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Albæk K, Andrade SB. Involuntary temporary work and mental health medications: A longitudinal study in Denmark. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002634. [PMID: 38032871 PMCID: PMC10688703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, most western countries have experienced an increase in jobs characterized by temporary employment working arrangements. Research links temporary employment to negative health outcomes. Yet, no study has analysed the effects on the mental health of workers in involuntary temporary employment. This study analyses the consequences of involuntary temporary employment for mental health. We distinguish between different lengths of exposure to involuntary temporary employment and assess the effects separately for women and men. We use a cohort design that combines data from the Danish version of the longitudinal European Labour Force Survey with administrative data about use of prescription drugs for anxiety and stress. Using a fixed effects approach, we identify the effects of involuntary full-time temporary employment on mental health over time. To further investigate causal effects, we also compare the outcomes of workers in involuntary full-time temporary employment with a control group that consists of workers who become employed in involuntarily full-time temporary job at a later point of time. For women in involuntary full-time temporary employment (for six quarters or more) the results show a deterioration in mental health as indicated by a 12.8 percentage point increase in drug use. Involuntary full-time temporary employment for one quarter results in a decrease in drug use by 1.1 percentage points, but no lasting effects. For men, we find no mental health consequences of involuntary full-time temporary employment. We conclude that involuntary full-time temporary employment for six quarters or more is likely to be harmful for women's mental health, while shorter periods of involuntary full-time temporary employment may have a minor positive impact. The implications suggest that it is advisable for labour market policy to make it easy for those in involuntary temporary employment to find permanent jobs, and that policy makers should consider adverse mental health problems when addressing policies affecting the prevalence of temporary employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Albæk
- VIVE–The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Copenhagen K., Denmark
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Shi X, Shen Y. Mental health penalties of having a child: findings from the China family panel studies. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 2:7. [PMID: 37215521 PMCID: PMC10184102 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-023-00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the birth rate in China has rapidly declined. While much research has been done on the penalties in earnings that women incur when they fall behind men in the labor market due to childbirth, there has been little to no research on the mental health effects. This study addresses the gap in current literature by examining the mental health penalties that women experience after having a child in comparison to men. We applied econometric modeling to data collected from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and found that women experienced a significant, immediate, and long-run decline (4.3%) in life satisfaction after their first child, while men were unaffected. We also found that women experienced a significant increase in depression after their first child. This suggests mental health penalties since the mental health risk proxied by these two measurements is only significant for women. This is likely related to child penalties in labor market performance and childbirth-related physical health issues. When countries adopt multiple tools to stimulate the birth rate for economic growth, they must consider the implicit burden on women-especially the long-term negative effects on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Shi
- China Academy for Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Research Center for Common Prosperity, Future Regional Development Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
- Center for Common Prosperity of Zhejiang University & Huzhou City, Hangzhou, China
- Institute for Common Prosperity and Development, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- School of Economics, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
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3
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Tancredi S, Ulytė A, Wagner C, Keidel D, Witzig M, Imboden M, Probst-Hensch N, Amati R, Albanese E, Levati S, Crivelli L, Kohler P, Cusini A, Kahlert C, Harju E, Michel G, Lüdi C, Ortega N, Baggio S, Chocano-Bedoya P, Rodondi N, Ballouz T, Frei A, Kaufmann M, Von Wyl V, Lorthe E, Baysson H, Stringhini S, Schneider V, Kaufmann L, Wieber F, Volken T, Zysset A, Dratva J, Cullati S. Changes in socioeconomic resources and mental health after the second COVID-19 wave (2020-2021): a longitudinal study in Switzerland. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:51. [PMID: 36959642 PMCID: PMC10035489 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the 2020/2021 winter, the labour market was under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in socioeconomic resources during this period could have influenced individual mental health. This association may have been mitigated or exacerbated by subjective risk perceptions, such as perceived risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or perception of the national economic situation. Therefore, we aimed to determine if changes in financial resources and employment situation during and after the second COVID-19 wave were prospectively associated with depression, anxiety and stress, and whether perceptions of the national economic situation and of the risk of getting infected modified this association. METHODS One thousand seven hundred fifty nine participants from a nation-wide population-based eCohort in Switzerland were followed between November 2020 and September 2021. Financial resources and employment status were assessed twice (Nov2020-Mar2021, May-Jul 2021). Mental health was assessed after the second measurement of financial resources and employment status, using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). We modelled DASS-21 scores with linear regression, adjusting for demographics, health status, social relationships and changes in workload, and tested interactions with subjective risk perceptions. RESULTS We observed scores above thresholds for normal levels for 16% (95%CI = 15-18) of participants for depression, 8% (95%CI = 7-10) for anxiety, and 10% (95%CI = 9-12) for stress. Compared to continuously comfortable or sufficient financial resources, continuously precarious or insufficient resources were associated with worse scores for all outcomes. Increased financial resources were associated with higher anxiety. In the working-age group, shifting from full to part-time employment was associated with higher stress and anxiety. Perceiving the Swiss economic situation as worrisome was associated with higher anxiety in participants who lost financial resources or had continuously precarious or insufficient resources. CONCLUSION This study confirms the association of economic stressors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the exacerbating role of subjective risk perception on this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tancredi
