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Lu X, Wu K, Jiang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Li H, Li G, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Chen W, Mao H. Therapeutic mechanism of baicalein in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritoneal fibrosis based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1153503. [PMID: 37266145 PMCID: PMC10229821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1153503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a traditional Chinese medicine with multiple pharmacological and biological activities including anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. However, whether baicalein has a therapeutic impact on peritoneal fibrosis has not been reported yet. In the present study, network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were performed to evaluate the role and the potential mechanisms of baicalein in attenuating peritoneal dialysis-associated peritoneal fibrosis. The results were validated in both animal models and the cultured human mesothelial cell line. Nine intersection genes among baicalein targets and the human peritoneum RNA-seq dataset including four encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis samples and four controls were predicted by network analysis. Among them, MMP2, BAX, ADORA3, HIF1A, PIM1, CA12, and ALOX5 exhibited higher expression in the peritoneum with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis compared with those in the control, which might be crucial targets of baicalein against peritoneal fibrosis. Furthermore, KEGG and GO enrichment analyses suggested that baicalein played an anti-peritoneal fibrosis role through the regulating cell proliferation, inflammatory response, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Moreover, molecular docking analysis revealed a strong potential binding between baicalein and MMP2, which was consistent with the predictive results. Importantly, using a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis by intraperitoneally injecting 4.25% glucose dialysate, we found that baicalein treatment significantly attenuated peritoneal fibrosis, as evident by decreased collagen deposition, protein expression of α-SMA and fibronectin, and peritoneal thickness, at least, by reducing the expression of MMP2, suggesting that baicalein may have therapeutic potential in suppressing peritoneal dialysis-related fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefei Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simin Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanglan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Clinical Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang T, Li Y, Wise AF, Kulkarni K, Aguilar MI, Samuel CS, Del Borgo M, Widdop RE, Ricardo SD. The protective effects of a novel AT 2 receptor agonist, β-Pro 7Ang III in ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114556. [PMID: 36948137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study investigated the reno-protective effects of a highly selective AT2R agonist peptide, β-Pro7Ang III in a mouse model of acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS C57BL/6 J mice underwent either sham surgery or unilateral kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) for 40 min. IRI mice were treated with either β-Pro7Ang III or perindopril and at 7 days post-surgery the kidneys analysed for histopathology and the development of fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activity. The association of the therapeutic effects of β-Pro7Ang III with macrophage number and phenotype was determined in vivo and in vitro. KEY RESULTS Decreased kidney tubular injury, interstitial matrix expansion and reduced interstitial immune cell infiltration in IRI mice receiving β-Pro7Ang III treatment was observed at day 7, compared to IRI mice without treatment. This correlated to reduced collagen accumulation and MMP-2 activity in IRI mice following β-Pro7Ang III treatment. FACS analysis showed a reduced number and proportion of CD45+CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages in IRI kidneys in response to β-Pro7Ang III, correlating with a significant increase in M2 macrophage markers and decreased M1 markers at day 3 and 7 post-IR injury, respectively. In vitro analysis of cultured THP-1 cells showed that β-Pro7Ang III attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)- 6 production but increased IL-10 secretion, compared to LPS alone. CONCLUSION Administration of β-Pro7Ang III via mini-pump improved kidney structure and reduced interstitial collagen accumulation, in parallel with an alteration of macrophage phenotype and anti-inflammatory cytokine release, therefore mitigating the downstream progression of ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yifang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrea F Wise
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ketav Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark Del Borgo
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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3
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Dimas GG, Zilakaki M, Giannopoulos A, Daios S, Kakaletsis N, Kaiafa G, Didangelos T, Savopoulos C, Ktenidis K, Tegos T. Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Ischemic Stroke by means of Ultrasound of Extracranial/Intracranial Circulation and Serum, Urine, and Tissue Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1107-1121. [PMID: 35980067 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220817123442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is a common practice to take into consideration age, diabetes, smoking, treated and untreated systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for the prediction of atherosclerosis and stroke. There are, however, ultrasound markers in use for the assessment of atherosclerosis and the evaluation of stroke risk. Two areas of investigation are of interest: the carotid artery and the intracranial arterial circulation. Again, within the domain of the carotid artery, two ultrasonic markers have attracted our attention: intima media thickness of the carotid artery and the presence of carotid plaque with its various focal characteristics. In the domain of intracranial circulation, the presence of arterial stenosis and the recruitment of collaterals are considered significant ultrasonic markers for the above-mentioned purpose. On the other hand, a series of serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers are found to be related to atherosclerotic disease. Future studies might address the issue of whether the addition of proven ultrasonic carotid indices to the aforementioned serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers could provide the vascular specialist with a better assessment of the atherosclerotic load and solidify their position as surrogate markers for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios G Dimas
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Zilakaki
- First Neurology Department, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
| | - Argyrios Giannopoulos
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Daios
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kakaletsis
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Kaiafa
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki ,Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Didangelos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos Savopoulos
- First Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Ktenidis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Tegos
- First Neurology Department, Medical School, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
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Cheng Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li L, Chen P. Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1182-1190. [PMID: 36185410 PMCID: PMC9482425 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) both play important roles in the development of kidney fibrosis, and CD147 can induce the production and activation of MMP-2. In the early stage of kidney fibrosis, MMP-2 promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) production and accelerates the development of kidney fibrosis, while in the advanced stage, MMP-2 activity decreases, leading to reduced ECM degradation and making it difficult to alleviate kidney fibrosis. The reason for the decrease in MMP-2 activity in the advanced stage is still unclear. On the one hand, it may be related to hypoxia and endocytosis, which lead to changes in the expression of MMP-2-related active regulatory molecules; on the other hand, it may be related to insufficient CD147 function. At present, the specific process by which CD147 is involved in the regulation of MMP-2 activity is not completely clear, and further in-depth studies are needed to clarify the roles of both factors in the pathophysiology of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ma'anshan People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, Hubei Road 45, Huashan District, Ma'anshan 243099, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070984. [PMID: 35883540 PMCID: PMC9312434 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.
