicine. This review offers an insight into its current status of usage, the chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of the molecule, an exploration of its apoptotic mechanisms in cancer management, and opportunities for synergism to improve therapeutic outcomes. In addition to this, the authors have presented an overview of recent clinical trials, to offer an understanding of contemporary studies and explore prospects for a greater number of focused trials, moving forward. Advancements in the application of nanotechnology as a strategy to improve safety and efficacy have also been highlighted, with a brief discussion of results from safety and toxicology studies.

Astragaloside IV against Alzheimer's disease via microglia-mediated neuroinflammation using network pharmacology and experimental validation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in the world. The effective therapeutic methods and drugs are still not clear. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the root of Huangqi, has a beneficial effect in the treatment of AD. However, whether AS-IV alters microglia in the inflammation of AD is still ambiguous. In our study, 99 common targets were collected between AS-IV and AD. BCL2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2), pro-apoptotic BCL-2 protein BAX, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and receptor tyrosine phosphatase type C (PTPRC) were screened for inflammation and microglia in the above targets by network pharmacology. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and EGFR both interact with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by a protein interaction network, and IL-1β had a higher affinity for AS-IV based on molecular docking. Enrichment revealed targets involved in the regulation of neuronal cell bodies, growth factor receptor binding, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance., etc. Besides, AS-IV alleviated the reduced cell proliferation in amyloid-beta (Aβ)-treated microglial BV2 cells. AS-IV affected BV2 cell morphological changes and decreased cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) gene, IL-1β, and EGFR mRNA levels increment during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injury in BV2 cell activation. Therefore, AS-IV may regulate microglial activation and inflammation via EGFR-dependent pathways in AD. EGFR and IL-1β are vital targets that may relate to each other to coregulate downstream molecular functions in the cure of AD. Our study provides a candidate drug and disease target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the clinic.

PRMT6 methylation of STAT3 regulates tumor metastasis in breast cancer

Overcoming distant metastasis stands as a paramount challenge in enhancing the outcomes of breast cancer treatments. Thus, delving deeper into comprehending the intricate mechanisms underlying breast cancer metastasis becomes imperative, offering potential avenues for pioneering therapeutic approaches. PRMT6, an arginine N-methyltransferase, possesses the ability to methylate both histone and non-histone proteins. It has been reported that methylation of non-histone proteins impacts their cellular localization, stability, and activation, consequently influencing tumor progression. However, the extent to which PRMT6-mediated non-histone protein methylation influences cancer cell metastasis, particularly in the context of breast cancer, remains elusive. In this study, we established that PRMT6 exerted a positive regulatory influence on breast cancer metastasis through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Mechanistically, we innovatively revealed that PRMT6 asymmetrically di-methylated STAT3 at arginine 729 (STAT3 R729me2a). This modification proved indispensable for STAT3's membrane localization, its interaction with JAK2, STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation, and PRMT6-driven cancer cell metastasis. From a clinical perspective, we unearthed the promising potential of STAT3 R729me2a as a robust prognostic marker for predicting the overall survival time of breast cancer patients. In terms of therapeutic intervention, we demonstrated the significant capability of the PRMT6 inhibitor, EPZ020411, to curtail breast cancer metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. In sum, our study unveils the pivotal biological role of PRMT6-mediated STAT3 R729me2a in breast cancer metastasis and underscores the prospective utility of PRMT6 inhibitors as effective therapeutic strategies against STAT3-driven metastatic breast cancer.

Decanoic Acid Exerts Its Anti-Tumor Effects via Targeting c-Met Signaling Cascades in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model

DA, one of the medium-chain fatty acids found in coconut oil, is suggested to have diverse biochemical functions. However, its possible role as a chemoprevention agent in HCC has not been deciphered. Aberrant activation of c-Met can modulate tumor growth and progression in HCC. Here, we report that DA exhibited pro-found anti-tumor effects on human HCC through the suppression of HGF/c-Met signaling cascades in vitro and in vivo. It was noted that DA inhibited HGF-induced activation of c-Met and its downstream signals. DA induced apoptotic cell death and inhibited the expression of diverse tumorigenic proteins. In addition, DA attenuated tumor growth and lung metastasis in the HCC mouse model. Similar to in vitro studies, DA also suppressed the expression of c-Met and its downstream signals in mice tissues. These results highlight the substantial potential of DA in the prevention and treatment of HCC.