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Agnė Ulytė
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Wagner
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Keidel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Witzig
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sara Levati
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care at the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Luca Crivelli
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care at the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St-Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St-Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St-Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Erika Harju
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Michel
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Lüdi
- Department Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Ortega
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Chocano-Bedoya
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tala Ballouz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Von Wyl
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elsa Lorthe
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Baysson
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Schneider
- Cantonal Public Health Service of the Canton of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaufmann
- Cantonal Public Health Service of the Canton of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wieber
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Volken
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Annina Zysset
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Julia Dratva
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Cullati
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Readaptation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Employment trajectories and mental health-related disability in Belgium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:285-302. [PMID: 36214912 PMCID: PMC9905181 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An individual's quality of employment over time has been highlighted as a potential determinant of mental health. With mental ill-health greatly contributing to work incapacities and disabilities in Belgium, the present study aims to explore whether mental health, as indicated by registered mental health-related disability, is structured along the lines of employment quality, whereby employment quality is assessed over time as part of individuals' labour market trajectories. METHODS Using administrative data from the Belgian Crossroads Bank for Social Security over 16 quarters between 2006 and 2009, transitions between waged jobs of varying quality (based on dimensions of income, working time, employment stability and multiple jobholding), self-employment, and unemployment are considered among individuals in the labour force aged 30-40 at baseline (n = 41,065 women and 45,667 men). With Multichannel Sequence Analysis and clustering, we constructed ideal types of employment trajectories. Fitting Cox regressions, we then evaluated individuals' hazard of experiencing a disability from a mental disorder between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS Our analysis highlights various gender-specific trajectories. Among both genders, individuals exposed to near-constant unemployment over the initial 4 years showed the highest hazard of subsequent mental health-related disability compared to a group characterised by stable full-time employment, single jobholding, and above-median income. Trajectories involving a higher probability of subsidised and non-standard employment and (potential) spells of unemployment and lower relative income were also strong predictors of cause-specific disabilities. Health selection and confounding might, however, be contributing factors. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a gradient of mental disorders resulting in a disability along trajectory types. Our findings highlight the predictive power of labour market trajectories and their employment quality for subsequent mental disorder-related disability. Future research should examine the mechanisms, including selection effects in this association.
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Pförtner TK. The Emergence of Precarious Employment as a Determinant of Health in Europe and the Relevance of Contextual Factors: A Critical Research Synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2022:207314221139797. [DOI: 10.1177/00207314221139797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precarious employment as a determinant of health remains on the rise in Europe, in contrast to the European Pillar of Social Rights. Research in epidemiology, public health, and occupational health research has debated the health impacts of precarious employment. A number of studies have concluded that precarious employment contributes to poor health. More recent research has focused on the contextual influences of the association between precarious employment and health. Accordingly, we argue that the welfare state and the specific institutional arrangements on the national level determine and mediate the extent of the association between precarious employment and health. This research synthesis: (a) debates explanations for the rise of precarious employment in Europe, (b) illustrates how precarious employment has risen in Europe since the 1980s, (c) indicates empirical findings of the association between precarious employment and health in Europe, (d) discusses how research explains between-country differences of the association between precarious employment and health, and (e) presents empirical findings on the contextual determinants of the association between precarious employment and health in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo-Kolja Pförtner
- Research Methods Division, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Wu Q(M. Employment Precarity, COVID-19 Risk, and Workers' Well-Being During the Pandemic in Europe. WORK AND OCCUPATIONS 2022; 50:07308884221126415. [PMCID: PMC9486675 DOI: 10.1177/07308884221126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis highlights a growing precarity in employment and the importance of employment for workers' well-being. Existing studies primarily examine the consequences of employment precarity through non-standard employment arrangements or the perception of job insecurity as a one-dimensional measure. Recent scholars advocate a multidimensional construct with a wide range of objective and subjective characteristics of precariousness. Using data from Eurofound's Living, Working, and COVID-19 surveys, I define employment precarity as the objective form of employment instability, as well as subjective terms of job insecurity and emotional precariousness. I also investigate whether and how various facets of employment precarity along with COVID-19 risk are associated with workers' mental and subjective well-being across 27 European Union member states during the pandemic. This study sheds light on a comprehensive understanding of objective and subjective dimensions of employment precarity, as well as their effects on workers' well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong (Miranda) Wu
- Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
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Pförtner TK, Pfaff H, Elgar FJ. Dualized Labor Market and Polarized Health: A Longitudinal Perspective on the Association between Precarious Employment and Mental and Physical Health in Germany. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 63:357-374. [PMID: 35012360 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211066855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the longitudinal association between precarious employment and physical and mental health in a dualized labor market by disaggregating between-employee and within-employee effects and considering mobility in precariousness of employment. Analyses were based on the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2002 to 2018 considering all employees ages 18 to 67 years (n = 38,551). Precariousness of employment was measured as an additive index considering working poverty, nonstandard working time arrangements, perceived job insecurity, and low social rights. Health outcomes were mental and physical health. Random effects models were used and controlled for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables. Results indicated that the association between precariousness of employment and mental and physical health is mainly based on between-employee differences and that prolonged precariousness of employment or upward or downward mobility are associated with poor health. We found evidence of polarization in health by precariousness of employment within a dualized labor market.
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Pförtner TK, Demirer I. How Working Conditions, Socioeconomic Insecurity, and Behavior-Related Factors Mediate the Association Between Working Poverty and Health in Germany. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604555. [PMID: 35645704 PMCID: PMC9130479 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Aims of this study were to Schmitt (Advances in Life Course Research, 2021, 47: 100402) analyze the association of working poverty with mental and physical health-related quality of life and (Wang and Ford, J Organ Behav, 2020, 41 (9): 895–914) to explain these associations by behavior-related factors (heavy drinking, smoking status, body mass index), socioeconomic insecurity (deprivation in living standards, economic worries), and mental working conditions (effort-reward imbalance, job insecurity). Methods: A total of 11,500 employees aged 17–67 from the German Socioeconomic Panel (2014, 2015, and 2016) were used, and mediation analyses with inverse odds weighting stratified by gender were conducted. Results: Working poverty was significantly associated with both outcomes for both genders. Deprivation in living standards contributed the most to differences in mental health, with a mediated proportion of 60.3% (men) and 44.4% (women). Differences in physical health were significantly mediated by inadequate living standards in women, with a mediated proportion of 73.7%, whereas none of the mediators considered were significant in men. Conclusion: Indicators of socioeconomic insecurity contributed most to the association of working poverty with mental and physical health. Results highlight the relevance of policy initiatives to strengthen the socioeconomic living conditions of the working poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo-Kolja Pförtner
- Research Methods Division, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Medical Faculty and Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo-Kolja Pförtner,
| | - Ibrahim Demirer
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science, Medical Faculty and Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Bhattacharya A, Ray T. Precarious work, job stress, and health-related quality of life. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:310-319. [PMID: 33543533 PMCID: PMC9904539 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent technological and work organization changes have resulted in an increased prevalence of nonstandard work arrangement types. One of the consequences has been an increased prevalence of precarious work. Our objective was to generate a scale to measure work precariousness in the United States and examine the associations between this study precariousness scale with job stress, unhealthy days, and days with activity limitations among US workers from 2002 to 2014, to determine if precarious work adversely affects worker health. METHODS Our scale was inspired by the Employment Precariousness Scale that measures work precariousness reported by salaried workers and developed for the US workforce. We used pooled cross-sectional data from 22 representative items from the General Social Survey, Quality of Work Life survey for the years 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. These data included 4534 observations for analysis. We used regression models to examine associations between work precariousness and job stress, unhealthy days, and days with activity limitations. RESULTS Statistically significant positive association existed between job stress and work precariousness. Workers reporting work precariousness were more likely to experience more days in poor physical and mental health and more days with activity limitations due to health problems. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study provide support for our precariousness scale and its suitability for assessing the health-related quality of life of workers in different work arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasua Bhattacharya
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Tapas Ray
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati Ohio USA
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Ayala-Garcia A, Serra L, Ubalde-Lopez M. Association between early working life patterns, in publicly and privately owned companies, and the course of future sickness absence due to mental disorders: a cohort study in Catalonia (Spain). BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040480. [PMID: 33593771 PMCID: PMC7888331 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between early working life patterns, at privately and publicly held companies, and the course of sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders. METHODS Cohort study of workers aged 18-28 years, affiliated with the Spanish social security system, living in Catalonia, who had at least one episode of SA due to mental disorders between 2012 and 2014. Individual prior working life trajectories were reconstructed through sequence analysis. Optimal matching analysis was performed to identify early working life patterns by clustering similar individual trajectories. SA trajectories were identified using latent class growth modelling analysis. Finally, the relationship between early working life patterns and subsequent SA trajectories was assessed via multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS Among both men and women, four labour market participation (LMP) patterns were identified: stable permanent employment (reference group), increasing permanent employment, fluctuating employment and delayed employment. Among women, an increasing permanent employment pattern in early working life was related to a decrease of accumulated SA days over time (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.08; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.66). In men, we observed a trend towards a middle stable accumulation of SA days in those with fluctuating employment (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.74) or delayed employment (aOR 1.79; 95% CI 0.59 to 5.41). In both men and women, an early working life in big companies was related to a more favourable SA trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Early LMP patterns characterised by an increasing stability-decreased number of transitions between temporary contracts and lack of social security coverage towards permanent contracts-were related to a better future SA course due to mental diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Ayala-Garcia
