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Fufaeva SR, Dovbnya DV, Ivashina TV, Shutov AA, Donova MV. Reconstruction of the Steroid 1(2)-Dehydrogenation System from Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D in Mycolicibacterium Hosts. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2720. [PMID: 38004731 PMCID: PMC10672877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial 1(2)-dehydrogenation of 3-ketosteroids is an important basis for the production of many steroid pharmaceuticals and synthons. When using the wild-type strains for whole cell catalysis, the undesirable reduction of the 20-carbonyl group, or 1(2)-hydrogenation, was observed. In this work, the recombinant strains of Mycolicibacterium neoaurum and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis were constructed with blocked endogenous activity of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase, 3-ketosteroid-1(2)-dehydrogenase (3-KSD), and expressing 3-KSD encoded by the gene KR76_27125 (kstD2NS) from Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. The in vivo activity of the obtained recombinant strains against phytosterol, 6α-methyl-hydrocortisone, and hydrocortisone was studied. When using M. smegmatis as the host strain, the 1(2)-dehydrogenation activity of the constructed recombinant cells towards hydrocortisone was noticeably higher compared to those on the platform of M. neoaurum. A comparison of the strengths of inducible acetamidase and constitutive hsp60 promoters in M. smegmatis provided comparable results. Hydrocortisone biotransformation by M. smegmatis BD/pMhsp_k expressing kstD2NS resulted in 95.4% prednisolone yield, and the selectivity preferred that for N. simplex. Mycolicibacteria showed increased hydrocortisone degradation at 35 °C compared to 30 °C. The presence of endogenous steroid catabolism in Mycolicibacterium hosts does not seem to confer an advantage for the functioning of KstD2NS. The results allow for the evaluation of the prospects for the development of simple technological methods for the selective 1(2)-dehydrogenation of 3-ketosteroids by growing bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marina V. Donova
- G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (S.R.F.); (D.V.D.); (T.V.I.); (A.A.S.)
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2
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Restrepo-Leal JD, Belair M, Fischer J, Richet N, Fontaine F, Rémond C, Fernandez O, Besaury L. Differential carbohydrate-active enzymes and secondary metabolite production by the grapevine trunk pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Bt-67 grown on host and non-host biomass. Mycologia 2023; 115:579-601. [PMID: 37358885 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2216122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the most aggressive Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine trunk diseases. This species may secrete enzymes capable of overcoming the plant barriers, leading to wood colonization. In addition to their roles in pathogenicity, there is an interest in taking advantage of N. parvum carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), related to plant cell wall degradation, for lignocellulose biorefining. Furthermore, N. parvum produces toxic secondary metabolites that may contribute to its virulence. In order to increase knowledge on the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence, as well as the exploration of its metabolism and CAZymes for lignocellulose biorefining, we evaluated the N. parvum strain Bt-67 capacity in producing lignocellulolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites when grown in vitro with two lignocellulosic biomasses: grapevine canes (GP) and wheat straw (WS). For this purpose, a multiphasic study combining enzymology, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses was performed. Enzyme assays showed higher xylanase, xylosidase, arabinofuranosidase, and glucosidase activities when the fungus was grown with WS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the lignocellulosic biomass degradation caused by the secreted enzymes. Transcriptomics indicated that the N. parvum Bt-67 gene expression profiles in the presence of both biomasses were similar. In total, 134 genes coding CAZymes were up-regulated, where 94 of them were expressed in both biomass growth conditions. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), glucosidases, and endoglucanases were the most represented CAZymes and correlated with the enzymatic activities obtained. The secondary metabolite production, analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectophotometry-mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/Vis-MS), was variable depending on the carbon source. The diversity of differentially produced metabolites was higher when N. parvum Bt-67 was grown with GP. Overall, these results provide insight into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass on virulence factor expressions. Moreover, this study opens the possibility of optimizing the enzyme production from N. parvum with potential use for lignocellulose biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián D Restrepo-Leal
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Marie Belair
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Richet
- Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale (MOBICYTE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne/Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 51100 Reims, France
| | - Florence Fontaine
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Olivier Fernandez
