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Zeng P, Shu LZ, Zhou YH, Huang HL, Wei SH, Liu WJ, Deng H. Stem Cell Division and Its Critical Role in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: Current Progress and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:449-467. [PMID: 38943275 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been a focus of medical research. It is widely acknowledged that BC originates from immortal mammary stem cells and that these stem cells participate in two division modes: symmetric cell division (SCD) and asymmetrical cell division (ACD). Although both of these modes are key to the process of breast development and their imbalance is closely associated with the onset of BC, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena deserve in-depth exploration. In this review, we first outline the molecular mechanisms governing ACD/SCD and analyze the role of ACD/SCD in various stages of breast development. We describe that the changes in telomerase activity, the role of polar proteins, and the stimulation of ovarian hormones subsequently lead to two distinct consequences: breast development or carcinogenesis. Finally, gene mutations, abnormalities in polar proteins, modulation of signal-transduction pathways, and alterations in the microenvironment disrupt the balance of BC stem cell division modes and cause BC. Important regulatory factors such as mammalian Inscuteable mInsc, Numb, Eya1, PKCα, PKCθ, p53, and IL-6 also play significant roles in regulating pathways of ACD/SCD and may constitute key targets for future research on stem cell division, breast development, and tumor therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Female
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Animals
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Cell Division
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin-Zhen Shu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Lin Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Hua Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Ji J, Cao J, Chen P, Huang R, Ye SD. Inhibition of protein kinase C increases Prdm14 level to promote self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through reducing Suv39h-induced H3K9 methylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105714. [PMID: 38309502 PMCID: PMC10909794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) efficiently promoted the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, information about the function of PKC inhibition remains lacking. Here, RNA-sequencing showed that the addition of Go6983 significantly inhibited the expression of de novo methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) and their regulator Dnmt3l, resulting in global hypomethylation of DNA in mouse ESCs. Mechanistically, PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14), a site-specific transcriptional activator, partially contributed to Go6983-mediated repression of Dnmt3 genes. Administration of Go6983 increased Prdm14 expression mainly through the inhibition of PKCδ. High constitutive expression of Prdm14 phenocopied the ability of Go6983 to maintain` mouse ESC stemness in the absence of self-renewal-promoting cytokines. In contrast, the knockdown of Prdm14 eliminated the response to PKC inhibition and substantially impaired the Go6983-induced resistance of mouse ESCs to differentiation. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and Western blotting revealed low levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 in Go6983-treated mouse ESCs. Suv39h enzymes are histone methyltransferases that recognize dimethylated and trimethylated histone H3K9 specifically and usually function as transcriptional repressors. Consistently, the inhibition of Suv39h1 by RNA interference or the addition of the selective inhibitor chaetocin increased Prdm14 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Go6983 treatment led to decreased enrichment of dimethylation and trimethylation of H3K9 at the Prdm14 promoter but increased RNA polymerase Ⅱ binding affinity. Together, our results provide novel insights into the pivotal association between PKC inhibition-mediated self-renewal and epigenetic changes, which will help us better understand the regulatory network of stem cell pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Ji
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jianjian Cao
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ru Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Kasai T, Tamori S, Takasaki Y, Matsuoka I, Ozaki A, Matsuda C, Harada Y, Sasaki K, Ohno S, Akimoto K. High expression of PKCλ and ALDH1A3 indicates a poor prognosis, and PKCλ is required for the asymmetric cell division of ALDH1A3-positive cancer stem cells in PDAC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 669:85-94. [PMID: 37267864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the cancer with the poorest prognosis. One of the major properties reflecting its poor prognosis is high-grade heterogeneity, which leads to insensitivity to anticancer treatments. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) acquire phenotypic heterogeneity, generating abnormally differentiated cells by asymmetric cell division. However, the detailed mechanism leading to phenotypic heterogeneity is largely unknown. Here, we showed that PDAC patients with co-upregulation of PKCλ and ALDH1A3 had the poorest clinical outcome. PKCλ knockdown by DsiRNA in the ALDH1high population of PDAC MIA-PaCa-2 cells attenuated the asymmetric distribution of the ALDH1A3 protein. To monitor asymmetric cell division of ALDH1A3-positive PDAC CSCs, we established stable Panc-1 PDAC clones expressing ALDH1A3-turboGFP (Panc-1-ALDH1A3-turboGFP cells). In addition to MIA-PaCa-2-ALDH1high cells, turboGFPhigh cells sorted from Panc-1-ALDH1A3-turboGFP cells showed asymmetric cell propagation of ALDH1A3 protein. PKCλ DsiRNA in Panc-1-ALDH1A3-turboGFP cells also attenuated the asymmetric distribution of ALDH1A3 protein. These results suggest that PKCλ regulates the asymmetric cell division of ALDH1A3-positive PDAC CSCs. Furthermore, Panc-1-ALDH1A3-turboGFP cells can be useful for the visualization and monitoring of CSC properties such as asymmetric cell division of ALDH1A3-positive PDAC CSCs in time-lapse imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kasai
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoma Tamori
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan; Research Division of Medical Data Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuta Takasaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Izumi Matsuoka
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chika Matsuda