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6
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Li Y, Chakraborty A, Broughton BRS, Ferens D, Widdop RE, Ricardo SD, Samuel CS. Comparing the renoprotective effects of BM-MSCs versus BM-MSC-exosomes, when combined with an anti-fibrotic drug, in hypertensive mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112256. [PMID: 34607108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), impairs the viability of human bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) post-transplantation. To address this, we demonstrated that combining BM-MSCs with the anti-fibrotic drug, serelaxin (RLX), enhanced BM-MSC-induced renoprotection in preclinical CKD models. Given the increased interest and manufacturing advantages to using stem cell-derived exosomes (EXO) as therapeutics, this study determined whether RLX could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BM-MSC-EXO, and compared the renoprotective effects of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO versus RLX and BM-MSCs in mice with hypertensive CKD. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were uninephrectomised, received deoxycorticosterone acetate and given saline to drink (1K/DOCA/salt) for 21 days. Control mice were uninephrectomised and given normal drinking water for the same time-period. Subgroups of 1K/DOCA/salt-hypertensive mice were then treated with either RLX (0.5 mg/kg/day) or BM-MSC-EXO (25 μg/mouse; equivalent to 1-2 × 106 BM-MSCs/mouse) alone; combinations of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO or BM-MSCs (1 × 106/mouse); or the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day), from days 14-21. 1K/DOCA/salt-hypertensive mice developed kidney tubular damage, inflammation and fibrosis, and impaired kidney function 21 days post-injury. Whilst RLX alone attenuated the 1K/DOCA/salt-induced fibrosis, BM-MSC-EXO alone only diminished measures of tissue inflammation post-treatment. Comparatively, the combined effects of RLX and BM-MSC-EXO or BM-MSCs demonstrated similar anti-fibrotic efficacy, but RLX and BM-MSCs offered broader renoprotection over RLX and/or BM-MSC-EXO, and comparable effects to spironolactone. Only RLX and BM-MSCs, but not RLX and/or BM-MSC-EXO, also attenuated the 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. Hence, although RLX improved the renoprotective effects of BM-MSC-EXO, combining RLX with BM-MSCs provided a better therapeutic option for hypertensive CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dorota Ferens
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Stem Cells and Development Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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7
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Almeida A, Lira R, Oliveira M, Martins M, Azevedo Y, Silva K, Carvalho S, Cortez E, Stumbo AC, Carvalho L, Thole A. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation ameliorates renal injury through anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in chronic experimental renovascular disease. Biomed J 2021; 45:629-641. [PMID: 34333108 PMCID: PMC9486239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive renal fibrosis is an underlying pathological process of chronic kidney disease (CKD) evolution. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the remodeling of fibrotic kidney parenchyma in the two kidneys-one clip (2K1C) CKD animal model. Methods Wistar rats were allocated into three groups: Sham, 2K1C, and 2K1C þ MSC. MSCs (106) were transplanted into the renal subcapsular region two weeks after clipping the left renal artery. Six weeks after clipping, left kidney samples were analyzed using histological and western blotting techniques. ANOVA tests were performed and differences between groups were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Results Clipped kidneys of 2K1C rats displayed renal fibrosis, with excessive collagen deposition, glomerulosclerosis and renal basement membrane disruption. Clipped kidneys of 2K1C þ MSC rats showed preserved Bowman's capsule and tubular basement membranes, medullary tubules morphological reconstitution and reduced collagen deposits. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were elevated, whereas tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 levels were decreased in clipped kidneys of 2K1C rats. MSCs transplantation restored these expression levels. Moreover, MSCs suppressed macrophages and myofibroblasts accumulation, as well as TNF-a expression in clipped kidneys of 2K1C animals. MSCs transplantation significantly increased IL-10 expression. Conclusions Transplanted MSCs orchestrate anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory events, which reverse renal fibrosis and promote renal morphological restoration. This study supports the notion that only one MSCs delivery into the renal subcapsular region represents a possible therapeutic strategy against renal fibrosis for CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Almeida
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Rafaelle Lira
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Mariana Oliveira
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Marcela Martins
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yanca Azevedo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Karina Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Simone Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Erika Cortez
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Stumbo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Lais Carvalho
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Thole
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Histology and Embryology Department, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-170, Brazil
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Li Y, Shen M, Ferens D, Broughton BRS, Murthi P, Saini S, Widdop RE, Ricardo SD, Pinar AA, Samuel CS. Combining mesenchymal stem cells with serelaxin provides enhanced renoprotection against 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1164-1181. [PMID: 33450051 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that significantly contributes to renal dysfunction, and impairs the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies. This study determined whether combining bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with the renoprotective effects of recombinant human relaxin (serelaxin) could therapeutically reduce renal fibrosis in mice with one kidney/deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt (1K/DOCA/salt)-induced hypertension, compared with the effects of the ACE inhibitor, perindopril. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male C57BL/6 mice were uni-nephrectomised and received deoxycorticosterone acetate and saline to drink (1K/DOCA/salt) for 21 days. Control mice were uni-nephrectomised but received water over the same time period. Sub-groups of 1K/DOCA/salt-injured mice (n = 5-8 per group) were treated with either serelaxin (0.5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) or BM-MSCs (1 × 106 per mouse) alone; both treatments combined (with 0.5 × 106 or 1 × 106 BM-MSCs per mouse); or perindopril (2 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) from days 14-21. KEY RESULTS 1K/DOCA/salt-injured mice developed elevated BP and hypertension-induced renal damage, inflammation and fibrosis. BM-MSCs alone reduced the injury-induced fibrosis and attenuated BP to a similar extent as perindopril. Serelaxin alone modestly reduced renal fibrosis and effectively reduced tubular injury. Strikingly, the combined effects of BM-MSCs (at both doses) with serelaxin significantly inhibited renal fibrosis and proximal tubular epithelial injury while restoring renal architecture, to a greater extent than either therapy alone, and over the effects of perindopril. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Combining BM-MSCs and serelaxin provided broader renoprotection over either therapy alone or perindopril and might represent a novel treatment for hypertensive CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Shen