- MALDIVE Chair, Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes (RIBP) USC 1488, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Ludovic Besaury
- AFERE Chair, Fractionnement des Agroressources et Environnement (FARE) UMR A 614, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France
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Sun Q, Tang Y, Dai L, Tang Z, Zhou W, Wu T, Ji G. Serum Bile Acid Metabolites Predict the Therapeutic Effect of Mesalazine in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:1287-1297. [PMID: 36921116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a systematic chronic disease characterized by insufficient intestinal absorption, and mesalazine is a common medical treatment. In the present study, 20 normal healthy controls (NC group), 10 unmedicated UC patients (UC group), and 20 mesalazine-responsive and 20 mesalazine-nonresponsive UC patients were recruited. A total of 42 serum BA metabolites, including 8 primary bile acids and 34 secondary bile acids (SBAs), were quantitatively measured. Compared with the NC group, serum SBAs in the UC patients were significantly lower but increased after mesalazine therapy. Differences in the serum TDCA, DCA, GDCA-3S, 12-keto LCA, and GCDCA-3S metabolites were found between the UC and NC groups, with AUC values of 0.777, 0.800, 0.815, 0.775, and 0.740, respectively. Furthermore, we identified 12-keto LCA as a specific BA marker of UC and BA biomarkers of mesalazine responsiveness. It was concluded that serum SBAs were decreased in UC patients, and TDCA, DCA, GDCA-3S, 12-keto LCA, and GCDCA-3S might aid in the diagnosis of UC. The abundance of SBAs increased after the mesalazine therapy, and serum 12-keto LCA was identified as an alternative invasive biomarker associated with UC diagnosis and therapeutic response, thereby providing a new approach for the prediction of response to mesalazine therapy in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Sun
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yingjue Tang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Dai
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cailun Road 1200, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South Wanping Road 725, Shanghai 200032, China
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Karpov MV, Nikolaeva VM, Fokina VV, Shutov AA, Kazantsev AV, Strizhov NI, Donova MV. Creation and Functional Analysis of Mycolicibacterium smegmatis Recombinant Strains Carrying the Bacillary Cytochromes CYP106A1 and CYP106A2 Genes. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822090058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wu N, Mo H, Mu Q, Liu P, Liu G, Yu W. The Gut Mycobiome Characterization of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association With Dietary Intervention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892859. [PMID: 35783435 PMCID: PMC9240440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a high-risk pregnancy complication that is associated with metabolic disorder phenotypes, such as abnormal blood glucose and obesity. The active interface between gut microbiota and diet contributes to metabolic homeostasis in GDM. However, the contributions of gut mycobiome have been neglected. Here, we profiled the gut fungi between GDM and healthy subjects at two time points and investigate whether variations in gut mycobiome correlate with key features of host metabolism and diet management in this observational study. We identified that Hanseniaspora, Torulaspora, Auricularia, Alternaria, and Candida contributed to GDM patient clustering, indicating that these fungal taxa are associated with abnormal blood glucose levels, and the causality needs to be further explored. While Penicillium, Ganoderma, Fusarium, Chaetomium, and Heterobasidion had significant explanatory effects on healthy subject clustering. In addition, spearman analysis further indicated that blood glucose levels were negatively correlated with polysaccharide-producing genera, Ganoderma, which could be reshaped by the short-term diet. The Penicillium which was negatively correlates with metabolic parameters, also exhibited the antimicrobial attribute by the fungal-bacterial interaction analysis. These data suggest that host metabolic homeostasis in GDM may be influenced by variability in the mycobiome and could be reshaped by the diet intervention. This work reveals the potential significance of the gut mycobiome in health and has implications for the beneficial effects of diet intervention on host metabolic homeostasis through regulating gut fungal abundance and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Mo
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Liu,
| | - Guoli Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Guoli Liu,
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Weidong Yu,
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Favale N, Costa S, Scapoli C, Carrieri A, Sabbioni S, Tamburini E, Benazzo A, Bernacchia G. Reconstruction of Acinetobacter johnsonii ICE_NC genome using hybrid de novo genome assemblies and identification of the 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1506-1519. [PMID: 35686660 PMCID: PMC9540589 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of a Acinetobacter johnsonii strain, isolated from a soil sample, in the biotransformation of bile acids (BAs) was already described but the enzymes responsible for these transformations were only partially purified and molecularly characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS This study describes the use of hybrid de novo assemblies, that combine long-read Oxford Nanopore and short-read Illumina sequencing strategies, to reconstruct the entire genome of A. johnsonii ICE_NC strain and to identify the coding region for a 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (12α-HSDH), involved in BAs metabolism. The de novo assembly of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC genome was generated using Canu and Unicycler, both strategies yielded a circular chromosome of about 3.6 Mb and one 117 kb long plasmid. Gene annotation was performed on the final assemblies and the gene for 12α-HSDH was detected on the plasmid. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the added value of long read sequencing in addressing the challenges of whole genome characterization and plasmid reconstruction in bacteria. These approaches also allowed the identification of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC gene for the 12α-HSDH enzyme, whose activity was confirmed at the biochemical level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OR THE STUDY At present, this is the first report on the characterization of a 12α-HSDH gene in an A. johnsonii strain able to biotransform cholic acid into ursodeoxycholic acid, a promising therapeutic agent for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Favale
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Carrieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gut microbial co-metabolism of bile-derived compounds (e.g. bile acids and bile pigments) affects colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Here, we review recent findings with focus on selected novel aspects of bile-associated effects with interesting but unclear implications on CRC risk. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies demonstrated novel biotransformation of bile acids by gut bacteria (e.g. microbial conjugation of bile acids), resulting in diverse bile acid compounds that show complex interactions with host receptors (e.g. FXR, TGR5). In addition, YAP-associated signalling in intestinal epithelial cells is modulated via bile acid receptor TGR5 and contributes to colonic tumorigenesis. Finally, studies indicate that serum levels of the bile pigment bilirubin are inversely associated with CRC risk or intestinal inflammation and that bilirubin affects gut microbiota composition. SUMMARY Bile acids and bile pigments have multiple effects on intestinal microbe-host interactions, which may collectively modulate long-term CRC risk of the host.
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Kollerov V, Shutov A, Kazantsev A, Donova M. Hydroxylation of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by zygomycete Backusella lamprospora VKM F-944: selective production of 7α-OH-DHEA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:535-548. [PMID: 34939135 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the transformation of two 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroids-pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) by Backusella lamprospora VKM F- 944. The soil-dwelling zygomycete wild-type strain has been earlier selected during the screening and previously unexplored for this purpose. The fungus fully converted pregnenolone to form a mixture of axial 7α-hydroxy-pregnenolone and 7α,11α-dihydroxy-pregnenolone, while no metabolites with β-orientation of the hydroxyl group were detected. The pathway to 7α,11α-diOH-pregnenolone seems to include 7α-hydroxylation of 11α-hydroxylated derivative. The only product from DHEA was identified as 7α-hydroxy-DHEA. The structures of steroid metabolites were confirmed by HPLC, mass-spectrometry (MS), and 1H and 13C NMR analyses. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of 7α-OH-DHEA reached 94% (w/w) or over 14 g/L in absolute terms, even at high concentration of the substrate (DHEA) (15 g/L). To our knowledge, it is the highest yield of the value-added 7α-OH-DHEA reported so far. The results contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of the wild-type fungal strains capable of effective steroid hydroxylation. They could be applied for the production of allylic steroid 7α-alcohols that are widely used in medicine. KEY POINTS: • Zygomycete Backusella lamprospora actively hydroxylates 3β-hydroxy-5-en-steroids. • Axial 7α-hydroxylation is the preferable reaction by the strain towards pregnenolone and DHEA. • The strain selectively produces 7α-OH-DHEA even at high substrate concentrations (up to 15 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Kollerov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
| | - Andrei Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Alexey Kazantsev
- Chemical Department, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gori, 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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Steroid modification by filamentous fungus Drechslera sp.: Focus on 7-hydroxylase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. Fungal Biol 2021; 126:91-100. [PMID: 34930562 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal strain Drechslera sp. Ph F-34 was shown to modify 3-oxo- and 3-hydroxy steroids of androstane series to form the corresponding allylic 7-alcohols and 17β-reduced derivatives thus evidencing the presence of 7α-, 7β-hydroxylase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) activities. The growing mycelium predominantly hydroxylated androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) at the 7β-position, while much lower 7α-hydroxylation was observed. Along with 7β-hydroxy-ADD and its corresponding 7α-isomer, their respective 17β-alcohols were produced. In this study, transformation of ADD, androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one (testosterone, TS) and 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) by resting