Noncoding RNAs as regulators of STAT3 pathway in gastrointestinal cancers: Roles in cancer progression and therapeutic response

Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors (cancers of the esophagus, gastric, liver, pancreas, colon, and rectum) contribute to a large number of deaths worldwide. STAT3 is an oncogenic transcription factor that promotes the transcription of genes associated with proliferation, antiapoptosis, survival, and metastasis. STAT3 is overactivated in many human malignancies including GI tumors which accelerates tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Research in recent years demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a major role in the regulation of many signaling pathways including the STAT3 pathway. The major types of endogenous ncRNAs that are being extensively studied in oncology are microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. These ncRNAs can either be tumor-promoters or tumor-suppressors and each one of them imparts their activity via different mechanisms. The STAT3 pathway is also tightly modulated by ncRNAs. In this article, we have elaborated on the tumor-promoting role of STAT3 signaling in GI tumors. Subsequently, we have comprehensively discussed the oncogenic as well as tumor suppressor functions and mechanism of action of ncRNAs that are known to modulate STAT3 signaling in GI cancers.

Hypoxia signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a relatively high cancer-related mortality. The uncontrolled proliferation of HCC consumes a significant amount of oxygen, causing the development of a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), crucial regulators in the TME, activate several cancer hallmarks leading to the hepatocarcinogenesis of HCC and resistance to current therapeutics. As such, HIFs and their signaling pathways have been explored as potential therapeutic targets for the future management of HCC. This review discusses the current understanding of the structure and function of HIFs and their complex relationship with the various cancer hallmarks. To address tumor hypoxia, this review provides an insight into the various potential novel therapeutic agents for managing HCC, such as hypoxia-activated prodrugs, HIF inhibitors, nanomaterials, antisense oligonucleotides, and natural compounds, that target HIFs/hypoxic signaling pathways in HCC. Because of HCC's relatively high incidence and mortality rates in the past decades, greater efforts should be put in place to explore novel therapeutic approaches to improve the outcome for HCC patients.

Research progress on the anti-tumor effect of Naringin

Naringin is a kind of natural dihydro flavone, which mainly exists in citrus fruits of the Rutaceae family, as well as traditional Chinese medicines such as trifoliate orange, fingered citron, exocarpium citri grandis, and rhizoma dynamite. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Naringin has excellent anti-tumor activity. Through reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years, we summarized the pharmacological mechanism of Naringin to play an anti-cancer role in blocking tumor cell cycle, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis, inducing tumor cell autophagy, reversing tumor cell drug resistance and enhancing chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity, as well as anti-inflammatory to prevent canceration, alleviate Adverse drug reaction of chemotherapy, activate and strengthen immunity, It provides theoretical basis and reference basis for further exploring the anticancer potential of Naringin and its further development and utilization.

Brevilin A exerts anti-colorectal cancer effects and potently inhibits STAT3 signaling invitro

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related morbidity worldwide, with an estimated of 1.85 million new cases and 850,000 deaths every year. Nevertheless, the current treatment regimens for CRC have many disadvantages, including toxicities and off-targeted side effects. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) has been considered as a promising molecular target for CRC therapy. Brevilin A, a sesquiterpene lactone compound rich in Centipedae Herba has potent anticancer effects in nasopharyngeal, prostate and breast cancer cells by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling. However, the anti-CRC effect of brevilin A and the underlying mechanism of action have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of STAT3 signaling in the anti-CRC action of brevilin A. Here, HCT-116 and CT26 cell models were used to investigate the anti-CRC effects of brevilin A in vitro. HCT-116 cells overespressing with STAT3 were used to evaluate the involvement of STAT3 signaling in the anti-CRC effect of brevilin A. Screening of 49 phosphorylated tyrosine kinases in the HCT-116 cells after brevilin A treatment was performed by using the human phospho-receptor tyrosine kinase (phospho-RTK) array. Results showed that brevilin A inhibited cell proliferation and cell viability, induced apoptosis, reduced cell migration and invasion, inhibited angiogenesis, lowered the protein expression levels of phospho-Src (Tyr416), phospho-JAK2 (Y1007/1008) and phospho-STAT3 (Tyr705), and inhibited STAT3 activation and nuclear localization. Brevilin A also significantly reduced the protein expression levels of STAT3 target genes, such as MMP-2, VEGF and Bcl-xL. More importantly, over-activation of STAT3 diminished brevilin A's effects on cell viability. All these results suggest that brevilin A exerts potent anti-CRC effects, at least in part, by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. Our findings provide a strong pharmacological basis for the future exploration and development of brevilin A as a novel STAT3-targeting phytotherapeutic agent for CRC treatment.

