1
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Contreras AV, Wiest DL. Development of γδ T Cells: Soldiers on the Front Lines of Immune Battles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2580:71-88. [PMID: 36374451 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2740-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While the functions of αβ T cells in host resistance to pathogen infection are understood in far more detail than those of γδ lineage T cells, γδ T cells perform critical, essential functions during immune responses that cannot be compensated for by αβ T cells. Accordingly, it is critical to understand how the development of γδ T cells is controlled so that their generation and function might be manipulated in future for therapeutic benefit. This introductory chapter will focus primarily on the basic processes that underlie γδ T cell development in the thymus, as well as the current understanding of how they are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Contreras
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Boehme L, Roels J, Taghon T. Development of γδ T cells in the thymus - A human perspective. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101662. [PMID: 36374779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly emerging as crucial immune regulators that can take on innate and adaptive roles in the defence against pathogens. Although they arise within the thymus from the same hematopoietic precursors as conventional αβ T cells, the development of γδ T cells is less well understood. In this review, we focus on summarising the current state of knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of γδ T cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Chen ELY, Lee CR, Thompson PK, Wiest DL, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Ontogenic timing, T cell receptor signal strength, and Notch signaling direct γδ T cell functional differentiation in vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109227. [PMID: 34107257 PMCID: PMC8256923 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells form an integral arm of the immune system and are critical during protective and destructive immunity. However, how γδ T cells are functionally programmed in vivo remains unclear. Here, we employ RBPJ-inducible and KN6-transgenic mice to assess the roles of ontogenic timing, T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, and Notch signaling. We find skewing of Vγ1+ cells toward the PLZF+Lin28b+ lineage at the fetal stage. Generation of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing γδ T cells is favored during, although not exclusive to, the fetal stage. Surprisingly, Notch signaling is dispensable for peripheral γδ T cell IL-17 production. Strong TCR signals, together with Notch, promote IL-4 differentiation. Conversely, less strong TCR signals promote Notch-independent IL-17 differentiation. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals differential programming instilled by TCR signal strength and Notch for specific subsets. Thus, our results precisely define the roles of ontogenic timing, TCR signal strength, and Notch signaling in γδ T cell functional programming in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Y Chen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Miao KZ, Kim GY, Meara GK, Qin X, Feng H. Tipping the Scales With Zebrafish to Understand Adaptive Tumor Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660969. [PMID: 34095125 PMCID: PMC8173129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The future of improved immunotherapy against cancer depends on an in-depth understanding of the dynamic interactions between the immune system and tumors. Over the past two decades, the zebrafish has served as a valuable model system to provide fresh insights into both the development of the immune system and the etiologies of many different cancers. This well-established foundation of knowledge combined with the imaging and genetic capacities of the zebrafish provides a new frontier in cancer immunology research. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of the zebrafish immune system along with a side-by-side comparison of its human counterpart. We then introduce components of the adaptive immune system with a focus on their roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of teleosts. In addition, we summarize zebrafish models developed for the study of cancer and adaptive immunity along with other available tools and technology afforded by this experimental system. Finally, we discuss some recent research conducted using the zebrafish to investigate adaptive immune cell-tumor interactions. Without a doubt, the zebrafish will arise as one of the driving forces to help expand the knowledge of tumor immunity and facilitate the development of improved anti-cancer immunotherapy in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Z Miao
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace Y Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Grace K Meara
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaodan Qin
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Shi L, Zhang Y, Feng L, Wang L, Rong W, Wu F, Wu J, Zhang K, Cheng S. Multi-omics study revealing the complexity and spatial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary liver carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34844-34857. [PMID: 28422742 PMCID: PMC5471016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity has been revealed in primary liver carcinoma (PLC). However, spatial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which reflects one dimension of a tumor's spatial heterogeneity, and the relationship between TIL diversity, local immune response and mutation burden remain unexplored in PLC. Therefore, we performed immune repertoire sequencing, gene expression profiling analysis and whole-exome sequencing in parallel on five regions of each tumor and on matched adjacent normal tissues and peripheral blood from five PLC patients. A significantly higher cumulative frequency of the top 250 most abundant TIL clones was observed in tumors than in peripheral blood. Besides, overlap rates of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire for intratumor comparisons, significant higher than those for tumor-adjacent normal tissue comparisons and tumor-blood comparisons, which provide evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansion in PLC. Analysis of the percentage of ubiquitous TCR sequences, regional frequencies of each clone and TIL diversity suggested TIL clones varying between distinct regions of the same tumor, which indicated weak TCR repertoire similarity within a single tumor. