The effectiveness of non-pharmacological sleep interventions for improving inpatient sleep in hospital: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Effectiveness of Nursing Interventions in Hospital: An Umbrella Review

AIM

The aim of this umbrella review was to summarise the existing evidence on the effectiveness of nursing interventions targeted at adult patients in hospitals.

DESIGN

Existing systematic reviews were synthesised.

DATA SOURCES

The literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and the Cochrane Library by two of the authors until June 6th 2024 without a time limit.

METHODS

A total of 2652 records were identified. After screening the titles and abstracts, 2421 records were excluded. Then two records were excluded as they were not retrieved, and 125 records were excluded during full-text review as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, 11 reviews (141 original studies) were included in the quality assessment and were analysed narratively.

RESULTS

The most commonly used interventions were educational, followed by preventive, observative, or combinations of various interventions. All interventions were targeted at the care of somatic patients. The interventions lacked detailed descriptions of their content and duration. Nursing interventions were found to reduce anxiety, depression, disorder symptoms, pain intensity, length of hospital stay, serious adverse effects, mortality, infections and pressure ulcer prevalence.

CONCLUSIONS

There is limited high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of nursing interventions used by nurses at hospital settings. While nursing interventions can improve hospital patient outcomes, more high-quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed. Only preventive interventions (such as pressure ulcer prevention and use of early warning scores) consistently showed positive effects and are relatively easy to implement in hospital nursing practice. Other interventions are not yet widely integrated into standard care in hospitals. It is necessary to study the cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions.

NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTIONS

This umbrella review did not include any patient or public involvement.

REPORTING METHOD

This umbrella review of systematic reviews adheres to the PRISMA statement.

Exploring longitudinal physiologic stress measurement and sleep quality interventions to improve psychological well-being in nurses: a pilot study

Introduction

Rates of depression, burnout, and anxiety among nurses are high. Improving sleep quality may mitigate psychological distress, but research on effective sleep interventions for nurses is limited. This pilot study explored the preliminary effects of the Somni© sleep quality kit on sleep, stress, and psychological health among nurses using continuous physiologic data from the Oura ring©.

Methods

A prospective pilot trial was conducted with 25 nurses. Participants wore the Oura ring© for eight weeks to collect data on heart rate variability (HRV) and sleep. The Somni© sleep kit, containing evidence-based sleep aids, was introduced from weeks 4-8. Participants completed surveys at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks to assess sleep quality, stress, burnout, and depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and linear mixed-effect models.

Results

The sample was predominantly White (64%), non-Hispanic (88%), and female (84%). Lavender spray and white noise machines were the most frequently used sleep aids. Self-reported sleep latency significantly decreased (p = 0.03), with a trend toward improved sleep quality. No significant changes were observed in physiologic metrics or depressive symptoms. Effect sizes ranged from moderate to small, with the greatest improvement in sleep latency.

Discussion

The Somni© sleep kit showed potential for improving self-reported sleep quality and sleep latency, especially through non-pharmacologic interventions. While the results were mixed, this study supports the feasibility of using wearable devices to track sleep and stress in nurses. Future research should include larger samples and investigate the long-term effects of sleep interventions on nurses' mental health.

The effects of sleep improving interventions in medical hospital wards: the WEsleep study - A randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

Hospitalized patients often experience disturbed sleep, affecting general health. While some randomized studies have assessed individual non-pharmacological interventions, none have evaluated approaches that combine multiple strategies to improve sleep. This study aimed to assess the effects of a multicomponent sleep-enhancing protocol in hospitalized medical patients.

METHODS

The WEsleep cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted between July 2023 and March 2024 across six medical departments in a large Dutch academic hospital. Adult medical patients who were able to provide informed consent and were expected to stay at least two nights were eligible for inclusion. The multicomponent intervention included delaying early morning nursing rounds, training healthcare professionals, optimizing sleep-disturbing medication timing, offering earplugs and eye masks, and conducting evening sleep rounds. The primary outcome was sleep quality on the second night, assessed with the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ). Secondary outcomes included sleep quantity, 30-day mortality, delirium incidence, and use of sleep-enhancing tools.

RESULTS

Data from 291 patients were analyzed. The intervention group reported better sleep quality, with a median RCSQ score of 66.6 (IQR 44.3-78.9), compared to 55.7 (IQR 38.2-74.3) in the control group (p = 0.033). No significant differences were observed in sleep quantity, 30-day mortality or delirium incidence. Protocol adherence ranged from 42 % to 73 %.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a valuable roadmap for hospitals aiming to enhance patient care through improved sleep management. A multicomponent intervention can lead to significantly better sleep quality in medical wards, highlighting the potential of structured, non-pharmacological strategies in routine hospital care.