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Harada
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan; Research Division of Medical Data Science, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
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Up-regulation of PKCα and δ during beating cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19CL6 cells with suppressed apoptotic cell populations. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-023-00338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Rust K, Wodarz A. Transcriptional Control of Apical-Basal Polarity Regulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212340. [PMID: 34830224 PMCID: PMC8624420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for many functions of cells and tissues including the initial establishment and subsequent maintenance of epithelial tissues, asymmetric cell division, and morphogenetic movements. Cell polarity along the apical-basal axis is controlled by three protein complexes that interact with and co-regulate each other: The Par-, Crumbs-, and Scrib-complexes. The localization and activity of the components of these complexes is predominantly controlled by protein-protein interactions and protein phosphorylation status. Increasing evidence accumulates that, besides the regulation at the protein level, the precise expression control of polarity determinants contributes substantially to cell polarity regulation. Here we review how gene expression regulation influences processes that depend on the induction, maintenance, or abolishment of cell polarity with a special focus on epithelial to mesenchymal transition and asymmetric stem cell division. We conclude that gene expression control is an important and often neglected mechanism in the control of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rust
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.R.); (A.W.)
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6
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Moratilla A, Sainz de la Maza D, Cadenas Martin M, López-Iglesias P, González-Peramato P, De Miguel MP. Inhibition of PKCε induces primordial germ cell reprogramming into pluripotency by HIF1&2 upregulation and histone acetylation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2021; 10:1-17. [PMID: 33815934 PMCID: PMC8012778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historically, primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been a good model to study pluripotency. Despite their low numbers and limited accessibility in the mouse embryo, they can be easily and rapidly reprogrammed at high efficiency with external physicochemical factors and do not require transcription factor transfection. Employing this model to deepen our understanding of cell reprogramming, we specifically aimed to determine the relevance of Ca2+ signal transduction pathway components in the reprogramming process. Our results showed that PGC reprogramming requires a normal extracellular [Ca2+] range, in contrast to neoplastic or transformed cells, which can continue to proliferate in Ca2+-deficient media, differentiating normal reprogramming from neoplastic transformation. Our results also showed that a spike in extracellular [Ca2+] of 1-3 mM can directly reprogram PGC. Intracellular manipulation of Ca2+ signal transduction pathway components revealed that inhibition of classical Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent PKCs, or intriguingly, of only the novel DAG-dependent PKC, PKCε, were able to induce reprogramming. PKCε inhibition changed the metabolism of PGCs toward glycolysis, increasing the proportion of inactive mitochondria. This metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), given we found upregulation of both HIF1α and HIF2α in the first 48 hours of culturing. PKCε inhibition did not change the classical pluripotency gene expression of PGCs, Oct4, or Nanog. PKCε inhibition changed the histone acetylation of PGCs, with histones H2B, H3, and H4 becoming acetylated in PKCε-inhibited cultures (markers were H2BacK20, H3acK9, and H4acK5K8, K12, K16), suggesting that reprogramming by PKCε inhibition is mediated by histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moratilla
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cadenas Martin
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Iglesias
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P De Miguel
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Kumar S, Curran JE, DeLeon E, Leandro AC, Howard TE, Lehman DM, Williams-Blangero S, Glahn DC, Blangero J. Role of miRNA-mRNA Interaction in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21196980. [PMID: 32977388 PMCID: PMC7582477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA regulates the expression of protein coding genes and plays a regulatory role in human development and disease. The human iPSCs and their differentiated progenies provide a unique opportunity to identify these miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms. To identify miRNA-mRNA regulatory interactions in human nervous system development, well characterized NSCs were differentiated from six validated iPSC lines and analyzed for differentially expressed (DE) miRNome and transcriptome by RNA sequencing. Following the criteria, moderated t statistics, FDR-corrected p-value ≤ 0.05 and fold change-absolute (FC-abs) ≥2.0, 51 miRNAs and 4033 mRNAs were found to be significantly DE between iPSCs and NSCs. The miRNA target prediction analysis identified 513 interactions between 30 miRNA families (mapped to 51 DE miRNAs) and 456 DE mRNAs that were paradoxically oppositely expressed. These 513 interactions were highly enriched in nervous system development functions (154 mRNAs; FDR-adjusted p-value range: 8.06 × 10-15-1.44 × 10-4). Furthermore, we have shown that the upregulated miR-10a-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR23-3p, miR130a-3p and miR-17-5p miRNA families were predicted to down-regulate several genes associated with the differentiation of neurons, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation, suggesting their role in promoting the self-renewal of undifferentiated NSCs. This study also provides a comprehensive characterization of iPSC-generated NSCs as dorsal neuroepithelium, important for their potential use in in vitro modeling of human brain development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (E.D.); (S.W.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.E.C.); (A.C.L.); (T.E.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Erica DeLeon
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (E.D.); (S.W.-B.)