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that TIL diversity significantly correlated with the expression of immune response genes rather than the mutation load. We conclude that intratumoural T-cell clones are spatially heterogeneous, which can lead to underestimate the immune profile of PLC from a single biopsy sample and may present challenge to adoptive cell therapy using autologous TILs. TIL diversity provides a reasonable explanation for the degree of immune response, implied TIL diversity can serve as a surrogate marker to monitor the effect of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weiqi Rong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jianxiong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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6
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. Human γδ T cells augment antigen presentation in Listeria Monocytogenes infection. Mol Med 2016; 22:737-746. [PMID: 27652377 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating γδ T cells in healthy individuals rapidly respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. Many studies have demonstrated that γδ T cells are activated and expanded by Listeria monocytogenes (L.monocytogenes), a foodborne bacterial pathogen with high fatality rates. However, the roles of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection are not clear. In the present study, we characterized the morphological characteristics of phagocytosis in γδ T cells after L.monocytogenes infection using transmission electron microscopy. Results show activation markers including HLA-DR and lymph node-homing receptor CCR7 on γδ T cells were upregulated after stimulation via L.monocytogenes. Significant proliferation and differentiation of primary αβ T cells was also observed after co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with γδ T cells anteriorly stimulated by L.monocytogenes. L.monocytogenes infection decreased the percentage of γδ T cells in mouse IELs and increased MHC-II expression on the surface of γδ T cells in vivo. Our findings shed light on antigen presentation of γδ T cells during L.monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lianxian Cui
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China.,Child Development and Disease Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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7
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Solanki NR, Stadanlick JE, Zhang Y, Duc AC, Lee SY, Lauritsen JPH, Zhang Z, Wiest DL. Rpl22 Loss Selectively Impairs αβ T Cell Development by Dysregulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2280-9. [PMID: 27489283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although ribosomal proteins (RP) are thought to primarily facilitate biogenesis of the ribosome and its ability to synthesize protein, emerging evidence suggests that individual RP can perform critical regulatory functions that control developmental processes. We showed previously that despite the ubiquitous expression of the RP ribosomal protein L22 (Rpl22), germline ablation of Rpl22 in mice causes a selective, p53-dependent block in the development of αβ, but not γδ, T cell progenitors. Nevertheless, the basis by which Rpl22 loss selectively induces p53 in αβ T cell progenitors remained unclear. We show in this study that Rpl22 regulates the development of αβ T cells by restraining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses. In the absence of Rpl22, ER stress is exacerbated in αβ, but not γδ, T cell progenitors. The exacerbated ER stress in Rpl22-deficient αβ T lineage progenitors is responsible for selective induction of p53 and their arrest, as pharmacological induction of stress is sufficient to induce p53 and replicate the selective block of αβ T cells, and attenuation of ER stress signaling by knockdown of protein kinase R-like ER kinase, an ER stress sensor, blunts p53 induction and rescues development of Rpl22-deficient αβ T cell progenitors. Rpl22 deficiency appears to exacerbate ER stress by interfering with the ability of ER stress signals to block new protein synthesis. Our finding that Rpl22 deficiency exacerbates ER stress responses and induces p53 in αβ T cell progenitors provides insight into how a ubiquitously expressed RP can perform regulatory functions that are selectively required by some cell lineages but not others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal R Solanki
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jason E Stadanlick
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | - Yong Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | - Ann-Cecile Duc
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | | | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
| | - David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and
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8
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Wiest DL. Development of γδ T Cells, the Special-Force Soldiers of the Immune System. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1323:23-32. [PMID: 26294395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2809-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While the functions of αβ T cells in host resistance to pathogen infection are understood in far more detail than those of γδ lineage T cells, γδ T cells perform critical, essential functions during immune responses that cannot be compensated by αβ T cells. Accordingly, it is essential to understand how the development of γδ T cells is controlled so that their generation and function might be manipulated in future for therapeutic benefit. This introductory chapter will cover the basic processes that underlie γδ T cell development in the thymus, as well as the current understanding of how they are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA,