SYVN1 Promotes STAT3 Protein Ubiquitination and Exerts Antiangiogenesis Effects in Retinopathy of Prematurity Development

PURPOSE

SYVN1, a gene involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, has been found to exert a protective effect by inhibiting inflammation in retinopathy. This study aimed to clarify whether SYVN1 is involved in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its potential as a candidate for target therapy.

METHODS

Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs) and a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) were used to reveal the retinopathy development-associated protein expression and molecular mechanism. An adenovirus overexpressing SYVN1 or vehicle control was injected intravitreally at postnatal day 12 (P12), and the neovascular lesions were evaluated in retinal flatmounts with immunofluorescence staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining at P17. Visual function was assessed by using electroretinogram (ERG).

RESULTS

Endogenous SYVN1 expression dramatically decreased in hRMECs under hypoxia and in ROP mouse retinas. SYVN1 regulated the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis. SYVN1 overexpression promoted ubiquitination and degradation of STAT3, decreased the levels of phospho-STAT3, secretion of VEGF, and formation of neovascularization in hRMECs, which could be rescued by STAT3 activator treatment. In addition, SYVN1 overexpression prevented neovascularization and extended physiologic retinal vascular development in the retinal tissues of OIR mice without affecting retinal function.

CONCLUSIONS

SYVN1 has a protective effect against OIR, and the molecular mechanisms are partly through SYVN1-mediated ubiquitination of STAT3 and the subsequent downregulation of VEGF. These findings strongly support our assumption that SYVN1 confers ROP resistance and may be a potentially novel pharmaceutical target against proliferative retinopathy.

CXCR4 expression is elevated in TNBC patient derived samples and Z-guggulsterone abrogates tumor progression by targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in mice model

Environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiations, certain environmental pollutants, and toxic chemicals are considered as risk factors in the development of breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a molecular variant of breast cancer that lacks therapeutic targets such as progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 which makes the targeted therapy ineffective in TNBC patients. Therefore, identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC and the discovery of new therapeutic agents is the need of the hour. In this study, CXCR4 was found to be highly expressed in majority of breast cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes derived from TNBC patients. CXCR4 expression is positively correlated with breast cancer metastasis and poor prognosis of TNBC patients suggesting that suppression of CXCR4 expression could be a good strategy in the treatment of TNBC patients. Therefore, the effect of Z-guggulsterone (ZGA) on the expression of CXCR4 in TNBC cells was examined. ZGA downregulated protein and mRNA expression of CXCR4 in TNBC cells and proteasome inhibition or lysosomal stabilization had no effect on the ZGA-induced CXCR4 reduction. CXCR4 is under the transcriptional control of NF-κB, whereas ZGA was found to downregulate transcriptional activity NF-κB. Functionally, ZGA downmodulated the CXCL12-driven migration/invasion in TNBC cells. Additionally, the effect of ZGA on growth of tumor was investigated in the orthotopic TNBC mice model and ZGA presented good inhibition of tumor growth and liver/lung metastasis in this model. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis indicated a reduction of CXCR4, NF-κB, and Ki67 in tumor tissues. Computational analysis suggested PXR agonism and FXR antagonism as targets of ZGA. In conclusion, CXCR4 was found to be overexpressed in majority of patient-derived TNBC tissues and ZGA abrogated the growth of TNBC tumors by partly targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis.

Pharmacological impact of microRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Prevailing insights on molecular pathways, diagnosis, and nanomedicine treatment

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a disease that most commonly produce tumours from the lining of the epithelial cells of the lips, larynx, nasopharynx, mouth, or oro-pharynx. It is one of the most deadly forms of cancer. About one to two percent of all neo-plasm-related deaths are attributed to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, which is responsible for about six percent of all cancers. MicroRNAs play a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, stress response, triggering apoptosis, and other physiological process. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression and provide new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In this work, the role of molecular signaling pathways related to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is emphasized. We also provide an overview of MicroRNA downregulation and overexpression and its role as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In recent years, MicroRNA nano-based therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been explored. In addition, nanotechnology-based alternatives have been discussed as a promising strategy in exploring therapeutic paradigms aimed at improving the efficacy of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and attenuating their cytotoxicity. This article also provides information on ongoing and recently completed clinical trials for therapies based on nanotechnology.