Trends and hotspots in burns-related pain research: A bibliometric analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this investigation was to conduct a thorough synthesis of the extant scholarly discourse and to delineate the prevailing global trends in the domain of burn pain, employing a bibliometric analysis.

METHODS

A bibliometric analysis was performed utilizing the Web of Science Core Collection database. Articles were selected based on titles or abstracts containing keywords associated with burns and pain. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were applied to examine the retrieved data, encompassing an analysis of publication trends, research themes, and collaboration networks.

RESULTS

The number of articles on this topic has been increasing, averaging an annual growth rate of 6.9 % from 1997 to 2023. Contributions have come from 645 institutions across 53 countries, resulting in 446 papers that span areas such as nursing, anesthesia, and immunology. Key journals include Burns, Journal of Burn Care & Research, and Pain. The United States has demonstrated a significant research output in this field, with active international collaboration, notably with Washington University leading in contributions. Patterson DR was the most prolific author in terms of published papers, while Choiniere M was the most frequently co-cited author. The focus of research has shifted from symptom management to exploring pain mechanisms. Current research priorities in burn pain include "quality of life," "music therapy," and "psychological state." Recent analysis has highlighted key areas in neuropathic pain mechanisms, novel analgesic therapies, and specific groups such as pediatric burn patients. Influential studies have advanced our understanding of pathophysiology, while psychological interventions and inflammation are increasingly receiving attention. Emerging topics include non-pharmacological interventions, psychological support, technology in pain assessment and management, quality of life, and personalized pain management.

CONCLUSION

Research on burn pain is advancing rapidly; however, collaboration among countries and institutions remains limited. Increased cooperation and communication across these entities could significantly advance the field in the future. Future research should prioritize placebo-controlled trials of targeted therapeutic drugs and innovative pain management approaches, with a strong emphasis on patient outcomes and quality of life.

Effect of Night-Time Noise Control Combined with Detailed Nursing on Negative Emotions and Sleep Quality in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of nighttime noise control, combined with detailed nursing, on negative emotions and sleep quality in patients suffering from upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

METHODS

This retrospective analysis was conducted on 100 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding who were admitted to the Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi from January 2021 to January 2024. Patients were divided into the noise control group and the detailed nursing group based on different nursing care methods, with each group containing 50 cases. The detailed nursing group received detailed nursing, whereas the noise control group received nighttime noise control combined with detailed nursing. The results of the Fear Visual Analog Scale (FVAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and subjective assessment of noise of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

After management, the HAMA, HAMD, FVAS, and PSQI scores of both groups showed a significant decrease compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Additionally, the HAMA, HAMD, FVAS, and PSQI scores of the noise control group were significantly lower than those of the detailed nursing group (P < 0.05).The subjective assessment of noise in both groups was significantly higher after management than before management, with the noise control group reporting a significantly higher subjective noise assessment than the detailed nursing group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Nighttime noise control combined with detailed nursing is effective in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This approach helps reduce negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and fear; lowers the subjective assessment of noise; and improves sleep quality.

Pathway linking nutritional status to cognitive function in older adults with chronic diseases: Exploring the mediating role of sleep quality

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the pathway linking nutritional status to cognitive function in older adults with chronic diseases, and whether sleep quality potentially mediates their association.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 248 older adults with chronic diseases who were admitted in a district tertiary hospital, Shenzhen, China from January to December 2022. The participants completed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire, the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI). Linear regression and the bootstrap method were employed for data analysis.

RESULTS

We observed that older adults with chronic diseases showed notable cognitive decline, as indicated by a MoCA score (mean = 23.60, SD = 4.68). The direct effect analysis indicated that older adults with compromised nutritional status were more likely to experience cognitive decline (β = 1.006, P < 0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between nutrition and cognitive function, accounting for 17.59 % of the overall effect. Specifically, poor sleep quality may increase the risk of subsequent cognitive decline among older adults with compromised nutritional status.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified that the impact of nutritional status on cognitive performance was partially mediated by sleep quality in older adults with chronic diseases. Further supporting the importance of high-quality sleep in maintaining brain health during aging. Monitoring and enhancing nutritional status and sleep quality may contribute to mitigating the progression of cognitive decline.

Effects of medical training therapy on injury rehabilitation and sports-specific performance in elite rock climbers: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Medical training therapy (MTT) is an advanced, individualized rehabilitation approach that integrates multiple methods to improve physical function. It is widely applied to rehabilitate sports injuries. This randomized study evaluated MTT's effects on physical injury rehabilitation, mental function, and athletic performance in elite rock climbers.