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM - Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Serra
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- IMIM - Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Monica Ubalde-Lopez
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Hahn MH, McVicar D, Wooden M. Is casual employment in Australia bad for workers' health? Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:15-21. [PMID: 33033106 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper assessed the impact of working in casual employment, compared with permanent employment, on eight health attributes that make up the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Health Survey, separately by sex. The mental health impacts of casual jobs with irregular hours over which the worker reports limited control were also investigated. METHODS Longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, over the period 2001-2018, were used to investigate the relationship between the eight SF-36 subscales and workers' employment contract type. Individual, household and job characteristic confounders were included in dynamic panel data regression models with correlated random effects. RESULTS For both men and women, health outcomes for casual workers were no worse than for permanent workers for any of the eight SF-36 health attributes. For some health attributes, scores for casual workers were higher (ie, better) than for permanent workers (role physical: men: β=1.15, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.20, women: β=1.79, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.80; bodily pain: women: β=0.90, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.54; vitality: women: β=0.65, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.18; social functioning: men: β=1.00, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.73); role emotional: men: β=1.81, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.89, women: β=1.24, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.24). Among women (but not men), mental health and role emotional scores were lower for irregular casual workers than for regular permanent workers but not statistically significantly so. CONCLUSIONS This study found no evidence that casual employment in Australia is detrimental to self-assessed worker health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Hahn
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Duncan McVicar
- Queen's Management School, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark Wooden
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale. Ann Occup Environ Med 2020; 32:e11. [PMID: 32411376 PMCID: PMC7204838 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers' employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS). Methods This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers. The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed). Conclusions The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.
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Oshio T. Association Between Area-level Risk of Job Instability and Workers' Health: A Multi-level Analysis Using Population-based Survey Data From Japan. J Epidemiol 2020; 31:203-209. [PMID: 32249269 PMCID: PMC7878707 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precarious job status is negatively related with workers’ health. Research has yet to address whether and to what extent the area-level risk of precarious employment is associated with workers’ health, independently from their job status. We addressed this issue in the present study. Methods We estimated multi-level logistic regression models using repeated cross-sectional data comprising 253,048 men and 210,761 women aged 20–59 years who were living in 47 prefectures. This data were obtained from population-based surveys conducted in 2010, 2013, and 2016 in Japan. Results For male workers, the estimated odds of reporting poor self-rated health, subjective symptoms, and problems in activities of daily living for those residing in the prefectures in the highest tertile of the proportion of precarious employees were 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.18), 1.12 (95% CI, 1.05–1.19), and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.04–1.28) times, respectively, higher than those living in the prefectures in the lowest tertile, even after controlling for individuals’ job status and key covariates. The results remained largely similar, despite focusing on the sample with information about household income, which was available from the survey, and controlling for it. In contrast, the results indicated that women’s health outcomes were not associated with the prefecture-level proportion of precarious employees. Conclusions The area-level risk of precarious employment matters for male workers’ health independently from their job status, underscoring the importance of policy measures aimed to reduce the adverse impacts of precarious employment on workers’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshio
- Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University
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14
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Jones AM, Rice N, Zantomio F. Acute health shocks and labour market outcomes: Evidence from the post crash era. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020; 36:100811. [PMID: 31521566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the labour supply response to an acute health shock for individuals of all working ages, in the post crash era, combining coarsened exact matching and entropy balancing to preprocess data prior to undertaking parametric regression. Identification exploits uncertainty in the timing of an acute health shock, defined by the incidence of cancer, stroke, or heart attack, based on data from Understanding Society. The main finding implies a substantial increase in the baseline probability of labour market exit along with reduced hours and earnings. Younger workers display a stronger labour market attachment than older counterparts, conditional on a health shock. Impacts are stronger for women, older workers, and those who experience more severe limitations and impairments. This is shown to be robust to a broad range of approaches to estimation. Sensitivity tests based on pre-treatment outcomes and using future health shocks as a placebo treatment support our identification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, United Kingdom; Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Australia
| | - Nigel Rice
- Centre for Health Economics and Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Zantomio
- Department of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy; Health Econometrics and Data Group, University of York, United Kingdom.