Phytochemicals as Invaluable Sources of Potent Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Antibiotic Resistance

Plants have been used for therapeutic purposes against various human ailments for several centuries. Plant-derived natural compounds have been implemented in clinics against microbial diseases. Unfortunately, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance has significantly reduced the efficacy of existing standard antimicrobials. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared antimicrobial resistance as one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to discover new antimicrobial agents against drug-resistant pathogens. In the present article, we have discussed the importance of plant metabolites in the context of their medicinal applications and elaborated on their mechanism of antimicrobial action against human pathogens. The WHO has categorized some drug-resistant bacteria and fungi as critical and high priority based on the need to develope new drugs, and we have considered the plant metabolites that target these bacteria and fungi. We have also emphasized the role of phytochemicals that target deadly viruses such as COVID-19, Ebola, and dengue. Additionally, we have also elaborated on the synergetic effect of plant-derived compounds with standard antimicrobials against clinically important microbes. Overall, this article provides an overview of the importance of considering phytogenous compounds in the development of antimicrobial compounds as therapeutic agents against drug-resistant microbes.

Mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer and its regulation by natural compounds

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and self-renewal, and exacerbates resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. EMT can be initiated and promoted by deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways, hypoxia, and cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a loss-of-epithelial cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and enhanced invasive/migratory properties. Numerous transcriptional regulators, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/ZEB2 induce EMT through the downregulation of epithelial markers and gain-of-expression of the mesenchymal markers. Additionally, signaling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, and transforming growth factor-β pathways regulate EMT whereas they are often deregulated in cancers leading to aberrant EMT. Furthermore, noncoding RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and epigenetic alterations are also involved in the modulation of EMT. Therefore, the regulation of EMT is a vital strategy to control the aggressive metastatic characteristics of tumor cells. Despite the vast amount of preclinical data on EMT in cancer progression, there is a lack of clinical translation at the therapeutic level. In this review, we have discussed thoroughly the role of the aforementioned transcription factors, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA), signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of EMT in cancers. We have also emphasized the contribution of EMT to drug resistance and possible therapeutic interventions using plant-derived natural products, their semi-synthetic derivatives, and nano-formulations that are described as promising EMT blockers.

Effect of isolated grandivittin from Ferulago trifida Boiss. (Apiaceae) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human lung cancer A549 cells

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Introducing new promising agents can help the chemotherapeutic management of cancer. In the knowledge of oncology, plants are of special interest as a rich source of new antineoplastic and chemotherapeutic agents. Grandivittin (GRA) is one of the main constituents of Ferulago trifida Boiss. with established medicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the antineoplastic potential of grandivittin and its underlying mechanisms in human lung cancer A549 cells. The viability of the A549 cells after being treated with 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1, and 1.3 mM of GRA for three following days was measured using the MTT method. The early apoptosis and late apoptosis were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis through annexin V/PI staining. The expression of apoptotic agents' genes (caspase 3, caspase 9, Bcl2, Bax, and P53) was evaluated by the RT-PCR method. GRA increased apoptotic cells and decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, in which only 50% of cells survived at a dose of 0.7 mM. The expression of Bax, P53, caspase 3, and caspase 9 genes in the A549 cells was significantly upregulated after GRA treatment compared to control cells (P < 0.05). On the other hand, Bcl2 was significantly downregulated after GRA treatment (P < 0.05). The results indicated that GRA can activate cell death in A549 lung carcinoma cells by inducing both DNA toxicity p53 and cascade-dependent pathways. Therefore, GRA may be a potential new therapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer.

Screening a small hydrazide-hydrazone combinatorial library for targeting the STAT3 in monocyte-macrophages with insulated reporter transposons

The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) pharmacological targeting is regarded as a prospective approach to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, or inflammatory diseases. We have developed a series of reporters of the STAT3, NF-κB, Nrf2, metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) transcriptional activation in human monocyte-macrophage line THP-1. The reporter lines were employed to test a set of hydrazide-hydrazones as potential STAT3 inhibitors. A hydrazide-hydrazone library composed of 70 binary combinations of 7 carbonyl and 10 hydrazide components, including a STAT3 inhibitor clinical drug nifuroxazide, has been assembled and screened by the reporters. For the library as a whole, significant correlations between responses of the STAT3 and NF-κB or the STAT3 and HIF-1α reporters in THP-1 monocytes were found. For selected inhibitory combinations, respective hydrazide-hydrazones have been prepared and tested individually. The most potent 2-acetylpyridine 4-chlorobenzoylhydrazone exhibited the STAT3 inhibitory potential significantly exceeding that of nifuroxazide (ED50 2 vs 50 μM respectively) in THP-1 cells. We conclude that insulated reporter transposons could be a useful tool for drug discovery applications.