mycelium of Drechslera sp. have been estimated in different conditions with regard to the inducibility and functionality of the 17β-HSD and 7-hydroxylase enzyme systems. Steroids of androstane, pregnane and cholane series were evaluated as inducers. The inhibitory analysis was provided using cycloheximide (CHX). Steroids were assayed using TLC and HPLC methods, and the structures were confirmed by mass-spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy data. 17β-HSD of the mycelium constitutively reduced 17-carbonyl group of ADD and DHEA to form the corresponding 17β-alcohols, namely, androsta-1,4-diene-17β-ol-3-one (1-dehydro-TS), and androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol. Production of the 7α- and 7β-hydroxylated derivatives depended on the induction conditions. The inducer effect relied on the steroid structure and decreased in the order: DHEA > pregnenolone > lithocholic acid. β-Sitosterol did not induce hydroxylase activity in Drechslera sp. CHX fully inhibited the synthesis of 7-hydroxylase in Drechslera mycelium thus providing selective 17-keto reduction. Results contribute to the diversity of steroid modifying enzymes in fungi and can be used at the development of novel biocatalysts for production of valuable steroid 7(α/β)- and 17β-alcohols.
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Mims TS, Abdallah QA, Stewart JD, Watts SP, White CT, Rousselle TV, Gosain A, Bajwa A, Han JC, Willis KA, Pierre JF. The gut mycobiome of healthy mice is shaped by the environment and correlates with metabolic outcomes in response to diet. Commun Biol 2021; 4:281. [PMID: 33674757 PMCID: PMC7935979 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
As an active interface between the host and their diet, the gut microbiota influences host metabolic adaptation; however, the contributions of fungi have been overlooked. Here, we investigate whether variations in gut mycobiome abundance and composition correlate with key features of host metabolism. We obtained animals from four commercial sources in parallel to test if differing starting mycobiomes can shape host adaptation in response to processed diets. We show that the gut mycobiome of healthy mice is shaped by the environment, including diet, and significantly correlates with metabolic outcomes. We demonstrate that exposure to processed diet leads to persistent differences in fungal communities that significantly associate with differential deposition of body mass in male mice compared to mice fed standardized diet. Fat deposition in the liver, transcriptional adaptation of metabolically active tissues and serum metabolic biomarker levels are linked with alterations in fungal community diversity and composition. Specifically, variation in fungi from the genera Thermomyces and Saccharomyces most strongly associate with metabolic disturbance and weight gain. These data suggest that host-microbe metabolic interactions may be influenced by variability in the mycobiome. This work highlights the potential significance of the gut mycobiome in health and has implications for human and experimental metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahliyah S Mims
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qusai Al Abdallah
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Justin D Stewart
- Department of Geography and the Environment, Villanova University, Radnor, PA, USA
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sydney P Watts
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Catrina T White
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thomas V Rousselle
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kent A Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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11
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Lemoinne S, Kemgang A, Ben Belkacem K, Straube M, Jegou S, Corpechot C, Chazouillères O, Housset C, Sokol H. Fungi participate in the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 2020; 69:92-102. [PMID: 31003979 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were previously shown to display a bacterial gut dysbiosis but fungal microbiota has never been examined in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the fungal gut microbiota in patients with PSC. DESIGN We analysed the faecal microbiota of patients with PSC and concomitant IBD (n=27), patients with PSC and no IBD (n=22), patients with IBD and no PSC (n=33) and healthy subjects (n=30). Bacterial and fungal composition of the faecal microbiota was determined using 16S and ITS2 sequencing, respectively. RESULTS We found that patients with PSC harboured bacterial dysbiosis characterised by a decreased biodiversity, an altered composition and a decreased correlation network density. These alterations of the microbiota were associated with PSC, independently of IBD status. For the first time, we showed that patients with PSC displayed a fungal gut dysbiosis, characterised by a relative increase in biodiversity and an altered composition. Notably, we observed an increased proportion of Exophiala and a decreased proportion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compared with patients with IBD and healthy subjects, the gut microbiota of patients with PSC exhibited a strong disruption in bacteria-fungi correlation network, suggesting an alteration in the interkingdom crosstalk. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that bacteria and fungi contribute to gut dysbiosis in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lemoinne
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Astrid Kemgang
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Karima Ben Belkacem