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9
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Zarin P, Chen ELY, In TSH, Anderson MK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Gamma delta T-cell differentiation and effector function programming, TCR signal strength, when and how much? Cell Immunol 2015; 296:70-5. [PMID: 25866401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ T-cells boast an impressive functional repertoire that can paint them as either champions or villains depending on the environmental and immunological cues. Understanding the function of the various effector γδ subsets necessitates tracing the developmental program of these subsets, including the point of lineage bifurcation from αβ T-cells. Here, we review the importance of signals from the T-cell receptor (TCR) in determining αβ versus γδ lineage fate, and further discuss how the molecular components of this pathway may influence the developmental programming of γδ T-cells functional subsets. Additionally, we discuss the role of temporal windows in restricting the development of IL-17 producing γδ T-cell subtypes, and explore whether fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors maintain the same potential for giving rise to this important subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Zarin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Edward L Y Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Tracy S H In
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.
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10
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Smeets MFMA, Wiest DL, Izon DJ. Fli-1 regulates the DN2 to DN3 thymocyte transition and promotes γδ T-cell commitment by enhancing TCR signal strength. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2617-24. [PMID: 24935715 PMCID: PMC5242326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli-1) is a member of the Ets transcription factor family and is expressed during T-cell development; however, the role Fli-1 plays in early T-cell differentiation has not been elucidated. In this report, we demonstrate that in mouse, Fli-1 overexpression retards the CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative (DN) to CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive (DP) transition by deregulating normal DN thymocyte development. Specifically, Fli-1 expression moderates the DN2 and DN3 developmental transitions. We further show that Fli-1 overexpression partially mimics strong TCR signals in developing DN thymocytes and thereby enhances γδ T-cell development. Conversely, Fli-1 knockdown by small hairpin RNA reverses the lineage bias from γδ T cells and directs DN cells to the αβ lineage by attenuating TCR signaling. Therefore, Fli-1 plays a critical role in both the DN2 to DN3 transition and αβ/γδ lineage commitment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Mice
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/cytology
- Thymocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique F M A Smeets
- Haematology and Leukaemia Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Shah DK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. An overview of the intrathymic intricacies of T cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4017-23. [PMID: 24748636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The generation of a functional and diverse repertoire of T cells occurs in the thymus from precursors arriving from the bone marrow. In this article, we introduce the various stages of mouse thymocyte development and highlight recent work using various in vivo, and, where appropriate, in vitro models of T cell development that led to discoveries in the regulation afforded by transcription factors and receptor-ligand signaling pathways in specifying, maintaining, and promoting the T cell lineage and the production of T cells. This review also discusses the role of the thymic microenvironment in providing a niche for the successful development of T cells. In particular, we focus on advances in Notch signaling and developments in Notch ligand interactions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Shah
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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12
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Coffey F, Lee SY, Buus TB, Lauritsen JPH, Wong GW, Joachims ML, Thompson LF, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. The TCR ligand-inducible expression of CD73 marks γδ lineage commitment and a metastable intermediate in effector specification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:329-43. [PMID: 24493796 PMCID: PMC3920555 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD73 expression is induced in response to TCR ligation and identifies a population of thymocytes that are committed to the γδ T cell fate. Numerous studies indicate that γδ T cell receptor (γδTCR) expression alone does not reliably mark commitment of early thymic progenitors to the γδ fate. This raises the possibility that the γδTCR is unable to intrinsically specify fate and instead requires additional environmental factors, including TCR–ligand engagement. We use single cell progenitor assays to reveal that ligand acts instructionally to direct adoption of the γδ fate. Moreover, we identify CD73 as a TCR ligand-induced cell surface protein that distinguishes γδTCR-expressing CD4−CD8− progenitors that have committed to the γδ fate from those that have not yet done so. Indeed, unlike CD73− γδTCR+ progenitors, which largely adopt the αβ fate upon separation from the intrathymic selecting environment, those that express CD73 remain CD4−CD8− and committed to the γδ fate. CD73 is expressed by >90% of peripheral γδ cells, suggesting this is a common occurrence during development. Moreover, CD73 induction appears to mark a metastable intermediate stage before acquisition of effector function, suggesting that γδ lineage and effector fate are specified sequentially. These findings have important implications for the role of ligand in γδ lineage commitment and its relationship to the specification of effector fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Coffey
- Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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13
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Wencker M, Turchinovich G, Di Marco Barros R, Deban L, Jandke A, Cope A, Hayday AC. Innate-like T cells straddle innate and adaptive immunity by altering antigen-receptor responsiveness. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:80-7. [PMID: 24241693 PMCID: PMC6485477 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The subclassification of immunology into innate and adaptive immunity is challenged by innate-like T lymphocytes that use innate receptors to respond rapidly to stress despite expressing T cell antigen receptors (TCRs), a hallmark of adaptive immunity. In studies that explain how such cells can straddle innate and adaptive immunity, we found that signaling via antigen receptors, whose conventional role is to facilitate clonal T cell activation, was critical for the development of innate-like T cells but then was rapidly attenuated, which accommodated the cells' innate responsiveness. These findings permitted the identification of a previously unknown innate-like T cell subset and indicate that T cell hyporesponsiveness, a state traditionally linked to tolerance, may be fundamental to T cells entering the innate compartment and thereby providing lymphoid stress surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/immunology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wencker
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
| | | | - Livija Deban
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
| | - Anett Jandke
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
| | - Andrew Cope
- Centre for the Molecular and Cell Biology of Inflammation, King’s College London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, UK
- Peter Gorer Dept of Immunobiology, King’s College London, UK
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14
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Cheng HY, Wu R, Gebre AK, Hanna RN, Smith DJ, Parks JS, Ley K, Hedrick CC. Increased cholesterol content in gammadelta (γδ) T lymphocytes differentially regulates their activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63746. [PMID: 23704936 PMCID: PMC3660587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta (γδ) T lymphocytes respond quickly upon antigen encounter to produce a cytokine response. In this study, we sought to understand how functions of γδ T cells are differentially regulated compared to αβ T cells. We found that cholesterol, an integral component of the plasma membrane and a regulator of TCR signaling, is increased in γδ T cells compared to αβ T cells, and modulates their function. Higher levels of activation markers, and increased lipid raft content in γδ cells suggest that γδ T cells are more activated. Cholesterol depletion effectively decreased lipid raft formation and activation of γδ T cells, indicating that increased cholesterol content contributes to the hyper-activated phenotype of γδ T cells, possibly through enhanced clustering of TCR signals in lipid rafts. TCR stimulation assays and western blotting revealed that instead of a lower TCR threshold, enhanced TCR signaling through ERK1/2 activation is likely the cause for high cholesterol-induced rapid activation and proliferation in γδ T cells. Our data indicate that cholesterol metabolism is differentially regulated in γδ T cells. The high intracellular cholesterol content leads to enhanced TCR signaling and increases activation and proliferation of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yuan Cheng
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Abraham K. Gebre
- Department of Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Hanna
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dan J. Smith
- Targeson, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kuhns MS, Badgandi HB. Piecing together the family portrait of TCR-CD3 complexes. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:120-43. [PMID: 23046126 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pre-T-cell receptor (TCR)-, αβTCR-, and γδTCR-CD3 complexes are members of a family of modular biosensors that are responsible for driving T-cell development, activation, and effector functions. They inform essential checkpoint decisions by relaying key information from their ligand-binding modules (TCRs) to their signaling modules (CD3γε + CD3δε and CD3ζζ) and on to the intracellular signaling apparatus. Their actions shape the T-cell repertoire, as well as T-cell-mediated immunity; yet, the mechanisms that underlie their activity remain an enigma. As with any molecular machine, understanding how they function depends upon understanding how their parts fit and work together. In the 30 years since the initial biochemical and genetic characterizations of the αβTCR, the structure and function of the individual components of these family members have been extensively characterized. Cumulatively, this information has allowed us to piece together a portrait of the αβTCR-CD3 complex and outline the form of the remaining family members. Here we review the known structural and functional characteristics of the components of these TCR-CD3 complex family members. We then discuss how these data have informed our understanding of the architecture of the αβTCR-CD3 complex as well as their implications for the other family members. The intent is to provide a framework for considering: (i) how these thematically similar complexes diverge to execute their specific functions and (ii) how our knowledge of the form and function of these distinct family members can cross-inform our understanding of the other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, USA.