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15
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Bubonya M, Cobb-Clark DA, Ribar DC. The reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and employment status. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2019; 35:96-106. [PMID: 31323564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes the reciprocal lagged relationship between depressive symptoms and employment status. We find that severe depressive symptoms contribute to a 25.6% increase in subsequent non-employment rates, a 20.7% increase in non-participation rates and 34.2% increase in unemployment rates, for men. Similar, although weaker, marginal effects are found for women. However, we find no evidence for men and only limited evidence for women that unemployment, non-employment, or non-participation raises the risks of severe depressive symptoms. We observe an impact of labor market status on depressive symptoms only when using point-in-time measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Bubonya
- School of Economics, University of Sydney, ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
| | - Deborah A Cobb-Clark
- School of Economics, University of Sydney, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course.
| | - David C Ribar
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course
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16
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Klug K, Drobnič S, Brockmann H. Trajectories of insecurity: Young adults' employment entry, health and well-being. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Park W, Baek J. The impact of employment protection on health: Evidence from fixed-term contract workers in South Korea. Soc Sci Med 2019; 233:158-170. [PMID: 31203144 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the impact of increased employment protection on the self-rated health of workers. We utilize the recent labor reform in South Korea which sharply increased the employment protection level of fixed-term contract workers meeting certain criteria. By applying a difference-in-differences framework to longitudinal data, we explore the causal impact of employment protection. We find that subjective health and perceived job security improved with increased statutory employment protection. Further analysis suggests that the improvement in subjective health is less likely to be driven by improvement in working conditions or health related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooRam Park
- Korea Development Institute, 263 Namsejong-ro, Sejong-si, 30149, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisun Baek
- KDI School of Public Policy and Management, 263 Namsejong-ro, Sejong-si, 30149, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Gill MJ, Roulet TJ, Kerridge SP. Mentoring for mental health: A mixed-method study of the benefits of formal mentoring programmes in the English police force. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Redekopp DE, Huston M. The broader aims of career development: mental health, wellbeing and work. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2018.1513451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Employment Condition, Economic Deprivation and Self-Evaluated Health in Europe: Evidence from EU-SILC 2009-2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020143. [PMID: 28165375 PMCID: PMC5334697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: The mixed empirical evidence about employment conditions (i.e., permanent vs. temporary job, full-time vs. part-time job) as well as unemployment has motivated the development of conceptual models with the aim of assessing the pathways leading to effects of employment status on health. Alongside physically and psychologically riskier working conditions, one channel stems in the possibly severe economic deprivation faced by temporary workers. We investigate whether economic deprivation is able to partly capture the effect of employment status on Self-evaluated Health Status (SHS). Methods: Our analysis is based on the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey, for a balanced sample from 26 countries from 2009 to 2012. We estimate a correlated random-effects logit model for the SHS that accounts for the ordered nature of the dependent variable and the longitudinal structure of the data. Results and Discussion: Material deprivation and economic strain are able to partly account for the negative effects on SHS from precarious and part-time employment as well as from unemployment that, however, exhibits a significant independent negative association with SHS. Conclusions: Some of the indicators used to proxy economic deprivation are significant predictors of SHS and their correlation with the employment condition is such that it should not be neglected in empirical analysis, when available and further to the monetary income.