METHODS

Thirty elite climbers (mean age 19.5 ± 2.9 years) from the Chinese National Climbing Team were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (MTT, n = 15) or a control group (CON, n = 15) for 16 weeks (May 6 to August 25, 2024). Both groups had access to the same rehabilitation facilities and physiotherapy. The CON group followed routine training, while the MTT group received additional exercises. The primary outcome was the incidence of climbing-related injuries across 19 body regions. Secondary outcomes included specialized abilities, Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

RESULTS

The total number of injuries (375, 4.74) and the duration of discomfort (weeks) in the MTT group were lower than those in the CON group (492, 7.26). The MTT group demonstrated significant improvements in outcomes at six sites including the shoulder, forearm, hand, wrist, upper back, and hip (10 % and 21.25 %, 6.67 % and 19.17 %, 27.08 % and 56.67 %, 10.42 % and 3.75 %, 17.08 % and 27.08 %, and 2.08 % and 4.58 % for the MTT and CON groups, respectively, p < 0.05). In tests of sports-specific performance and psychological functioning in rock climbing, time and between-group interaction effects were observed (p < 0.01) for the Finger Strip Endurance Test, Hanging L-Lift Leg Test, FMS, and SAS. After the intervention, the MTT group exhibited a relative increase in injuries to the neck, upper back, and knees (6.25 % and 1.25 %, 6.67 % and 13.33 %, and 13.75 % and 7.08 % for the MTT and CON groups, respectively, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MTT is an ideal method for the rehabilitation of injuries in elite rock climbers and for facilitating their early return to sport. It addresses the majority of athletes' physical injuries and reduces the concentration of injuries in high-risk areas. Additionally, it specifically improves athletes' performance in specialized tests to alleviate the symptom of anxiety.

Optimizing Sleep Disorder Management in Hospitalized Patients: Practical Approach for Healthcare Providers

PURPOSE

To provide a comprehensive review of sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients, focusing on a case-based approach to illustrate the multifaceted nature of this clinical challenge.

METHOD

An extensive review of related literature was conducted to determine the common causes of sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients, such as environmental, medical, psychological, and physiological factors. The case of Mrs. Z was used to illustrate how these factors interact in a clinical setting.

FINDINGS

The study revealed a high prevalence of sleep disturbances in hospitalized patients, which can lead to significant adverse outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals is essential to effectively manage sleep disorders due to the interplay of various factors. Nonpharmacological interventions are fundamental to a comprehensive sleep management plan. Pharmacotherapy may sometimes be necessary to improve sleep quality and duration.

CONCLUSION

Health professionals can significantly enhance the sleep quality of hospitalized piatients by understanding the value of sleep and providing evidence-based strategies for improvement. In return, this improves patient outcomes, reduces healthcare costs, and advances general patient satisfaction.

Meta-narrative review: the impact of music therapy on sleep and future research directions

Sleep is essential to human health, yet 27% of the global population suffers from sleep issues, which often lead to fatigue, depression, and impaired cognitive function. While pharmacological treatments exist, non-pharmacological approaches like music therapy have shown promise in enhancing sleep quality. This review, analyzing 27 studies with various experimental paradigms, confirms that music therapy significantly improves subjective sleep quality, largely by alleviating anxiety and regulating mood through perceptual pathways. However, the effects on objective sleep measures remain inconclusive, suggesting that individual differences may play a significant role. Future research should focus on refining intervention designs that integrate both subjective and objective sleep assessments to better elucidate the physiological and psychological mechanisms of music therapy. Key recommendations include personalized music selection, development of age-appropriate interventions, and minimization of external interferences to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, incorporating variables like psychological status, lifestyle, and environmental factors may offer a more comprehensive understanding of music therapy's long-term adaptability and effectiveness for diverse populations. This review offers critical research directions and practical support for future applications of music therapy in sleep health.

An opportunity to sleep well in hospital: development of a multi-level intervention to improve inpatient sleep (ASLEEP) using behaviour change theories

BACKGROUND

Sleep is substantial issue for hospital inpatients and can negatively affect healing and recovery. There is a good evidence-base for interventions which can improve sleep, however currently they are not being implemented into NHS practice. To address the evidence-practice gap, we have conducted early-phase development for an inpatient sleep intervention (ASLEEP); a multi-level intervention to improve inpatient sleep in UK hospital wards.