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sarah Jegou
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Corpechot
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Chazouillères
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (MIVB-H), Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,UMR1319 Micalis, AgroParisTech, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Kollerov V, Shutov A, Kazantsev A, Donova M. Biotransformation of androstenedione and androstadienedione by selected Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal strains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112160. [PMID: 31600654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi is a huge phylum of lower eukaryotes with diverse activities towards various substrates, however, their biocatalytic potential towards steroids remains greatly underestimated. In this study, more than forty Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal strains of 23 different genera were screened for the ability to catalyze structural modifications of 3-oxo-androstane steroids, - androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). Previously unexplored for these purposes strains of Absidia, Acremonium, Beauveria, Cunninghamella, Doratomyces, Drechslera, Fusarium, Gibberella genera were revealed capable of producing in a good yield valuable 7α-, 7β-, 11α- and 14α-hydroxylated derivatives, as well as 17β-reduced and 1(2)-dehydrogenated androstanes. The bioconversion routes of AD and ADD were proposed based on the key intermediates identification and time courses of the bioprocesses. Six ascomycete strains were discovered to provide effective 7β-hydroxylation of ADD which has not been so far reported. The structures of major products and intermediates were confirmed by HPLC, mass-spectrometry (MS), 1H and 13C NMR analyses. The results contribute to the knowledge on the functional diversity of steroid-transforming filamentous fungi. Previously unexplored fungal biocatalysts capable of effective performing structural modification of AD and ADD can be applied for industrial bioprocesses of new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Kollerov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Andrei Shutov
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey Kazantsev
- Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gori, 1, Chemical Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Donova
- Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki, 5, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia; Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya ul, 4, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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13
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Elfahmi, Chahyadi A. The diversity of ursodeoxycholic acid precursors from bile waste of commercially available fishes, poultry and livestock in Indonesia. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-979020200001181094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elfahmi
- Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia; Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
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14
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Yoshitsugu R, Kikuchi K, Iwaya H, Fujii N, Hori S, Lee DG, Ishizuka S. Alteration of Bile Acid Metabolism by a High-Fat Diet Is Associated with Plasma Transaminase Activities and Glucose Intolerance in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2019; 65:45-51. [PMID: 30814411 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.65.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of a high-fat (HF) diet is known to enhance bile acid (BA) secretion, but precise information about the BA molecular species is lacking, especially information on the conjugated BAs in enterohepatic circulation. As cholesterol is the precursor of BAs, we analyzed alterations of the entire BA metabolic pathway in response to a HF diet without the addition of cholesterol and BA in the diet. Additionally, we evaluated the relationships between BA metabolism and some disorders, such as plasma transaminase activities and glucose intolerance induced by the HF diet. Acclimated WKAH/HkmSlc male rats (3 wk old) were divided into two groups fed a control or the HF diet for 22 wk. Fasting blood glucose was measured during the experimental period, and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed at week 21. As a result, ingestion of the HF diet selectively increased the concentration of taurocholic acid in the bile and small intestinal contents as well as deoxycholic acid in the large intestinal contents and feces. These results indicated a selective increase of 12α-hydroxylated BA concentrations in response to the HF diet. Moreover, fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA concentration was positively correlated with cumulative energy intake, visceral adipose tissue weight, and glucose intolerance. The present study suggests that fecal 12α-hydroxylated BA is a non-invasive marker that can detect the early phase of glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Yoshitsugu
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Keidai Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Iwaya
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Shota Hori
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Dong Geun Lee
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Division of Fundamental Agriscience Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
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15
