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Zhang D, Wang Z, Guo S, Sun Y, Zhou D, Li W, Yan J, Chen Y, Luo S, Huang G, Qian Z, Li Z. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging reveals the protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid on glucose metabolism by reducing brain 27-hydroxycholesterol. Exp Gerontol 2024; 196:112577. [PMID: 39241991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Total cholesterol (TC) and the cholesterol oxidation product 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) are both increased in the elderly. Accumulating evidence has linked 27-OHC to glucose metabolism in the brain, while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to positively regulate the 27-OHC levels. However, it is unclear whether DHA may affect glucose metabolism in the brain by regulating 27-OHC levels. In this study, we hypothesized that DHA supplementation would modulate TC levels and reduce 27-OHC levels, thereby improving brain glucose metabolism in SAMP8 mice. The mice were assigned into the Control group and DHA dietary supplementation group. The study evaluated cholesterol levels, 27-OHC levels, and glucose metabolism in the brain. The results showed that DHA supplementation decreased serum levels of TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); and improved the glucose-corrected standardized uptake value of cortex, hippocampus, and whole brain regions in SAMP8 mice. In conclusion, supplementation of DHA could regulate the cholesterol composition and reduce the level of 27-OHC, thereby improving brain glucose metabolism in SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China.
| | - Zehao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Dezheng Zhou
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jing Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Administration, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Suhui Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China.
| | - Zhenshu Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang J. 25-hydroxycholesterol: an integrator of antiviral ability and signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268104. [PMID: 37781400 PMCID: PMC10533924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, as an important component in mammalian cells, is efficient for viral entry, replication, and assembly. Oxysterols especially hydroxylated cholesterols are recognized as novel regulators of the innate immune response. The antiviral ability of 25HC (25-Hydroxycholesterol) is uncovered due to its role as a metabolic product of the interferon-stimulated gene CH25H (cholesterol-25-hydroxylase). With the advancement of research, the biological functions of 25HC and its structural functions have been interpreted gradually. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of antiviral effect of 25HC are not only limited to interferon regulation. Taken up by the special biosynthetic ways and structure, 25HC contributes to modulate not only the cholesterol metabolism but also autophagy and inflammation by regulating signaling pathways. The outcome of modulation by 25HC seems to be largely dependent on the cell types, viruses and context of cell microenvironments. In this paper, we review the recent proceedings on the regulatory effect of 25HC on interferon-independent signaling pathways related to its antiviral capacity and its putative underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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3
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Cho SJ, Pronko A, Yang J, Pagan K, Stout-Delgado H. Role of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase (Ch25h) in Mediating Innate Immune Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Cells 2023; 12:570. [PMID: 36831236 PMCID: PMC9953875 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are long-lived tissue-resident innate immune cells of the airways. AM are key effectors of recognition, initiation, and resolution of the host defense against microbes and play an essential role in mediating host responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Lipid metabolism in AM can significantly impact cellular function and biology. Dysregulated metabolism contributes to an accumulation of lipids, unfolded protein response induction, and inflammatory cytokine production. Our study was designed to investigate the impact of Ch25h on mediating innate immune responses by macrophages during S. pneumoniae infection. Using wild-type and Ch25-/- mice, we examined the role of cholesterol metabolism on inflammatory cytokine production and bacterial clearance. Our results demonstrate that Ch25h plays an important role in the initiation and intensity of cytokine and chemokine production in the lung during S. pneumoniae infection. In the absence of Ch25h, there was enhanced phagocytosis and bacterial clearance. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the important role of Ch25h in modulating host responsiveness to S. pneumoniae infection.
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New Function of Cholesterol Oxidation Products Involved in Osteoporosis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042020. [PMID: 35216140 PMCID: PMC8876989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength, microarchitectural changes in bone tissues, and increased risk of fracture. Its occurrence is closely related to various factors such as aging, genetic factors, living habits, and nutritional deficiencies as well as the disturbance of bone homeostasis. The dysregulation of bone metabolism is regarded as one of the key influencing factors causing OP. Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) are important compounds in the maintenance of bone metabolic homeostasis by participating in several important biological processes such as the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone formation in osteoblasts, and bone resorption in osteoclasts. The effects of specific COPs on mesenchymal stem cells are mainly manifested by promoting osteoblast genesis and inhibiting adipocyte genesis. This review aims to elucidate the biological roles of COPs in OP development, starting from the molecular mechanisms of OP, pointing out opportunities and challenges in current research, and providing new ideas and perspectives for further studies of OP pathogenesis.