METHODS

We used an iterative development process incorporating Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement, ward staff surveys and stakeholder consultations (orthopaedic and acute medicine), and theoretical mapping using behaviour change theories. Development took place in four stages: identification of existing patient-level intervention components to improve sleep in hospital; identification of environmental barriers and facilitators to sleep in hospital; consultation with health professional stakeholders; and final theoretical mapping using the COM-B model and Theoretical Domains Framework, also considering who holds 'change power' for each change construct.

RESULTS

We identified 18 variables contributing to inpatient sleep, which are malleable to change universally across hospital wards. Central domains for change were identified as the ward environment context and resources; to reduce noise from equipment (material resources), and social influence; to modulate staff and patient noise awareness and behaviours (group norms). Change power mapping identified key stakeholders as patients, ward staff, procurement/estates, and NHS management.

CONCLUSIONS

Improving sleep in hospital requires a whole-systems approach which targets environmental factors, staff behaviour, and patient behaviour. We have provided recommendations for a multi-level intervention, highlighting core areas for change and essential stakeholders who must be involved to progress implementation. The next stage of development will involve operationalising recommendations and piloting, including evaluating mechanisms of change. It will be important to continue working with a broad range of stakeholders to bridge the evidence-practice gap and support sustainable practice adoption.

Non-Pharmacological Sleep Interventions after Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

AIM

To synthesise up-to-date research evidence for non-pharmacological interventions to improve various sleep outcomes (e.g., sleep quality, duration) in postsurgical cardiac patients.

BACKGROUND

Sleep disturbances are common amongst postsurgical cardiac patients, yet the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in improving various sleep outcomes has not been comprehensively reviewed.

DESIGN

A systematic review and meta-analysis guided by the PRISMA protocol.

METHODS

CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant research in May 2023. Included studies used a randomised controlled trial design that applied a non-pharmacological intervention for postsurgical cardiac patients and reported sleep as an outcome. For the meta-analysis, mean effect sizes were separately calculated for studies with regular and reverse-scored scales.

RESULTS

Of 37 studies included, the most common cardiac surgery was coronary artery bypass graft. Most interventions were performed within the first postoperative week and assessed sleep quality outcomes using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The interventions are categorised into five types. Human resource-based strategies emerged as the most effective. The meta-analysis of 27 eligible studies showed a mean effect size of 0.76 for studies with regular scoring scales and - 1.04 for those with reverse-scored scales, indicating medium to large effect sizes.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide strong evidence that non-pharmacological interventions, particularly human resource-based strategies, significantly improve sleep quality in postsurgical cardiac patients. The medium to large effect sizes underscore the clinical significance of these findings.

IMPLICATIONS

Healthcare professionals should consider incorporating non-pharmacological interventions, especially human resource-based strategies, in care plans for postsurgical cardiac patients to improve sleep outcomes and promote recovery. These interventions should be tailored to individual physical and cultural differences for maximum effectiveness. Future research should evaluate the long-term effects of these interventions on various sleep outcomes, using both objective and subjective measures to provide a comprehensive assessment of their efficacy.

REPORTING METHOD

This study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol.

NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Patient and public contributions were not required for this review.

Functional performance of patients submitted to cardiac surgery with different levels of sleep quality: an observational study

OBJECTIVE

To describe pulmonary function, muscle strength and functional performance in the different qualities of sleep and the impact of this on the number of physiotherapeutic assistances.

METHODS

This is an observational study. In the pre and post operative period, sleep behavior was evaluated using the Pittsburgh questionnaire. Patients were divided into three groups: Good Sleep Quality (GSQ), Poor Sleep Quality (PSQ) and Sleep Disordered (SDB). At this time, other tests were also performed, such as: 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Sit and Stand Test (SST), gait speed test and Timed Up to Go (TUG), Medical Research Council (MRC), maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory, vital capacity and peak expiratory flow. The functional performance and lung function of each group were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 105 people, undergoing cardiac surgery and admitted to hospital were evaluated, 33 with GSQ, 41 with PSQ and 31 with SD. Patients who were in the SDB group had a lower functional performance than the other groups. 6MWT (meters) in the GSQ was 499 ± 87, versus 487 ± 91 in the PSQ and 430 ± 78 in the SD (p = 0.02). In the SST (seconds) it was 10.4 ± 1.1 in the GQS, 11.1 ± 2.3 in the PSQ and 15.4 ± 2.1 in the SD (p = 0.04). Lung function and muscle strength did not differ between groups. Regarding the refusal to perform physical therapy, the SD group was more incident, the main reason being drowsiness.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results, we found that sleep quality interferes with functional performance and physical therapy assistance during the hospital stay in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Sleep quality after autologous breast reconstruction