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Kollerov VV, Shutov AA, Kazantsev AV, Donova MV. Biocatalytic modifications of pregnenolone by selected filamentous fungi. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1549237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Kollerov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Andrei A. Shutov
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Marina V. Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center «Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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16
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Marion S, Studer N, Desharnais L, Menin L, Escrig S, Meibom A, Hapfelmeier S, Bernier-Latmani R. In vitro and in vivo characterization of Clostridium scindens bile acid transformations. Gut Microbes 2018; 10:481-503. [PMID: 30589376 PMCID: PMC6748637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1549420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms that exert a profound influence on human biology. Gut bacteria communicate with their host by secreting small molecules that can signal to distant organs in the body. Bile acids are one class of these signaling molecules, synthesized by the host and chemically transformed by the gut microbiota. Among bile acid metabolizers, bile acid 7-dehydroxylating bacteria are commensals of particular importance as they carry out the 7-dehydroxylation of liver-derived primary bile acids to 7-dehydroxylated bile acids. The latter represents a major fraction of the secondary bile acid pool. The microbiology of this group of gut microorganisms is understudied and warrants more attention. Here, we detail the bile acid transformations carried out by the 7-dehydroxylating bacterium Clostridium scindens in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, C. scindens exhibits not only 7α-dehydroxylating capabilities but also, the ability to oxidize other hydroxyl groups and reduce ketone groups in primary and secondary bile acids. This study revealed 12-oxolithocholic acid as a major transient product in the 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid. Furthermore, the in vivo study included complementing a gnotobiotic mouse line (devoid of the ability to 7-dehydroxylate bile acids) with C. scindens and investigating its colonization dynamics and bile acid transformations. Using NanoSIMS (Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry), we demonstrate that the large intestine constitutes a niche for C. scindens, where it efficiently 7-dehydroxylates cholic acid to deoxycholic acid. Overall, this work reveals a novel transient species during 7-dehydroxylation as well as provides direct evidence for the colonization and growth of 7-dehydroxylating bacteria in the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Marion
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Studer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lyne Desharnais
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Rizlan Bernier-Latmani
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland,CONTACT Rizlan Bernier-Latmani Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Tonin F, Arends IWCE. Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:470-483. [PMID: 29520309 PMCID: PMC5827811 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a pharmaceutical ingredient widely used in clinics. As bile acid it solubilizes cholesterol gallstones and improves the liver function in case of cholestatic diseases. UDCA can be obtained from cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. The now available chemical routes for the obtainment of UDCA yield about 30% of final product. For these syntheses several protection and deprotection steps requiring toxic and dangerous reagents have to be performed, leading to the production of a series of waste products. In many cases the cholic acid itself first needs to be prepared from its taurinated and glycilated derivatives in the bile, thus adding to the complexity and multitude of steps involved of the synthetic process. For these reasons, several studies have been performed towards the development of microbial transformations or chemoenzymatic procedures for the synthesis of UDCA starting from CA or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). This promising approach led several research groups to focus their attention on the development of biotransformations with non-pathogenic, easy-to-manage microorganisms, and their enzymes. In particular, the enzymatic reactions involved are selective hydrolysis, epimerization of the hydroxy functions (by oxidation and subsequent reduction) and the specific hydroxylation and dehydroxylation of suitable positions in the steroid rings. In this minireview, we critically analyze the state of the art of the production of UDCA by several chemical, chemoenzymatic and enzymatic routes reported, highlighting the bottlenecks of each production step. Particular attention is placed on the precursors availability as well as the substrate loading in the process. Potential new routes and recent developments are discussed, in particular on the employment of flow-reactors. The latter technology allows to develop processes with shorter reaction times and lower costs for the chemical and enzymatic reactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W C E Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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18
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Deshcherevskaya N, Lobastova T, Kollerov V, Kazantsev A, Donova M. Search and discovery of actinobacteria capable of transforming deoxycholic and cholic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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