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Guan M. Measuring the effects of socioeconomic factors on mental health among migrants in urban China: a multiple indicators multiple causes model. Int J Ment Health Syst 2017; 11:10. [PMID: 28070220 PMCID: PMC5217273 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-016-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Since 1978, rural–urban migrants mainly contribute Chinese urbanization. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of socioeconomic factors on mental health of them. Their mental health was measured by 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Methods The study sample comprised 5925 migrants obtained from the 2009 rural-to-urban migrants survey (RUMiC). The relationships among the instruments were assessed by the correlation analysis. The one-factor (overall items), two-factor (positive vs. negative items), and model conducted by principal component analysis were tested in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). On the basis of three CFA models, the three multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) models with age, gender, marriage, ethnicity, and employment were constructed to investigate the concurrent associations between socioeconomic factors and GHQ-12. Results Of the sample, only 1.94% were of ethnic origin and mean age was 31.63 (SD = ±10.43) years. The one-factor, two-factor, and three-factor structure (i.e. semi-positive/negative/independent usefulness) had good model fits in the CFA analysis and gave order (i.e. 2 factor>3 factor>1 factor), which suggests that the three models can be used to assess psychological symptoms of migrants in urban China. All MIMIC models had acceptable fit and gave order (i.e. one-dimensional model>two-dimensional model>three-dimensional model). Conclusions There were weak associations of socioeconomic factors with mental health among migrants in urban China. Policy discussion suggested that improvement of socioeconomic status of rural–urban migrants and mental health systems in urban China should be highlighted and strengthened. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0118-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Family Issues Center at Xuchang University, School of Business, Xuchang University, Road Bayi 88, Xuchang, Henan China
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Kawada T. Do temporary workers have a higher risk of occupational injury than permanent employees? Public Health 2016; 137:204-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kang MY, Kang YJ, Lee W, Yoon JH. Does long-term experience of nonstandard employment increase the incidence of depression in the elderly? J Occup Health 2016; 58:247-54. [PMID: 27108642 PMCID: PMC5356949 DOI: 10.1539/joh.15-0169-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Our prospective study aimed to elucidate the effect of long-term experience of nonstandard employment status on the incidence of depression in elderly population using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) study. Methods: This study used the first- to fourth-wave cohorts of KLoSA. After the exclusion of the unemployed and participants who experienced a change in employment status during the follow-up periods, we analyzed a total of 1,817 participants. Employment contracts were assessed by self-reported questions:standard or nonstandard employment. The short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) served as the outcome measure. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association between standard/nonstandard employees and development of depression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 53.90 (±7.21) years. We observed that nonstandard employment significantly increased the risk of depression. Compared with standard employees, nonstandard employees had a 1.5-fold elevated risk for depression after adjusting for age, gender, CES-D score at baseline, household income, occupation category, current marital status, number of living siblings, perceived health status, and chronic diseases [HR=1.461, 95% CI= (1.184, 1.805) ]. Moreover, regardless of other individual characteristics, the elevated risk of depression was observed among all kinds of nonstandard workers, such as temporary and day workers, full-time and part-time workers, and directly employed and dispatched labor. Conclusions: The 6-year follow-up study revealed that long-term experience of nonstandard employment status increased the risk of depression in elderly population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Yeol Kang
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Ageny
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Moscone F, Tosetti E, Vittadini G. The impact of precarious employment on mental health: The case of Italy. Soc Sci Med 2016; 158:86-95. [PMID: 27115334 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been a sizeable empirical literature measuring the effect of job precariousness on the mental health of workers the debate is still open, and understanding the true nature of such relationship has important policy implications. In this paper, we investigate the impact of precarious employment on mental health using a unique, very large data set that matches information on job contracts for over 2.7 million employees in Italy followed over the years 2007-2011, with their psychotropic medication prescription. We examine the causal effects of temporary contracts, their duration and the number of contract changes during the year on the probability of having one or more prescriptions for medication to treat mental health problems. To this end, we estimate a dynamic Probit model, and deal with the potential endogeneity of regressors by adopting an instrumental variables approach. As instruments, we use firm-level probabilities of being a temporary worker as well as other firm-level variables that do not depend on the mental illness status of the workers. Our results show that the probability of psychotropic medication prescription is higher for workers under temporary job contracts. More days of work under temporary contract as well as frequent changes in temporary contract significantly increase the probability of developing mental health problems that need to be medically treated. We also find that moving from permanent to temporary employment increases mental illness; symmetrically, although with a smaller effect in absolute value, moving from temporary to permanent employment tends to reduce it. Policy interventions aimed at increasing the flexibility of the labour market through an increase of temporary contracts should also take into account the social and economic cost of these reforms, in terms of psychological wellbeing of employees.
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