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorota Ferens
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita A Pinar
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Chebotareva N, Bobkova I, Lysenko L, Moiseev S. Urinary Markers of Podocyte Dysfunction in Chronic Glomerulonephritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1306:81-99. [PMID: 33959907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63908-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is a disease with a steady progressive course that involves the development of nephrosclerosis, which is especially evident in clinical courses with incidences of high proteinuria (PU). Currently, proteinuria is considered the main laboratory feature (sign) of CGN activity and progression because proteinuria is closely related to the process of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is correlated with the grade of renal insufficiency. The injury to podocytes, which are key components of the filtration barrier, plays a central role in proteinuria development. The detachment of podocytes from the glomerular basement membrane leading to podocytopenia is suggested to induce glomerulosclerosis and hyalinosis with obliteration of capillary loops and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Urinary markers of podocyte dysfunction could serve as useful tools while monitoring the activity and prognosis of CGN. In this chapter, the most important mechanisms of podocyte loss and urinary markers of this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chebotareva
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina Bobkova
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Lysenko
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Tareev Clinic, Department of Nephrology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Meng XM, Mak TSK, Lan HY. Macrophages in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:285-303. [PMID: 31399970 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are highly involved in the process of renal injury, repair and fibrosis in many aspects of experimental and human renal diseases. Monocyte-derived macrophages, characterized by high heterogeneity and plasticity, are recruited, activated, and polarized in the whole process of renal fibrotic diseases in response to local microenvironment. As classically activated M1 or CD11b+/Ly6Chigh macrophages accelerate renal injury by producing pro-inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukins, alternatively activated M2 or CD11b+/Ly6Cintermediate macrophages may contribute to kidney repair by exerting anti-inflammation and wound healing functions. However, uncontrolled M2 macrophages or CD11b+/Ly6Clow macrophages promote renal fibrosis via paracrine effects or direct transition to myofibroblast-like cells via the process of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). In this regard, therapeutic strategies targeting monocyte/macrophage recruitment, activation, and polarization should be emphasized in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Thomas Shiu-Kwong Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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11
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Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang Z, Cai Y, Xu Q, Chen P. Hypoxia Activates Src and Promotes Endocytosis Which Decreases MMP-2 Activity and Aggravates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E581. [PMID: 29462885 PMCID: PMC5855803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggravation of renal interstitial fibrosis in the advanced-stage of chronic kidney disease is related to decreased matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, which is induced by hypoxia in the kidney; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that inhibition of Caveolin-1, a key gene involved in endocytosis, increased MMP-2 activity in hypoxic HK-2 cells. It has been reported that activated Src (phospho-Src Tyr416) is a key molecule in multiple fibrotic pathways. However, whether Src functions on the regulation of Caveolin-1 and MMP-2 activity in hypoxic HK-2 cells remains poorly understood. To explore the underlying mechanism, a rat model of renal interstitial fibrosis was established, then we observed obvious hypoxia in fibrotic kidney tissue and the protein levels of phospho-Src and Caveolin-1 increased, while MMP-2 activity decreased. Next, we treated HK-2 cells with the phospho-Src inhibitor PP1. Compared with normal cells grown in hypoxia, in cells treated with PP1, the protein levels of phospho-Src and Caveolin-1 decreased, as did the protein levels of the MMP-2-activity-regulated molecules RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) and TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2), while the protein level of MT1-MMP (membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase) increased and MMP-2 activity was enhanced. Therefore, hypoxia promotes the phosphorylation of Src and phospho-Src can enhance the endocytosis of HK-2 cells, which leads to decreased MMP-2 activity and aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Cheng
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of pathology and pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou district, Nanjing 210009, China.
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12
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Naudin C, Smith B, Bond DR, Dun MD, Scott RJ, Ashman LK, Weidenhofer J, Roselli S. Characterization of the early molecular changes in the glomeruli of Cd151 -/- mice highlights induction of mindin and MMP-10. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15987. [PMID: 29167507 PMCID: PMC5700190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and FVB/N mice, loss of functional tetraspanin CD151 is associated with glomerular disease characterised by early onset proteinuria and ultrastructural thickening and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with disease development, we characterised the glomerular gene expression profile at an early stage of disease progression in FVB/N Cd151 -/- mice compared to Cd151 +/+ controls. This study identified 72 up-regulated and 183 down-regulated genes in FVB/N Cd151 -/- compared to Cd151 +/+ glomeruli (p < 0.05). Further analysis highlighted induction of the matrix metalloprotease MMP-10 and the extracellular matrix protein mindin (encoded by Spon2) in the diseased FVB/N Cd151 -/- GBM that did not occur in the C57BL/6 diseased-resistant strain. Interestingly, mindin was also detected in urinary samples of FVB/N Cd151 -/- mice, underlining its potential value as a biomarker for glomerular diseases associated with GBM alterations. Gene set enrichment and pathway analysis of the microarray dataset showed enrichment in axon guidance and actin cytoskeleton signalling pathways as well as activation of inflammatory pathways. Given the known function of mindin, its early expression in the diseased GBM could represent a trigger of both further podocyte cytoskeletal changes and inflammation, thereby playing a key role in the mechanisms of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Naudin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.,Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle R Bond
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leonie K Ashman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Judith Weidenhofer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Séverine Roselli
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.