Graphical Abstract

Brucein D imparts a growth inhibitory effect in multiple myeloma cells by abrogating the Akt-driven signaling pathway

The Akt signaling pathway is an oncogenic cascade activated in the bone marrow microenvironment of multiple myeloma (MM) cells and contributes to their uncontrolled proliferation. Abrogation of Akt signaling has been presented as one of the prime therapeutic targets in the treatment of MM. In the present report, we have investigated the effect of Brucein D (BD) on Akt-driven signaling events in MM cells. BD (300 nM) substantially inhibited cell viability and imparted growth-inhibitory effects in U266 cells as evidenced by cell viability assays and flow cytometric analysis. Effect of BD on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells and cell cycle arrest by BD were analyzed by flow cytometer. The results of the TUNEL assay and western blotting showed that BD induces apoptosis of MM cells by activating caspase-8 and 9 with subsequent reduction in the expression of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin, cyclin D1, COX-2, VEGF, MMP-9). Analysis of activated kinases by Phospho-Kinase Array Kit revealed that Akt, p70S6K, HSP60, p53, and WNK1 were strongly expressed in untreated cells and BD treatment reversed this effect. Using transfection experiments, AKT depletion led to a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, and WNK. However, Akt overexpression led to increase in phosphorylation of these proteins. Depletion of Akt potentiated the apoptosis-inducing effect of BD whereas overexpression displayed resistance to BD-induced apoptosis suggesting the role of Akt in chemoresistance. Taken together, BD mitigates Akt-dependent signaling pathways in MM cells to impart its anticancer activity.

Withaferin A: A Pleiotropic Anticancer Agent from the Indian Medicinal Plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Cancer represents the second most deadly disease and one of the most important public health concerns worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immune therapy are the major types of treatment strategies that have been implemented in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, these treatment options suffer from major limitations, such as drug-resistance and adverse effects, which may eventually result in disease recurrence. Many phytochemicals have been investigated for their antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and clinical studies to discover newer therapeutic agents with fewer adverse effects. Withaferin A, a natural bioactive molecule isolated from the Indian medicinal plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, has been reported to impart anticancer activities against various cancer cell lines and preclinical cancer models by modulating the expression and activity of different oncogenic proteins. In this article, we have comprehensively discussed the biosynthesis of withaferin A as well as its antineoplastic activities and mode-of-action in in vitro and in vivo settings. We have also reviewed the effect of withaferin A on the expression of miRNAs, its combinational effect with other cytotoxic agents, withaferin A-based formulations, safety and toxicity profiles, and its clinical potential.

PLD2 deletion alleviates disruption of tight junctions in sepsis-induced ALI by regulating PA/STAT3 phosphorylation pathway

BACKGROUND

Increased inflammatory exudation caused by endothelium and endothelial junction damage is a typical pathological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ARDS/ALI). Previous studies have shown that phospholipase D2 (PLD2) can increase the inflammatory response and has a close relationship with the severity of sepsis-induced ALI and the mortality of sepsis, but its mechanism is unknown. This study explored the effect and mechanism of PLD2 deletion on the structure and function of endothelial tight junction (TJ) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI.

METHODS

We used C57BL/6 mice (wild-type and PLD2 knockout (PLD2^-/-)) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) models of sepsis-ALI. The pathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Pulmonary vascular permeability was detected using wet-dry ratio, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, FITC-albumin, and immunoglobulin M concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. FITC-dextran and trans-endothelial electrical resistance assay were used to evaluate endothelial permeability on LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The mRNA expressions of TJ proteins were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Then, protein levels were detected through Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The content of phosphatidic acid (PA), a downstream product of PLD2, was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

RESULTS

PLD2 deficiency not only alleviated lung histopathological changes and improved pulmonary vascular permeability but also increased the survival rate of ALI mice. Knockout of PLD2 or treatment with the PLD2 inhibitor can reduce the damage of endothelial TJ proteins, namely, claudin5, occludin and zonula occludens protein-1, in sepsis-ALI mice and LPS-stimulated HUVECs. The level of the PLD2 catalytic product PA increased in LPS-stimulated HUVECs, and exogenous PA can reduce the TJ protein expression and increase signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in vitro. Inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation attenuated PA-induced degradation of endothelial TJs.

CONCLUSION

PLD2 knockout or inhibition may protect against LPS-induced lung injury by regulating the PA/STAT3 phosphorylation/endothelial TJ axis.