| | - Ana C. Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.E.C.); (A.C.L.); (T.E.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Tom E. Howard
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.E.C.); (A.C.L.); (T.E.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Donna M. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Sarah Williams-Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; (E.D.); (S.W.-B.)
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.E.C.); (A.C.L.); (T.E.H.); (J.B.)
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06102, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA; (J.E.C.); (A.C.L.); (T.E.H.); (J.B.)
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High PKCλ expression is required for ALDH1-positive cancer stem cell function and indicates a poor clinical outcome in late-stage breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235747. [PMID: 32658903 PMCID: PMC7357771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite development of markers for identification of cancer stem cells, the mechanism underlying the survival and division of cancer stem cells in breast cancer remains unclear. Here we report that PKCλ expression was enriched in basal-like breast cancer, among breast cancer subtypes, and was correlated with ALDH1A3 expression (p = 0.016, χ2-test). Late stage breast cancer patients expressing PKCλhigh and ALDH1A3high had poorer disease-specific survival than those expressing PKCλlow and ALDH1A3low (p = 0.018, log rank test for Kaplan-Meier survival curves: hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 1.24–5.37, p = 0.011, multivariate Cox regression analysis). Functional inhibition of PKCλ through siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout in ALDH1high MDA-MB 157 and MDA-MB 468 basal-like breast cancer cells led to increases in the numbers of trypan blue-positive and active-caspase 3-positive cells, as well as suppression of tumor-sphere formation and cell migration. Furthermore, the amount of CASP3 and PARP mRNA and the level of cleaved caspase-3 protein were enhanced in PKCλ-deficient ALDH1high cells. An Apoptosis inhibitor (z-VAD-FMK) suppressed the enhancement of cell death as well as the levels of cleaved caspase-3 protein in PKCλ deficient ALDH1high cells. It also altered the asymmetric/symmetric distribution ratio of ALDH1A3 protein. In addition, PKCλ knockdown led to increases in cellular ROS levels in ALDH1high cells. These results suggest that PKCλ is essential for cancer cell survival and migration, tumorigenesis, the asymmetric distribution of ALDH1A3 protein among cancer cells, and the maintenance of low ROS levels in ALDH1-positive breast cancer stem cells. This makes it a key contributor to the poorer prognosis seen in late-stage breast cancer patients.