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13
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Cheng Z, Limbu MH, Wang Z, Liu J, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen P, Liu B. MMP-2 and 9 in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040776. [PMID: 28397744 PMCID: PMC5412360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatinases are members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) family; they play an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This effect is also crucial in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Its expression, as well as its activity regulation are closely related to the cell signaling pathways, hypoxia and cell membrane structural change. Gelatinases also can affect the development and progression of CKD through the various interactions with tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCPs), growth factors (GFs), oxidative stress (OS), and so on. Currently, their non-proteolytic function is a hot topic of research, which may also be associated with the progression of CKD. Therefore, with the in-depth understanding about the function of gelatinases, we can have a more specific and accurate understanding of their role in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Manoj Hang Limbu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bicheng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Schinner E, Wetzl V, Schramm A, Kees F, Sandner P, Stasch JP, Hofmann F, Schlossmann J. Inhibition of the TGFβ signalling pathway by cGMP and cGMP-dependent kinase I in renal fibrosis. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:550-561. [PMID: 28396839 PMCID: PMC5377407 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that enhance production of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) ameliorate the progression of renal fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism of this process is not fully understood. We hypothesize that the antifibrotic effects of cGMP and cGMP‐dependent kinase I (cGKI) are mediated via regulation of the TGFβ signalling pathway, both via ERK and the Smad‐dependent route. Kidney fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) in wild‐type and cGKI‐deficient (cGKI‐KO) mice. The cGMP/cGKI signalling pathway was activated by application of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator BAY 41‐8543 (BAY), beginning 1 day after UUO. After 7 days, the antifibrotic effects of BAY were analysed by measuring mRNA and protein expression of characteristic fibrotic biomarkers. The effects of cGMP/TGFβ on cultured fibroblasts were also analysed in vitro. BAY application influenced the activity of the extracellular matrix (ECM)‐degrading matrix metalloproteases (MMP2 and MMP9) and their inhibitor tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase‐1, the secretion of cytokines (e.g. IL‐6) and the expression pattern of ECM proteins (e.g. collagen, fibronectin) and profibrotic mediators (e.g. connective tissue growth factors and plasminogen‐activator inhibitor‐1). Activation of the cGMP/cGKI signalling pathway showed protective effects against fibrosis which were mediated by inhibition of P‐Erk1/2 and translocation of P‐smad3. The elucidation of these signalling mechanisms might support the development of new therapeutic options regarding cGMP/cGKI‐mediated antifibrotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schinner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Regensburg Germany
| | - Veronika Wetzl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Regensburg Germany; Novartis Pharma GmbH Nuremberg Germany
| | - Andrea Schramm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Regensburg Germany
| | - Frieder Kees
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Regensburg Germany
| | | | | | - Franz Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Technical University of Munich Germany
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Regensburg Germany
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15
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Wetzl V, Schinner E, Kees F, Hofmann F, Faerber L, Schlossmann J. Involvement of Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase I in Renal Antifibrotic Effects of Serelaxin. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 27462268 PMCID: PMC4940422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Kidney fibrosis has shown to be ameliorated through the involvement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and its dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). Serelaxin, the recombinant form of human relaxin-II, increases cGMP levels and has shown beneficial effects on kidney function in acute heart failure patients. Antifibrotic properties of serelaxin are supposed to be mediated via relaxin family peptide receptor 1 and subsequently enhanced nitric oxide/cGMP to inhibit transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. This study examines the involvement of cGKI in the antifibrotic signaling of serelaxin. Methods and Results: Kidney fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in wildtype (WT) and cGKI knock-out (KO) mice. After 7 days, renal antifibrotic effects of serelaxin were assessed. Serelaxin treatment for 7 days significantly increased cGMP in the kidney of WT and cGKI-KO. In WT, renal fibrosis was reduced through decreased accumulation of collagen1A1, total collagen, and fibronectin. The profibrotic connective tissue growth factor as well as myofibroblast differentiation were reduced and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 were positively modulated after treatment. Moreover, Smad2 as well as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) phosphorylation were decreased, whereas phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5a phosphorylation was increased. However, these effects were not observed in cGKI-KO. Conclusion: Antifibrotic renal effects of serelaxin are mediated via cGMP/cGKI to inhibit Smad2- and ERK1-dependent TGF-β signaling and increased PDE5a phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Wetzl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany; Novartis Pharma GmbHNuremberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schinner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frieder Kees
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Faerber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany; Novartis Pharma GmbHNuremberg, Germany
| | - Jens Schlossmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Regensburg Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Yim HE, Yoo KH, Bae IS, Hong YS. Early Treatment With Enalapril and Later Renal Injury in Programmed Obese Adult Rats. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:447-455. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics; College of Medicine; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics; College of Medicine; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - In Sun Bae
- Department of Pediatrics; College of Medicine; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young Sook Hong
- Department of Pediatrics; College of Medicine; Korea University; Seoul Korea
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17
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Meng XM, Tang PMK, Li J, Lan HY. Macrophage Phenotype in Kidney Injury and Repair. KIDNEY DISEASES 2015; 1:138-46. [PMID: 27536674 DOI: 10.1159/000431214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerular and interstitial macrophage infiltration is a feature for both the acute and chronic kidney diseases. Macrophages have been shown to play a diverse role in kidney injury and repair. Thus, macrophages may be a key cell type in acute and chronic kidney injury and repair. SUMMARY AND KEY MESSAGES During renal inflammation, circulating monocytes are recruited and then become activated and polarized. By adapting to the local microenvironment, macrophages can differentiate into different phenotypes and function as a double-bladed sword in different stages of kidney disease. In general, M1 macrophages play a pathogenic role in boosting inflammatory renal injury, whereas M2 macrophages exert an anti-inflammatory and wound healing (or profibrotic) role during renal repair. In this review, we highlight the phenotypic polarization of macrophages in renal diseases and dissect their distinct functions in renal injury and repair processes, respectively. Moreover, the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms on the phenotypic switch and macrophage-related therapy are also intensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Huuskes BM, Wise AF, Cox AJ, Lim EX, Payne NL, Kelly DJ, Samuel CS, Ricardo SD. Combination therapy of mesenchymal stem cells and serelaxin effectively attenuates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. FASEB J 2014; 29:540-53. [PMID: 25395452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results from the development of fibrosis, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can accelerate renal repair following acute injury, the establishment of fibrosis during CKD may affect their potential to influence regeneration capacity. Here we tested the novel combination of MSCs with the antifibrotic serelaxin to repair and protect the kidney 7 d post-unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), when fibrosis is established. Male C57BL6 mice were sham-operated or UUO-inured (n = 4-6) and received vehicle, MSCs (1 × 10(6)), serelaxin (0.5 mg/kg per d), or the combination of both. In vivo tracing studies with luciferin/enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-tagged MSCs showed specific localization in the obstructed kidney where they remained for 36 h. Combination therapy conferred significant protection from UUO-induced fibrosis, as indicated by hydroxyproline analysis (P < 0.001 vs. vehicle, P < 0.05 vs. MSC or serelaxin alone). This was accompanied by preserved structural architecture, decreased tubular epithelial injury (P < 0.01 vs. MSCs alone), macrophage infiltration, and myofibroblast localization in the kidney (both P < 0.01 vs. vehicle). Combination therapy also stimulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity over either treatment alone (P < 0.05 vs. either treatment alone). These results suggest that the presence of an antifibrotic in conjunction with MSCs ameliorates established kidney fibrosis and augments tissue repair to a greater extent than either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Huuskes