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You JS, Lim H, Seo JY, Kang KR, Kim DK, Oh JS, Seo YS, Lee GJ, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Yu SK, Kim JS. 25-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in L929 Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line. Molecules 2021; 27:199. [PMID: 35011433 PMCID: PMC8746689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase during cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this study was to verify whether 25-HC induces oxiapoptophagy in fibroblasts. 25-HC not only decreased the survival of L929 cells, but also increased the number of cells with condensed chromatin and altered morphology. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting results showed that there was a dose-dependent increase in the apoptotic populations of L929 cells upon treatment with 25-HC. 25-HC-induced apoptotic cell death was mediated by the death receptor-dependent extrinsic and mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, through the cascade activation of caspases including caspase-8, -9, and -3 in L929 cells. There was an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Moreover, 25-HC caused an increase in the expression of beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, an autophagy biomarker, in L929 cells. There was a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Taken together, 25-HC induced oxiapoptophagy through the modulation of Akt and p53 cellular signaling pathways in L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seek You
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (J.-S.O.)
| | - HyangI Lim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Jeong-Yeon Seo
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Kyeong-Rok Kang
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (J.-S.O.)
| | - Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Gyeong-Je Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.); (S.-K.Y.)
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6
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Cholesterol metabolism: a new molecular switch to control inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1389-1408. [PMID: 34086048 PMCID: PMC8187928 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in order to eliminate the danger signal. This process relies on the metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways not only to produce energy in the form of ATP but also to generate metabolites that exert key functions in controlling the response. Equally important to mounting an appropriate effector response is the process of immune resolution, as uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including allergy, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the field of cholesterol immunometabolism and discuss how both metabolites arising from the pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are able to impact innate and adaptive immune cells, staging cholesterol homeostasis at the centre of an adequate immune response. We also review evidence that demonstrates the clear impact that cholesterol metabolism has in both the induction and the resolution of the inflammatory response. Finally, we propose that emerging data in this field not only increase our understanding of immunometabolism but also provide new tools for monitoring and intervening in human diseases, where controlling and/or modifying inflammation is desirable.
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7
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Shi J, Jia J, Tian S, Zhang H, An K, Zhu W, Cao W, Yuan Y, Wang S. Increased Plasma Level of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Polymorphism of CYP46A1 SNP (rs754203) Are Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:619916. [PMID: 34054500 PMCID: PMC8155290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.619916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal cholesterol metabolism is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and causes dementia. Cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) converts cholesterol into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) and maintains cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Objective This study aimed to investigate the roles of 24-OHC and the CYP46A1 (rs754203) polymorphism in patients with T2DM and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods A total of 193 Chinese patients with T2DM were recruited into two groups according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Demographic and clinical data were collected, and neuropsychological tests were conducted. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Seqnome method were used to detect the concentration of plasma 24-OHC and the CYP46A1 rs754203 genotype, respectively. Results Compared with 118 healthy cognition participants, patients with MCI (n = 75) displayed a higher plasma level of 24-OHC and total cholesterol concentration (all p = 0.031), while no correlation was found between them. In the overall diabetes population, the plasma level of 24-OHC was negatively correlated with MoCA (r = −0.150, p = 0.039), and it was further proved to be an independent risk factor of diabetic MCI (OR = 1.848, p = 0.001). Additionally, patients with MCI and the CC genotype of CYP46A1 rs754203 showed the highest plasma level of 24-OHC even though the difference was not statistically significant, and they obtained low scores in both the verbal fluency test and Stroop color and word test A (p = 0.008 and p = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion In patients with T2DM, high plasma level of 24-OHC and the CC genotype carrier of CYP46A1 rs754203 may portend a high risk of developing early cognitive impairment, including attention and executive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhong Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Siyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuyou Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Gianazza E, Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Casalnuovo F, Altomare A, Aldini G, Banfi C. Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:49-98. [PMID: 32640910 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gianazza