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Qin H, Sheng J, Zhang D, Zhang X, Liu L, Li B, Li G, Zhang Z. New Strategies for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:213-221. [PMID: 30411693 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181109151835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with low response rates to cancer vaccines, short duration of anti-tumor response after vaccination, and relatively weak curative effects are problems that have not been resolved effectively during the development and application of cancer vaccines. With the continuous improvement of knowledge and awareness regarding the immune system and cancer cells, many researches have helped to explain the reasons for poor vaccine efficacy. Input from researchers accompanied by some newly emerged strategies could bring hope to improve the therapeutic effects of vaccines. METHODS Data were collected from Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, through searching of these keywords: "cancer vaccine", "cancer stem cell", "targeted agent", "immune checkpoint blockade" and "neoantigen". RESULTS It may be more effective in immunotherapy of human cancers, including cancer stem cell vaccines, combination vaccines with targeted agents or immune checkpoint blockade, and neoantigen-based vaccines. CONCLUSION Personalized vaccines will become the mainstream solution of cancer treatment program with the continuous improvement of human understanding of the immune system and the progress of related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 13033, China
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A Novel Atypical PKC-Iota Inhibitor, Echinochrome A, Enhances Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16060192. [PMID: 29865255 PMCID: PMC6025622 DOI: 10.3390/md16060192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinochrome A (EchA) is a marine bioproduct extracted from sea urchins having antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and chelating effects, and is the active component of the clinical drug histochrome. We investigated the potential use of Ech A for inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We also assessed the effects of Ech A on mitochondrial mass, inner membrane potential (Δψm), reactive oxygen species generation, and levels of Ca2+. To identify the direct target of Ech A, we performed in vitro kinase activity and surface plasmon resonance binding assays. Ech A dose-dependently enhanced cardiomyocyte differentiation with higher beating rates. Ech A (50 μM) increased the mitochondrial mass and membrane potential but did not alter the mitochondrial superoxide and Ca2+ levels. The in vitro kinase activity of the atypical protein kinase C-iota (PKCι) was significantly decreased by 50 μM of Ech A with an IC50 for PKCι activity of 107 μM. Computational protein-ligand docking simulation results suggested the direct binding of Ech A to PKCι, and surface plasmon resonance confirmed the direct binding with a low KD of 6.3 nM. Therefore, Ech A is a potential drug for enhancing cardiomyocyte differentiation from mESCs through direct binding to PKCι and inhibition of its activity.
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Ratnayake WS, Apostolatos AH, Ostrov DA, Acevedo-Duncan M. Two novel atypical PKC inhibitors; ACPD and DNDA effectively mitigate cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of metastatic melanoma while inducing apoptosis. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1370-1382. [PMID: 29048609 PMCID: PMC5642393 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKC) are involved in cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis, cell survival and migration in many cancers. We believe that aPKCs play an important role in cell motility of melanoma by regulating cell signaling pathways and inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). We have investigated the effects of two novel aPKC inhibitors; 2-acetyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione (ACPD) and 3,4-diaminonaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (DNDA) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of two malignant melanoma cell lines compared to normal melanocytes. Molecular docking data suggested that both inhibitors specifically bind to protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-ζ) and PKC-iota (PKC-ι) and kinase activity assays were carried out to confirm these observations. Both inhibitors decreased the levels of total and phosphorylated PKC-ζ and PKC-ι. Increased levels of E-cadherin, RhoA, PTEN and decreased levels of phosphorylated vimentin, total vimentin, CD44, β-catenin and phosphorylated AKT in inhibitor treated cells. This suggests that inhibition of both PKC-ζ and PKC-ι using ACPD and DNDA downregulates EMT and induces apoptosis in melanoma cells. We also carried out PKC-ι and PKC-ζ directed siRNA treatments to prove the above observations. Immunoprecipitation data suggested an association between PKC-ι and vimentin and PKC-ι siRNA treatments confirmed that PKC-ι activates vimentin by phosphorylation. These results further suggested that PKC-ι is involved in signaling pathways which upregulate EMT and which can be effectively suppressed using ACPD and DNDA. Our results summarize that melanoma cells proliferate via aPKC/AKT/NF-κB mediated pathway while inducing the EMT via PKC-ι/Par6/RhoA pathway. Overall, results show that aPKCs are essential for melanoma progression and metastasis, suggesting that ACPD and DNDA can be effectively used as potential therapeutic drugs for melanoma by inhibiting aPKCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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12
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Isakov N. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer, tumor promotion and tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:36-52. [PMID: 28571764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60 members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell survival and death. Mutation and/or dysregulation of AGC kinases can lead to malignant cell transformation and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Members of one subgroup of AGC kinases, the protein kinase C (PKC), have been singled out as critical players in carcinogenesis, following their identification as the intracellular receptors of phorbol esters, which exhibit tumor-promoting activities. This observation attracted the attention of researchers worldwide and led to intense investigations on the role of PKC in cell transformation and the potential use of PKC as therapeutic drug targets in cancer diseases. Studies demonstrated that many cancers had altered expression and/or mutation of specific PKC genes. However, the causal relationships between the changes in PKC gene expression and/or mutation and the direct cause of cancer remain elusive. Independent studies in normal cells demonstrated that activation of PKC is essential for the induction of cell activation and proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Based on these observations and the general assumption that PKC isoforms play a positive role in cell transformation and/or cancer progression, many PKC inhibitors have entered clinical trials but the numerous attempts to target PKC in cancer has so far yielded only very limited success. More recent studies demonstrated that PKC function as tumor suppressors, and suggested that future clinical efforts should focus on restoring, rather than inhibiting, PKC activity. The present manuscript provides some historical perspectives on the tumor promoting function of PKC, reviewing some of the observations linking PKC to cancer progression, and discusses the role of PKC in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases and its potential usage as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Tischfield DJ, Kim J, Anderson SA. Atypical PKC and Notch Inhibition Differentially Modulate Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1135-1143. [PMID: 28416285 PMCID: PMC5829278 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the location of neurogenesis within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) critically influences the fate determination of cortical interneuron subgroups, with parvalbumin (Pv) interneurons originating from subventricular zone divisions and somatostatin (Sst) interneurons primarily arising from apical divisions. The aPKC-CBP and Notch signaling pathways regulate the transition from apical to basal progenitor and their differentiation into post-mitotic neurons. We find that aPKC inhibition enhances intermediate neurogenesis from stem cell-derived MGE progenitors, resulting in a markedly increased ratio of Pv- to Sst-expressing interneurons. Conversely, inhibition of Notch signaling enriches for Sst subtypes at the expense of Pv fates. These findings confirm that the mode of neurogenesis influences the fate of MGE-derived interneurons and provide a means of further enrichment for the generation of specific interneuron subgroups from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Tischfield
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA.