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea F Wise
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison J Cox
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ee X Lim
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie L Payne
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- *Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; and Australia Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Racca MA, Novoa PA, Rodríguez I, Della Vedova AB, Pellizas CG, Demarchi M, Donadio AC. Renal dysfunction and intragraft proMMP9 activity in renal transplant recipients with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Transpl Int 2014; 28:71-8. [PMID: 25179305 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal allograft injury is reflected by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) and by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are renal physiologic regulators of ECM degradation. Changes in MMPs expression or activity may disturb ECM turnover leading to glomerular scarring and worsening renal function. Our goal was to investigate intragraft MMP2 and MMP9 activities and their correlation with renal dysfunction. Plasma MMP2 and MMP9 activities were analyzed as noninvasive markers of renal allograft deterioration. Transplanted patients were biopsied and histopathologically characterized as IF/TA+ or IF/TA-. Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation and urinary protein/creatinine ratio. Kidney and plasma MMP2 and MMP9 activities were analyzed by zymography. A significant renal dysfunction was observed in IF/TA+ patients. Intragraft proMMP9 showed a significant higher activity in IF/TA+ than in IF/TA- samples and was inversely correlated with the GFR. Intragraft proMMP2 activity tended to increase in IF/TA+ samples, although no statistic significance was reached. Circulating proMMP2 and proMMP9 activities did not show significant differences between groups. Our data provide evidence that correlates intragraft proMMP9 activity with the fibrotic changes and renal dysfunction observed in IF/TA.
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20
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Kellenberger T, Krag S, Danielsen CC, Wang XF, Nyengaard JR, Pedersen L, Yang C, Gao S, Wogensen L. Differential effects of Smad3 targeting in a murine model of chronic kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00181. [PMID: 24744860 PMCID: PMC3970747 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of progressive kidney diseases that are characterized by fibrosis. The main intracellular signaling pathway of TGF‐β1 is the Smad system, where Smad2 and Smad3 play a central role in transcriptional regulation of target genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. This study analyzes the hypothesis that blockade of Smad3 attenuates the development of TGF‐β1‐driven renal fibrosis. This was examined in vivo in a transgenic model of TGF‐β1‐induced chronic kidney disease with Smad3 or without Smad3 expression and in vitro in mesangial cells and glomerular endothelial cells with Smad2/3 inhibitors or Smad3‐knockdown. Electron microscopy was used for evaluation of morphological changes, real‐time polymerase chain reaction for detection of RNA expression, and immunohistochemistry for localization of ECM components. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) level was assessed by gelatin zymography electrophoresis and located by in situ zymography. The results show TGF‐β1‐induced mesangial matrix expansion, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and tubular basement membrane thickening that are attenuated by Smad3 deletion, whereas TGF‐β1‐induced glomerular basement membrane thickening is not shown. The amount and distribution profile of MMP‐2 may suggest a role of the enzyme herein. We conclude that Smad3 targeting is not exclusively beneficial as Smad3 has diverse transcriptional regulatory effects in different cell types in the kidney. Deletion of Smad3 protects the kidney from developing transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, mesangial matrix expansion, and tubular basement membrane thickening, but not glomerular basement membrane thickening. The favorable effects of Smad3 deficiency can be explained by reduced deposition of collagen subtypes. The cell‐specific changes of matrix metalloproteinase expression can be a result of altered TGF‐β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Kellenberger
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Krag
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carl Christian Danielsen
- Department of Connective Tissue Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lea Pedersen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chuanxu Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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21
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Yim HE, Ha KS, Bae IS, Yoo KH, Hong YS, Lee JW. Overweight, hypertension and renal dysfunction in adulthood of neonatally overfed rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1324-33. [PMID: 23333086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated growth in early infancy has been associated with later cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We investigated the influence of overnutrition during neonatal periods on the development of renal pathophysiological changes in adult offspring rats. Three or 10 male pups per mother were assigned to either the small litter (SL) or normal litter (NL) control groups during the first 21 days of life. The effects of early postnatal overnutrition on body weight, blood pressure and renal changes were determined at 3 and 6 months. Pups in the SL group weighed more than controls between 7 days and 6 months of age (P<.05). In the SL group, serum creatinine levels were higher at 3 and 6 months (P<.05), and at 6 months, blood pressure levels were higher than those of the controls (P<.05). The number of ED-1 positive macrophages in renal cortex and glomerulosclerosis index increased in the SL group at 3 and 6 months (P<.05). Additionally, cortical apoptotic cells increased in the SL group at 6 months (P<.05). Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 protein expressions decreased and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, osteopontin and adiponectin expressions increased in the SL group at 3 months (P<.05). However, at 6 months, MMP-9 expression was elevated, and osteopontin expression remained elevated in the SL group (P<.05). Early postnatal overfeeding can lead to lasting overweight, hypertension and renal dysfunction and place a greater burden on the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Eun Yim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, South Korea
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a key determinant of the progression of many renal diseases and represents a final common pathway that adversely affects outcome. The evolution of renal fibrosis is complicated and involves many cellular and molecular mediators. In this review we will outline the key players in the fibrotic response of the injured kidney and discuss emerging research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Conway
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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23
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Analysis of the association of an MMP1 promoter polymorphism and transcript levels with chronic periodontitis and end-stage renal disease in a Brazilian population. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:954-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schmid-Schönbein GW. An emerging role of degrading proteinases in hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: autodigestion and receptor cleavage. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:88-96. [PMID: 22081429 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges for hypertension research is to identify the mechanisms that cause the comorbidities encountered in many hypertensive patients, as seen in the metabolic syndrome. An emerging body of evidence suggests that human and experimental hypertensives may exhibit uncontrolled activity of proteinases, including the family of matrix metalloproteinases, recognized for their ability to restructure the extracellular matrix proteins and to play a role in hypertrophy. We propose a new hypothesis that provides a molecular framework for the comorbidities of hypertension, diabetes, capillary rarefaction, immune suppression, and other cell and organ dysfunctions due to early and uncontrolled extracellular receptor cleavage by active proteinases. The proteinase and signaling activity in hypertensives requires further detailed analysis of the proteinase expression, the mechanisms causing proenzyme activation, and identification of the proteinase substrate. This work may open the opportunity for reassessment of old interventions and development of new interventions to manage hypertension and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert W Schmid-Schönbein
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA.