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16
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Lee G, Kim KY, Chang CH, Kim MG. Thymic epithelial requirement for γδ T cell development revealed in the cell ablation transgenic system with TSCOT promoter. Mol Cells 2012; 34:481-93. [PMID: 23178972 PMCID: PMC3524997 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the role of thymic epithelial cell (TEC) subsets during T-cell development, we established a new transgenic system, enabling inducible cell-specific ablation as well as marking the TEC subsets using bicistronic bacterial nitroreductase and EGFP genes. Two different lengths of the TSCOT promoter in transgenic mice, named 3.1T-NE and 9.1T-NE, drive EGFP expression into TECs. In adult life, EGFP expression was located in the medulla with a smaller 3.1 kb TSCOT promoter, while it was maintained in the cortex with a 9.1 kb promoter, suggesting putative TEC specific as well as compartment specific cis elements within two promoters. Nitroreductase induced cell death was specific without bystander killing upon the treatment of prodrugs such as nitrofurantoin and metronidazol. The degree of cell death was dependent on the dose of the prodrug in the cell and the fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs). Fetal thymic stromal populations were analyzed based on the expression levels of EpCAM, MHCII, CDR1 and/or UEA-1. EGFP expression patterns varied among subsets indicating the differential TSCOT promoter activity in each TEC subset. Prodrug treatment in FTOCs reduced the numbers of total and subsets of thymocytes. A CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive cell population was highly susceptible in both transgenic lines. Surprisingly, there was a distinct reduction in γδ T cell population only in the 9.1T-NE thymus, indicating that they require a NTREGFP expressing TEC population. Therefore, these results support a division of labor within TEC subsets for the αβ and γδ lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-701,
Korea
| | | | - Moon Gyo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-701,
Korea
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17
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Ito T, Connett JM, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. Notch system in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:59-65. [PMID: 22459946 PMCID: PMC3382313 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is one of the most immunologically challenged organs and can be affected by a number of pathogens, including bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites. The development and chronicity of pulmonary infection are determined by the early innate response to the pathogenic stimuli and are regulated at multiple levels. Initial studies have indicated that the interaction of Notch and Notch ligands plays a critical role during development, and further, the Notch system is an important bridge between APCs and T cell communication circuits. APCs are essential regulators of the innate immune response. They can respond to PAMPs through PRRs, which function in the recognition of pathogenic components and play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune response. T cells are essential regulators of adaptive immune responses and infectious diseases. However, the role of the Notch system in the cross-talk between APC and T cells during pulmonary infection is still poorly understood. In the present review, we discuss recent findings that explore the mechanisms underlying the role of Notch signaling in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity, including pulmonary infection though PPRs and Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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18
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Hsieh EH, Lo DD. Jagged1 and Notch1 help edit M cell patterning in Peyer's patch follicle epithelium. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:306-312. [PMID: 22504165 PMCID: PMC3374009 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelium M cells are dispersed across Peyer's patch follicle associated epithelium (PPFAE) with minimal clustering. Since Notch signaling can influence patterning in epithelia, we examined its influence on PPFAE M cell distribution. Conditional deletion of Notch1 in intestinal epithelium increased PPFAE M cells and also increased M cell clustering, implying a role for Notch in both M cell numbers and lateral inhibition. By contrast, conditional deletion of the ligand Jagged1 also increased M cell clustering, but with a paradoxical decrease in M cell density. In vitro, inhibition of Notch signaling reduced expression of an M cell associated gene CD137, consistent with cis-promoting effects on M cell development. Thus, Jagged1 may have a cis-promoting role in committed M cells, but a trans-inhibitory effect on neighboring cells. In sum, Jagged1-Notch signaling may edit the pattern of M cells across the PPFAE, which may help optimize mucosal immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Hui Hsieh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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19