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Brioschi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Proteomics Unit, Monzino Cardiology Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:699-717. [PMID: 33191815 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We present our views on the current application of mass spectrometry (MS) based lipidomics and how lipidomics can develop in the next decade to be most practical use to society. That is not to say that lipidomics has not already been of value. In-fact, in its earlier guise as metabolite profiling most of the pathways of steroid biosynthesis were uncovered and via focused lipidomics many inborn errors of metabolism are routinely clinically identified. However, can lipidomics be extended to improve biochemical understanding of, and to diagnose, the most prevalent diseases of the 21st century? Areas covered: We will highlight the concept of 'level of identification' and the equally crucial topic of 'quantification'. Only by using a standardized language for these terms can lipidomics be translated to fields beyond academia. We will remind the lipid scientist of the value of chemical derivatization, a concept exploited since the dawn of lipid biochemistry. Expert opinion: Only by agreement of the concepts of identification and quantification and their incorporation in lipidomics reporting can lipidomics maximize its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
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10
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Multifaceted Functions of CH25H and 25HC to Modulate the Lipid Metabolism, Immune Responses, and Broadly Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070727. [PMID: 32640529 PMCID: PMC7411728 DOI: 10.3390/v12070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the frequent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in recent years, an effective broad-spectrum antiviral drug is becoming an urgent need for global public health. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its enzymatic products 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a well-known oxysterol that regulates lipid metabolism, have been reported to play multiple functions in modulating cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and immune responses. CH25H and 25HC were recently identified as exerting broadly antiviral activities, including upon a variety of highly pathogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Nipah virus (NiV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). The underlying mechanisms for its antiviral activities are being extensively investigated but have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we summarized the current findings on how CH25H and 25HC play multiple roles to modulate cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and antiviral infections. Overall, 25HC should be further studied as a potential therapeutic agent to control emerging infectious diseases in the future.
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11
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Beck KR, Kanagaratnam S, Kratschmar DV, Birk J, Yamaguchi H, Sailer AW, Seuwen K, Odermatt A. Enzymatic interconversion of the oxysterols 7β,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 7-keto,25-hydroxycholesterol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:19-28. [PMID: 30902677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites derived through either autoxidation or enzymatic processes. They consist of a large family of bioactive lipids that have been associated with the progression of multiple pathologies. In order to unravel (patho-)physiological mechanisms involving oxysterols, it is crucial to elucidate the underlying formation and degradation of oxysterols. A role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs) in oxysterol metabolism by catalyzing the interconversion of 7-ketocholesterol (7kC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC) has already been reported. The present study addresses a function of 11β-HSD1 in the enzymatic generation of 7β,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7β25OHC) from 7-keto,25-hydroxycholesterol (7k25OHC) and tested whether 11β-HSD2 is able to catalyze the reverse reaction. For the first time, using recombinant enzymes, the formation of 7k25OHC from 7kC by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and further stereospecific oxoreduction to 7β25OHC by human and mouse 11β-HSD1 could be demonstrated. Additionally, experiments using human 11β-HSD2 showed the oxidation of 7β25OHC to 7k25OHC. Molecular modeling provided an explanation for the stereospecific interconversion of 7β25OHC and 7k25OHC. Production of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2) ligand 7β25OHC from 7k25OHC in challenged tissue by 11β-HSD1 may be important in inflammation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a novel glucocorticoid-independent pre-receptor regulation mediated by 11β-HSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharavan Kanagaratnam