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25
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Alfarano C, Roubeix C, Chaaya R, Ceccaldi C, Calise D, Mias C, Cussac D, Bascands JL, Parini A. Intraparenchymal injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduces kidney fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion in cyclosporine-immunosuppressed rats. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2009-19. [PMID: 22525800 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion and immunosuppressive therapy are a major cause of progressive renal failure after kidney transplantation. Recent studies have shown that administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improves kidney functional recovery in the acute phase of post ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we used an original model of renal ischemia-reperfusion in immunosuppressed rats (NIRC) to investigate the effects of bone marrow MSCs on progression of chronic renal failure and the mechanisms potentially involved. Left renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was induced in unilateral nephrectomized Lewis rats. After IR, rats were treated daily with cyclosporine (10 mg/kg SC) for 28 days. MSCs were injected into the kidney at day 7 after IR. At day 28 after IR, kidneys were removed for histomorphological, biochemical, and gene expression analysis. The effect of conditioned media from MSCs on epithelial-mesenchymal transition was studied in vitro on HK2 cells. Our results show that, as compared to untreated NIRC rats, rats treated by intrarenal injection of MSCs 7 days after IR displayed improvement in renal function, reduction of interstitial fibrosis, and decrease in chronic tubule injury. These effects were associated with a decrease in interstitial α-SMA accumulation and MMP2 activity, markers of fibroblast/fibroblast-like cell activation, and renal remodeling, respectively. Finally, experiments in vitro showed that MSC-conditioned medium prevented epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β in HK2 cells. In conclusion, our results show that, in immunosuppressed animals, a single intrarenal administration of MSCs reduced renal fibrosis and promoted the recovery of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alfarano
- Inserm, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France
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Yang B, Vohra PK, Janardhanan R, Misra KD, Misra S. Expression of profibrotic genes in a murine remnant kidney model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22:1765-72.e1. [PMID: 22030458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that there is increased expression of several profibrotic genes, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-1 (ADAMTS-1), and fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1) in a murine remnant kidney model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was created in 10 C57BL/6 male mice (20-25 g) by performing a right nephrectomy and ligation of the upper pole of the left kidney (remnant kidney). Animals were sacrificed 42 days and 56 days later. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, ADAMTS-1, and FSP-1 was performed in the remnant kidney. Histologic evaluation of the remnant kidney was performed using Ki-67, α-smooth muscle cell actin (α-SMA), hematoxylin and eosin, and Masson' trichrome staining. Kidney function was assessed using serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. RESULTS The mean serum BUN and creatinine levels at day 42 and day 56 were significantly higher than baseline (P < .05). By day 42, the mean expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, ADAMTS-1, and FSP-1 was significantly higher in the remnant kidney compared with the normal kidney (P < .05); by day 56, only FSP-1 expression was significantly higher (P < .05). There was increased fibrosis by Masson' trichrome, increased Ki-67, and increased α-SMA staining in the remnant kidney compared with the normal kidney. CONCLUSIONS In the remnant kidney, there was increased fibrosis with increased α-SMA and Ki-67 staining and significantly increased expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, ADAMTS-1, and FSP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxia Yang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Srisawat N, Wen X, Lee M, Kong L, Elder M, Carter M, Unruh M, Finkel K, Vijayan A, Ramkumar M, Paganini E, Singbartl K, Palevsky PM, Kellum JA. Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:1815-23. [PMID: 21757640 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.11261210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite significant advances in the epidemiology of acute kidney injury (AKI), prognostication remains a major clinical challenge. Unfortunately, no reliable method to predict renal recovery exists. The discovery of biomarkers to aid in clinical risk prediction for recovery after AKI would represent a significant advance over current practice. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We conducted the Biological Markers of Recovery for the Kidney study as an ancillary to the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study. Urine samples were collected on days 1, 7, and 14 from 76 patients who developed AKI and received renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the intensive care unit. We explored whether levels of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), urinary hepatocyte growth factor (uHGF), urinary cystatin C (uCystatin C), IL-18, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/matrix metalloproteinase-9, and urine creatinine could predict subsequent renal recovery. RESULTS We defined renal recovery as alive and free of dialysis at 60 days from the start of RRT. Patients who recovered had higher uCystatin C on day 1 (7.27 versus 6.60 ng/mg·creatinine) and lower uHGF on days 7 and 14 (2.97 versus 3.48 ng/mg·creatinine; 2.24 versus 3.40 ng/mg·creatinine). For predicting recovery, decreasing uNGAL and uHGF in the first 14 days was associated with greater odds of renal recovery. The most predictive model combined relative changes in biomarkers with clinical variables and resulted in an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.94. CONCLUSIONS We showed that a panel of urine biomarkers can augment clinical risk prediction for recovery after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattachai Srisawat