BACKGROUND

Sleep is a fundamental aspect of human health and well-being, but is often interrupted in a hospital setting. Especially after surgery, poor sleep quality can negatively affect postoperative recovery and quality of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insights into the quality of sleep in patients after autologous breast reconstruction and evaluate factors associated with the quality of sleep.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this single-center observational cohort study, participants completed a sleep diary, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and EQ-5D-5L quality of life questionnaire, before surgery, during hospital admission, and two weeks and three months postoperative. Additional variables such as pain and anesthesia duration were collected.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients were included. Before the surgery, 58% of them experienced poor quality of sleep, with a median PSQI score of 5.0. During hospital admission, 83% of the patients had poor quality of sleep, with a PSQI score of 6.0. The PSQI score two weeks postoperative increased to 7.0 and decreased three months postoperative to 5.0. Patients with pain scores >4 ("pain" group), had higher median PSQI scores than patients with pain scores ≤4 ("no pain" group) at all postoperative time points previously mentioned. No correlation was observed between anesthesia duration or quality of life.

CONCLUSION

Poor sleep quality was experienced by most women after autologous breast reconstruction, especially in those with higher postoperative pain scores. This knowledge offers an opportunity to improve the postoperative care for such patients.

Genetically predicted effects of 10 sleep phenotypes on revision of knee arthroplasty: a mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence has suggested that sleep disturbances and disorders are common in patients who undergo knee arthroplasty. Revision surgery represents one of the most catastrophic outcomes of knee arthroplasty. However, it remains unclear whether sleep traits are the causes or consequences of knee arthroplasty revision. This study aimed to genetically examine the relationships between sleep traits and knee arthroplasty revision.

METHODS

To determine the causal relationship between sleep traits and knee arthroplasty revision, we employed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary statistics from the largest publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The MR design uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to help separate causal relationships from non-causal associations. The main analyses included an inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis to obtain primary effect estimates. Sensitivity analyses involving the weighted median approach and MR-Egger regression were also conducted to check for potential pleiotropic biases. Numerous complementary sensitivity analyses were also performed to identify statistically significant causal correlations when there were horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity across variants. Finally, a reverse MR analysis was performed to evaluate the possibility of reverse causation.

RESULTS

In the absence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, the IVW method revealed that genetically-predicted short sleep duration short sleep duration (average sleep duration of 24 h is 6 h or less) was positively correlated with the risk of knee arthroplasty revision (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.05, and P = 0.003), while the association between genetically-predicted long sleep duration and knee arthroplasty was negative. The reverse MR analysis did not yield evidence supporting reverse causality relation between knee arthroplasty revision and sleep phenotypes.

CONCLUSION

This research indicated that, of the 10 sleep phenotypes we analyzed, only sleep duration was causally associated with knee arthroplasty revision. These discoveries added to the understanding of the role of sleep traits in the etiology of knee arthroplasty revision, which might further expand our insights into the prevention of knee arthroplasty revision.

Effect of Acoustic Environment in Wards on Postoperative Rehabilitation in Patients with Oral Cancer: A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVE

The increase in patient flow, replacement of medical equipment, and variations in surrounding environments induce increasingly serious acoustic environment problems in hospitals. This study aims to provide additional bases for the formulation of subsequent management plans in clinical practice by analyzing the influence of the acoustic environment in wards and the postoperative rehabilitation effect among patients with oral cancer.

METHODS

The medical records of 210 patients with oral cancer undergoing surgical treatment in Jinan Stomatological Hospital from February 2020 to October 2022 were selected for retrospective analysis. Patients with the acoustic environment in wards >55 and ≤55 dB were classified as groups A and B, respectively, according to the acoustic environment in wards. The effects of the acoustic environment in wards on postoperative blood pressure, blood viscosity, and blood glucose fluctuation (BGF) were observed to further analyze their relationship.

RESULTS

No significant difference was observed in indices such as preoperative systolic pressure (SP), diastolic pressure (DP), cardiac output (CO), postoperative CO, total cholesterol, and low- and high-density lipoproteins between the two groups (P > 0.05). The SP, DP, whole blood low-shear viscosity (WBLSV), whole blood middle-shear viscosity (WBMSV), whole blood high-shear viscosity (WBHSV), and BGF in group B were significantly lower than group A (P < 0.05). Correlation results showed that the total mean value of the acoustic environment in wards was positively correlated with SP, DP, WBLSV, WBMSV, WBHSV, and BGF (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The high acoustic environment in wards is significantly positively correlated with postoperative blood pressure, blood viscosity, and BGF in patients with oral cancer. The hospital should focus on and strengthen the management of the acoustic environment in wards, providing additional schemes to promote the postoperative recovery of patients with oral cancer.