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Separation and Determination of Some of the Main Cholesterol-Related Compounds in Blood by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Selected Ion Monitoring Mode). SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Reinicke M, Schröter J, Müller-Klieser D, Helmschrodt C, Ceglarek U. Free oxysterols and bile acids including conjugates - Simultaneous quantification in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:245-255. [PMID: 30292299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS) assay was developed and qualified for analyzing 35 analytes of the cholesterol metabolism, including free cholesterol, 17 free, non-esterified oxysterols and 17 free and conjugated bile acids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. As internal standards, 25 commercially available stable deuterium-labeled analogs of the analytes were used. Pre-analytical investigations included stability tests of analyte concentrations affected by different anticoagulation additives: lithium heparin-, citrate-, EDTA-K3-stabilized plasma and serum, and the stability in EDTA whole blood at RT. This LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the analysis of paired serum/cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance, as well as of 100 plasma samples of a LIFE-Adult study sub-cohort. A fast and simple sample preparation including protein precipitation and on-line solid-phase extraction was developed. As little as 55 μL of human plasma/serum or cerebrospinal fluid were needed for the analysis. It was possible to separate isomeric oxysterols and bile acids within 23 min using a C18 core-shell column. The assay is capable of quantifying in a linear range of 0.8-250 ng mL-1 for free hydroxycholesterols, 0.2-10 ng mL-1 for dihydroxycholesterols, 0.2-500 ng mL-1 for bile acids and 16-2000 μg mL-1 for cholesterol with acceptable accuracy and precision. In cerebrospinal fluid one free oxysterols, five free and five conjugated bile acids could be quantified. No significant differences between patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance were obtained. In the LIFE-Adult sub-cohort two free oxysterols, four free and seven conjugated bile acids could be quantified in EDTA plasma. Men showed significantly higher concentrations of 26-OHC than women (p = 0.035). Furthermore, in women lower levels of cholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid and higher levels of taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid/hyodeoxycholic acid were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Reinicke
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jenny Schröter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Müller-Klieser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. An update on oxysterol biochemistry: New discoveries in lipidomics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:617-622. [PMID: 29421651 PMCID: PMC6381446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidised derivatives of cholesterol or its precursors post lanosterol. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although often considered as metabolic intermediates there is a growing body of evidence that many oxysterols are bioactive and their absence or excess may be part of the cause of a disease phenotype. Using global lipidomics approaches oxysterols are underrepresented encouraging the development of targeted approaches. In this article, we discuss recent discoveries important in oxysterol biochemistry and some of the targeted lipidomic approaches used to make these discoveries. Oxysterols can regulate both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Oxysterols can be tumour suppressors and on cometabolites. Oxysterols can inhibit or activate the Hh signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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15
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Determination of total plasma oxysterols by enzymatic hydrolysis, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Vigne S, Chalmin F, Duc D, Clottu AS, Apetoh L, Lobaccaro JMA, Christen I, Zhang J, Pot C. IL-27-Induced Type 1 Regulatory T-Cells Produce Oxysterols that Constrain IL-10 Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1184. [PMID: 28993775 PMCID: PMC5622150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The behaviors of lymphocytes, including CD4+ T helper cells, are controlled on many levels by internal metabolic properties. Lipid metabolites have recently been ascribed a novel function as immune response modulators and perturbation of steroids pathways modulates inflammation and potentially promotes a variety of diseases. However, the impact of lipid metabolism on autoimmune disease development and lymphocyte biology is still largely unraveled. In this line, oxysterols, oxidized forms of cholesterol, have pleiotropic roles on the immune response aside from their involvements in lipid metabolism. The oxysterols 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) regulate antiviral immunity and immune cell chemotaxis. However, their physiological effects on adaptive immune response in particular on various subset CD4+ T lymphocytes are largely unknown. Here, we assessed oxysterol levels in subset of CD4+ T cells and demonstrated that 25-OHC and transcript levels of its synthesizing enzyme, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, were specifically increased in IL-27-induced type 1 regulatory T (TR1) cells. We further showed that 25-OHC acts as a negative regulator of TR1 cells in particular of IL-10 secretion via liver X receptor signaling. Not only do these findings unravel molecular mechanisms accounting for IL-27 signaling but also they highlight oxysterols as pro-inflammatory mediators that dampens regulatory T cell responses and thus unleash a pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Chalmin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie S Clottu
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Faculté de Médecine, University of Bourgogne, INSERM U866, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Christen
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Zhang
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Division of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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18
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Quantification of oxysterols in human plasma and red blood cells by liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Mutemberezi V, Masquelier J, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Development and validation of an HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous quantification of key oxysterols, endocannabinoids, and ceramides: variations in metabolic syndrome. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:733-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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