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Chen Y, Ci X, Gorentla B, Sullivan SA, Stone JC, Zhang W, Pereira P, Lu J, Zhong XP. Differential requirement of RasGRP1 for γδ T cell development and activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:61-71. [PMID: 22623331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
γδ T (γδT) cells belong to a distinct T cell lineage that performs immune functions different from αβ T (αβT) cells. Previous studies established that Erk1/2 MAPKs are critical for positive selection of αβT cells. Additional evidence suggests that increased Erk1/2 activity promotes γδT cell generation. RasGRP1, a guanine nucleotide-releasing factor for Ras, plays an important role in positive selection of αβT cells by activating the Ras-Erk1/2 pathway. In this article, we demonstrate that RasGRP1 is critical for TCR-induced Erk1/2 activation in γδT cells, but it exerts different roles for γδT cell generation and activation. Deficiency of RasGRP1 does not obviously affect γδT cell numbers in the thymus, but it leads to increased γδT cells, particularly CD4(-)CD8(+) γδT cells, in the peripheral lymphoid organs. The virtually unhindered γδT cell development in the RasGRP1(-/-) thymus proved to be cell intrinsic, whereas the increase in CD8(+) γδT cells is caused by non-cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Our data provide genetic evidence that decreased Erk1/2 activation in the absence of RasGRP1 is compatible with γδT cell generation. Although RasGRP1 is dispensable for γδT cell generation, RasGRP1-deficient γδT cells are defective in proliferation following TCR stimulation. Additionally, RasGRP1-deficient γδT cells are impaired to produce IL-17 but not IFNγ. Together, these observations revealed that RasGRP1 plays differential roles for γδ and αβ T cell development but is critical for γδT cell proliferation and production of IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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20
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Pereira P, Boucontet L, Cumano A. Temporal Predisposition to αβ and γδ T Cell Fates in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1600-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Shah DK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Notch receptor-ligand interactions during T cell development, a ligand endocytosis-driven mechanism. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 360:19-46. [PMID: 22581027 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays an important role during the development of different cell types and tissues. The role of Notch signaling in lymphocyte development, in particular in the development and commitment to the T cell lineage, has been the focus of research for many years. Notch signaling is absolutely required during the commitment and early stages of T cell development. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway is initiated by ligand-receptor interactions and appears to require active endocytosis of Notch ligands. Studies addressing the mechanism underlying endocytosis of Notch ligands have helped to identify the main players important and necessary for this process. Here, we review the Notch ligands, and the proposed models of Notch activation by Notch ligand endocytosis, highlighting key molecules involved. In particular, we discuss recent studies on Notch ligands involved in T cell development, current studies aimed at elucidating the relevance of Notch ligand endocytosis during T cell development and the identification of key players necessary for ligand endocytosis in the thymus and during T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya K Shah
- Department of Immunology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4 N 3M5, Canada.
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22
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Thompson PK, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. On becoming a T cell, a convergence of factors kick it up a Notch along the way. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:350-9. [PMID: 21981947 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is seeded by bone marrow-derived progenitors, which undergo a series of differentiation and proliferation events in order to generate functional T lymphocytes. The Notch signaling pathway, together with multiple transcription factors, act in concert to commit progenitors to a T-lineage fate, extinguishing non-T cell potential, inducing thymocyte differentiation and supporting proliferation and survival along the way to becoming a mature T cell. This review focuses on recent evidence regarding the complex interplay between the Notch pathway and other key transcription factors at specific lineage-decision points during the program of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja K Thompson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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