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Prkci is required for a non-autonomous signal that coordinates cell polarity during cavitation. Dev Biol 2016; 416:82-97. [PMID: 27312576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelia define boundaries, spaces, and cavities within organisms. Cavitation, a process by which multicellular hollow balls or tubes are produced, is typically associated with the formation of organized epithelia. In order for these epithelial layers to form, cells must ultimately establish a distinct apical-basal polarity. Atypical PKCs have been proposed to be required for apical-basal polarity in diverse species. Here we show that while cells null for the Prkci isozyme exhibit some polarity characteristics, they fail to properly segregate apical-basal proteins, form a coordinated ectodermal epithelium, or participate in normal cavitation. A failure to cavitate could be due to an overgrowth of interior cells or to an inability of interior cells to die. Null cells however, do not have a marked change in proliferation rate and are still capable of undergoing cell death, suggesting that alterations in these processes are not the predominant cause of the failed cavitation. Overexpression of BMP4 or EZRIN can partially rescue the phenotype possibly by promoting cell death, polarity, and differentiation. However, neither is sufficient to provide the required cues to generate a polarized epithelium and fully rescue cavitation. Interestingly, when wildtype and Prkci(-/-) ES cells are mixed together, a polarized ectodermal epithelium forms and cavitation is rescued, likely due to the ability of wildtype cells to produce non-autonomous polarity cues. We conclude that Prkci is not required for cells to respond to these cues, though it is required to produce them. Together these findings indicate that environmental cues can facilitate the formation of polarized epithelia and that cavitation requires the proper coordination of multiple basic cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and apical-basal polarization.
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Phillips E, Lang V, Bohlen J, Bethke F, Puccio L, Tichy D, Herold-Mende C, Hielscher T, Lichter P, Goidts V. Targeting atypical protein kinase C iota reduces viability in glioblastoma stem-like cellsviaa notch signaling mechanism. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1776-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Phillips
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Verena Lang
- Division of Molecular Genetics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jonathan Bohlen
- Division of Molecular Genetics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frederic Bethke
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Laura Puccio
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Diana Tichy
- Division of Biostatistics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery; University of Heidelberg; Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Violaine Goidts
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
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Ali SA, Justilien V, Jamieson L, Murray NR, Fields AP. Protein Kinase Cι Drives a NOTCH3-dependent Stem-like Phenotype in Mutant KRAS Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:367-378. [PMID: 26977885 PMCID: PMC4795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report that the protein kinase Cι (PKCι) oncogene controls expression of NOTCH3, a key driver of stemness, in KRAS-mediated lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). PKCι activates NOTCH3 expression by phosphorylating the ELF3 transcription factor and driving ELF3 occupancy on the NOTCH3 promoter. PKCι-ELF3-NOTCH3 signaling controls the tumor-initiating cell phenotype by regulating asymmetric cell division, a process necessary for tumor initiation and maintenance. Primary LADC tumors exhibit PKCι-ELF3-NOTCH3 signaling, and combined pharmacologic blockade of PKCι and NOTCH synergistically inhibits tumorigenic behavior in vitro and LADC growth in vivo demonstrating the therapeutic potential of PKCι-ELF3-NOTCH3 signal inhibition to more effectively treat KRAS LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Ali
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Lee Jamieson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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