- 604 Scaife Hall, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Zeng S, Zhou X, Tu Y, Yao M, Han ZQ, Gao F, Li YM. Long-Term MMP Inhibition by Doxycycline Exerts Divergent Effect on Ventricular Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Systolic Performance in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33:316-24. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2010.549262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Prunotto M, Gabbiani G, Pomposiello S, Ghiggeri G, Moll S. The kidney as a target organ in pharmaceutical research. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:244-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Srichai MB, Colleta H, Gewin L, Matrisian L, Abel TW, Koshikawa N, Seiki M, Pozzi A, Harris RC, Zent R. Membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase (MT4-MMP) modulates water homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17099. [PMID: 21347258 PMCID: PMC3037967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MT4-MMP is a membrane-type metalloproteinase (MMP) anchored to the membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) motif. GPI-type MT-MMPs (MT4- and MT6-MMP) are related to other MT-MMPs, but their physiological substrates and functions in vivo have yet to be identified. In this manuscript we show that MT4-MMP is expressed early in kidney development, as well as in the adult kidney, where the highest levels of expression are found in the papilla. MT4-MMP null mice had minimal renal developmental abnormalities, with a minor branching morphogenesis defect in early embryonic kidney development and slightly dysmorphic collecting ducts in adult mice. Interestingly, MT4-MMP null mice had higher baseline urine osmolarities relative to wild type controls, but these animals were able to concentrate and dilute their urines normally. However, MT4-MMP-null mice had decreased daily water intake and daily urine output, consistent with primary hypodipsia. MT4-MMP was shown to be expressed in areas of the hypothalamus considered important for regulating thirst. Thus, our results show that although MT4-MMP is expressed in the kidney, this metalloproteinase does not play a major role in renal development or function; however it does appear to modify the neural stimuli that modulate thirst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manakan B. Srichai
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heloisa Colleta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Leslie Gewin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linsey Matrisian
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ty W. Abel
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Naohiko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoharu Seiki
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a key determinant of the progression of renal disease irrespective of the original cause and thus can be regarded as a final common pathway that dictates eventual outcome. The development of renal fibrosis involves many cellular and molecular mediators including leukocytes, myofibroblasts, cytokines, and growth factors, as well as metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors. Study of experimental and human renal disease has shown the involvement of macrophages in renal fibrosis resulting from diverse disease processes. Recent work exploring the nature of both circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages has highlighted their multifaceted phenotype and this impacts their role in renal fibrosis in vivo. In this review we outline the key players in the fibrotic response of the injured kidney and discuss the role of monocytes and macrophages in renal scarring.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and macrophage migration inhibition factor changes in the porcine remnant kidney model: evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:1071-7. [PMID: 20610182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in the porcine remnant kidney model and quantify renal blood flow and volume using phase contrast magnetic resonance (PC MR) imaging with MR angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 23 pigs, the left renal artery was completely embolized using polyvinyl acrylide (PVA) particles and the right kidney partially embolized (remnant kidney), and six pigs served as controls. The animals were killed early (day 3, 7, and 14, N=3), day 24 (D24, N=5), day 37 (D37, N=3), day 42 (D42, N=9), and day 84 (D84, N=3). MR imaging/PC MR angiography of the kidneys was performed before death. The remnant and control kidneys were harvested for Western blotting of VEGF-A, MMP-1, and MIF. Blood was removed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine before embolization and at time of death. RESULTS The kidney function after the embolization was characterized by chronic renal insufficiency. The renal artery blood flow, volume, and weight of the remnant kidney increased significantly over time when compared with controls. At early time points, there was increased expression of MIF and MMP-1 followed by an increase in the expression of VEGF-A by day 37 (P<.05 when compared with control). Masson's trichrome staining of the remnant kidney showed scarring in the tubulointerstitial space. CONCLUSIONS In this model, renal blood flow and volume increase as the remnant kidney hypertrophies and scars. There is increased expression of MIF, VEGF-A, and MMP-1 in the remnant kidney.
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Hewitson TD, Ho WY, Samuel CS. Antifibrotic properties of relaxin: in vivo mechanism of action in experimental renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4938-48. [PMID: 20826562 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the efficacy and in vivo mechanism of action of the antifibrotic hormone, relaxin, in a mouse model of unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO). Kidney fibrosis was assessed in recombinant human gene-2 relaxin-treated animals maintained for 3 and 9 d after UUO. Results were compared with untreated and unoperated animals (d 0). Total collagen, collagen subtypes (I, IV), TGF-β2 production, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2) phosphorylation, myofibroblast differentiation, mitosis, and apoptosis were all progressively increased by UUO (all P<0.05 vs. d 0 group at d 3 and d 9), whereas TGF-β1 production was increased and vascular endothelial growth factor expression (angiogenesis) decreased at d 9 (both P<0.05 vs. d 0). A progressive increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 after UUO suggested that it was reactive to the increased fibrogenesis. Conversely, MMP-9 was decreased at d 9, whereas its inhibitor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 progressively decreased after UUO. Human gene-2 relaxin pretreatment of animals from 4 d prior to UUO ameliorated the increase in total collagen, collagen IV, Smad2 phosphorylation, and myofibroblasts at both time points (all P<0.05 vs. untreated groups) and inhibited TGF-β2 production and cell proliferation (both P<0.05 vs. untreated groups) with a trend toward normalizing vascular endothelial growth factor expression at d 9, with no effect on TGF-β1 production or apoptosis. The relaxin-mediated regulation of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in this model was not consistent with its antifibrotic properties. The beneficial effects of relaxin were lost when treatment was stopped. These findings establish that relaxin can inhibit both early and established phases of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, primarily by suppressing cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and collagen production. Not all of these effects paralleled changes to TGF-β-Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Hewitson
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, and Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Miller JP, Holcomb J, Al-Ramahi I, de Haro M, Gafni J, Zhang N, Kim E, Sanhueza M, Torcassi C, Kwak S, Botas J, Hughes RE, Ellerby LM. Matrix metalloproteinases are modifiers of huntingtin proteolysis and toxicity in Huntington's disease. Neuron 2010; 67:199-212. [PMID: 20670829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of huntingtin (Htt) is known to be a key event in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Our understanding of proteolytic processing of Htt has thus far focused on the protease families-caspases and calpains. Identifying critical proteases involved in Htt proteolysis and toxicity using an unbiased approach has not been reported. To accomplish this, we designed a high-throughput western blot-based screen to examine the generation of the smallest N-terminal polyglutamine-containing Htt fragment. We screened 514 siRNAs targeting the repertoire of human protease genes. This screen identified 11 proteases that, when inhibited, reduced Htt fragment accumulation. Three of these belonged to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. One family member, MMP-10, directly cleaves Htt and prevents cell death when knocked down in striatal Hdh(111Q/111Q) cells. Correspondingly, MMPs are activated in HD mouse models, and loss of function of Drosophila homologs of MMPs suppresses Htt-induced neuronal dysfunction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Miller
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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35
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Schlöndorff D, Banas B. The Mesangial Cell Revisited: No Cell Is an Island. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1179-87. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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36
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Kassiri Z, Oudit GY, Kandalam V, Awad A, Wang X, Ziou X, Maeda N, Herzenberg AM, Scholey JW. Loss of TIMP3 enhances interstitial nephritis and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1223-35. [PMID: 19406980 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) determines the integrity of the extracellular matrix. TIMP3 is the most highly expressed tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) in the kidney, but its function in renal disease is incompletely understood. In this study, TIMP3-/- mice demonstrated an age-dependent chronic tubulointerstitial fibrosis. After unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), young TIMP3-/- mice exhibited increased renal injury (tubular atrophy, cortical and medullary thinning, and vascular damage) compared with wild-type mice. In addition, TIMP3-/- mice had greater interstitial fibrosis; increased synthesis and deposition of type I collagen; increased activation of fibroblasts; enhanced apoptosis; and greater activation of MMP2, but not MMP9, after UUO. TIMP3 deficiency also led to accelerated processing of TNFalpha, demonstrated by significantly higher TACE activity and greater soluble TNFalpha levels by 3 d after UUO. The additional deletion of TNFalpha markedly reduced inflammation, apoptosis, and induction of a number of MMPs. Moreover, inhibition of MMPs in TIMP3-/-/TNFalpha-/- mice further abrogated postobstructive injury and prevented tubulointerestitial fibrosis. In humans, TIMP3 expression increased in the renal arteries and proximal tubules of subjects with diabetic nephropathy or chronic allograft nephropathy. Taken together, these results provide evidence that TIMP3 is an important mediator of kidney injury, and regulating its activity may have therapeutic benefit for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Group, Room 474, Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2 Canada.
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Hewitson TD. Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis: common but never simple. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1239-44. [PMID: 19144691 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90521.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regardless of etiology, all patients with chronic renal disease show a progressive decline in renal function with time. Fibrosis, so-called scarring, is a key cause of this pathophysiology. Fibrosis involves an excess accumulation of extracellular matrix (primarily composed of collagen) and usually results in loss of function when normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue. While recent major advances have led to a much better understanding of this process, many problems remain. We for instance know little about why some wounds heal and others scar and little about how many putative antifibrotic agents work. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, focusing on the regulation and role of the myofibroblast in this process, the role of recently recognized endogenous antifibrotic factors, controversy surrounding the effects of metalloproteinases, and the opportunities presented by new treatment strategies that abrogate and may even reverse fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville Vic 3050, Australia.
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38
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Ronco P, Chatziantoniou C. Matrix metalloproteinases and matrix receptors in progression and reversal of kidney disease: therapeutic perspectives. Kidney Int 2008; 74:873-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Boffa JJ, Ronco P. Stratégies pour faire régresser les lésions de fibrose rénale. Presse Med 2007; 36:1857-64. [PMID: 17628388 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The deterioration of renal function in chronic kidney disease is related to the progression of renal fibrosis, which was long considered unavoidable. Today, the reversibility of renal fibrotic lesions is a reality, although still clinically rare. Because angiotensin II is highly profibrotic, blocking its action effectively protects the kidney, as numerous clinical trials have shown. The development of interstitial fibrosis is secondary to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induce the reverse transition and thus open up perspectives for treatment. Degradation of the extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases or other enzymes is another therapeutic pathway. Renal regeneration may be promoted by modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
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40
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Fetal deaths in Alabama, 1974-1983: a birth weight-specific analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 2013:519130. [PMID: 23819050 PMCID: PMC3684115 DOI: 10.1155/2013/519130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Although angiotensin II-mediated inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation are considered to be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy, these processes have not yet been sufficiently clarified. The objective of this study was to determine whether the correction of the abnormal renal expression of MMPs and its inhibitors (MMPs/TIMPs) and cytokines following the administration of aliskiren to KK-Ay mice results in a renoprotective effect. Methods. KK-Ay mice were divided into two groups, that is, untreated (saline) and treated (aliskiren) groups. Systolic BP, HbA1c levels, and the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured. The renal expression of MMPs/TIMPs, fibronectin, type IV collagen, MCP-1, and (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was examined using real-time PCR and/or immunohistochemical staining. Renal MAPK and NF-κB activity were also examined by Western blot analyses and ELISA, respectively. Results. Significant decreases in systolic BP and ACR levels were observed in treated KK-Ay mice compared with the findings in untreated KK-Ay mice. Furthermore, increases in MMPs/TIMPs, fibronectin, type IV collagen, MCP-1, and (P)RR expression, in addition to MAPK and NF-κB activity, were significantly attenuated by aliskiren administration. Conclusions. It appears that aliskiren improves albuminuria and renal fibrosis by regulating inflammation and the alteration of collagen synthesis and degradation.
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